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EMIA Standards for S3EMIA-334-ATT1

STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING CERTIFICATION AND OPERATION OF SCIENTIFIC DIVING PROGRAMS AND MANUAL

Dive Safety Control Board Members 2016

Michael Ireland Nicole Ivers AECOM AECOM HSE Director - Qatar AECOM Certified Scientific Diver

Dr. Dan Edwards Camelia Pacurar AECOM RDSA (Bahrain & KSA) Occupational Health Safety & Wellness AECOM Certified Scientific Diver Manager – Support Services, Middle East

Dr. James Massey Craig Thackray AECOM RDSA (Qatar & UAE) AECOM Office Director AECOM Certified Scientific Diver

Dr. Jackie Hill AECOM RDSA (UK) AECOM Certified Scientific Diver

Revised: October 13, 2016

CONTENTS SECTION 1. GENERAL POLICY ...... 3 1.1 Scientific Diving Standards...... 3 1.2 Operational Control ...... 5 1.3 Consequence of Violation of Regulations by Scientific Divers ...... 14 1.4 Consequences of Violation of Regulations by Organizational Members ...... 15 1.5 Diver Record Maintenance ...... 15 SECTION 2 FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR) AND SCIENTIFIC ...... 17 2.1 Introduction ...... 17 2.2 Pre-Dive Procedures ...... 17 2.3 Scientific ...... 21 2.4 Scientific Snorkeling Procedures ...... 27 2.5 Post-Dive Procedures ...... 28 2.6 Flying after Diving or Ascending to Altitude (Over 1,000 feet) ...... 29 2.7 Record Keeping Requirements ...... 29 SECTION 3 ...... 33 3.1 General Policy ...... 33 3.2 Equipment ...... 33 3.3 Auxiliary Equipment ...... 35 3.4 Support Equipment ...... 35 3.5 Equipment Maintenance ...... 36 3.6 Air Quality Standards ...... 38 SECTION 4 ENTRY-LEVEL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ...... 40 4.1 Evaluation ...... 40 4.2 SCUBA Training ...... 40 SECTION 5 SCIENTIFIC ...... 43 5.1 Certification Types ...... 43 5.2 General Policy ...... 43 5.3 Requirements for Scientific Diver Certification/Authorization ...... 43 5.4 Previous Training Acceptance ...... 48 5.5 Depth Certifications ...... 48 5.6 Continuation of Certification/Authorization ...... 49 5.7 Revocation of Certification ...... 50 5.8 Requirements for Scientific Snorkeler Certification/Authorization ...... 50

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SECTION 6 MEDICAL STANDARDS ...... 51 6.1 Medical Requirements ...... 51 SECTION 7 DIVING GUIDELINES ...... 55 7.1 Prerequisites ...... 55 7.2 Requirements for Authorization to Use Nitrox ...... 55 7.3 Nitrox Training Guidelines ...... 56 7.4 Scientific Nitrox Diving Regulations ...... 58 7.5 Nitrox Diving Equipment ...... 61 SECTION 8 OTHER DIVING TECHNOLOGY ...... 64 8.1 Surface Supplied Diving ...... 64 8.2 Blue Water Diving ...... 65 8.3 Ice and Polar Diving ...... 65 8.4 Overhead Environments ...... 65 8.5 ...... 65 8.6 Hookah ...... 65 8.7 ...... 65 8.8 Mixed Gas Diving ...... 65 8.9 Staged Diving ...... 65 APPENDIX 1 DIVING MEDICAL EXAM OVERVIEW FOR THE EXAMINING PHYSICIAN .... 68 APPENDIX 2 MEDICAL EVALUATION OF FITNESS FOR REPORT ...... 70 APPENDIX 3 DIVING MEDICAL HISTORY FORM ...... 73 APPENDIX 4 DEFINITION OF TERMS ...... 78 APPENDIX 5 AECOM VERIFICATION OF AAUS COMPLIANT AND EXPERIENCE ...... 82 APPENDIX 6 EXAMPLE DIVING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CONTENT ...... 83 APPENDIX 7 GUIDELINES ...... 114 APPENDIX 8 AAUS STATISTICS COLLECTION CRITERIA AND DEFINITIONS ...... 115 APPENDIX 9 AECOM DIVING CONTROL BOARD AND CONTACT INFORMATION ...... 118 APPENDIX 10 SUITABLE EXAMPLE PERSONAL DIVING LOG ...... 119 APPENDIX 11 PERSONAL DIVING EQUIPMENT INVENTORY ...... 120

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SECTION 1. GENERAL POLICY

1.1 Scientific Diving Standards 1.1.1 Purpose The purpose of these Scientific Diving Standards is to ensure that all scientific diving under the auspices of AECOM is conducted in a manner that will maximize protection of scientific divers from accidental injury and/or illness, and to set forth standards for training and certification that will allow a working reciprocity between organizational members (OM). Fulfillment of the purposes will be consistent with the furtherance of research and safety. This document have been issued to comply with the Diving at Work Regulations 1997 (DWR 97), issued by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE), which came into on 1st April 1998. In order to comply with the law practically all diving activities within AECOM should follow the Scientific and Archaeological Approved (ACoP). Contact your Health and Safety Representative or the AECOM Diving Officer (AECOM DO) or AECOM Regional Diving Safety Advisor (AECOM RDSA) for more information.Non-scientific diving work has not been covered by these Company Dive standards. Non-scientific diving work, such as installing and maintaining moorings or engineering and the work of the UXO operations, not covered by the Scientific and Archaeological ACoP, may be carried out by complying with the guidelines set by the Commercial inland/inshore ACoP. Switching between ACoPs is possible providing diving personnel are suitably qualified. This work must be carried out under a suitable external dive contractor. The Diving Contractor should be made aware of AECOM Company Diving Rules and complete the relevant form (Appendix 3). Contact your Health and Safety Representative or the AECOM Diving Committee or AECOM Regional Diving Safety Advisor (RDSA) for more information. The DWR 97 apply to all employed and contract staff who dive as part of their work for AECOM in the Europe, Africa, Middle East and India and to subcontractors and volunteers who may receive expenses or are even paid in kind specifically for any diving services. The HSE Regulations are the legal requirement in the UK. According to the Scientific diving regulations and CoPs for the following countries these regulations: Republic of Ireland, Abu Dhabi (UAE), Qatar, India and Dubai (UAE). The Diving is designed to be read in conjunction with the Site Specific Health, Safety and Environment Plan (HSEP) which shall be prepared for each job undertaken by AECOM. This Diving Operations Manual is not a fixed document. It is intended that it will be amended and upgraded as the need arises.

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If there are any inconsistencies between this document and Scientific and Archaeological Approved Code of Practice (ACoP), then the prevailing standard will be HSE Scientific and Archaeological Approved Code of Practice (ACoP). 1.1.2 Scientific Diving Definition Scientific diving is defined (29CFR1910.402) as diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific, research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform scientific research tasks. 1.1.3 Scientific Diving Exemption OSHA has granted an exemption for scientific diving from regulations under the following guidelines (Appendix B to 29CFR1910 Subpart T): 1. The Diving Safety Control Board (DSCB) consists of a majority of active scientific divers and has autonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving program’s operation. 2. The purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of ; therefore, information and data resulting from the project are non- proprietary. 3. The tasks of a scientific diver are those of an observer and data gatherer. Construction, engineering inspection, and trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving are not included within scientific diving. 4. Scientific divers, based on the nature of their activities, must use scientific expertise in studying the and therefore, are scientists or scientists-in-training. 5. In addition, the scientific diving program will contain at least the following elements (29CFR1910.401): a) Diving safety manual which includes at a minimum: Procedures covering all diving operations specific to the program; including procedures for emergency care, recompression and evacuation, and the criteria for diver training and certification. b) Diving control (safety) board, with the majority of its members being active scientific divers, which will at a minimum have the authority to: approve and monitor diving projects, review and revise the diving safety manual, assure compliance with the manual, certify the depths to which a diver has been trained, take disciplinary action for unsafe practices, and assure adherence to the buddy system (a diver is accompanied by and is in continuous contact

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with another diver in the water) for Self-Contained Underwater Apparatus (SCUBA) diving. 1.1.4 Review of Standards As part of AECOM’s annual report, any recommendations for modifications of these standards will be submitted to the authorities for consideration. (If required) 1.2 Operational Control 1.2.1 AECOM Auspices Defined For the purposes of these standards, the auspices of AECOM includes any scientific diving operation in which AECOM is connected because of ownership of any equipment used, locations selected, or relationship with the end Clients, joint venture partners, prime contractors, subcontractors, independent contractors, or individual(s) concerned. This includes all cases involving the operations of employees of AECOM or employees of auxiliary organizations, where such employees are acting within the scope of their employment, and the operations of other persons who are engaged in scientific diving for AECOM.It is AECOM’s responsibility to adhere to the regional Standards for Scientific Diving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs. The administration of the local diving program will reside with AECOM’s DSCB. The regulations herein will be observed at all locations of AECOM within the EMIA where scientific diving is conducted. 1.2.2 AECOM’s Scientific Diving Standards and Safety Manual AECOM will continue to develop and maintain a scientific diving safety manual that provides for the development and implementation of policies and procedures that will enable AECOM divers to meet requirements of local environments and conditions as well as to comply with the AAUS /DWR97 scientific diving standards. AECOM’s scientific diving manual will include, but not be limited to: 1. A copy of these standards. 2. and medical treatment procedures. 3. Criteria for diver training and certification/authorization. 4. Standards written or adopted by reference for each diving mode utilized, which include the following: a) Safety procedures for the diving operation. b) Responsibilities of the dive team members. c) Equipment use and maintenance procedures. d) Emergency procedures.

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1.2.3 Responsible Administrative Officer The Responsible Administrative Officer (RAO) serves as a member of the DSCB. This person should function as a high-level liaison between the AECOM scientific and the greater AECOM organization. 1. Qualifications a) Will be appointed by the DSCB. b) Will hold a senior position at AECOM (i.e., Principal, Director, or equivalent). c) Will be familiar with AECOM Operations processes and Safety, Health, and Environments (SH&E) standard operating procedures. 2. Duties and Responsibilities a) Will represent the AECOM scientific diving team in leadership-level operations, business development, and SH&E meetings, discussions, workshops, etc. b) Will assist the AECOM scientific diving team in business development efforts. c) Will be a full member of AAUS / Regional diving authority 1.2.4 Regional Diving Safety Officer The Diving Safety Officer (RDSA) serves as a member of the DSCB. This person should have broad technical and scientific expertise in research-related diving. 1. Qualifications a) Will be appointed by the DSCB with the advice and counsel of the RAO. b) Will be trained as a scientific diver as defined by AAUS. c) Will be a full member of AAUS. d) Will be an active underwater SCUBA Instructor from an internationally recognized certifying agency. 2. Duties and Responsibilities a) Will be responsible to the AECOM DSCB for the conduct of the scientific diving program of AECOM. The routine operational authority for this program, including the conduct of training and certification, approval of Dive Operations Plans, maintenance of diving records, and ensuring compliance with this standard and all

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relevant regulations of the membership organization, rests with the AECOM RDSARDSA. b) Will review all proposed AECOM scientific diving projects or subtasks during the phase of all work proposals or scope modifications. c) May permit portions of this program to be carried out by a qualified delegate, although the RDSA may not delegate responsibility for the safe conduct of a local diving program. The RDSA will direct all local qualified delegates in their assigned responsibilities. Qualified delegates will be assigned only those responsibilities they are competent to oversee as described in this manual. d) Will submit all responsibilities proposed for qualified delegates to the AECOM DSCB for approval. Where authorized, a letter outlining all approved responsibilities will be sent to a qualified delegate and documented in the qualified delegates’ diver file. Qualified delegates who are approved to conduct scientific diver initial check-out dives, review Dive Operations Plans (DOP), serve as a Dive Supervisor (DS) for AECOM diving projects, organize diver files for local AECOM offices, and conduct trainings in data gathering techniques, will be designated an Assistant RDSA. e) Will be guided in the performance of the required duties by the advice of the DSCB, but day-to-day responsibility for the conduct of the local diving programs will be retained by the RDSA. f) Will certify the depths to which a diver has been trained. g) Will suspend diving operations considered to be unsafe or unwise. 1.2.5 Diving Safety Control Board (DSCB) 1. The DSCB will consist of a majority of active AECOM scientific divers. Voting members will include the RDSA, the RAO and other representatives of the diving program such as qualified divers, and members selected by procedures established by AECOM. A chairperson and a secretary may be chosen from the membership of the board according to AECOM procedure. See Appendix 10 for a list of members of the AECOM DSCB. 2. A minimum of 5 voting members of the DSCB are required for a quorum. In all DSCB meetings, the majority of DSCB members present must be active scientific divers. 3. Has autonomous and final authority over operation of the AECOM scientific diving program.

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4. Will review all proposed AECOM scientific diving projects or subtasks during the risk assessment phase of all work proposals or scope modifications. 5. Will review diver qualifications and approve divers to conduct scientific diving on behalf of AECOM. 6. Will approve and monitor scientific diving projects. 7. Will review and revise the scientific diving safety manual. 8. Will ensure compliance with the scientific diving safety manual. 9. Will take disciplinary action for unsafe practices. 10. Will assure adherence to the buddy system for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving. 11. Will act as the official representative of AECOM in matters concerning the scientific diving program. 12. Will act as a board of appeal to consider diver-related problems. 13. Will recommend the issue, reissue, or the revocation of AECOM scientific diving certifications/authorizations. 14. Will recommend changes in policy and amendments to the membership organization’s diving safety manual as the need arises. 15. Will establish and/or approve training programs through which the applicants for certification/authorization can satisfy the requirements of AECOM’s diving safety manual. 16. Will suspend diving programs that are considered unsafe or unwise. 17. Will establish guidelines for equipment selection and use. 18. Will recommend new equipment or techniques. 19. Will establish and/or approve facilities for the inspection and maintenance of diving and associated equipment. 20. Will ensure that the compressed gas cylinders used by AECOM meet air quality standards as described in Sections 3.5 and 3.6. 21. Will periodically review the RDSA’s performance. 22. Will participate with the appropriate SH&E Manager who is responsible for investigating scientific dive-related incidents. 1.2.6 Instructional Personnel

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1. Qualifications – All personnel involved in diving skills instruction under the auspices of AECOM will be an active underwater SCUBA Instructor certified by an internationally recognized certifying agency for the type of instruction being given and/or evaluation being conducted. 2. All certification dives associated with Section 4 of this manual will be conducted by the RDSA or an active underwater SCUBA Instructor certified by an internationally recognized certifying agency. 3, Where a candidate does not hold an existing recreational open water SCUBA certification, possess equivalent training, or is entering the AECOM scientific diving program under Section 4 of this manual, all candidate scientific diver initial check-out dives will be conducted by the RDSA or an active underwater SCUBA Instructor approved by the AECOM DSCB and certified by an internationally recognized certifying agency. 4. Where a candidate holds an existing recreational open water SCUBA certification, or equivalent military or commercial diver training, all candidate scientific diver initial check-out dives will be conducted by the RDSA or an active underwater SCUBA Instructor, with review endorsement, or Dive Control Specialist with SCUBA skills review endorsement, approved by the AECOM DSCB and certified by an internationally recognized certifying agency. 5. All scientific methods training and data collection techniques dives will be conducted by, at a minimum, a scientific diver with experience in the type of method or technique and the approval of the AECOM DSCB and RDSA. 6. Selection – Instructional personnel will be selected by the AECOM RDSA and RAO who will solicit the advice of the AECOM DSCB in conducting preliminary screening of applicants for instructional positions. 1.2.7 Dive Supervisor (DS) For each dive, one individual will be designated as the DS who will be at the dive location during the diving operation. The DS role may be filled by the Safety Diver (SD) only where the DS is not filling the role of Site Safety Officer (SSO). The DS will be: 1. An AAUS / regionally certified scientific diver as defined in Section 5 of this manual. 2. Approved by the DSCB to supervise diving operations. 3. Experienced in the diving techniques that may be used, and in the equipment and procedures used, in the diving operations to be performed.

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In addition, the DS will be responsible for: 1. Providing sufficient and timely information to the persons responsible for preparation of the DOP to enable development of an adequate plan prior to field work. 2. Developing and implementing the DOP in accordance with Section 2.2 and in conjunction with the Project Manager (PM) and client safety officer when required. 3. Coordinating all scientific diving work and diving safety activities with the PM and client safety officer as and when required. 4. Ensuring that all diving equipment used is appropriate to the task, is maintained in accordance with the manufacturer, and meets the requirements for such equipment as specified in local and country standards 5. Ensuring all dive team members possess current certification and are qualified for the type of diving operation. 6. Providing scientific diving subcontractors and/or independent contractors with a copy of the DOP, if used. All scientific diving subcontractors and/or independent contractors are bound by all requirements of this manual. 7. Ensuring safety and emergency equipment is in working order and at the dive site. 8. Reporting any safety incidents or near-misses to the appropriate AECOM Safety Representative and to the Industry Safe portal within 24 hours of the incident/near-miss occurring. 9. In the event the DS intends to conduct diving work, assigning an alternate DS of an equivalent level of training and experience. The alternate DS will assume the role at the moment the primary DS starts preparations for a specific dive until that dive in complete and the primary DS is out of the water. 10. Briefing dive team members on: a) Dive objectives. b) Unusual or environmental conditions likely to affect the safety of the diving operation. c) Modifications to diving or emergency procedures necessitated by the specific diving operation. d) Suspending diving operations if, in their opinion, conditions are not safe.

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e) Reporting to the RDSA and AECOM DSCB any physical problems or adverse physiological effects, including symptoms of - related injuries. f) The planned schedule of underwater tasks and plan dive profiles that minimize the risk of divers requiring decompression. 1.2.8 Site Safety Officer (SSO) The SSO role may be filled by the DS or another non-diving member of the project team. The SSO will not perform in-water work during the dive operation. If the DS is filling the SSO role, this individual will not serve as the SD. For each project, the SSO responsibilities during the diving operation will be to: 1. Safeguard the safety and welfare of the diving team and the control of diving operations by seeing that all such operations are undertaken in a professional manner and in accordance with the requirements and guidelines listed in this manual. 2. Check that emergency communication and transfer arrangements for each dive site can adequately deal with a diving-related injury/illness. 3. Review operations with AECOM/Client Project Safety Rules and pertinent government standards. 4. Coordinate with other known activities (i.e. governmental, commercial, recreational, etc.) in the vicinity that are likely to interfere with diving operations. 5. Interact with members of public at non-controlled project sites. 6. Ensure that a Safety Diver (SD) is present and ready to render assistance as per Section 2.3.1. 7. Ensure that all details of diving operations, incidents, or accidents are documented and logged to the satisfaction of the DS, PM, RDSA, and DSCB, and in accordance with the guidelines of this manual. 8. Ensure that the contents of the resuscitation equipment and kit are complete, in good condition, and are within expiration date. 9. Monitor all environmental conditions for diving suitability, such as weather, sea state, and in-water hazards (physical, biological, and chemical). 1.2.9 Project Manager For each project, the PM responsibilities will be to: 1. Provide sufficient and timely information to the persons responsible for preparation of the Dive Operations Plan (DOP) to enable development of an adequate plan prior to field work.

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2. Develop and implement of the DOP in accordance with Section 2.2 and in conjunction with the DS and client safety officer when required. 3. Coordinate of all scientific diving work and diving safety activities DS and client safety officer as and when required. 4. Submit the DOP to the DSCB for approval; and submit the DOP to the Client and/or appropriate regulatory authority, if required. 5. Arrange for adequate safety resources in conjunction with the DS, RDSA, and DSCB. 6. Monitor work safety performance of project scientific diving personnel. 7. Rectify any problems arising with unsafe equipment, work practices, or conditions reported by the DS. 8. Investigate any accident or safety incident in accordance with AECOM procedures and in conjunction with the DS, RDSA, and DSCB. 1.2.10 Scientific Diver All scientific divers at AECOM will: 1. Be an AAUS or regionally certified scientific diver as defined in Section 5 of this manual. 2. Be approved by the DSCB to perform diving activities. 3. Comply with the instructions of the DS where those instructions do not violate Section 2.3.5, or any other provisions, of this manual. No diver will be coerced to dive or penalized for not diving. 4. Where required, supply personal dive equipment that is adequate and suitably maintained to handle the particular task; 5. Keep dive logbooks up to date and legible. These should be available for checking by the DS prior to diving. 6. Attend all on-site safety meetings, follow all pre-dive instructions and ensure that assigned duties are understood. 7. Alert the DS and SSO if feeling ill or unable to perform the assigned task, and report any symptom relating to deteriorating health or fitness after a dive. 8. Report any concerning procedures, equipment, or prevailing conditions that may influence the safety of the diving operation. 9. Not engage in any activity that would or could result in a deterioration of health, fitness, or alertness prior to or after diving.

