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Magisterská Diplomová Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav českého jazyka Magisterská diplomová práce Brno 2016 Bc. Alena Pešavová MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav českého jazyka Český jazyk a literatura Bc. Alena Pešavová Vybrané české názvy jedlých hub Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Pavla Valčáková, CSc. 2016 Prohlašuji, že jsem magisterskou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím všech uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Brně dne ……………… ….…………………………… Bc. Alena Pešavová 3 Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala PhDr. Pavle Valčákové, CSc., za její pomoc a odborné rady, které mi během psaní magisterské diplomové práce poskytla, a vůbec za všestrannou podporu a hlavně vstřícný a trpělivý přístup při osobních konzultacích. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat i všem ostatním, kteří mě při tvorbě práce podporovali a inspirovali, především svému manželovi, rodině a blízkým. 4 Obsah: 1. Úvod ........................................................................................................................ 12 2. Z historie hub .......................................................................................................... 15 2.1. Mykologie ........................................................................................................ 15 2.2. Nejznámější světoví mykologové .................................................................... 15 2.3. Nejznámější čeští mykologové ......................................................................... 16 3. Houby ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.1. Rozdělení hub ................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Popis hub .......................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1. Podhoubí (mycelium) ................................................................................ 22 3.2.2. Plodnice ..................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3. Třeň (stipes) .............................................................................................. 23 3.2.4. Klobouk (pileus) ....................................................................................... 24 3.2.5. Výtrusy (sporae) ........................................................................................ 24 3.2.6. Prsten (annulus armila) ............................................................................. 25 3.3. Složení hub ....................................................................................................... 25 3.4. Vůně a chuť hub ............................................................................................... 26 3.5. Rozmnožování hub ........................................................................................... 27 3.6. Význam hub v přírodě a pro člověka ............................................................... 28 4. Vybrané názvy jedlých hub ..................................................................................... 30 HŘIBY .................................................................................................................... 30 a) Stav názvu hřib ve staré češtině a v češtině 19. století ................................. 30 b) Stav názvu hřib v nové češtině ..................................................................... 30 c) Původ slova hřib ........................................................................................... 30 d) Pravé hřiby .................................................................................................... 31 e) Možné záměny .............................................................................................. 31 4.1. HŘIB BOROVÝ (Boletus pinophilus) ............................................................. 32 4.1.1. Popis houby a její využití .......................................................................... 32 4.1.2. Výskyt a růst hřibu borového .................................................................... 33 4.1.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 33 4.2. HŘIB DUBOVÝ (Boletus aestivalis) ............................................................... 34 4.2.1. Popis houby a její využití .......................................................................... 34 5 4.2.2. Výskyt a růst hřibu dubového ................................................................... 35 4.2.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 35 4.3. HŘIB HNĚDÝ (Boletus badius) ...................................................................... 36 4.3.1. Popis houby a její využití .......................................................................... 36 4.3.2. Výskyt a růst hřibu hnědého ..................................................................... 37 4.3.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 37 4.4. HŘIB KOLODĚJ (Boletus luridus) ................................................................. 38 4.4.1. Popis houby a její využití .......................................................................... 38 4.4.2. Výskyt a růst hřibu koloděje ..................................................................... 39 4.4.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 39 4.5. HŘIB KOVÁŘ (Boletus erythropus) ............................................................... 40 4.5.1. Popis houby a její využití .......................................................................... 40 4.5.2. Výskyt a růst hřibu kováře ........................................................................ 41 4.5.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 41 4.6. HŘIB SMRKOVÝ (Boletus edulis) ................................................................. 43 4.6.1. Popis houby a její využití .......................................................................... 43 4.6.2. Výskyt a růst hřibu smrkového ................................................................. 44 4.6.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 44 4.7. HŘIB ŽLUTOMASÝ (Boletus chrysenteron) ................................................. 45 4.7.1. Popis houby a její využití .......................................................................... 45 4.7.2. Výskyt a růst hřibu žlutomasého ............................................................... 46 4.7.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 46 MUCHOMŮRKY ................................................................................................... 48 a) Stav názvu muchomůrka ve staré češtině a v češtině 19. století ................... 48 b) Stav názvu muchomůrka v nové češtině ....................................................... 48 c) Původ slova muchomůrka ............................................................................. 48 d) Možné záměny .............................................................................................. 49 4.8. MUCHOMŮRKA RŮŽOVKA (Amanita rubescens) ..................................... 49 4.8.1. Popis houby, její využití a možné záměny ................................................ 49 4.8.2. Výskyt a růst muchomůrky růžovky .......................................................... 50 4.8.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 50 4.9. MUCHOMŮRKA ŠEDIVKA (Amanita spissa) .............................................. 52 4.9.1. Popis houby, její využití a možné záměny ................................................ 52 6 4.9.2. Výskyt a růst muchomůrky šedivky ........................................................... 53 4.9.3. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .............................................................. 53 OSTATNÍ DRUHY HUB ....................................................................................... 54 4.10. BEDLA VYSOKÁ (Lepiota procera) .......................................................... 54 4.10.1. Popis houby, její využití a možné záměny ............................................ 54 4.10.2. Výskyt a růst bedly vysoké .................................................................... 55 4.10.3. Stav názvu bedla ve staré češtině a v češtině 19. století ....................... 55 4.10.4. Stav názvu bedla v nové češtině ............................................................ 55 4.10.5. Původ slova bedla ................................................................................. 56 4.10.6. Jiná pojmenování a lidové názvy .......................................................... 56 4.11. HOLUBINKA MANDLOVÁ (Russula vesca) ............................................ 57 4.11.1. Popis houby, její využití a možné záměny ............................................ 57 4.11.2. Výskyt a růst holubinky mandlové ........................................................ 58 4.11.3. Stav názvu holubinka ve staré češtině a v češtině 19. století ................ 58 4.11.4. Stav názvu holubinka v nové češtině .................................................... 58 4.11.5. Původ slova holubinka .......................................................................... 58 4.11.6. Jiná pojmenování a
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