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1.2.11 Safety Diver (SD) The SD role may be filled by the DS. The SD role will not be filled by the SSO due to the incompatibility with surface safety responsibilities as described in Section 1.2.8. All SDs at AECOM will: 1. Be a certified scientific diver as defined in Section 5 of this manual. 2. Not undertake other tasks during a diving operation that prevent the carrying-out of the following duties.

 Located on the surface in the immediate vicinity of the dive operation, dressed and equipped to enable immediate entry into the water for the purpose of providing aid or assistance to .

 Where two divers are in the water at the same time, one may act as the SD for the other provided that, at all times, both divers have no decompression commitment and are using surface supplied air (SSA) equipment with separate air supplies. 1.2.12 Diver’s Attendant (DA) All Diver’s Attendants at AECOM will: 1. Be trained in first aid as detailed in Section 5.3.2, subsection 1a of this manual. 2. Possess a working knowledge of:

 the requirements of ;

 signals in use;

 decompression procedures; and

 diving equipment in use. 3. Not undertake other tasks during a diving operation that prevent the carrying-out of the following duties:

 Comply with the instructions of the DS.

 Confer with the DS and diver on the task to be performed and on the agreed implementation of line signals, if required.

 Assist the diver with “dressing in,” checking of personal equipment and diver’s entry into the water.

 Tend the airline, respond to line signals, and relay all relevant information to the DS.

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 Assist with the diver’s exit from the water and removal of personal dive equipment; and

 Report any observation concerning procedures, equipment, or prevailing conditions that could influence the safety of the dive operation. 1.2.13 Working Reciprocity and Visiting Certified Scientific Diver Working reciprocity is a streamlining of joint operations between two or more AAUS /regional OMs, or visiting certified scientific divers, facilitated by an agreement among all AAUS /regional OMs to minimal standards for recognized scientific diving programs, the organization for the conduct of these programs, and the basic regulations and procedures for safety in scientific diving operations. AECOM dive operations may engage in working reciprocity with other AAUS or regional Oms, or approve a visiting certified scientific diver to participate in AECOM dive operations, in accordance with the following stipulations: 1. Two or more AAUS or regional Organizational Members engaged jointly in diving activities, or engaged jointly in the use of diving resources, will designate one of the participating DSCBs to govern the joint dive project. 2. A certified scientific diver not employed by AECOM will apply for permission to dive under the auspices of AECOM by submitting to the RDSA and AECOM DSCB a document containing all the information described in Appendix 6, signed by the RDSA and RAO of the visiting diver DSCB. 3. A visiting certified scientific diver may be asked to demonstrate their knowledge and skills for the planned dive. 4. If AECOM denies a visiting AAUS /BSACcertified scientific diver permission to dive, the AECOM RDSA and DSCB will notify the visiting certified scientific diver and the visiting diver’s RDSA and DSCB with an explanation of all reasons for the denial. 1.2.14 Previous Scientific Diver Training Acceptance The AECOM DSCB may approve previous training or experience for specific requirements of training, examinations, depth certification, and minimum activity to maintain certification, as described in Section 5.4 below. All scientific divers entering the AECOM scientific diving program with previous experience will be evaluated through a check-out dive, with evaluation of the skills listed in Section 4.2.3, conducted by instructional personnel as described in Section 1.2.6, subsection 4. 1.3 Consequence of Violation of Regulations by Scientific Divers

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Failure to comply with the regulations of the AECOM diving safety manual may be cause for the suspension, revocation, or restriction of the diver’s scientific diving certificate/authorization by action of the AECOM DSCB. 1.4 Consequences of Violation of Regulations by Organizational Members Failure to comply with the regulations of this standard may be cause for the revocation or restriction of AECOM’s recognition by AAUS or other diving authorities. 1.5 Diver Record Maintenance The AECOM RDSA, or designee selected by the AECOM DSCB, will maintain permanent records for each Certified Scientific Diver and all AECOM-owned dive equipment in the form of an electronic file housed at AECOM. 1.5.1 Required Records Each diver file will include: 1. Documented evidence of satisfaction of all requirements described in Sections 5.3 and 5.6.4 of this manual and organized using the in Appendix 6. 2. Documented evidence of satisfaction any suggested optional training topics including, but not limited to, vessel-handling certificates or any other topic described in Section 5.3.2.2 of this manual. 3. Evidence of depth certification level as described in Section 5.5 of this manual. 4. A 12-month to be submitted on the last day of each month as described in Sections 2.7.1 and 5.6.1 of this manual. See Appendix 11 for an example dive log. 5. Evidence of as described in Sections 6 and 5.6.3 of this manual. 6. Personal equipment maintenance records that conform to Section 3.5.4 of this manual. 7. Reports of disciplinary actions by the AECOM DSCB. 8. Other pertinent information deemed necessary. 1.5.2 Availability of Records: 1. Medical records will be available to the attending physician of a diver or former diver when released in writing by the diver. 2. Written or electronic evidence of completion of all required one-time scientific diver training and evidence of current status for all required periodic scientific diver training.

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3. Records and documents required by this standard will be retained by AECOM for the following period: a) Data Protection Act privacy rule compliant physician’s written fitness to dive reports of medical examinations for dive team members – 30 years post-employment. These records will be maintained by Work Care, Inc. on behalf of AECOM. A letter confirmation of fitness to dive will be maintained in each diver’s permanent file. b) Diving Safety Manual – current document acknowledgement only. c) Records of dive – 1 year, or 5 years where there has been an incident of pressure-related injury. d) Pressure-related injury assessment – 5 years. These records will be maintained by Work Care, Inc. on behalf of AECOM. e) Equipment inspection and testing records – current entry or tag, or until equipment is withdrawn from service.

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SECTION 2 DIVING REGULATIONS FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR) AND SCIENTIFIC SNORKELING

2.1 Introduction No person will engage in scientific diving or snorkeling operations under the auspices of the AECOM scientific diving program unless they hold a current certification/authorization or Diver-In-Training Permit (see Section 5.1) issued pursuant to the provisions of this standard. 2.2 Pre-Dive Procedures 2.2.1 Dive Operations Plans Dives should be planned around the competency of the least experienced diver. Before conducting any diving operations under the auspices of AECOM, the DS and or SSO for a proposed operation must formulate a Dive Operations Plan and a Task (THA) or Safe Work Plan (SWP) that meets AECOM SH&E requirements. All DOPs will be submitted to the AECOM DSCB, and reviewed and approved by an AECOM DSCB-authorized reviewer. All DOPs will be submitted to the AECOM DSCB no less than 30 days prior to the scheduled start of dive operations. All requirements apply equally for Snorkeling Operations Plans. These requirements including the following: 1. Date of Dive Operations Plan submission. 2. Name and contact information of the scientific diver preparing this plan. 3. Scientific diver’s qualifications, and the type of certification/authorization held by each diver. 4. Names and duties of on-site dive team members, including the lead diver. 5. Identification of topside assistance/support to the dive team. 6. Approximate number of proposed dives. 7. Location(s), date(s), time(s), and duration(s) of proposed dives. 8. A detailed description of the task that identifies how work will be divided into separate tasks or phases of work. 9. Diving mode used (SCUBA, SSA, or snorkeling). 10. Estimated depth(s), bottom time(s), ascent rate(s), and safety stops(s) anticipated. 11. Maximum single dive bottom time for the planned depth of dive for each diver.

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12. Decompression status and repetitive dive plans, if required. 13. Proposed work, equipment, and diving platform to be employed, including a description of any vessel with registration information, date of last regular maintenance, and summary of all safety and operations equipment on board. 14. Any hazardous conditions anticipated. Anticipated surface and underwater conditions include visibility, , currents, or any other dive site condition that may affect the planned scientific dives. Thermal protection will be considered as appropriate. 15. Mobilization and transportation of equipment and personnel. This section will address Department of Transportation compressed transportation requirements. 16. Handling of hazardous substances. 17. The plan will include the following statement: “If the dive operations plan is altered in purpose, depth, personnel, or equipment, the AECOM RDSA will be contacted in order to review and accept the alteration prior to actual operation." 2.2.2 Diving Emergency Plan A Diving Emergency Plan will be prepared for each scientific diving project. For an example of plan content, please see Appendix 7 or contact the AECOM RDSA or DSCB. All requirements apply equally for Snorkeling Emergency Plans. The minimum content of the plan will be as follows: 1. Identification of a means of direct communication between the dive site and the project office. 2. procedures conducted by the dive team, including responsibilities of team members, best location(s) where injured divers may be removed from the water, and best location(s) for performing first aid/stabilization prior to emergency medical assistance arrival. 3. Description of an emergency victim transport plan including procedures and phone numbers or other means of communications to activate emergency services at the facility where the work is being performed. 5. Location and phone number of nearest Coast Guard Rescue Coordination Center and other support agencies, where appropriate. 6. The names and contact information of key project personnel, including the project director, project manager, task manager, and regional and local SH&E representatives.

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7. Name, telephone number, and relationship of person to be contacted for each diver in the event of an emergency. 8. The location of the nearest operational hyperbaric chamber. 9. The location of the nearest accessible hospital. 10. Identification of an available means of transport. 2.2.3 Safe Work Plan and Task Hazard Analysis A THA is a technique for evaluating the component parts of any work method or procedure for the purpose of identifying the SH&E hazards and risks connected with the work; identifying and implementing control methods to eliminate, nullify, or reduce to a minimum the consequences of such hazards and risks; and, evaluating the effectiveness of measures and making modifications as needed. Every AECOM scientific diving (or snorkeling) project must have, at a minimum, THA in place that effectively deals with all known or anticipated hazards and provides for emergency response and evacuation as needed. In addition, complex projects, uncontrolled sites, or regulated sites may require an SWP. These documents will be approved by the AECOM PM, RDSA, DSCB, and appropriate AECOM SH&E manager (or designee) prior to the start of scientific diving (or snorkeling) activities. All scientific divers (or snorkelers) at a dive site must read and acknowledge compliance with the THA or SWP required, prior to conducting scientific diving (or snorkeling). Each THA will be job specific and address each phase of work, to include the hazards associated with flying after diving and traveling to and from the dive site. The THA or SWP will be reviewed at the scientific diving (or snorkeling) task kickoff meeting. 2.2.4 Project Site Daily Meetings All members of the dive team will attend project site tailgate meetings at the beginning of each work day organized by the Client, the Client’s contractor, or by the PM/DS, depending on the job. This meeting is to ensure that all team members are reminded of general and site safety issues relevant that day. Following the project site tailgate meeting, the DS will conduct a with all team members that includes:

 Tasks to be accomplished and work assignments for each person, including drawings and/or photographs pertinent to the tasks and equipment.  A description of diving equipment and platform to be used.  Safety procedures to be used during the operation.  The maximum working depth with estimated bottom times and water .  Any unusual hazards or environmental conditions that may affect the safety and performance of the diving operation.

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 Any planned deviation from procedures and regulations set forth in this manual necessitated by the specific diving operation.  Before every dive, the DS will check each diver’s condition visually and by questioning to determine the existence of any adverse physical or physiological factors that could affect dive safety.  SCUBA or SSA equipment is inspected for completeness and proper working condition as discussed in Section 2.2.5.  Organize a mock rescue with attendance of all dive team members and vessel crew to attempt to recover an incapacitated diver onto the dive platform or vessel. Where a vessel is required for the diving operation, a safety meeting with team members will be convened by the vessel’s skipper and the PM/DS prior to sailing. This meeting is to ensure that all team members are familiarized with the location and use of vessel safety equipment, and that the vessel crew members are briefed on the objectives, tasks, and procedures of the project DOP. A record of each meeting will be maintained identifying the names of those present and the specific items addressed. 2.2.5 Pre-dive Procedures Before commencing any diving activity, the PM/DS will ensure that the following actions are taken:

 Make an electronic copy of this manual and the DOP available to all dive team members with ample time for review.  Make a hardcopy of this manual and the DOP available to all dive team members at the project site.  Make copies of the current dive tables, as specified in Section 3.2.7, or other recognized decompression schedules as appropriate, available to all dive team members at each dive location.  Ensure the written dive plan is completed and provided to all dive team members and persons required to support the diving activity, or whose activities may pose a hazard to the dive team.  Coordinate the diving operation with any other activities in the area that may interfere with the diving operation or that my pose a hazard to the dive team. 2.2.6 Pre-dive Safety Checks 2.2.6.1. Diver’s Responsibility: 1. Scientific divers (snorkelers) will conduct a functional check of their diving (snorkeling) equipment in the presence of the diving buddy or tender. 2. It is the diver’s (snorkeler’s) responsibility and duty to refuse to dive (snorkeler) if, in his/her judgment, conditions are unfavorable, or if he/she

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would be violating the precepts of their training, of this standard, or AECOM’s diving safety manual. 3. No dive team member will be required to be exposed to hyperbaric conditions against their will, except when necessary to prevent or treat a pressure-related injury. 4. No scientific dive () team member will be permitted to dive (snorkel) for the duration of any known condition, which is likely to adversely affect the safety and health of the diver (snorkeler) or other scientific dive (snorkel) team members. 2.2.6.2. Equipment Evaluations 1. Each diver (snorkeler) will ensure that their equipment is in proper working order and has been serviced in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, and that the equipment is suitable for the type of diving (snorkeling) operation. .2 Each diver will have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive . 3. Each diver will ensure that breathing air tanks are full and the set of full tanks present at the site are sufficient air supply to perform the required tasks. 4. The DS will ensure that all first aid equipment is appropriately stocked and properly functioning, including all emergency oxygen first aid tanks. 5. Each diver will conduct a check of electronic equipment, prior to divers entering the water, if electronic communications are to be used. 6. If a dive helmet or band mask is to be used, turn on and confirm the air supply to such apparatus prior to fitting. 7. The diver and DS will test the reserve supply (bail out) prior to the diver entering the water when SSA is used.2.2.6.3. Site Evaluation – Environmental conditions at the site will be evaluated for consistency with the in-water conditions shore circumstances, dive approach, and diving (snorkeling) staff suitability as described in the DSCB-approved DOP. 2.3 Scientific Diving Procedures 2.3.1 Limits of Scientific Diving for AECOM All scientific diving activities for AECOM will adhere to the following limitations: 1. Scientific diving will not be conducted at a depth greater than 100 feet.

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2. Scientific diving will not be conducted outside no-decompression limits as specified by the dive table or computer used for the dive. If a dive team uses computers with varying no decompression algorithms, the more conservative computer is to be followed. 3. At every SCUBA or SSA diving operation, sufficient personnel will be present to carry out diving tasks safely. The number of persons present for each diving operation will comply with the all Client and applicable governmental standards. Four (4) is the minimum number of personnel required. 4. Emergency communications procedures will be established between the dive site (or vessel) and an appropriate shore base (e.g., client base, port control, etc.) before diving operations commence. 5. Safe and adequate means for recovering an injured diver from the water and a clear area in which to secure and treat the diver will be established before diving operations commence. 6. When diving from a vessel, securely anchor the vessel and immobilize the engines before diving operations commence. 7. Conduct all diving operations under a locally recognized diver’s , of a size that will be appropriate for expected vessel movements near the site. Both the alpha flag and will be flown in areas where the locally recognized diver’s flag is unclear or when vessels originating from multiple remote ports move through the area. 8. Establish appropriate communication and line signaling methods between the DS, divers, and DA before divers enter the water and have a summary of these methods posted in the tending area or next to the communications box for reference. 9. Scientific diving will not be conducted in currents greater than 1 knot unless specifically approved by the DSCB. Scientific diving will not be conducted in currents greater than 3 knots under any circumstance. This restriction will be lowered where a specific Client calls for more stringent scientific diving currents limits. 10. Scientific diving will not be conducted in confined spaces or overhead environments of any kind. 11. Scientific diving will not be conducted without a SD at the surface with exposure protection donned to at least the waist, with a checked and functioning SCUBA kit staged for immediate use, ready to enter the water and provide necessary assistance.

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12. Scientific diving will not be conducted in visibility less than 3 feet (0.9 meters) unless equipped with diver/surface two-way voice communications. 13. Use lifeline comprising cordage with a diameter of not less than 8 millimeters (mm), or a float line consisting of a line between the divers and a highly visible float on the surface. 14. Where lifelines or float lines introduce an unacceptable risk to the diver’s safety or when used in situation where no increase in safety is gained, the DS, after consideration of all aspects of the diving operation, may dispense with using these lines. 2.3.2 Scientific Diving Team Composition Four (4) is the minimum number of personnel required. 2.3.2.1 All AECOM scientific diving teams using SCUBA will include: 1. In-water teams of a minimum of two Certified Scientific Divers working as a buddy team. Multi-diver teams are permitted only where all divers are working in buddy team-like proximity and on the same task. 2. A SD at the surface equipped with exposure protection donned to at least the waist, with a checked and functioning SCUBA kit staged for immediate use, ready to enter the water and provide necessary assistance. The SD may be the DS only where an additional non-diving team member is the SSO. 3. A DS and an SSO at the surface. The DS and SSO may be the same individual only where this individual is not performing in-water work during dive operations. 2.3.2.2 All AECOM scientific diving teams using SSA will include: 1. In-water teams of a minimum of one Certified Scientific Diver when that diver is equipped with an umbilical with integrated safety line, a voice communications line or wireless voice communications system, and a 50 cubic foot . Divers using SAA are permitted to serve as SD to the other diver only where those divers are using equipment with separate air supplies. 2. Where separate air supplies are not available, a SD at the surface equipped with exposure protection donned to at least the waist, with a checked and functioning SSA kit staged for immediate use, ready to enter the water and provide necessary assistance. 3. A DA with working knowledge of SSA procedures. 2.3.3 Prohibition

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All scientific diving activities at AECOM will assure adherence to the buddy system for SCUBA diving. This buddy system is based upon mutual assistance, especially in the case of an emergency. 2.3.4 Scientific Diving Equipment Requirements 2.3.4.1 Scientific divers at AECOM using SCUBA will be equipped with: 1. A SCUBA-grade mask manufactured with tempered glass. 2. A SCUBA-grade snorkel that reaches above the water under surface conditions otherwise appropriate for scientific diving. 3. SCUBA fins suitable for scientific diving tasks. 4. Appropriate thermal protection (i.e., diveskin, , or drysuit). 5. A buoyancy compensation device (BCD) and/or an inflatable flotation device capable of maintaining the diver at the surface, having a manually activated inflation source independent of the breathing supply, an oral inflation device, and an exhaust valve. 6. A belt, weight assembly, or integrated BCD weight system capable of quick release. 7. A cylinder pressure gauge, , timekeeping device, and compass (or computer that serves some or all of those functions) capable of being monitored by the diver during the dive. Dive computers are to be used only by divers conversant with their operation. Each diver must have their own dedicated computer. Where Client requirements stipulate the use of dive tables, dive computers will not to take the place of dive tables and do not alter the diver’s responsibility to keep to the dive plan under instruction of the DS. 8. A dive knife or rescue shears. 9. Visual (e.g., safety sausage) and audio (e.g., whistle) emergency signaling devices appropriate for conditions. 10. An air cylinder of seamless steel or aluminum that meets DOT specifications. 2.3.4.2 Scientific divers at AECOM using Surface Supplied Air (SSA) will be equipped with: 1. An air compressor with air filtration system to supply suitable breathing air. 2. An air supply reserve in the form of air cylinders. 3. A diver carried reserve breathing gas supply (bail out) of a minimum of 50 cuft.

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4. Umbical with air hoses and safety line within pull test certification. 5. Diving helmets/band masks or second stage regulators. 6. A control panel. 7. Surface-to-. In addition, the DS will confirm that breathing air meets local regulatory requirements with certification. 2.3.5 Dive in Progress Procedures 1) The DS will log each diver into and out of the water, and maintain a depth/bottom time record for each diver. 2) Each SCUBA diver will maintain their depth/bottom time record. 3) The DS will ensure that all persons involved in the diving operation follow the DSP as written and accepted. 4) The DS will review the depth/bottom time records and use the current decompression and repetitive dive tables, as specified in Section 3.2.7, to ensure that the diving can be accomplished within no decompression limits during the diving operation. 5) The DS or dive team member will terminate a dive or diving operation at their discretion, or when:

 A diver requests termination.  A diver fails to respond to communications or signals from a dive team member, or in the instance of communication equipment failure.  Visual communication is lost between members of a SCUBA diving team where the buddy system is in use rather than line-tending of divers.  A diver would exceed the no-decompression limits if the dive was to continue.  Adverse environmental conditions at the dive location compromise the safety of the dive team.  Equipment failure on the dive vessel or platform compromises the support or safety of the dive team.  Insufficient air supply remains for the diver to safely return to the point of exit from the water. 6) The diver must take care that his ascent to the surface is at a safe rate. The rate of ascent will be included in the DOP. A diver will ascent no faster than 1 foot per second under any circumstance. Where environmental conditions or Client requirements dictate, this rate may be set slower in the DOP. If the DS is unequipped at the surface to monitor

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the diver’s ascent rate, the diver must have adequate equipment for self- monitoring; for example, diving and depth gauge, and/or dive computer. 7) Divers will plan a safety stop, if environmental conditions allow a safe stop. The time and depth of the safety stop will be included in the DOP. A safety stop will be conducted when the work being conducted is at a depth of 20 feet or greater. 2.3.6 Refusal to Dive 1. The decision to dive is that of the diver. A diver may refuse to dive, without fear of penalty, whenever he/she feels it is unsafe to make the dive. 2. Safety – The ultimate responsibility for safety rests with the individual diver. It is the diver’s responsibility and duty to refuse to dive if, in his/her judgment, conditions are unsafe or unfavorable, or if he/she would be violating the precepts of their training or the regulations in this standard.

2.3.7 Dispute Resolution If a dispute arises between divers and/or support staff at a project site, a member of the AECOM DSCB is to be consulted to identify the appropriate course of action. The member of the AECOM DSCB who is consulted is to be based on the specific circumstances of the dispute. If the problem relates to diving safety or general diving practices, the AECOM RDSA will be called. If the problem relates to general health and safety, the appropriate SH&E manager will be called. If the problem relates to methodological or substantive issues of the project, the project manager or project director will be called. In the event one or more of the above- mentioned individuals is present and involved in the dispute, one of the remaining members of the AECOM DSCB (not a party to the dispute) will be immediately consulted to identify the appropriate course of action. 2.3.8 Termination of the Dive 1. It is the responsibility of the diver to terminate the dive, without fear of penalty, whenever he/she feels it is unsafe to continue the dive, unless it compromises the safety of another diver already in the water. 2. The dive will be terminated while there is still sufficient cylinder pressure to permit the diver to safely reach the surface, including a 3-minute safety stop, within no-decompression limits. Decompression scientific diving is not authorized at AECOM. 2.3.9 Emergency Deviations from Regulations Any diver may deviate from the requirements of this standard to the extent necessary to prevent or minimize a situation that is likely to cause death, serious

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physical harm, or major environmental damage. A written report of such actions must be submitted to the AECOM RDSA, the appropriate SH&E manager, and the DSCB explaining the circumstances and justifications. In addition, the DSCB must notify the Regional HSE authorities within 48 hours of the onset of the emergency situation indicating the nature of the emergency and extent of the deviations from the prescribed regulation 2.3.10 Approved Dive Operations Plan Revisions If, for any reason, the approved Dive Operations Plan is altered, minor to moderate revisions to the approved Dive Operations Plan will be reviewed and accepted by the AECOM RDSA prior to continuing scientific diving for the project. These revisions may include differences in time, date, dive team members, work methods used, and other changes that do not affect overall scientific diving risk. This review may be conducted electronically or verbally and confirmed in writing after completion of the scientific diving task. Major changes or those that modify high-risk activities, such as changing dive equipment modes (i.e., from snorkel to SCUBA), discovery of unexpected contaminated diving conditions, or any other circumstance not specifically identified as minor or moderate above, will require a new review of the Dive Operations Plan by the AECOM DSCB and RDSA. 2.4 Scientific Snorkeling Procedures 2.4.1 Limits of Scientific Snorkeling for AECOM All scientific snorkeling activities for AECOM will adhere to the following limitations: 1. Scientific snorkeling will not be conducted in water deeper than 10 feet. 2. Scientific snorkeling will not be conducted in currents greater than 1 knot unless specifically approved by the DSCB. 3. Scientific snorkeling will not be conducted in confined spaces or overhead environments of any kind. 4. Scientific snorkeling will not be conducted without a safety snorkeler at the surface, or in the water, with exposure protection donned up to at least to the waist, with snorkel equipment staged for immediate use, ready to enter the water and provide necessary assistance. 5. Scientific snorkeling will not be conducted in visibility less than 3 feet (0.9 meter). 6. No more than one scientific snorkeler will be beneath the surface at the same time and the surface or in-water buddy will maintain visual contact with the submerged snorkeler at all times. 2.4.2 Scientific Snorkeling Equipment Requirements

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Scientific snorkelers at AECOM will be equipped with: 1. A SCUBA-grade mask manufactured with tempered glass. 2. A SCUBA-grade snorkel that reaches above the water under surface conditions otherwise appropriate for scientific snorkeling. 3. SCUBA fins suitable for scientific snorkeling tasks. 4. Dive knife or rescue shears. 2.4.3 Snorkeling Team Composition All AECOM scientific snorkeling teams will include: 1. In-water scientific snorkeling teams have no minimum snorkeler team size requirement. 2. A safety snorkeler at the surface, or in the water, equipped with exposure protection donned up to at least the waist, with snorkel equipment staged for immediate use, ready to enter the water and provide necessary assistance. 2.4.4 Refusal to Snorkel See Refusal to Dive in Section 2.3.6, Scientific Diving Procedures 2.4.5 Dispute Resolution See Dispute Resolution in Section 2.3.7, Scientific Diving Procedures 2.4.6 Termination of Snorkeling See Termination of the Dive in Section 2.3.8, Scientific Diving Procedures 2.4.7 Emergency Deviations from Regulations See Emergency Deviations from Regulations in Section 2.3.9, Scientific Diving Procedures 2.4.8 Approved Snorkel Operations Plan Revisions See Approved Dive Operations Plan Revisions in Section 2.3.10, Scientific Diving Procedures 2.5 Post-Dive Procedures 2.5.1 Post-Dive Debrief Following the conclusion of scientific diving activities each day, a dive team debriefing will be conducted by the lead diver. At the debriefing, divers will be reminded of the location of the nearest hyperbaric chamber, the phone number

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for DAN and emergency medical services, and reminded of the limitations of their post-dive activities including repetitive dives, travel to altitude, and flying. 2.5.2 Post-Dive Safety Checks 1. After the completion of a dive, each diver (snorkeler) will report any physical problems, symptoms of , or equipment malfunctions. 2. After the completion of a dive, the DS will check each diver’s condition visually and by questioning to determine the existence of any adverse physical or physiological effects. This check is to be repeated 1 hour after completion of the dive. 3. Check that the depth/bottom time for each diver is complete and that the dive is recorded. 4. Review each diver’s depth/bottom time record and dive logs to ensure that no decompression limits have been exceeded during or as a result of repetitive dives. 5. In the event divers dive beyond no-decompression limits, the divers should remain awake for at least 1 hour after diving, and in the company of a dive team member who is prepared to transport them to a hyperbaric chamber if necessary. 2.6 Flying after Diving or Ascending to Altitude (Over 1,000 feet) Following any No-Decompression Dive, divers should have a minimum surface interval of 24 hours before ascending to altitude. With the prior approval of the RDSA, divers may use the NOAA Ascent to Altitude after Diving Table in conjunction with local Navy Dive Tables to establish modified ascent to altitude time requirements. Where divers wish to use this protocol, these tables will be included in the DOP. The only exception to this will be in the case of medically authorized aerial evacuations. 2.7 Record Keeping Requirements 2.7.1 Personal Diving Log Each scientific diver will log every dive made under the auspices of the AECOM diving program and is also required to log all other dives from the time the diver becomes a part of the AECOM scientific diving program. Standard forms will be provided by AECOM. Log sheets will be submitted to the RDSA to be placed in the diver’s permanent file. If logs are not received for said diver the last day of each month while a diver is actively engaged in scientific diving, said diver’s diving privilege will be temporarily suspended. Active diving status will be reissued upon reception of delinquent logs by the RDSA. All requirements apply

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equally for scientific snorkeling log keeping. The diving log will be in a form specified by the AECOM DSCB and will include at least the following: 1. Career dive number. 2. Running 12-month dive number. 3. Date of the dive. 4. Time in and time out of the water. 5. Bottom time of the dive. 6. Maximum depth of the dive. 7. Name of diving tables or computers used for the dive. 8. Name of buddy(s). 9. Name of dive site. 10. Name of dive project. 2.7.2 Personal Diver Records Personal diver records requirements and maintenance are discussed in Section 1.5 of this manual.

2.7.3 Project-Specific Dive Records As part of a diving operation, the DS must complete a Dive Record sheet on a dive-by-dive basis. The Dive Record will contain the following information, and must be presented to the PM and AECOM DSCB for review and filing:

 Name of diver(s), and DS.  Date, time, and location of dive.  Diving modes used.  General nature of diving activities.  Surface and underwater conditions, e.g., , visibility.  Maximum depths, bottom time, and surface-interval time.  Diving tables or computers used.  Detailed report of any near miss or incidents. In the event that a diver requires medical assistance, a copy of the relevant Dive Record(s) must accompany the diver to the consultation. 2.7.4 Required Incident Reporting

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All diving incidents requiring recompression treatment, or resulting in moderate or serious injury, or death will be reported to the regional AECOM SH&E manager, AECOM’s RDSA and DSCB, the appropriate occupational safety and health administration entity (where required by law).. AECOM’s regular procedures for incident reportingwill be followed. The report will specify the circumstances of the incident, the extent of any injuries or illnesses, and any other pertinent information as required by the recipient entities. See Appendix 13 of this manual and AECOM incident reporting documentation at https://www.industrysafe.com/AECOM for current forms. 2.7.4.1 Accident Narrative, Incident Reporting, and Investigation In the event of an accident, the DS will detail, or delegate a team member to detail, the accident management actions on the Accident Narrative form (Appendix 13). Within 24 hours of an incident or near-miss occurring, the DS will verbally notify the appropriate SH&E manager and the PM as soon as possible after an incident or near miss occurrence to allow for reporting to Industry Safe within 24 hours . If medical consultation is undertaken at any time when diving-related illness may be reasonably suspected, then this should be reported as an incident (if the symptoms are confirmed to be diving-related) or as a near- miss (if symptoms are found not to be related to diving). In the latter case, any medical records of the incident must be updated to show the true cause of the symptoms. As soon as practicable after the incident, the DS will submit a completed Dive Supervisor – Check Sheet and Accident Narrative (Appendix 13), which should detail:

 Name and address of the injured diver.  Location, date, and time of incident.  Details of diving experience of the injured diver, if injured while diving.  Full details of the incident and cause (if known) or possible contributing factors.  Condition of diver when incident detected, including: o Position, depth, and time into dive. o Nature of illness or injury. o List of signs and symptoms felt by diver. o Apparent awareness/mental state of diver. o Full details of the diving apparatus in use by the diver at the time of the incident.  Name of divers’ supervisor, project DS, and team members;  First aid and transport procedures undertaken by DS; and  Medical advice given to DS. When appropriate, the Accident Narrative sheet will also include additional details including:

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 Activity being undertaken when symptoms first noticed.  Depth of water at which activity was being undertaken.  Symptoms.  First aid supplied.  Relevant comments. The Dive Supervisor (DS) - Check Sheet and Accident Narrative(s) are to be submitted to the appropriate AECOM SH&E manager as soon as practicable after the verbal notification has been made. If possible, this should be done as within 24 hours of the incident occurring. In any case where equipment malfunction was suspected to be a likely cause of a serious accident, then this equipment should be isolated and immediately sealed. In any case where a fatality has occurred, all equipment should be left in the condition that it was in at the time of the accident until it has been investigated by the relevant authority. Notwithstanding the above, the breathing gas supply should be isolated to retain the remaining gas.

 3. AECOM will investigate and document any incident of pressure-related injury and prepare a report that is to be forwarded to AAUS during the annual reporting cycle. This report must first be reviewed and released by the appropriate AECOM SH&E manager and the AECOM DSCB.

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SECTION 3 DIVING EQUIPMENT

3.1 General Policy All equipment will meet standards as determined by the RDSA and the AECOM DSCB. At the time a diver becomes a part of the AECOM scientific diving program, the diver will provide the RDSA an inventory and initial assessment of dive equipment owned by the diver to be used on scientific dives for AECOM. The AECOM personal diving equipment inventory form is located in Appendix 12. Prior to conducting scientific dives for AECOM, all equipment on a diver’s personal diving equipment inventory will be inspected and evaluated by the RDSA. The RDSA will provide a written report to the AECOM DSCB and AECOM appropriate SH&E manager for final approval. In the course of conducting scientific dives for AECOM, all equipment is to be tested and undergo necessary maintenance, as specified by the manufacturer, at the beginning of each project. In addition, all equipment will be regularly examined by the person using the equipment. 3.2 Equipment 3.2.1 Regulators 1. Only use those make and models from an approved manufacturer for the region. The AECOM DSCB must approve all other equipment in use. 2. SCUBA regulators will be inspected and tested annually or according to the maintenance interval specified by the manufacturer, whichever time period is shorter. Under heavy use or harsh conditions, more frequent maintenance may be necessary. 3. Regulators will consist of a primary second stage and an alternate air source (such as an octopus second stage or redundant air supply). Air2- type alternate air source regulators are not permitted as the sole alternate air source for AECOM scientific divers. 3.2.2 Breathing Masks and Helmets Only use those makes and models from an approved manufacturer for the region. The AECOM DSCB must approve all other equipment in use. Breathing masks and helmets will have: 1. A non-return valve at the attachment point between helmet or mask and hose, which will close readily and positively. 2. An exhaust valve. 3. A minimum ventilation rate capable of maintaining the diver at the depth to which he/she are diving.

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4. A fresh air valve (ABV – ambient breathing valve) on full face masks for breathing ambient air at the surface with the mask on. 5. A communication unit for full face masks consisting of a waterproof microphone, PTT (push to talk) button, and an earphone (waterproof speaker). The full face mask communication unit should also include a low battery alert function. 3.2.3 SCUBA Cylinders 1. SCUBA cylinders will be designed, constructed, and maintained in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Unfired Pressure Vessel Safety Orders. 2. SCUBA cylinders must be hydrostatically tested in accordance with Department of Transportation (DOT) or equivalent standards. 3. SCUBA cylinders must have an internal and external inspection at intervals not to exceed 12 months. 4. SCUBA cylinder valves will be functionally tested at intervals not to exceed 12 months. 3.2.4 Backpacks Backpacks without integrated flotation devices and weight systems will have a quick release device designed to permit jettisoning with a single motion from either hand. Two years from the publication of this manual, diving backpacks without integrated flotation devices will no longer be accepted at AECOM. 3.2.5 Buoyancy Compensation Devices 1. Each diver will have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive buoyancy. 2. Personal flotation systems, buoyancy compensators, dry suits, or other variable volume buoyancy compensation devices will be equipped with an exhaust valve. 3. These devices will be functionally inspected and tested before the first use for each project or every 12 months, whichever time period is shorter. 4. Devices with integrated weight systems will have a quick release device designed to permit jettisoning with a single motion from either hand.

3.2.6 Timing Devices, Depth, and Pressure Gauges

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Both members of the buddy team (and all members of the dive team) must have an underwater timing device, an approved depth indicator, and a submersible pressure gauge. Each depth gauge will be deadweight tested or calibrated against a master reference gauge on the maintenance interval suggested by the manufacturer, and when there is a discrepancy greater than two percent (2%) of full scale between any two equivalent gauges. 3.2.7 Determination of Decompression Status: Dive Tables, Dive Computers 1. A set of diving tables approved by the AECOM DSCB and RDSA, must be available at all scientific diving project locations. 2. Dive computers may be used in place of diving tables and must be approved by the AECOM DSCB and RDSA. 3. Approved diving tables will be used in all situations where a specific Client does not permit the use of dive computers. 3.3 Auxiliary Equipment Handheld underwater power tools will be used only for the observation and collection of scientific data. Electrical tools and equipment used underwater will be specifically approved for this purpose. Electrical tools and equipment supplied with power from the surface will be de energized before being placed into or retrieved from the water. Hand held power tools will not be supplied with power from the dive location until requested by the diver. 3.4 Support Equipment 3.4.1 First Aid Supplies A first aid kit and automated external defibrillator will be available at all AECOM training and project scientific dive sites.

It is the responsibility of the DS to ensure that:

 A first aid kit adequate for the diving operation, including a current first aid

manual, is located at the dive site;

 The contents of the first aid kit are complete and in date; and

 The dive team is aware of the first aid kit location.

3.4.2 Oxygen Resuscitation Equipment Oxygen resuscitation equipment must be available at the dive site for immediate use. The oxygen equipment must be capable of providing a spontaneously

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breathing patient with an inspired oxygen of 100 percent. The equipment will also facilitate oxygen-enriched artificial ventilation of a non- breathing patient. Sufficient oxygen will be provided to supply the resuscitator, taking into account the location of the dive site, number of divers, and transit time to access to medical facilities. 3.4.3 Diver’s Flag A locally recognized diver’s flag will be displayed prominently whenever diving is conducted under circumstances where required or where vessel traffic is probable. Both the alpha flag and diver down flag will be flown in areas where the locally recognized diver’s flag is unclear or when vessels originating from multiple remote ports move through the area. 3.4.4 Backboard A positively-buoyant backboard with cervical collar and straps will be available at all AECOM training and project scientific dive sites. 3.4.5 Compressor System AECOM does not own or maintain a compressor system. 3.5 Equipment Maintenance 3.5.1 Record Keeping Each equipment modification, repair, test, calibration, or maintenance service will be logged at the local AECOM dive office and electronically, including the date and nature of work performed, serial number of the item, and the name of the person performing the work for the following equipment: 1. Regulators 2. Submersible pressure gauges 3. Depth gauges 4. SCUBA cylinders 5. Cylinder valves 6. Diving helmets 7. Submersible breathing masks 8. Compressors 9. Gas control panels 10. Air storage cylinders 11. Air filtration systems 12. Analytical instruments 13. Buoyancy control devices 14. Dry suits

3.5.2 Compressor Operation and Air Test Records

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1. AECOM does not own or maintain a compressor system. 2. All compressed gas to be breathed by AECOM scientific divers will be filled to SCUBA cylinders from a compressor that meets compressed air quality standards as specified in legal requiremnets.. Compressors meeting this standard will have had air samples tested in the past 90 days at a facility accredited by the Authorities. Air testing facilities provide compressor operators with a certificate that should be reviewed before any SCUBA cylinders are filled by, or rented from, a compressor operator. 3.5.3 AECOM-Owned Dive Equipment Repair All AECOM-owned equipment will be maintained annually unless the service interval is modified in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Where equipment supplied by AECOM for use in a dive operation is required by law to be periodically tested, a record of such equipment, indicating current certification, will be made available. Maintenance records of personal and rental equipment will be maintained by the local office with all records forwarded to the AECOM DSCB. Surface-to-diver communication boxes (i.e., boat-based com boxes or com box) will be operated in a manner that prevents excessive exposure to salt water, rain, snow, fog, or other conditions that expose the equipment to moisture. All com boxes will be dried prior to storage, with the cover partially left open during storage to allow for any remaining moisture to escape the unit. All com boxes, transducers, microphones, and batteries will be visually inspected and/or tested prior to use and any deficiencies will be corrected prior to use for AECOM projects. If a com box set fails during project use, a backup com box set (com box, microphone, transducer, and battery set) will be used to ensure continuity of communications between surface support and AECOM scientific divers. The defective com box set will be sent to the manufacturer or other qualified repair technician for maintenance. All BCDs, first stage, octopus/second stage, gauge packs (submersible pressure gauge, depth gauge, compass, or other gauges.), full face masks, and full face mask communication devices will be inspected and repaired/maintained (e.g., parts replaced with new components or devices replaced.) if necessary by an authorized repair technician with current training in maintenance of that equipment. Exposure suits such as dry suits and wet suits (especially zippers, seams, stitching, integrity of materials, or other features that are associated with proper function of the exposure suit.) as well as other gear such as hoods, gloves, boots, fins, dive knives, flashlights, gear keepers, cameras, or other diving equipment owned by AECOM will be visually inspected and tested (as applicable) prior to use. Any defective gear will be repaired or replaced as necessary.

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Dive tanks will be visually inspected once per year and hydrostatically tested/visually inspected once every 5 years. Any defective tanks will be repaired or replaced as necessary. Additional AECOM-owned equipment including dive , buoys, anchors, line, dive ladders, or other dive-related support equipment will be visually inspected and tested (as applicable) prior to use. Any defective equipment will be repaired or replaced as necessary. Documentation of repairs or maintenance performed on all AECOM-owned dive equipment will be submitted to the RDSA and will be maintained and filed with the AECOM scientific diving program documents. 3.5.4 Diver-Owned Dive Equipment Repair In the event a diver’s equipment is found unsuitable for diving, appropriate corrective actions will be identified and appropriate corrective action documentation completed. Any corrective action documentation issued to an employee must be closed out prior to engagement in any future AECOM Dive Program activities that are affected by the issues identified in the corrective action documentation. Documentation of appropriate corrective actions must be provided to the AECOM RDSA and RAO for confirmation that the issues identified in the corrective action documentation were appropriately addressed. Records of the corrective action documentation, field verification assessment, and corrective action implementation will be maintained and filed with the AECOM scientific diving program documents. Any air delivery, breathing apparatus, dive monitoring equipment, buoyancy equipment, or SCUBA cylinder equipment (i.e., a first stage, a second stage, an octopus, an Air2-type regulator, a spare air system, any other independent air supply, a computer, a watch, a timing device, submersible pressure gauge, a depth gauge, any buoyancy compensation device, any SCUBA cylinder containing breathing gas or any SCUBA cylinder containing equipment inflation gas) repairs required per the corrective action documentation must be completed by an authorized repair technician with current training in maintenance of that equipment and documentation of the repairs by that facility (i.e., receipt) must be obtained. Any other covered dive equipment (i.e., , drysuits, booties, gloves, hoots, mask, snorkel, fins, signaling devices, flashlights, knives, straps, gear keepers, or other diving equipment.) repairs required per the corrective action documentation must be completed by an independent qualified repair facility and documentation of the repairs by that facility (i.e., receipt) must be obtained. 3.6 Air Quality Standards Breathing air for SCUBA will meet the following specifications as set forth by the Compressed Gas Association (CGA Pamphlet G-7.1).

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CGA Grade E Component Maximum Oxygen 20 – 22%/v Carbon Monoxide 10 PPM/v Carbon Dioxide 1000 PPM/v Condensed 5 mg/m3 Total Hydrocarbons as 25 PPM/v Methane Water Vapor ppm (2) Objectionable Odors None

(2) For breathing air used in conjunction with self-contained breathing apparatus in extreme cold where moisture can condense and freeze, causing the breathing apparatus to malfunction, a dew point not to exceed -50°F (63 pm v/v) or 10 degrees lower than the coldest temperature expected in the area is required.

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SECTION 4 ENTRY-LEVEL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

This section describes training for the non-diver candidate, previously not certified for diving, and equivalency for the certified diver. All entry-level, non- diver candidates must be approved prior to the start of training by the AECOM DSCB. 4.1 Evaluation 4.1.1 Medical Examination The applicant for training will be certified by a licensed physician to be medically qualified for diving before proceeding with the training as designated in Section 4.2 (see Section 6 and Appendices 1 through 4). 4.1.2 Swimming Evaluation Applicant will successfully perform the following tests, or equivalent, in the presence of the RDSA, or an examiner approved by the RDSA. 1. Swim underwater without swim aids for a distance of 25 yards without surfacing. 2. Swim 400 yards in less than 12 minutes without swim aids. 3. Tread water for 10 minutes, or 2 minutes without the use of hands, without swim aids. 4. Without the use of swim aids, transport another person of equal size a distance of 25 yards in the water. 4.2 SCUBA Training 4.2.1 Practical Training At the completion of training, the trainee must satisfy the AECOM RDSA or the instructor of their ability to perform the following, as a minimum, in a pool or in sheltered water: 1. Enter water with full equipment. 2. Clear face mask. 3. Demonstrate air sharing, including both and the use of alternate air source, as both donor and recipient, with and without a face mask. 4. Demonstrate ability to alternate between snorkel and SCUBA while kicking. 5. Demonstrate understanding of underwater signs and signals. 6. Demonstrate simulated in-water mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 7. Rescue and transport, as a diver, a passive simulated victim of an accident.

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8. Demonstrate ability to remove and replace equipment while submerged. 9. Demonstrate watermanship ability, which is acceptable to the instructor. 4.2.2 Written Examination Before completing training, the trainee must pass a written examination that demonstrates knowledge of at least the following: 1. Function, care, use, and maintenance of diving equipment. 2. Physics and physiology of diving. 3. Diving regulations and precautions. 4. Near-shore currents and waves. 5. Dangerous marine animals. 6. Emergency procedures, including buoyant ascent and ascent by air sharing. 7. Currently accepted decompression procedures. 8. Demonstrate the proper use of dive tables. 9. Underwater communications. 10. Aspects of freshwater and . 11. Hazards of breath-hold diving and ascents. 12. Planning and supervision of diving operations. 13. . 14. Cause, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of the following: near , , carbon dioxide excess, squeezes, oxygen poisoning, , exhaustion and , respiratory fatigue, , decompression sickness, , and /anoxia. 4.2.3 Open Water Evaluation The trainee must satisfy an underwater SCUBA instructor, approved by the AECOM RDSA, of their ability to perform at least the following in open water. For candidate scientific divers entering the AECOM scientific diving program through this section, this evaluation will be conducted by instructional personnel as described in Section 1.2.6, subsection 3 1. Surface dive to a depth of 10 feet in open water without SCUBA. 2. Demonstrate proficiency in air sharing as both donor and receiver. 3. Enter and leave open water or surf, or leave and board a diving vessel, while wearing SCUBA gear. 4. Kick on the surface 400 yards while wearing SCUBA gear, but not breathing from the SCUBA unit.

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5. Demonstrate judgment adequate for safe diving. 6. Demonstrate, where appropriate, the ability to maneuver efficiently in the environment, at and below the surface. 7. Complete a simulated emergency swimming ascent. 8. Demonstrate clearing of mask and regulator while submerged. 9. Demonstrate ability to achieve and maintain while submerged. 10. Demonstrate techniques of self-rescue and buddy rescue. 11. Navigate underwater. 12. Plan and execute a dive. 13. Successfully complete 5 open water dives for a minimum total time of 3 hours, of which 1½ hours cumulative bottom time must be on SCUBA. No more than 3 training dives will be conducted in any 1 day.

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SECTION 5 SCIENTIFIC DIVER CERTIFICATION

5.1 Certification Types 5.1.1 Scientific Diver Certification This is an authorization to dive, usable only while it is current, for the purpose intended, and is void upon termination of employment at AECOM. 5.1.2 Temporary Diver Permit (Diver-In-Training Permit) This permit constitutes a waiver of the requirements of Section 5 and is issued only following a demonstration of the required proficiency in diving. It is valid only for a limited time, as determined by the AECOM DSCB and RDSA. This permit is not to be construed as a mechanism to circumvent existing standards set forth in this standard. Requirements of this section may be temporarily waived by the AECOM DSCB if the person in question has demonstrated proficiency in diving and can contribute measurably to a planned dive. A statement of the temporary diver’s qualifications will be submitted to the AECOM DSCB as a part of the DOP. Temporary permits will be reviewed and approved by the AECOM DSCB restricted to the planned diving operation and will comply with all other policies, regulations, and standards of this standard, including medical requirements. This temporarily waiver may be granted, with AECOM DSCB approval for each occasion, for a maximum of three (3) work seasons for an individual project or three (3) single work duration dive projects. All AECOM divers-in-training, subcontractors, and independent contractors will be required to satisfy all requirements described in Sections 5.3 and 5.6.4 of this manual for all dive projects subsequent to the third approval of this waiver. 5.2 General Policy No person will engage in scientific diving under the auspices of AECOM unless that person is authorized by AECOM pursuant to the provisions of this standard. 5.3 Requirements for Scientific Diver Certification/Authorization Submission of documents and participation in aptitude examinations do not automatically result in certification/authorization. The applicant must convince the AECOM DSCB and RDSA that they are sufficiently skilled and proficient to be certified. This skill will be acknowledged by the signature of the AECOM RDSA. Any applicant who does not possess the necessary judgment, under diving conditions, for the safety of the diver and their partner, may be denied AECOM scientific diving privileges. Minimum documentation and examinations required are as follows:

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5.3.1 Prerequisites 1. Application. Application for AECOM Scientific Diver certification will be made to the RDSA using the checklist in Appendix 6. All information entered on this checklist will be accompanied by appropriate documented evidence of satisfaction of specific requirements, as described in Sections 5.3 and 5.6.4 of this manual. This checklist, with appropriate documented evidence, may be completed by the applicant diver or as part of an applicant diver consultation conducted by the RDSA or an ARDSA. 2. Medical approval. Each applicant for diver certification will submit a statement from a licensed physician, based on an approved medical examination, attesting to the applicant’s fitness for diving (see Section 6 and Appendices 1 through 4). 3. Each applicant for diver certification will be 18 years old or older. 4. Scientific Diver-In-Training Permit. This permit signifies that a diver has completed and been certified as at least an open water diver through an internationally recognized SCUBA certifying agency or scientific diving program, and has the knowledge, skills, and experience equivalent to that gained by successful completion of training as specified in Section 4. These requirements will be verified through an examination of open water diver certification records and a check-out dive conducted by the AECOM RDSA. This permit is granted by approval of the AECOM DSCB. 5.3.2 Theoretical and Practical Training The diver must complete theoretical aspects and practical training for a minimum cumulative time of 100 hours. Theoretical aspects will include principles and activities appropriate to the intended area of scientific study. Applicant divers, with existing scientific diving experience, may have previous training and experience credited toward these requirements, as described in Sections 1.2.14 and 5.4. Descriptions of potentially appropriate previous training and experience sources are included in each required topic below. 5.3.2.1. Required Topics (including, but not limited to): a) Diving Emergency Care Training

 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)  Standard or Basic First Aid  First Aid for Diving Accidents  Hazardous Marine Life Injuries First Aid  Automated External Defibrillator (AED)  Recognition of Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism  Accident Management

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 Field Neurological Exam  Oxygen Administration These courses must be repeated periodically, with renewal interval specified by the certification agency. Course providers include, but are not limited to, , The American Red Cross, The American Heart Association, Emergency First Response, and Medic First Aid. AECOM DSCB approval is required for course providers not listed above. b) Dive Rescue Dive Rescue course providers include, but are not limited to, The Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), Scuba Schools International (SSI), International (TDI), British Sub Aqua Club (BSAC) and Scuba Diving International (SDI). This information is often covered in scientific diving courses in universities, zoos, and aquariums. An acceptable dive rescue module of a scientific diving course will result in a certification from an internationally recognized scuba certifying agency. Though no certification is issued, military dive rescue training is accepted with appropriate documentation. AECOM DSCB approval is required for course providers not listed above. c) Dive Physics Dive Physics subject education is included in, but is not limited to, the dive physics knowledge development section of the PADI Divemaster course, NAUI Master Diver or Divemaster courses, SSI Divemaster or Dive Control Specialist courses, or SDI Divemaster course. In addition, this information is often covered in scientific diving courses in universities, zoos, and aquariums. AECOM DSCB approval is required for subject education modules not listed above. d) Dive Physiology Dive Physiology subject education is included in, but is not limited to, the dive physiology knowledge development section of the PADI Divemaster course, NAUI Master Diver or Divemaster courses, SSI Divemaster or Dive Control Specialist courses, or SDI Divemaster course. In addition, this information is often covered in scientific diving courses in universities, zoos, and aquariums. AECOM DSCB approval is required for subject education modules not listed above. e) Dive Environments Dive Environments subject education is included in, but is not limited to, the dive environments knowledge development section of

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the PADI Divemaster course, NAUI Master Diver or Divemaster courses, SSI Divemaster or Dive Control Specialist courses, or SDI Divemaster course. In addition, this information is often covered in scientific diving courses in universities, zoos, and aquariums. AECOM DSCB approval is required for subject education modules not listed above. f) and its Application Decompression Theory and its Application subject education is included in, but is not limited to, the decompression theory knowledge development section of the PADI Divemaster course, NAUI Master Diver or Divemaster courses, SSI Divemaster or Dive Control Specialist courses, or SDI Divemaster course. In addition, this information is often covered in scientific diving courses in universities, zoos, and aquariums. AECOM DSCB approval is required for subject education modules not listed above. g) AAUS Scientific Diving Regulations and History

 Scientific  Coordination with Other Agencies  Appropriate Governmental Regulations  Familiarity with this manual, and signed acknowledgement and understanding form (Appendix 14) h) Scientific Method Often, university level introduction to laboratory, field, methodology, or philosophy of science courses include a scientific method module. i) Data Gathering Techniques (only items specific to area of study are required); previous course or project work may satisfy this requirement with RDSA and/or AECOM DSCB approval.

 Transect Sampling (Quadrating)  Transecting  Mapping  Coring  Photography  Tagging  Collecting  Animal Handling  Archaeology  Common Biota o Organism Identification o Behavior

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o Ecology  Site Selection, Location, and Relocation  Specialized Equipment for Data Gathering  HP Cylinders 5.3.2.2. Suggested Topics (optional; required where applicable): a) Methods of Gas Delivery – Open Circuit, SSA b) Small Boat Operation c) Specialized Breathing Gas – Nitrox d) Specialized Environments and Conditions

 Zero Visibility Diving   Kelp Diving  Strong Current Diving (Live-boating)  Potential Entanglement e) Specialized Diving Equipment

 Full Face Mask   Communications 5.3.2.3. Practical training must include a check-out dive, with evaluation of the skills listed in Section 4.2.3, subsection Open Water Evaluation, with the RDSA or delegate qualified in open water skills evaluation (see Section 1.2.6subsections 3 and 4) followed by at least 11 ocean or open water dives in a variety of dive sites and diving conditions, for a cumulative bottom time of 6 hours. Dives following the check-out dive must be supervised by an AECOM certified/authorized Scientific Diver with experience in the type of diving planned, with the approval of the AECOM RDSA and DSCB. 5.3.2.4. Examinations a) Written examinations

Course Written Examination  Individual Subject Written Examinations for Dive Physics, Dive Physiology, Dive Environments, and Decompression Theory and its Application  Recurring individual subject written examinations for CPR, Standard or Basic First Aid, First Aid for Diving Accidents, Hazardous Marine Life Injuries First Aid, AED, Field Neurological Exam, and Oxygen Administration.

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b) Examination of equipment

 AECOM diving equipment. AECOM diving equipment will be inspected according to manufacturer specifications and inventoried at each local AECOM office and submitted annually to the DSCB for record-keeping purposes.  Personal diving equipment. Each applicant diver will prepare an inventory and inspection of all personal dive equipment using the form included in Appendix 12. Prior to the check-out dive mentioned above, the RDSA, or qualified delegate, will inspect the applicant’s equipment and prepare an inventory and inspection using the same form.  Task-specific equipment. This type of equipment will be owned and maintained by AECOM, and subject to the requirements mentioned above. 5.4 Previous Training Acceptance Divers frequently enter the scientific diving program at AECOM with significant applicable experience from a college AAUS scientific diving course, a previous job at an AAUS member entity, training as a volunteer aquarium or zoo AAUS scientific diver, or other forms of scientific diving training. In situations where a diver has previously completed specific portions of the training outlined in Section 5.3, documentation of the previous training and hours required may be submitted to the RDSA and/or AECOM DSCB for review and approval. Possible forms of suitable documentation include a verification of training letter from the RDSA or instructional personnel at the AAUS member entity where training occurred, a specialized training certification card, a letter describing specialty diver training (nitrox, specialized environments and conditions, specialized diving equipment, etc.) from an underwater SCUBA Instructor with experience in the type of method or technique, or other documentation deemed appropriate by the RDSA and/or AECOM DSCB. Potential sources of acceptable training sources are described under each required topic in Section 5.3.2. Documentation of depth certifications, as described in Section 5.5 below, may also be submitted to the RDSA and DSCB for review and approval. Training that requires periodic renewal (e.g., CPR training) may be accepted only for the term stated on the course completion documentation. 5.5 Depth Certifications An AECOM certified/authorized scientific diver may progress to the next depth level after successfully completing the required dives for that level. The diver may exceed their depth limit in pursuit of the next depth authorization. Dives will be planned and executed under close supervision of a diver certified to the sought depth authorization, with the knowledge and permission of the AECOM DSCB and RDSA.

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1. Authorization to 30-Foot Depth – Initial permit level, approved upon the successful completion of training listed in Section 4 and Section 5.3. 2. Authorization to 60-Foot Depth – A diver holding a 30-foot certificate may be certified to a depth of 60 feet after successfully completing 12 logged scientific or training dives to depths between 31 and 60 feet, for a minimum total time of 4 hours. 3. Authorization to 100-Foot Depth – A diver holding a 60-foot certificate may be certified to a depth of 100 feet after successfully completing four logged scientific or training dives to depths between 61 and 100 feet. Diving on air for AECOM is not permitted beyond a depth of 100 feet. 5.6 Continuation of Certification/Authorization 5.6.1 Minimum Activity to Maintain Certification/Authorization During any 12-month period, each scientific diver must log a minimum of 12 dives. At least one dive must be logged near the maximum depth of the diver’s certification during each 12-month period. Failure to meet these requirements may be cause for suspension, revocation, or restriction of certification. Authorization may be renewed by completing a check-out dive with the AECOM RDSA or qualified delegate prior to conducting subsequent scientific dives for AECOM. 5.6.2 Re-qualification of Depth Certification/Authorization Once the initial certification/authorization requirements of Section 5.3 are met, divers whose depth authorization has lapsed due to lack of activity may be reauthorized by completing a check-out dive with the AECOM RDSA or qualified delegate at the lapsed depth range prior to conducting subsequent scientific dives for AECOM. 5.6.3 Medical Examination All scientific divers will pass a medical examination at the intervals specified in Section 6.1. After each major illness or injury, as described in Section 6.1, a scientific diver will receive clearance to return to diving from a physician before resuming diving activities. 5.6.4 Emergency Care Training The scientific diver must provide proof of current training in the following with renewal interval specified by the certification agency:

 CPR  Standard or Basic First Aid  First Aid for Diving Accidents  Hazardous Marine Life Injuries First Aid

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 AED  Recognition of Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism  Accident Management  Field Neurological Exam  Oxygen Administration 5.7 Revocation of Certification A diving certificate may be revoked or restricted for cause by the RDSA or the DSCB. Violations of regulations set forth in this standard, or other governmental subdivisions not in conflict with this standard, may be considered cause. The AECOM DSCB and RDSA will inform the diver in writing of the reason(s) for revocation. All such written statements and requests, as identified in this section, are formal documents, which will become part of the diver’s file. 5.8 Requirements for Scientific Snorkeler Certification/Authorization All scientific snorkelers and safety snorkelers will be certified as skin divers (snorkelers) or open water divers by an internationally recognized certifying agency. In addition, AECOM scientific snorkelers are required to maintain current certifications in the following skills: 1. CPR 2. Standard or Basic First Aid 3. AED 4. Hazardous Marine Life Injuries First Aid Prior to conducting scientific snorkeling for AECOM, all scientific snorkeler candidates will complete a skills evaluation conducted by the AECOM RDSA (or a qualified delegate). The results will be reported to the AECOM DSCB that grants AECOM scientific snorkeler authorizations. This should be conducted in open water conditions similar to those a scientific snorkeler candidate will be working in. Skills tested during this evaluation include: 1. Surface snorkel 1,000 feet using a mask and snorkeling for breathing. 2. Complete submergence of the head and effective clearing of the snorkel without removing equipment from the mouth, to be completed at least five times in the 1,000 feet. 3. Remove and replace the mask at the surface. 4. Free dive to a depth of 10 feet and retrieve an object from the bottom, bring the object to the surface, and clear the snorkel. 5. Ability to communicate with the safety snorkeler and evaluator.

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SECTION 6 MEDICAL STANDARDS

6.1 Medical Requirements 6.1.1 General 1. AECOM will determine that divers have passed a current diving physical examination and have been declared by the examining physician to be fit to engage in diving activities as may be limited or restricted in the medical evaluation report. 2. All medical evaluations required by this standard will be performed by, or under the direction of, a licensed physician of the applicant-diver’s choice, preferably one trained in diving/undersea medicine. 3. The diver should be free of any chronic disabling disease and be free of any conditions contained in the list of conditions for which restrictions from diving are generally recommended (Appendix 1). 6.1.2 Frequency of Medical Evaluations Medical evaluation will be completed: 1. Before a diver may begin diving, regardless of whether an equivalent initial medical evaluation has been given within the preceding 5 years (3 years if over the age of 40, 2 years if over the age of 60). 2. Thereafter, a medical evaluation will be completed every year for the RDSA as required for all active underwater instructors from all internationally recognized certifying agencies (Section 1.2, subsection Diving Safety Officer, qualification 4). 3. Thereafter, medical evaluations will be completed for all other divers at 5- year intervals up to age 40, every 3 years after the age of 40, and every 2 years after the age of 60. 4. Clearance to return to diving must be obtained from a physician following any major injury or illness, or any condition requiring hospital care. If the injury or illness is pressure related, then the clearance to return to diving must come from a physician trained in . 5. In situations where a specific Client requires more frequent medical evaluations, all divers conducting scientific dives will be medically examined within the Client-prescribed interval and be determined fit and approved to dive by a licensed physician. 6.1.3 Information Provided Examining Physician AECOM will provide a copy of the medical evaluation requirements of this standard to the examining physician (Appendices 1, 2, and 3).

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6.1.4 Content of Medical Evaluations Medical examinations conducted initially and at the intervals specified in Section 6.1 will consist of the following: 1. Applicant agreement for release of medical information to the RDSA and the DSCB (Appendix 2). 2. Medical history (Appendix 3). 3. Diving physical examination (Required tests listed below and in Appendix 2). 6.1.5 Conditions That May Disqualify Candidates from Diving (Adapted from Grundy et al. 1999 and Bove 2011) 1. Abnormalities of the tympanic membrane, such as perforation, presence of a monomeric membrane, or inability to auto inflate the middle ears. 2. ; vertigo, including Meniere’s Disease. 3. Stapedectomy or middle ear reconstructive surgery. 4. Recent ocular surgery. 5. Self-reported psychiatric disorders including claustrophobia, suicidal ideation, psychosis, anxiety states, depression. 6. Self-reported substance abuse, including alcohol. 7. Episodic loss of consciousness. 8. History of seizure. 9. History of stroke or a fixed neurological deficit. 10. Recurring neurologic disorders, including transient ischemic attacks. 11. History of intracranial aneurysm, other vascular malformation or intracranial hemorrhage. 12. History of neurological with residual deficit. 13. Self-reported head injury. 14. Hematologic disorders including coagulopathies. 15. Risk factors or evidence of coronary artery disease. 16. Atrial septal defects. 17. Significant valvular heart disease – isolated mitral valve prolapse is not disqualifying.

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18. Significant cardiac rhythm or conduction abnormalities. 19. Implanted cardiac pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators (ICD). 20. Inadequate exercise tolerance. 21. Hypertension. 22. History of pneumothorax. 23. Self-reported asthma. 24. Chronic pulmonary disease, including radiographic evidence of pulmonary blebs, bullae, or cysts. 25. mellitus. 26. Pregnancy. 6.1.6 Laboratory Requirements for Diving Medical Evaluation and Intervals. 1. A medical examination will be completed every year for the RDSA. The initial examination and reexamination requirements, as specified in subsections b) through e) below, apply to this examination requirement. 2. Initial examination under age 40:

 Medical History  Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components  Urinalysis  Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician 3. Periodic reexamination under age 40 (every 5 years):

 Medical History  Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components  Urinalysis  Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician 4. Initial exam over age 40:

 Medical History  Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components

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 Detailed assessment of coronary artery disease risk factors using Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment1,2 (age, family history, profile, blood pressure, diabetic screening, smoking history). Further cardiac screening may be indicated based on risk factor assessment.  Resting EKG  Chest X-ray  Urinalysis  Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician 5. Periodic reexamination over age 40 (every 3 years); over age 60 (every 2 years):

 Medical History  Complete Physical Exam, emphasis on neurological and otological components  Detailed assessment of coronary artery disease risk factors using Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment3, 4 (age, family history, lipid profile, blood pressure, diabetic screening, smoking history). Further cardiac screening may be indicated based on risk factor assessment.  Resting EKG  Urinalysis  Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician 6. Physician’s Written Report a) After any medical examination relating to the individual’s fitness to dive, AECOM will obtain a written report prepared by the examining physician that will contain the examining physician’s opinion of the individual’s fitness to dive, including any recommended restrictions or limitations. This will be reviewed by the DSCB. b) AECOM will make a copy of the physician’s written report available to the individual.

1.Grundy, R.J. et al. 1999. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement. http://www.acc.org/clinical/consensus/risk/risk1999.pdf. 2 Bove, A.A. 2011. The cardiovascular system and diving risk. Undersea and 38(4): 261–269. 3 Grundy, R.J. et al. 1999. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement. http://www.acc.org/clinical/consensus/risk/risk1999.pdf. 4 Bove, A.A. 2011. The cardiovascular system and diving risk. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 38(4): 261–269.

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SECTION 7 NITROX DIVING GUIDELINES

The following guidelines address the use of nitrox by scientific divers under the auspices of AECOM. Nitrox is defined for these guidelines as breathing mixtures composed predominately of nitrogen and oxygen, most commonly produced by the addition of oxygen or the removal of nitrogen from air. Nitrox gases used under these guidelines will have a concentration of no greater than 40% oxygen and no greater than trace of gases other than nitrogen and oxygen. See Section 8.8 of this manual for guidance on mixed gas diving. 7.1 Prerequisites 7.1.1 Eligibility Only an AECOM certified/authorized Scientific Diver or Scientific Diver-In- Training (Sections 4 and 5) diving under the auspices of AECOM is eligible for authorization to use nitrox. After completion, review and acceptance of application materials, training, and qualification, an applicant will be authorized to use nitrox within their depth authorization, as specified in Section 5.4. 7.1.2 Application and Documentation Application and documentation for authorization to use nitrox should be made on forms specified by the AECOM DSCB. 7.2 Requirements for Authorization to Use Nitrox Submission of documents and participation in aptitude examinations do not automatically result in authorization to use nitrox. The applicant must convince the AECOM RDSA and members of the AECOM DSCB that they are sufficiently skilled and proficient. The signature of the RDSA on the authorization form will acknowledge authorization. After completion of training and evaluation, authorization to use nitrox may be denied to any diver who does not demonstrate to the satisfaction of the AECOM RDSA and DSCB the appropriate judgment or proficiency to ensure the safety of the diver and dive buddy. Prior to authorization to use nitrox, the minimum requirements discussed below should be met. 7.2.1 Training The diver must complete additional theoretical and practical training beyond the Scientific Diver-In-Training air certification level, to the satisfaction of the AECOM RDSA and DSCB (Section 7.3). 7.2.2 Examinations Each diver should demonstrate proficiency in skills and theory in written, oral, and practical examinations covering:

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1. Written examinations covering the information presented in the classroom training session(s) (i.e., gas theory, , determination, etc.). 2. Practical examinations covering the information presented in the practical training session(s) (i.e., gas analysis, documentation procedures, etc.). 3. Open water check-out dives, to appropriate depths, to demonstrate the application of theoretical and practical skills learned. 7.2.3 Minimum Activity to Maintain Authorization The diver should log at least one nitrox dive per year. Failure to meet the minimum activity level may be cause for suspension, restriction, or revocation of nitrox authorization. 7.3 Nitrox Training Guidelines Training in these guidelines should be in addition to training for Diver-In-Training authorization (Section 4). It may be included as part of training to satisfy the Scientific Diver training requirements (Section 5.3). 7.3.1 Classroom Instruction 1. Topics should include, but are not limited to, review of previous training; physical pertaining to nitrox; partial pressure calculations and limits; (EAD) concept and calculations; oxygen physiology and oxygen toxicity; calculation of oxygen exposure and maximum safe operating depth (MOD); determination of decompression schedules (by EAD method using approved air dive tables, and by using approved nitrox dive tables); dive planning and emergency procedures; mixing procedures and calculations; gas analysis; personnel requirements; equipment marking and maintenance requirements; dive station requirements. 2. The DSCB may choose to limit standard nitrox diver training to procedures applicable to diving, and subsequently reserve training such as nitrox production methods, oxygen cleaning, and dive station topics to divers requiring specialized authorization in these areas. 7.3.2 Practical Training The practical training portion will consist of a review of skills as stated for SCUBA (Section 4), with additional training as follows: 1. Oxygen analysis of nitrox mixtures. 2. Determination of MOD, oxygen partial pressure exposure, and oxygen toxicity time limits, for various nitrox mixtures at various depths.

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3. Determination of nitrogen-based dive limits status by EAD method using air dive tables, and/or using nitrox dive tables, as approved by the DSCB. 4. Nitrox dive computer use may be included, as approved by the DSCB.

7.3.3 Written Examination (based on classroom instruction and practical training) Before authorization, the trainee should successfully pass a written examination demonstrating knowledge of at least the following: 1. Function, care, use, and maintenance of equipment cleaned for nitrox use.

2. Physical and physiological considerations of nitrox diving (e.g., O2 and CO2 toxicity). 3. Diving regulations and procedures as related to nitrox diving, either SCUBA or surface-supplied (depending on intended mode). 4. Given the proper information, calculation of: a) EAD for a given percentage of oxygen in the gas and actual depth.

b) Partial pressure of oxygen exposure for a given percentage of oxygen in the gas and depth. c) Optimal nitrox mixture for a given partial pressure of oxygen exposure limit and planned depth.

d) MOD for a given mix and partial pressure of oxygen exposure limit. e) For nitrox production purposes, percentages/pounds per square inch (psi) of oxygen present in a given mixture, and psi of each gas required to produce a percentage of oxygen in the gas by partial pressure mixing. 5. Dive table and dive computer selection and usage. 6. Nitrox production methods and considerations. 7. Oxygen analysis. 8. Nitrox operational guidelines (Section 7.4), dive planning, and dive station components. 7.3.4 Open Water Dives A minimum of two supervised open water dives using nitrox is required for authorization. The mode used in the dives should correspond to the intended

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application (i.e., SCUBA or surface-supplied). If the MOD for the mix being used can be exceeded at the training location, direct, in-water supervision is required. 7.4 Scientific Nitrox Diving Regulations 7.4.1 Dive Personnel Requirements 1. Nitrox Diver-In-Training – A Diver-In-Training, who has completed the requirements of Section 4 and the training and authorization sections of these guidelines, may be authorized by the RDSA to use nitrox under the direct supervision a Scientific Diver who also holds nitrox authorization. Dive depths should be restricted to those specified in the diver’s authorization. 2. Scientific Diver – A Scientific Diver who has completed the requirements of Section 5 and the training and authorization sections of these guidelines, may be authorized by the AECOM RDSA to use nitrox. Depth authorization to use nitrox should be the same as those specified in the diver’s authorization, as described in Section 5.5. 3. Lead Diver – On any dive during which nitrox will be used by any team member, the lead diver should be authorized to use nitrox and should hold appropriate authorizations required for the dive, as specified in AAUS /BSAC Standards. Lead Diver authorization for nitrox dives by the AECOM RDSA and/or DSCB should occur as part of the dive plan approval process. In addition to responsibilities listed in Section 1.2, the lead diver should: a) As part of the dive planning process, verify that all divers using nitrox on a dive are properly qualified and authorized. b) As part of the pre-dive procedures, confirm with each diver the nitrox mixture the diver is using, and establish dive team maximum depth and time limits, according to the shortest time limit or shallowest depth limit among the team members. c) The lead diver should also reduce the maximum allowable partial pressure of oxygen exposure limit for the dive team if less than optimal dive site conditions are observed. 7.4.2 Dive Parameters 1. Oxygen Exposure Limits a) The inspired oxygen partial pressure experienced at depth should not exceed 1.6 atmospheres absolute (ATA). All dives performed using nitrox breathing mixtures should comply with the current NOAA Diving Manual “Oxygen Partial Pressure Limits for ‘Normal’ Exposures.”

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b) The maximum allowable exposure limit should be reduced in cases where cold or strenuous dive conditions, or extended exposure times are expected. The AECOM DSCB should consider this in the review of any dive plan application that proposes to use nitrox. The lead diver should also review on-site conditions and reduce the allowable partial pressure of oxygen exposure limits if indicated by conditions. c) If using the EAD method, the maximum depth of a dive should be based on the oxygen partial pressure for the specific nitrox breathing mix to be used. 2. Bottom Time Limits a) Maximum bottom time should be based on the depth of the dive and the nitrox mixture being used. b) Bottom time for a single dive should not exceed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) maximum allowable “Single Exposure Limit” for a given oxygen partial pressure, as listed in the current NOAA Diving Manual. 3. Dive Tables and Gases a) A set of AECOM DSCB-approved nitrox dive tables should be available at the dive site. b) When using the EAD method, dives should be conducted using air dive tables approved by the AECOM DSCB. c) If nitrox is used to increase the safety margin of air-based dive tables, the MOD and oxygen exposure and time limits for the nitrox mixture being dived should not be exceeded. d) Breathing mixtures used while performing in-water decompression, or for bail-out purposes, should contain the same or greater oxygen content as that being used during the dive, within the confines of depth limitations and oxygen partial pressure limits set forth in Section 7.4, subsection Dive Parameters. 4. Nitrox Dive Computers a) Dive computers may be used to compute decompression status during nitrox dives. Manufacturers’ guidelines and operations instructions should be followed. b) Use of Nitrox dive computers should comply with dive computer guidelines included in the AAUS /BSAC Standards.

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c) Nitrox dive computer users should demonstrate a clear understanding of the display, operations, and manipulation of the unit being used for nitrox diving prior to using the computer, to the satisfaction of the AECOM RDSA. d) If nitrox is used to increase the safety margin of an air-based dive computer, the MOD and oxygen exposure and time limits for the nitrox mixture being dived should not be exceeded.

e) Dive computers capable of pO2 limit and fO2 adjustment should be checked by the diver prior to the start of each dive to assure compatibility with the mix being used. 5. Repetitive Diving a) Repetitive dives using nitrox mixtures should be performed in compliance with procedures required of the specific dive tables used. b) Residual nitrogen time should be based on the EAD for the specific nitrox mixture to be used on the repetitive dive, and not that of the previous dive. c) The total cumulative exposure (bottom time) to a partial pressure of oxygen in a given 24-hour period should not exceed the current NOAA Diving Manual 24-hour Oxygen Partial Pressure Limits for “Normal” Exposures. d) When repetitive dives expose divers to different oxygen partial from dive to dive, divers should account for accumulated oxygen exposure from previous dives when determining acceptable exposures for repetitive dives. Both acute (central nervous system) and chronic (pulmonary) oxygen toxicity concerns should be addressed. 6. Oxygen Parameters a) Authorized Mixtures – Mixtures meeting the criteria outlined in Section 7.4 may be used for nitrox diving operations, upon approval of the AECOM DSCB. b) Purity – Oxygen used for mixing nitrox-breathing gas should meet the purity levels for “Medical Grade” or “Aviator Grade” standards. c) AECOM scientific divers will not use mixing nitrox-breathing gas with oxygen concentration greater than 40%. 7. Gas Mixing and Analysis for AECOM a) Personnel Requirements

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i. Individuals responsible for producing and/or analyzing nitrox mixtures should be knowledgeable and experienced in all aspects of the technique. ii. Only those individuals approved by the AECOM RDSA and/or DSCB should be responsible for mixing and/or analyzing nitrox mixtures. b) Production Methods – It is the responsibility of the AECOM DSCB to approve the specific nitrox production method used. c) Analysis Verification by User i. Prior to the dive, it is the responsibility of each diver to analyze the oxygen content of his/her SCUBA cylinder and acknowledge in writing the following information for each cylinder: fO2, MOD, cylinder pressure, date of analysis, and user’s name. ii. Individual dive log reporting forms should report fO2 of nitrox is used, if different than 21%. 7.5 Nitrox Diving Equipment All of the designated equipment and stated requirements regarding SCUBA equipment required in the AAUS / BSAC Standards should apply to nitrox SCUBA operations. Additional minimal equipment necessary for nitrox diving operations includes:

 Labeled “NITROX ONLY” or “ENRICHED AIR ONLY” Cylinders  Oxygen Analyzers Oxygen Cleaning and Maintenance Requirements are as follows: 1. Requirement for Oxygen Service a) All equipment, which during the dive or cylinder filling process is exposed to concentrations greater than 40% oxygen at pressures above 150 psi, should be cleaned and maintained for oxygen service. b) Equipment used with oxygen or mixtures containing over 40% by volume oxygen will be designed and maintained for oxygen service. Oxygen systems over 125 psig will have slow-opening shut-off valves. This should include the following equipment: SCUBA cylinders, cylinder valves, SCUBA and other regulators, cylinder pressure gauges, hoses, diver support equipment, compressors, and fill station components and plumbing. 2. SCUBA Cylinder Identification Marking

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SCUBA cylinders to be used with nitrox mixtures should have the following identification documentation affixed to the cylinder. a) Cylinders should be marked “NITROX”, or “EANx”, or “Enriched Air”. b) Nitrox identification color-coding should include a 4-inch-wide green band around the cylinder, starting immediately below the shoulder curvature. If the cylinder is not yellow, the green band should be bordered above and below by a 1-inch yellow band. c) The alternate marking of a yellow cylinder by the cylinder crown green and printing the word “NITROX” parallel to the length of the cylinder in green print is acceptable. d) Other markings, which identify the cylinder as containing gas mixes other than air, may be used with the approval of the DSCB.

e) A contents label should be affixed, to include the current fO2, date of analysis, and MOD. f) The cylinder should be labeled to indicate whether the cylinder is prepared for oxygen or nitrox mixtures containing greater than 40% oxygen. 3. Regulators – Regulators to be used with nitrox mixtures containing greater than 40% oxygen should be cleaned and maintained for oxygen service, and marked in an identifying manner. 4. Other Support Equipment a) An oxygen analyzer is required that is capable of determining the oxygen content in the SCUBA cylinder. Two analyzers are recommended to reduce the likelihood of errors due to a faulty analyzer. The analyzer should be capable of reading a scale of 0 to 100% oxygen, within 1% accuracy.

b) All diver and support equipment should be suitable for the fO2 being used. 5. Compressor System a) Compressor/filtration system must produce -free air. b) An oil-lubricated compressor placed in service for a nitrox system should be checked for oil and contamination at least quarterly. 6. Fill Station Components – All components of a nitrox fill station that will contact nitrox mixtures containing greater than 40% oxygen should be

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cleaned and maintained for oxygen service. This includes cylinders, whips, gauges, valves, and connecting lines.

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SECTION 8 OTHER DIVING TECHNOLOGY

Certain types of diving, some of which are listed below, require equipment or procedures that require training. If any technologies are necessary to complete the task at hand, guidelines established by AECOM’s DSCB will be provided. Divers will comply with all SCUBA diving procedures in this standard unless specified. The AECOM DSCB will review all requests for use of other diving technologies on a case-by-case basis. 8.1 Surface Supplied Diving The diver’s air supply may originate from an air compressor, a bank of high- pressure air flasks/tanks, or a combination of both. This mode of diving excludes Hookah systems or other low pressure air compressor systems. 8.1.1. Requirements for Air Supply Regardless of the source, the air must meet certain established standards of purity, must be supplied in an adequate volume for breathing, and must have a rate of flow that properly ventilates the helmet or mask. The air must also be provided at sufficient pressure to overcome the bottom water pressure and the pressure losses due to flow through the diving hose, fittings, and valves. The air supply requirements depend upon specific factors of each dive, such as depth, duration, level of work, number of divers being supported, and type of diving system being used. 8.1.1.1 Air Purity Standards Air taken directly from the atmosphere and pumped to the diver may not meet established purity standards. It may be contaminated by engine exhaust. Initially pure air may become contaminated while passing through a faulty air compressor system. For this reason, all divers’ air must be periodically sampled and analyzed to ensure the air meets purity standards. Refer to the table below for compressed air purity requirements. To meet these standards, specially designed compressors must be used with the air supplied passed through a highly efficient filtration system. Air taken from any machinery space, or downwind from the exhaust of an engine or boiler, must be considered to be contaminated. For this reason, care must be exercised in the placement and operation of diving air compressors to avoid such conditions. Intake piping or ducting must be provided to bring uncontaminated air to the compressor. The outboard end of this piping must be positioned to eliminate sources of contamination.

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Diver’s Compressed Air Breathing Purity Requirements

Constituent Specification Oxygen (percent by volume) 20 to 22% Carbon dioxide (by volume) 1,000 ppm (max) Carbon monoxide (by volume) 20 ppm (max) Total hydrocarbons (as CH4 by volume) 25 ppm (max) Odor and taste Not objectionable Oil, mist, particulates 5 mg/m3 (max)

8.1.1.2 Water Vapor Control A properly operated air supply system should never permit the air supplied to the diver to reach its dew point. Controlling the amount of water vapor (humidity) in the supplied air is normally accomplished by one or both of the following methods:  Compression/Expansion: As high-pressure air expands across a pressure-reducing valve, the partial pressure of the water vapor in the air is decreased. Because the expansion takes place at essentially a constant temperature (isothermal), the partial pressure of water vapor required to saturate the air remains unchanged; therefore, the relative humidity of the air is reduced.  Cooling: Cooling the air prior to expanding it raises its relative humidity, permitting some of the water to condense. The condensed may then be drained from the system. 8.2 Blue Water Diving This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program. 8.3 Ice and Polar Diving This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program. 8.4 Overhead Environments This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program. 8.5 Saturation Diving This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program. 8.6 Hookah This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program. 8.7 Rebreathers This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program. 8.8 Mixed Gas Diving This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program. 8.9 Staged Decompression Diving

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This mode of diving is not supported by the AECOM Scientific Diving Program.

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Appendices

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APPENDIX 1 DIVING MEDICAL EXAM OVERVIEW FOR THE EXAMINING PHYSICIAN

TO THE EXAMINING PHYSICIAN:

This person, ______, requires a medical examination to assess their fitness for certification as a Scientific Diver for the______(Organizational Member). Their answers on the Diving Medical History Form (attached) may indicate potential health or safety risks as noted. Your evaluation is requested on the attached scuba Diving Fitness Medical Evaluation Report. If you have questions about diving medicine, you may wish to consult one of the references on the attached list or contact one of the physicians with expertise in diving medicine whose names and phone numbers appear on an attached list, the Undersea Hyperbaric and Medical Society, or the Divers Alert Network. Please contact the undersigned Diving Safety Officer if you have any questions or concerns about diving medicine or the ______standards. Thank you for your assistance. Organizational Member

______Diving Safety Officer Date

______Printed Name Phone Number

Scuba and other modes of compressed-gas diving can be strenuous and hazardous. A special risk is present if the middle ear, sinuses, or segments do not readily equalize air pressure changes. The most common cause of distress is eustachian insufficiency. Recent deaths in the scientific diving community have been attributed to cardiovascular disease. Please consult the following list of conditions that usually restrict candidates from diving. (Adapted from Bove, 1998: bracketed numbers are pages in Bove)

CONDITIONS WHICH MAY DISQUALIFY CANDIDATES FROM DIVING 1. Abnormalities of the tympanic membrane, such as perforation, presence of a monomeric membrane, or inability to autoinflate the middle ears. [5, 7, 8, 9] 2. Vertigo, including Meniere’s Disease. [13] 3. Stapedectomy or middle ear reconstructive surgery. [11] 4. Recent ocular surgery. [15, 18, 19] 5. Psychiatric disorders including claustrophobia, suicidal ideation, psychosis, anxiety states, untreated depression. [20 - 23] 6. Substance abuse, including alcohol. [24 - 25] 7. Episodic loss of consciousness. [1, 26, 27] 8. History of seizure. [27, 28] 9. History of stroke or a fixed neurological deficit. [29, 30] 10. Recurring neurologic disorders, including transient ischemic attacks. [29, 30] 11. History of intracranial aneurysm, other vascular malformation or intracranial hemorrhage. [31] 12. History of neurological decompression illness with residual deficit. [29, 30] 13. Head injury with sequelae. [26, 27] 14. Hematologic disorders including coagulopathies. [41, 42] 15. Evidence of coronary artery disease or high risk for coronary artery disease. [33 - 35] 16. Atrial septal defects. [39]

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17. Significant valvular heart disease - isolated mitral valve prolapse is not disqualifying. [38] 18. Significant cardiac rhythm or conduction abnormalities. [36 - 37] 19. Implanted cardiac pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators (ICD). [39, 40] 20. Inadequate exercise tolerance. [34] 21. Severe hypertension. [35] 22. History of spontaneous or traumatic pneumothorax. [45] 23. Asthma. [42 - 44] 24. Chronic pulmonary disease, including radiographic evidence of pulmonary blebs, bullae, or cysts. [45,46] 25. Diabetes mellitus. [46 - 47] 26. Pregnancy. [56]

SELECTED REFERENCES IN DIVING MEDICINE Available from Best Publishing Company, P.O. Box 30100, Flagstaff, AZ 86003-0100, the Divers Alert Network (DAN) or the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS), Durham, NC

1. Elliott, D.H. ed. 1996. Are Asthmatics Fit to Dive? Kensington, MD: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 2. Bove, A.A. 2011. The cardiovascular system and diving risk. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 38(4): 261-269. 3. Thompson, P.D. 2011. The cardiovascular risks of diving. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 38(4): 271-277. 4. Douglas, P.S. 2011. Cardiovascular screening in asymptomatic adults: Lessons for the diving world. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 38(4): 279-287. 5. Mitchell, S.J., and A.A. Bove. 2011. Medical screening of recreational divers for cardiovascular disease: Consensus discussion at the Divers Alert Network Fatality Workshop. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 38(4): 289-296. 6. Grundy, S.M., Pasternak, R., Greenland, P., Smith, S., and Fuster, V. 1999. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 34: 1348-1359. http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/short/34/4/1348 7. Bove, A.A. and Davis, J. 2003. DIVING MEDICINE, Fourth Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. 8. Edmonds, C., Lowry, C., Pennefather, J. and Walker, R. 2002. DIVING AND SUBAQUATIC MEDICINE, Fourth Edition. London: Hodder Arnold Publishers. 9. Bove, A.A. ed. 1998. MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF SPORT SCUBA DIVERS, San Antonio, TX: Medical Seminars, Inc. 10. NOAA DIVING MANUAL, NOAA. Superintendent of Documents. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 11. U.S. NAVY DIVING MANUAL. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

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APPENDIX 2 MEDICAL EVALUATION OF FITNESS FOR SCUBA DIVING REPORT

Name of Applicant (Print or Type) Date of Medical Evaluation (Month/Day/Year) To The Examining Physician: Scientific divers require periodic scuba diving medical examinations to assess their fitness to engage in diving with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba). Their answers on the Diving Medical History Form may indicate potential health or safety risks as noted. Scuba diving is an activity that puts unusual stress on the individual in several ways. Your evaluation is requested on this Medical Evaluation form. Your opinion on the applicant's medical fitness is requested. Scuba diving requires heavy exertion. The diver must be free of cardiovascular and respiratory disease (see references, following page). An absolute requirement is the ability of the , middle ears and sinuses to equalize pressure. Any condition that risks the loss of consciousness should disqualify the applicant. Please proceed in accordance with the AAUS Medical Standards (Sec. 6.00). If you have questions about diving medicine, please consult with the Undersea Hyperbaric Medical Society or Divers Alert Network. TESTS: THE FOLLOWING TESTS ARE REQUIRED: DURING ALL INITIAL AND PERIODIC RE-EXAMS (UNDER AGE 40):  Medical history  Complete physical exam, with emphasis on neurological and otological components  Urinalysis  Any further tests deemed necessary by the physician ADDITIONAL TESTS DURING FIRST EXAM OVER AGE 40 AND PERIODIC RE-EXAMS (OVER AGE 40):  Chest x-ray (Required only during first exam over age 40)  Resting EKG  Assessment of coronary artery disease using Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment1, 2 (age, lipid profile, blood pressure, diabetic screening, smoking) Note: Exercise stress testing may be indicated based on Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment1, 2 PHYSICIAN’S STATEMENT:

01 Diver IS medically qualified to dive for: 2 years (over age 60) 3 years (age 40-59) 5 years (under age 40)

02 Diver IS NOT medically qualified to dive: Permanently Temporarily. I have evaluated the abovementioned individual according to the American Academy of Underwater medical standards and required tests for scientific diving (Sec. 6.00 and Appendix 1) and, in my opinion, find no medical conditions that may be disqualifying for participation in scuba diving. I have discussed with the patient any medical condition(s) that would not disqualify him/her from diving but which may seriously compromise subsequent health. The patient understands the nature of the hazards and the risks involved in diving with these conditions. ______MD or DO______Signature Date ______Name (Print or Type) ______Address ______Telephone Number E-Mail Address

My familiarity with applicant is: _____This exam only _____Regular physician for ______years

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My familiarity with diving medicine is: ______

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MEDICAL EVALUATION OF FITNESS FOR SCUBA DIVING REPORT

APPLICANT'S RELEASE OF MEDICAL INFORMATION FORM

______Name of Applicant (Print or Type)

I authorize the release of this information and all medical information subsequently acquired in association with my diving to the ______Diving Safety Officer and Diving Control Board or their designee at (place) ______on (date) ______

Signature of Applicant ______Date______

REFERENCES

1 Grundy, S.M., Pasternak, R., Greenland, P., Smith, S., and Fuster, V. 1999. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 34: 1348-1359. http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/short/34/4/1348 2 Bove, A.A. 2011. The cardiovascular system and diving risk. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 38(4): 261–269.

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APPENDIX 3 DIVING MEDICAL HISTORY FORM (To Be Completed By Applicant-Diver)

Name ______Sex ____ Age ___ Wt.___ Ht. ___

Sponsor ______Date ___/___/___ (Entity) (Mo/Day/Yr)

TO THE APPLICANT: Scuba diving places considerable physical and mental demands on the diver. Certain medical and physical requirements must be met before beginning a diving or training program. Your accurate answers to the questions are more important, in many instances, in determining your fitness to dive than what the physician may see, hear or feel as part of the diving medical certification procedure. This form will be kept confidential by the examining physician. If you believe any question amounts to invasion of your privacy, you may elect to omit an answer, provided that you will subsequently discuss that matter with your own physician who must then indicate, in writing, that you have done so and that no health hazard exists. Should your answers indicate a condition, which might make diving hazardous, you will be asked to review the matter with your physician. In such instances, their written authorization will be required in order for further consideration to be given to your application. If your physician concludes that diving would involve undue risk for you, remember that they are concerned only with your well-being and safety.

Yes No Please indicate whether or not the following apply to you Comments

1 Convulsions, seizures, or epilepsy 2 Fainting spells or dizziness 3 Been addicted to drugs 4 Diabetes 5 Motion sickness or sea/air sickness 6 Claustrophobia 7 Mental disorder or nervous breakdown 8 Are you pregnant? 9 Do you suffer from menstrual problems? 10 Anxiety spells or hyperventilation Frequent sour stomachs, nervous stomachs or vomiting 11 spells 12 Had a major operation 13 Presently being treated by a physician 14 Taking any medication regularly (even non-prescription) 15 Been rejected or restricted from sports 16 Headaches (frequent and severe) 17 Wear dental plates

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Yes No Please indicate whether or not the following apply to you Comments

18 Wear glasses or contact lenses 19 Bleeding disorders 20 Alcoholism 21 Any problems related to diving 22 Nervous tension or emotional problems 23 Take tranquilizers 24 Perforated ear drums 25 Hay fever Frequent sinus trouble, frequent drainage from the nose, 26 post-nasal drip, or stuffy nose 27 Frequent earaches 28 Drainage from the ears 29 Difficulty with your ears in airplanes or on mountains 30 Ear surgery 31 Ringing in your ears 32 Frequent dizzy spells 33 Hearing problems 34 Trouble equalizing pressure in your ears 35 Asthma 36 Wheezing attacks 37 Cough (chronic or recurrent) 38 Frequently raise sputum 39 Pleurisy 40 Collapsed lung (pneumothorax) 41 Lung cysts 42 Pneumonia 43 Tuberculosis

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Yes No Please indicate whether or not the following apply to you Comments

44 Shortness of breath 45 Lung problem or abnormality 46 Spit blood Breathing difficulty after eating particular foods, after 47 exposure to particular pollens or animals 48 Are you subject to bronchitis 49 Subcutaneous emphysema (air under the skin) 50 Air embolism after diving 51 Decompression sickness 52 Rheumatic fever 53 Scarlet fever 54 Heart murmur 55 Large heart 56 High blood pressure 57 Angina (heart pains or pressure in the chest) 58 Heart attack 59 Low blood pressure 60 Recurrent or persistent swelling of the legs 61 Pounding, rapid heartbeat or palpitations 62 Easily fatigued or short of breath 63 Abnormal EKG 64 Joint problems, dislocations or arthritis 65 Back trouble or back injuries 66 Ruptured or slipped disk 67 Limiting physical handicaps 68 Muscle cramps 69 Varicose veins

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Yes No Please indicate whether or not the following apply to you Comments

70 Amputations 71 Head injury causing unconsciousness 72 Paralysis 73 Have you ever had an adverse reaction to medication? 74 Do you smoke? Have you ever had any other medical problems not listed? If 75 so, please list or describe below; 76 Is there a family history of high cholesterol? 77 Is there a family history of heart disease or stroke? 78 Is there a family history of diabetes? 79 Is there a family history of asthma? Date of last tetanus shot? 80 Vaccination dates?

Please explain any “yes” answers to the above questions.

______

I certify that the above answers and information represent an accurate and complete description of my medical history.

Signature Date

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APPENDIX 4 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Air sharing - Sharing of an air supply between divers. ATA(s) - “Atmospheres Absolute”, Total pressure exerted on an object, by a gas or mixture of gases, at a specific depth or elevation, including normal . Breath-hold Diving - A diving mode in which the diver uses no self-contained or surface- supplied air or oxygen supply. Buddy Breathing - Sharing of a single air source between divers. Buddy Diver - Second member of the dive team. Buddy System -Two comparably equipped SCUBA divers in the water in constant communication. Buoyant Ascent - An ascent made using some form of positive buoyancy. Burst Pressure - Pressure at which a pressure containment device would fail structurally. Certified/Authorized Diver - A diver who holds a recognized valid certification/authorization from AECOM or internationally recognized certifying agency. Controlled Ascent - Any one of several kinds of ascents including normal, swimming, and air sharing ascents where the diver(s) maintain control so a pause or stop can be made during the ascent. Cylinder - A pressure vessel for the storage of gases. Decompression Chamber - A pressure vessel for human occupancy. Also called a hyperbaric chamber or decompression chamber. Decompression Sickness - A condition with a variety of symptoms, which may result from gas, and bubbles in the tissues of divers after pressure reduction. Dive - A descent into the water, an activity utilizing compressed gas, an ascent, and return to the surface. Dive Computer- A microprocessor based device which computes a diver’s theoretical decompression status, in real time, by using pressure (depth) and time as input to a decompression model, or set of decompression tables, programmed into the device. Dive Location - A surface or vessel from which a diving operation is conducted. Dive Site - Physical location of a diver during a dive. Dive Table - A profile or set of profiles of depth-time relationships for ascent rates and breathing mixtures to be followed after a specific depth-time exposure or exposures. Diver - An individual in the water who uses apparatus, including snorkel, which supplies breathing gas at . Diver-In-Training - An individual gaining experience and training in additional diving activities under the supervision of a dive team member experienced in those activities.

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Diver-Carried Reserve Breathing Gas - A diver-carried independent supply of air or mixed gas (as appropriate) sufficient under standard operating conditions to allow the diver to reach the surface, or another source of breathing gas, or to be reached by another diver. Diving Mode - A type of diving required specific equipment, procedures, and techniques, for example, snorkel, SCUBA, surface-supplied air, or mixed gas. Diving Control Board (DSCB) - Group of individuals who act as the official representative of AECOM in matters concerning the scientific diving program. Diving Safety Officer (RDSA) - Individual responsible for the safe conduct of the scientific diving program of the membership organization (Section 1.20, subsection Diving Safety Officer). EAD - Equivalent Air Depth (see below). - An ascent made under emergency conditions where the diver exceeds the normal ascent rate. Enriched Air (EANx) - A name for a breathing mixture of air and oxygen when the percent of oxygen exceeds 21%. This term is considered synonymous with the term “nitrox” (Section 7). Equivalent Air Depth (EAD) - Depth at which air will have the same nitrogen partial pressure as the nitrox mixture being used. This number, expressed in units of feet or saltwater, will always be less than the actual depth for any enriched air mixture. fN2 - Fraction of nitrogen in a gas mixture, expressed as either a decimal or percentage, by volume. fO2 - Fraction of oxygen in a gas mixture, expressed as either a decimal or percentage, by volume. FFW – Feet or freshwater, or equivalent static head. FSW - Feet of seawater, or equivalent static head. Hookah - While similar to Surface Supplied in that the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized hose, the supply hose does not require a strength member, pneumofathometer hose, or communication line. Hookah equipment may be as simple as a long hose attached to a standard SCUBA cylinder supplying a standard SCUBA second stage. The diver is responsible for the monitoring his/her own depth, time, and diving profile. Hyperbaric Chamber - See decompression chamber. Hyperbaric Conditions - Pressure conditions in excess of normal atmospheric pressure at the dive location. Lead Diver - Certified scientific diver with experience and training to conduct the diving operation. Maximum Working Pressure - Maximum pressure to which a pressure vessel may be exposed under standard operating conditions. Organizational Member - An organization which is a current member of the AAUS, and which has a program, which adheres to the standards of the AAUS as, set forth in the

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AAUS Standards for Scientific Diving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs. Mixed Gas - MG Mixed-Gas Diving - A diving mode in which the diver is supplied in the water with a breathing gas other than air.

MOD - , usually determined as the depth at which the pO2 for a given gas mixture reaches a predetermined maximum. MSW - Meters of seawater or equivalent static head. Nitrox - Any gas mixture comprised predominately of nitrogen and oxygen, most frequently containing between 21% and 40% oxygen. Also be referred to as Enriched Air Nitrox, abbreviated EAN. NOAA Diving Manual: Refers to the NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology, 2001 edition. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Undersea Research, US Department of Commerce. No-Decompression limits - Depth-time limits of the “no-decompression limits and repetitive dive group designations table for no-decompression air dives” of the U.S. Navy Diving Manual or equivalent limits. Normal Ascent - An ascent made with an adequate air supply at a rate of 60 feet per minute or less. Oxygen Clean - All combustible contaminants have been removed. Oxygen Compatible - A gas delivery system that has components (o-rings, valve seats, diaphragms, etc.) that are compatible with oxygen at a stated pressure and temperature. Oxygen Service - A gas delivery system that is both oxygen clean and oxygen compatible. Oxygen Toxicity Unit - OTU Oxygen Toxicity - Any adverse reaction of the central nervous system (“acute” or “CNS” oxygen toxicity) or lungs (“chronic”, “whole-body”, or “pulmonary” oxygen toxicity) brought on by exposure to an increased (above atmospheric levels) partial pressure of oxygen. Pressure-Related Injury - An injury resulting from pressure disequilibrium within the body as the result of hyperbaric exposure. Examples include: decompression sickness, pneumothorax, mediastinal emphysema, air embolism, subcutaneous emphysema, or ruptured eardrum. Pressure Vessel - See cylinder. pN2 - Inspired partial pressure of nitrogen, usually expressed in units of atmospheres absolute. pO2 - Inspired partial pressure of oxygen, usually expressed in units of atmospheres absolute. Psi - Unit of pressure, “pounds per square inch. Psig - Unit of pressure, “pounds per square inch gauge. Recompression Chamber - see decompression chamber.

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Scientific Diving - Scientific diving is defined (29CFR1910.402) as diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific, research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform scientific research tasks. SCUBA Diving - A diving mode independent of surface supply in which the diver uses open circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Standby Diver - A diver at the dive location capable of rendering assistance to a diver in the water. Surface Supplied Diving - Surface Supplied: Dives where the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized umbilical hose (Surface Supplied Air [SSA]). The umbilical generally consists of a gas supply hose, strength member, pneumofathometer hose, and communication line. The umbilical supplies a helmet or full-face mask. The diver may rely on the tender at the surface to keep up with the divers’ depth, time and diving profile. Swimming Ascent - An ascent, which can be done under normal or emergency conditions accomplished by simply swimming to the surface. Umbilical - Composite hose bundle between a dive location and a diver or bell, or between a diver and a bell, which supplies a diver or bell with breathing gas, communications, power, or heat, as appropriate to the diving mode or conditions, and includes a safety line between the diver and the dive location. Working Pressure - Normal pressure at which the system is designed to operate.

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APPENDIX 5 AECOM VERIFICATION OF AAUS COMPLIANT DIVER TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE

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APPENDIX 6 EXAMPLE DIVING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CONTENT

Introduction A diving accident victim could be any person who has been breathing air underwater regardless of depth. It is essential that emergency procedures are pre-planned and that medical treatment is initiated as soon as possible. AECOM will develop procedures for diving emergencies including evacuation and medical treatment for each dive project and location.

Emergency Plan Content 1. Identification of a means of direct communication between the dive site and the project office. 2. Diver rescue procedures conducted by the dive team, including responsibilities of team members, best location(s) where injured divers may be removed from the water, and best location(s) for performing first aid/ stabilization prior to emergency medical assistance arrival. 3. A description of an emergency victim transport plan including procedures and phone numbers or other means of communications to activate emergency services at the facility where the work is being performed. 4. Divers Alert Network (DAN) phone number: 5. Location and phone number of nearest USCG Rescue Coordination Center, where appropriate. 6. The names and contact information of key project personnel including the project director, project manager, task manager, and appropriate SH&E representatives. 7. The name, telephone number, and relationship of person to be contacted for each diver in the event of an emergency. 8. The location of the nearest operational hyperbaric chamber. 9. The location of the nearest accessible hospital. 10. Identification of an available means of transport.

General Procedures Once an injured or sick diver is recovered from the water, they will be placed in a safe and comfortable clear area. If the diver is conscious, all attempts will be made to maintain and stabilize his/her condition while providing comfort and support. If the diver is bleeding, then all attempts to stem the flow of blood must be provided. Depending on and according to the nature of the diving accident: 1. Make appropriate contact with victim or rescue as required. 2. Establish (C)irculation, (A)irway, (B)reathing as required. 3. Stabilize the victim 3. Administer 100% oxygen, if appropriate (in cases of Decompression Illness, or Near Drowning).

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4. Call local Emergency Medical System (EMS) for transport to nearest medical treatment facility as outlined in the DOP. Explain the circumstances of the dive incident to the evacuation teams, medics and physicians. Do not assume that they understand why 100% oxygen may be required for the diving accident victim or that recompression treatment may be necessary. 5. Call the Divers Alert Network (DAN) to coordinate contact with a diving physician and hyperbaric chamber. etc. 6. Notify the regional AECOM SH&E manager and AECOM RDSA according to the Accident and Illness Investigating and Reporting Program of AECOM. 7. Complete and submit Incident Report Form (www.aaus.org) to the appropriate AECOM SH&E manager, AECOM RDSA and DSCB and the AAUS (Section 2.7, subsection Required Incident Reporting). Complete AECOM incident reporting as required. Refer to S3EMIA-004-PR Incident Reporting. DIVING-RELATED ILLNESSES Decompression Illness Decompression illness is the term recommended to describe all forms of decompression-related problems, regardless of the mechanism that has led to the condition. The term includes the conditions known as “decompression sickness” and “arterial gas embolism.” Decompression Sickness Decompression sickness is the result of inadequate decompression following exposure to increased pressure. While under pressure, the inert portion of the breathing mixture (nitrogen, , etc.) is passed into in the blood stream and absorbed by the body’s tissue. As the pressure is reduced, the inert gas comes out of solution and can form bubbles in the tissues and blood stream. Signs and Symptoms Symptoms and signs of decompression sickness usually appear within a few hours of diving, but on-set may be delayed by 48 hours or more. Feeling generally unwell or unexpectedly lethargic are common early symptoms that may precede more specific symptoms. Upon examination, many divers suffering decompression sickness will have signs of spinal cord, nerve, or cerebral disease that may not have been reported initially. Careful neurological examination is therefore important in all cases. This examination may be conducted in the chamber, after treatment has commenced, as appropriate. Some of the possible symptoms and signs of decompression sickness include skin rash, pain (anywhere), tingling sensations, numbness, weakness, or paralysis, difficulty passing urine, visual disturbance, mental slowness, confusion, convulsions or unconsciousness, giddiness, loss of balance or co-

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ordination, headache, nausea, vomiting, and breathing difficulty. Treatment of Decompression Illnesses

 A diver suffering from a decompression illness should immediately be given 100 percent oxygen. This should alleviate the symptoms, although improvement on oxygen does not remove the necessity for recompression.  The patient should be made comfortable, lying horizontally if fully conscious. If not fully conscious, the patient’s airway should be protected by placing them in the recovery position.  Administration of fluids is useful; plain water is preferred. Fluids containing alcohol and caffeine should be avoided. Fluids should NOT be offered to a diver experiencing abdominal pain.  Recompression is the definitive treatment for decompression illness. If decompression facilities are available on-site, the contract DS will implement emergency procedures according to this manual.  If decompression facilities are not available on site, procedures for emergency evacuation will be implemented immediately. Other less life-threatening diving-related illnesses or conditions include ear squeeze, ear-drum rupture, sinus squeeze, and hypothermia. The dive team should familiarize themselves with these conditions and be aware of the symptoms, prevention, and treatment, because this may not be adequately covered in their first aid training. Decompression Limits All AECOM scientific dive operations are to be planned so as to stay within the no-decompression limits in accordance with the dive tables, the most conservative dive computer among the divers for a project team, or other recognized decompression schedules as appropriate. The dive tables, or the planning mode output of the most conservative dive computer among the divers for a project team, will provide the basis for planning of dive profiles, including repetitive diving. In the event that decompression of a diver is required, the DS will follow the procedures for decompression in accordance with the DOP emergency procedures. Pulmonary Overinflation Syndromes Pulmonary overinflation syndromes are a group of -related diseases caused by the expansion of gas trapped in the lung during ascent (reverse squeeze) or overpressurization of the lung with subsequent overexpansion and rupture of the alveolar air sacs. Excess pressure inside the lung can also occur when a diver presses the purge button on a single- hose regulator while taking a breath. The two main causes of alveolar rupture are excessive pressure inside the lung caused by positive pressure and failure of expanding gas to escape from the lung during ascent. Pulmonary overinflation from expanding gas failing to escape from the lung

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during ascent can occur when a diver voluntarily or involuntarily holds his breath during ascent. Localized pulmonary obstructions that can cause air trapping, such as asthma or thick secretions from pneumonia or a severe cold, are other causes. The conditions that bring about these incidents are different from those that produce lung squeeze, and they most frequently occur during free and buoyant ascent training or emergency ascent from dives made with lightweight diving equipment or SCUBA. The clinical manifestations of pulmonary overinflation depend on the location where the free air collects. In all cases, the first step is rupture of the alveolus with a collection of air in the lung tissues, a condition known as interstitial emphysema. Interstitial emphysema causes no symptoms unless further distribution of the air occurs. Gas may find its way into the chest cavity or arterial circulation. Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) Arterial gas embolism (AGE), sometimes simply called gas embolism, is an obstruction of blood flow caused by gas bubbles (emboli) entering the arterial circulation. Obstruction of the arteries of the brain and heart can lead to death if not promptly relieved. Causes of AGE AGE is caused by the expansion of gas taken into the lungs while breathing under pressure and held in the lungs during ascent. The gas might have been retained in the lungs by choice (voluntary breathholding) or by accident (blocked air passages). The gas could have become trapped in an obstructed portion of the lung that has been damaged from some previous disease or accident; or the diver, reacting with panic to a difficult situation, may breathhold without realizing it. If there is enough gas and if it expands sufficiently, the pressure will force gas through the alveolar walls into surrounding tissues and into the bloodstream. If the gas enters the arterial circulation, it will be dispersed to all organs of the body. The organs that are especially susceptible to arterial gas embolism and that are responsible for the life-threatening symptoms are the central nervous system (CNS) and the heart. In all cases of arterial gas embolism, associated pneumothorax is possible and should not be overlooked. Exhaustion of air supply and the need for an emergency ascent is the most common cause of AGE. Symptoms of AGE

 Unconsciousness  Paralysis  Numbness  Weakness

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 Extreme fatigue  Large areas of abnormal sensations (Paresthesias)  Difficulty in thinking  Vertigo  Convulsions  Vision abnormalities  Loss of coordination  Nausea and/or vomiting  Hearing abnormalities  Sensation similar to that of a blow to the chest during ascent  Bloody sputum  Dizziness  Personality changes  Loss of control of bodily functions  Tremors

Treatment of AGE

 Basic first aid  100 percent oxygen  Immediate recompression

Prevention of AGE

The risk of arterial gas embolism can be substantially reduced or eliminated by paying careful attention to the following:

 Every diver must receive intensive training in diving physics and physiology, as well as instruction in the correct use of diving equipment. Particular attention must be given to the training of SCUBA divers, because SCUBA operations produce a comparatively high incidence of embolism accidents.

 A diver must never interrupt breathing during ascent from a dive in which compressed gas has been breathed.

 A diver must exhale continuously while making an emergency ascent. The rate of exhalation must match the rate of ascent. For a free ascent, where the diver uses natural buoyancy to be carried toward the surface, the rate of exhalation must be great enough to prevent embolism, but not so great that positive buoyancy is lost. In an uncontrolled or buoyant ascent, where a life preserver, dry suit, or buoyancy compensator assists the diver, the rate of ascent may far exceed that of a free ascent. The exhalation must begin before the ascent and must be strong, steady, and forceful. It is difficult for an untrained diver to execute an emergency ascent properly. It is also

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often dangerous to train a diver in the proper technique.

 The diver must not hesitate to report any illness, especially respiratory illness such as a cold, to the prior to diving.

Evacuation

Evacuation procedures are specific to each job site, and a comprehensive plan for such an event will be outlined in the Dive Plan and the Dive Safety Plan. It should contain details of contingency planning for the evacuation of a platform or a vessel by the most appropriate means, including all relevant contact details and methods for initiating such an evacuation.

NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION This section provides guidance on evaluating diving accidents prior to treatment. The neurological examination checklist beow is a guide aimed at non- medical personnel for recording essential details and conducting a neurological examination. Copies of this form should be readily available. While its use is not mandatory, it provides a useful aid for gathering information.

Initial Assessment of Diving Injuries

When using a neurological examination checklist, the initial assessment must gather the necessary information for proper evaluation of the accident.

When a diver reports with a medical complaint, a history of the case will be compiled. This history should include facts ranging from the to progression of the medical problem. If available, review the diver’s Health Record and completed Diving Chart or Diving Log to aid in the examination. A few key questions can help determine a preliminary diagnosis and any immediate treatment needed. If the preliminary diagnosis shows the need for immediate recompression, proceed with recompression. Complete the examination when the patient stabilizes at treatment depth. Typical questions should include the following:

1. What is the problem/symptom? If the only symptom is pain:

a. Describe the pain:

 Sharp  Dull  Throbbing

b. Is the pain localized, or hard to pinpoint?

2. Has the patient made a dive recently?

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3. What was the dive profile?

a. What was the depth of the dive?

b. What was the bottom time?

c. What dive rig was used?

d. What type of work was performed?

e. Did anything unusual occur during the dive? 4. How many dives has the patient made in the last 24 hours? a.

Chart profile(s) of any other dive(s).

5. Were the symptoms first noted before, during, or after the dive? If after the dive, how long after surfacing? 6. If during the dive, did the patient notice the symptom while descending, on the bottom, or during ascent? 7. Has the symptom either increased or decreased in intensity since first noticed? 8. Have any additional symptoms developed since the first one? 9. Has the patient ever had a similar symptom? 10. Has the patient ever suffered from decompression sickness or gas embolism in the past? a. Describe this symptom in relation to the prior incident if applicable. 11. Does the patient have any concurrent medical conditions that might explain the symptoms? To aid in the evaluation, review the diver’s Health Record, including a baseline neurological examination, if available, and completed Diving Chart or Diving Log, if they are readily available.

Neurological Assessment

There are various ways to perform a neurological examination. The quickest information pertinent to the diving injury is obtained by directing the initial examination toward the symptomatic areas of the body. These concentrate on the motor, sensory, and coordination functions. If this examination is normal, the most productive information is obtained by performing a complete examination of the following:

1. Mental status

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2. Coordination 3. Motor 4. Cranial nerves 5. Sensory 6. Deep tendon reflexes.

The following procedures are adequate for preliminary examination. The examination slate you received during your periodic neurological examination course or the following checklist can be used to record the results of the examination.

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EXAMPLE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION CHECKLIST PAGE 1

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EXAMPLE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION CHECKLIST PAGE 2

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INTRODUCTION – DANGEROUS MARINE LIFE

This appendix provides general information on dangerous marine life that may be encountered in diving operations. It is beyond the scope of this manual to catalog all types of marine encounters and potential injury. Planners should consult the recommended references listed at the end of this appendix for more definite information. Medical personnel are also a good source of information and should be consulted prior to operating in unfamiliar waters. A good working knowledge of the marine environment should preclude lost time and severe injury. Predatory Marine Animals

Sharks

Shark attacks on humans are infrequent. Since 1965, the annual recorded number of shark attacks is only 40 to 100 worldwide. These attacks are unpredictable, and injuries may result not only from bites, but also by coming in contact with the shark’s skin. Shark skin is covered with very sharp dentine appendages, called denticles, which are reinforced with tooth-like centers. Contact with shark skin can lead to wide abrasions and heavy bleeding.

Shark Pre-Attack Behavior

Pre-attack behavior by most sharks is somewhat predictable. A shark preparing to attack swims with an exaggerated motion, its pectoral fins pointing down in contrast to the usual flared out position, and it swims in circles of decreasing radius around the prey. An attack may be heralded by unexpected acceleration or other marked change in behavior, posture, or swim patterns. Should surrounding schools of fish become unexplainably agitated, sharks may be in the area. Sharks are much faster and more powerful than any swimmer. All sharks must be treated with extreme respect and caution.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Bites may result in a large amount of bleeding and tissue loss. Take immediate action to control bleeding using large gauze pressure bandages. Cover wounds with layers of compressive dressings preferably made with gauze, but easily made from shirts or towels, and held in place by wrapping the wound tightly with gauze, torn clothing, towels, or sheets. Direct pressure with elevation or extreme compression on pressure points will control all but the most serious bleeding. The major pressure points are: the radial artery pulse point for the hand; above the elbow under the biceps muscle for the forearm (brachial artery); and the groin area with deep finger-tip or heel-of-the-hand pressure for bleeding from the leg (femoral artery). When bleeding cannot be controlled by direct pressure and elevation or pressure points, a tourniquet or ligature may be needed to save the victim’s life even though there is the possibility of loss of the limb. Tourniquets are applied only as a last resort and with only enough pressure

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to control bleeding. Do not remove the tourniquet. The tourniquet should be removed only by a physician in a hospital setting. Loosening of a tourniquet may cause further shock by releasing toxins into the from the injured limb, as well as continued blood loss.

2. Treat for shock by laying the patient down and elevating his feet.

3. If medical personnel are available, begin intravenous (IV) Ringer’s lactate or normal saline with a large-bore cannula (16 or 18 gauge). If blood loss has been extensive, several liters should be infused rapidly. The patient’s color, pulse, and blood pressure should be used as a guide to the volume of fluid required. Maintain an airway and administer oxygen. Do not give fluids by mouth. If the patient’s cardiovascular state is stable, narcotics may be administered in small doses for pain relief. Observe closely for evidence of depressed respirations due to the use of narcotics.

4. Initial stabilization procedures should include attention to the airway, breathing, and circulation, followed by a complete evaluation for multiple traumas.

5. Transport the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. Reassure the patient.

6. Should a severed limb be retrieved, wrap it in bandages, moisten with saline, place in a bag and chill, but not in direct contact with ice. Transport the severed limb with the patient.

7. Clean and debride wounds as soon as possible in a hospital or controlled environment. Because shark teeth are cartilage, not bone, and may not appear on an X-ray, operative exploration should be performed to remove dislodged teeth. 8. Consider X-ray evaluation for potential bone damage due to crush injury. Severe crush injury may result in acute renal failure due to myoglobin released from injured muscle, causing the urine to be a smoky brown color. Monitor closely for kidney function and adjust IV fluid therapy appropriately.

9. Administer tetanus prophylaxis: Tetanus toxoid, 0.5 milliliter intramuscular (IM) and tetanus immune globulin, 250 to 400 units IM.

10. Culture infected wounds for both aerobes and anaerobes before instituting broad-spectrum coverage; secondary infections with Clostridium and Vibrio species have been reported frequently.

11.Acute surgical repair, reconstructive surgery, and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) adjuvant therapy improving tissue oxygenation may all be needed.

12.In cases of unexplained decrease in mental status or other neurological signs and symptoms following shark attack while diving, consider arterial gas embolism or decompression sickness as a possible

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cause.

Killer Whales

Killer whales live in all oceans, both tropical and polar. This whale is a large with a blunt, rounded snout and high black dorsal fin. The jet black head and back contrast sharply with the snowy-white underbelly. Usually, a white patch can be seen behind and above the eye. The killer whale is usually observed in pods of 3 to 40 whales. It has powerful jaws, great weight, speed, and interlocking teeth. Because of its speed and carnivorous habits, this animal should be treated with great respect. There have been no recorded attacks on humans.

Prevention

When killer whales are spotted, all personnel should immediately leave the water. Extreme care should be taken on shore areas, piers, barges, ice floes, etc., when killer whales are in the area.

First Aid and Treatment

First aid and treatment would follow the same general principles as those used for a shark bite.

Barracuda

Approximately 20 species of barracuda inhabit the oceans of the West Indies, the tropical waters from Brazil to Florida and the Indo-Pacific oceans from the Red Sea to the Hawaiian Islands. The barracuda is a long, thin fish with prominent jaws and teeth, silver to blue in color, with a large head and a V-shaped tail. It may grow up to 10 feet long and is a fast swimmer, capable of striking rapidly and fiercely. It will follow swimmers but seldom attacks an underwater swimmer. It is known to attack surface swimmers and limbs dangling in the water. Barracuda wounds can be distinguished from those of a shark by the tooth pattern. A barracuda leaves straight or V-shaped wounds, while those of a shark are curved like the shape of its jaws. Life threatening attacks by barracuda are rare.

Prevention

Barracuda are attracted by any bright object. Avoid wearing shiny equipment or jewelry in waters when barracudas are likely to be present. Avoid carrying speared fish, as barracuda will strike them. Avoid splashing or dangling limbs in barracuda-infested waters.

First Aid and Treatment

First aid and treatment follow the same general principles as those used for shark bites. Injuries are likely to be less severe than shark bite injuries.

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Moray Eels

Although some temperate-zone species of the moray eel are known, it primarily inhabits tropical and subtropical waters. It is a bottom-dweller, and is commonly found in holes and crevices or under rocks and coral. It is snake-like in both appearance and movement; and has tough, leathery skin. It can grow to a length of 10 feet (3 meters), and has prominent teeth. A moray eel is extremely territorial and attacks frequently; a result of reaching into a crevice or hole occupied by the eel. It is a powerful and vicious biter and may be difficult to dislodge after a bite is initiated. Bites from moray eels may vary from multiple small puncture wounds to the tearing, jagged type with profuse bleeding if there has been a struggle. Injuries are usually inflicted on hands and forearms.

Prevention

Extreme care should be used when reaching into holes or crevices. Avoid provoking or attempting to dislodge an eel from its hole.

First Aid and Treatment

Primary first aid must stop the bleeding. Direct pressure and raising the injured extremity almost always controls bleeding. Arrange for medical follow-up. Severe hand injuries should be evaluated immediately by a physician. Mild envenomation may occur from a toxin that is released from the palatine mucosa in the mouth of certain moray eels. The nature of this toxin is not known. Treatment is supportive. Follow principles of wound management and tetanus prophylaxis as in caring for shark bites. Antibiotic therapy should be instituted early. Immediate specialized care by a hand surgeon may be necessary for tendon and nerve repair of the hand to prevent permanent damage and loss of function of the hand.

Sea Lions

The sea lion inhabits the Pacific Ocean and is numerous on the West Coast of the United States. It resembles a large seal. Sea lions are normally harmless; however, during the breeding season (October through December) large bull sea lions can become irritated and will nip at divers. Attempts by divers to handle these animals may result in bites. These bites appear similar to dog bites and are rarely severe.

Prevention

Divers should avoid these when in the water. First

Aid and Treatment

1. Control local bleeding.

2. Clean and debride wound.

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3. Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.

4. Wound infections are common and prophylactic antibiotic therapy is advised.

Venomous Marine Animals

Venomous Fish (Excluding Stonefish, Zebrafish, and Scorpionfish)

Identification of a fish following a sting is not always possible; however, symptoms and effects of venom do not vary greatly. Venomous fish are rarely aggressive and usually contact is made by accidentally stepping on or handling the fish. Dead fish spines remain. Venom is generally heat-labile and may be decomposed by hot water. Local symptoms following a sting may first include severe pain, later combined with numbness or even hypersensitivity around the wound. The wound site may become cyanotic, with surrounding tissue becoming pale and swollen. General symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, sweating, mild fever, respiratory distress, and collapse. The pain induced may seem disproportionately high to apparent severity of the injury. Medical personnel should be prepared for serious anaphylactic reactions from apparently minor stings or envenomation.

Prevention

Avoid handling suspected venomous fish. Venomous fish are often found in holes or crevices or lying well-camouflaged on rocky bottoms. Divers should be alert for their presence and should take care to avoid them.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Get victim out of water; watch for fainting.

2. Lay patient down and reassure.

3. Observe for signs of shock.

4. Wash wound with cold salt water or sterile saline solution. Surgery may be required to open up the puncture wound. Suction is not effective to remove this toxin.

5. Soak wound in hot water for 30 to 90 minutes. Heat may break down the venom. The water should be as hot as the victim can tolerate but not hotter than 122°F (50°C). Immersion in water above 122°F (50°C) for longer than a brief period may lead to scalding. Immersion in water up to 122°F (50°C) should therefore be brief and repeated as necessary. Use hot compresses if the wound is on the face. Adding magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) to the water offers no benefit.

6. Calcium gluconate injections, diazepam, or methocarbamol may help to reduce muscle spasms. Infiltration of the wound with 0.5 percent to 2.0

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percent xylocaine with no epinephrine is helpful in reducing pain. If xylocaine with epinephrine is mistakenly used, local necrosis may result from both the toxin and epinephrine present in the wound. Narcotics may also be needed to manage severe pain.

7. Clean and debride wound. Spines and sheath frequently remain. Be sure to remove the entire sheath, because it may continue to release venom.

8. Tourniquets or ligatures are no longer advised. Use an antiseptic or antibiotic ointment and sterile dressing. Restrict movement of the extremity with immobilizing splints and cravats.

9. Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.

10. Treat prophylactically with topical antibiotic ointment. If delay in treatment has occurred, it is recommended that the wound be cultured prior to administering systemic .

Highly Toxic Fish (Stonefish, Zebrafish, Scorpionfish)

Stings by stonefish, zebrafish, and scorpionfish have been known to cause fatalities. Although many similarities exist between these fish and the venomous fish of the previous section, a separate section has been included because of the greater toxicity of their venom and the availability of an antivenin. The antivenin is specific for the stonefish, but may have some beneficial effects against the scorpionfish and zebrafish. Local symptoms are similar to other fish envenomation, except that pain is more severe and may persist for many days. Generalized symptoms are often present and may include respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse. These fish are widely distributed in temperate and tropical seas, and in some arctic waters. They are shallow-water bottom dwellers. Stonefish and scorpionfish are flattened vertically, dark, and mottled. Zebrafish are ornate and feathery in appearance with alternating patches of dark and light color.

Prevention

Prevention is the same as for venomous fish.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Give the same first aid as that given for venomous fish.

2. Observe the patient carefully for the possible development of life- threatening complications. The venom is an unstable protein which acts as a myotoxin on skeletal, involuntary, and cardiac muscle. This may result in muscular paralysis, respiratory depression, peripheral vasodilation, shock, cardiac dysrhythmias, or cardiac arrest.

3. Clean and debride wound.

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4. Antivenin is available from Commonwealth Serum Lab, Melbourne, (see Reference 4 at end of this appendix for address and phone number). If antivenin is used, the directions regarding dosage and sensitivity testing on the accompanying package insert should be followed, and the physician must be ready to treat for anaphylactic shock (severe allergic reaction). In brief, one or two punctures require 2,000 units (one ampule); three to four punctures, 4,000 units (two ampules); and five to six punctures, 6,000 units (three ampules). Antivenin must be delivered by slow IV injection and the victim closely monitored for anaphylactic shock.

5. Institute tetanus prophylaxis, analgesic therapy, and antibiotics as described for other fish stings.

Stingrays

The stingray is common in all tropical, subtropical, warm, and temperate regions. It usually favors sheltered water and will burrow into sand with only eyes and tail exposed. It has a bat-like shape and a long tail. Approximately 1,800 stingray attacks are reported annually in the U.S. Most attacks occur when waders inadvertently step on a ray, causing it to lash out defensively with its tail. The spine is located near the base of the tail. Wounds are either of the laceration or puncture type and are extremely painful. The wound appears swollen and pale, with a blue rim. Secondary wound infections are common. Systemic symptoms may be present and can include fainting, nausea, vomiting, sweating, respiratory difficulty, and cardiovascular collapse.

Prevention

In shallow waters, which favor stingray habitation, shuffle feet on the bottom and probe with a stick to alert the rays and chase them away.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Give the same first aid as that given for venomous fish. No antivenin is available.

2. Institute hot water therapy as described under fish envenomation.

3. Clean and debride wound. Removal of the spine may additionally lacerate tissues due to retropointed barbs. Be sure to remove integumental sheath as it will continue to release toxin.

4. Observe patient carefully for the possible development of life- threatening complications. Symptoms can include cardiac dysrhythmias, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, muscle paralysis, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrest. Fatalities have been reported occasionally.

5. Institute tetanus prophylaxis, analgesic therapy, and broad- spectrum antibiotics as described for fish envenomation.

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Coelenterates

Hazardous types of coelenterates include: Portuguese man-of-war, sea wasp or box jellyfish, sea nettle, sea blubber, sea anemone, and rosy anemone. Jellyfish vary widely in color (blue, green, pink, red, and brown) or may be transparent. They appear to be balloon-like floats with tentacles dangling down into the water. The most common stinging injury is the jellyfish sting. Jellyfish can come into direct contact with a diver in virtually any oceanic region, worldwide. When this happens, the diver is exposed to literally thousands of minute stinging organs in the tentacles called nematocysts. Most jellyfish stings result only in painful local skin irritation.

The sea wasp or box jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war are the most dangerous types. The sea wasp or box jellyfish (found in the Indo- Pacific) can induce death within 10 minutes by cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure, and muscular paralysis. Deaths from Portuguese man-of-war stings have also been reported. Even though intoxication from ingesting poisonous sea anemones is rare, sea anemones must not be eaten.

Prevention

Do not handle jellyfish. Beached or apparently dead specimens may still be able to sting. Even towels or clothing contaminated with the stinging nematocysts may cause stinging months later.

Avoidance of Tentacles

In some species of jellyfish, tentacles may trail for great distances horizontally or vertically in the water and are not easily seen by the diver. Swimmers and divers should avoid close proximity to jellyfish to avoid contacting their tentacles, especially when near the surface.

Protection against Jellyfish

Wet suits, body shells, or protective clothing should be worn when diving in waters where jellyfish are abundant. Petroleum jelly applied to exposed skin (e.g., around the mouth) helps to prevent stinging, but caution should be used since petroleum jelly can deteriorate rubber products.

First Aid and Treatment

Without rubbing, gently remove any remaining tentacles using a towel or clothing. For preventing any further discharge of the stinging nematocysts, use vinegar (dilute acetic acid) or a 3 to 10 percent solution of acetic acid. An aqueous solution of 20 percent aluminum sulfate and 11 percent () is moderately effective, but vinegar works better. Do not use alcohol or preparations containing alcohol. Methylated spirits or methanol, 100 percent alcohol and alcohol plus seawater mixtures have all Standards for Scientific Diving (S3EMIA-334-ATT1) Revision 0 October 15, 2016 PRINTED COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED. CONTROLLED COPY IS AVAILABLE ON COMPANY INTRANET. 100 of 126

been demonstrated to cause a massive discharge of the nematocysts. In addition, these compounds may also worsen the skin inflammatory reaction. Picric acid, human urine, and fresh water also have been found to either be ineffective or even to discharge nematocysts and should not be used. Rubbing sand or applying papain-containing meat tenderizer is ineffective and may lead to further nematocysts discharge and should not be used. It has been suggested that isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol may be effective. It should only be tried if vinegar or dilute acetic acid is not available.

Symptomatic Treatment Symptomatic treatment can include topical steroid therapy, anesthetic ointment (xylocaine, 2 percent) antihistamine lotion, systemic antihistamines or analgesics. Benzocaine topical anesthetic preparations should not be used as they may cause sensitization and later skin reactions.

Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction) may result from jellyfish stings.

Antivenin

Antivenin is available to neutralize the effects of the sea wasp or box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri). The antivenin should be administered slowly through an IV, with an infusion technique if possible. IM injection should be administered only if the IV method is not feasible. One container (vial) of sea wasp antivenin should be used by the IV route and three containers if injected by the IM route. Each container of sea wasp antivenin is 20,000 units and is to be kept refrigerated, not frozen, at 36 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit [°F] (2 to 10 degrees Celsius [°C]). Sensitivity reaction to the antivenin should be treated with a subcutaneous injection of epinephrine (0.3 cc of 1:1,000 dilution), corticosteroids, and antihistamines. Treat any hypotension (severely low blood pressure) with IV volume expanders and pressor medication as necessary. The antivenin may be obtained from the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Melbourne, Australia (see Reference 4 for address and phone number).

Coral

Coral, a porous, rock-like formation, is found in tropical and subtropical waters. Coral is extremely sharp, and the most delicate coral is often the most dangerous because of their razor-sharp edges. Coral cuts, while usually fairly superficial, take a long time to heal and can cause temporary disability. The smallest cut, if left untreated, can develop into a skin ulcer. Secondary infections often occur and may be recognized by the presence of a red and tender area surrounding the wound. All coral cuts should receive medical attention. Some varieties of coral can actually sting a diver since coral is a coelenterate like jellyfish. Some of the soft coral of the genus Palythoa have been found recently to contain the deadliest poison known to man. This poison is found within the body of the organism and not in the stinging nematocysts. The slime of this coral may cause a serious skin reaction (dermatitis) or may

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even be fatal if exposed to an open wound. No antidote is known.

Prevention

Extreme care should be used when working near coral. Often, coral is located in a formation subjected to heavy surface-water action, surface current, and bottom current. Surge also develops in reef areas. For this reason, it is easy for the unknowing diver to be swept or tumbled across coral with serious consequences. Be prepared.

Protection against Coral

Coral should not be handled with bare hands. Feet should be protected with booties, coral shoes, or tennis shoes. Wet suits and protective clothing, especially gloves (neoprene or heavy work gloves), should be worn when near coral.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Control local bleeding.

2. Promptly clean with hydrogen peroxide or 10 percent povidoneiodine solution and debride the wound, removing all foreign particles.

3. Cover with a clean dressing.

4. Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.

5. Topical antibiotic ointment has been proven very effective in preventing secondary infection. Stinging coral wounds may require symptomatic management such as topical steroid therapy, systemic antihistamines, and analgesics. In severe cases, restrict the patient to bed rest with elevation of the extremity, wet-to-dry dressings, and systemic antibiotics. Systemic steroids may be needed to manage the inflammatory reaction resulting from a combination of trauma and dermatitis.

Octopuses

The octopus inhabits tropical and temperate oceans. Species vary depending on region. The octopus has a large sac surrounded by 8 to 10 tentacles. The head sac is large with well-developed eyes and horny jaws on the mouth. Movement is made by jet action produced by expelling water from the mantle cavity through the siphon. The octopus will hide in caves, crevices, and shells. It possesses a well-developed venom apparatus in its salivary glands and stings by biting. Most species of octopus found in the U.S. are harmless. The blue-ringed octopus common in Australian and Indo-Pacific waters may inflict fatal bites. The venom of the blue-ringed octopus is a neuromuscular blocker called tetrodotoxin, and is also found in Puffer (Fugu) fish. Envenomation from the bite of a blue-ringed octopus may lead to muscular paralysis, vomiting, respiratory difficulty, visual disturbances, and

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cardiovascular collapse. Octopus bites consist of two small punctures. A burning or tingling sensation results and may soon spread. Swelling, redness, and inflammation are common. Bleeding may be severe and the clotting ability of the blood is often retarded by the action of an anticoagulant in the venom.

Prevention

Extreme care should be used when reaching into caves and crevices. Regardless of size, an octopus should be handled carefully with gloves. One should not spear an octopus, especially the large ones found off the coast of the Northwestern United States, because of the risk of being entangled by its tentacles. If killing an octopus becomes necessary, stabbing it between the eyes is recommended.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Control local bleeding.

2. Clean and debride the wound and cover with a clean dressing.

3. For suspected blue-ringed octopus bites, do not apply a loose constrictive band. Apply direct pressure with a pressure bandage and immobilize the extremity in a position that is lower than the heart using splints and elastic bandages.

4. Be prepared to administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation if necessary.

5. Blue-ringed octopus venom is heat stable and acts as a neurotoxin and neuromuscular blocking agent. Venom is not affected by hot water therapy. No antivenin is available.

6. Medical therapy for blue-ringed octopus bites is directed toward management of paralytic, cardiovascular, and respiratory complications. Respiratory arrest is common and intubation with mechanical ventilation may be required. Duration of paralysis is between 4 and 12 hours. Reassure the patient.

7. Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.

Segmented Worms (Annelida) (Examples: Bloodworm, Bristleworm)

This invertebrate type varies according to region and is found in warm, tropical, or temperate zones. It is usually found under rocks or coral and is especially common in the tropical Pacific, Bahamas, Florida Keys, and Gulf of Mexico. Annelida have long, segmented bodies with stinging bristle-like structures on each segment. Some species have jaws and will also inflict a very painful bite. Venom causes swelling and pain.

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Prevention

Wear lightweight, cotton gloves to protect against bloodworms, but wear rubber or heavy leather gloves for protection against bristleworms.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Remove bristles with a very sticky tape such as tape or duct tape. Topical application of vinegar will lessen pain.

2. Treatment is directed toward relief of symptoms and may include topical steroid therapy, systemic antihistamines, and analgesics.

3. Wound infection can occur but can be easily prevented by cleaning the skin using an antiseptic solution of 10 percent povidone-iodine and topical antibiotic ointment. Systemic antibiotics may be needed for established secondary infections that first need culturing, aerobically and anaerobically.

Sea Urchins

There are various species of sea urchins with widespread distribution. Each species has a radial shape and long spines. Penetration of the sea urchin spine can cause intense local pain due to venom in the spine, or from another type of stinging organ called the globiferous pedicellariae. Numbness, generalized weakness, paresthesias, nausea, vomiting, and cardiac dysrhythmias have been reported.

Prevention Avoid contact with sea urchins. Even the short-spined sea urchin can inflict its venom via the pedicellariae stinging organs. Protective footwear and gloves are recommended. Spines can penetrate wet suits, booties, and tennis shoes.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Remove large spine fragments gently, being very careful not to break them into small fragments that remain in the wound.

2. Bathe the wound in vinegar or isopropyl alcohol. Soaking the injured extremity in hot water up to 122°F (50°C) may help. Caution should be used to prevent scalding the skin, which can easily occur after a brief period in water above 122°F (50°C).

3. Clean and debride the wound. Topical antibiotic ointment should be used to prevent infection. Culture both aerobically and anaerobically before administering systemic antibiotics for established secondary infections. Standards for Scientific Diving (S3EMIA-334-ATT1) Revision 0 October 15, 2016 PRINTED COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED. CONTROLLED COPY IS AVAILABLE ON COMPANY INTRANET. 104 of 126

4. Remove as much of the spine as possible. Some small fragments may be absorbed by the body. Surgical removal, preferably with a dissecting microscope, may be required when spines are near nerves and joints. X- rays may be required to locate these spines. Spines can form granulomas months later and may even migrate to other sites.

5. Allergic reaction and bronchospasm can be controlled with subcutaneous epinephrine (0.3 cc of 1:1,000 dilution), and by using systemic antihistamines. There are no specific antivenins available. 6. Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate. 7. Get

medical attention for deep wounds.

Cone Shells

The cone shell is widely distributed in all regions and is usually found under rocks and coral or crawling along sand. The shell is most often symmetrical in a spiral coil, colorful, with a distinct head, one to two pairs of tentacles, two eyes, and a large flattened foot on the body. A cone shell sting should be considered as severe as a poisonous snake bite. It has a highly developed venom apparatus: venom is contained in darts inside the proboscis, which extrudes from the narrow end but is able to reach most of the shell. Cone shell stings are followed by a stinging or burning sensation at the site of the wound. Numbness and tingling begin at the site of the wound and may spread to the rest of the body; involvement of the mouth and lips is severe. Other symptoms may include muscular paralysis, difficulty with swallowing and speech, visual disturbances, and respiratory distress.

Prevention

Avoid handling cone shells. Venom can be injected through clothing and gloves.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Lay the patient down.

2. Do not apply a loose constricting band or ligature. Direct pressure with a pressure bandage and immobilization in a position lower than the level of the heart using splints and elastic bandages is recommended.

3. Some authorities recommend incision of the wound and removal of the venom by suction, although this is controversial. However, general agreement is that if an incision is to be made, the cuts should be small (one centimeter), linear and penetrate no deeper than the subcutaneous tissue. The incision and suction should only be performed if it is possible to do so within two minutes of the sting. Otherwise, the procedure may be ineffective. Incision and suction by inexperienced personnel has resulted in inadvertent disruption of nerves, tendons, and blood vessels. Standards for Scientific Diving (S3EMIA-334-ATT1) Revision 0 October 15, 2016 PRINTED COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED. CONTROLLED COPY IS AVAILABLE ON COMPANY INTRANET. 105 of 126

4. Transport the patient to a medical facility while ensuring that the patient is breathing adequately. Be prepared to administer mouth- to-mouth resuscitation if necessary.

5. Cone shell venom results in paralysis or paresis of skeletal muscle, with or without myalgia. Symptoms develop within minutes of the sting and effects can last up to 24 hours.

6. No antivenin is available.

7. Respiratory distress may occur due to neuromuscular block. Patient should be admitted to a medical facility and monitored closely for respiratory or cardiovascular complications. Treat as symptoms develop.

8. Local anesthetic with no epinephrine may be injected into the site of the wound if pain is severe. Analgesics that produce respiratory depression should be used with caution.

9. Management of severe stings is supportive. may need to be supported with intubation and mechanical ventilation. 10. Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.

Sea Snakes

The sea snake is an air-breathing reptile which has adapted to its aquatic environment by developing a paddle tail. Sea snakes inhabit the Indo-Pacific area and the Red Sea and have been seen 150 miles (241 kilometers) from land. The most dangerous areas in which to swim are river mouths, where sea snakes are more numerous and the water more turbid. The sea snake is a true snake, usually 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.2 meters) in length, but it may reach 9 feet (2.7 meters). It is generally banded. The sea snake is curious and is often attracted by divers, and usually is not aggressive except during its mating season.

Sea Snake Bite Effects

The sea snake injects a poison that has 2 to 10 times the toxicity of cobra venom. The bites usually appear as four puncture marks but may range from one to 20 punctures. Teeth may remain in the wound. The neurotoxin poison is a heat-stable non-enzymatic protein; hence, sea snake bites should not be immersed in hot water as with venomous fish stings. Due to its small jaws, bites often do not result in envenomation. Sea snake bites characteristically produce little pain and there is usually a latent period of 10 minutes to as long as several hours before the development of generalized symptoms: muscle aching and stiffness, thick tongue sensation, progressive paralysis, nausea, vomiting, difficulty with speech and swallowing, respiratory distress and failure, plus smoky-colored urine from myoglobinuria, which may go on to kidney failure.

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Prevention

Wet suits or protective clothing, especially gloves, may provide substantial protection against bites and should be worn when diving in waters where sea snakes are abundant. Also, shoes should be worn when walking where sea snakes are known to exist, including in the vicinity of fishing operations. Do not handle sea snakes. Bites often occur on the hands of fishermen attempting to remove snakes from nets.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Keep victim still.

2. Do not apply a loose constricting band or tourniquet. Apply direct pressure using a compression bandage and immobilize the extremity in the dependent position with splints and elastic bandages. This prevents spreading of the neurotoxin through the lymphatic circulation.

3. Incise and apply suction.

4. Transport all sea-snake—bite victims to a medical facility as soon as possible, regardless of their current symptoms.

5. Watch to ensure that the patient is breathing adequately. Be prepared to administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation if required.

6. The venom is a heat-stable protein which blocks neuromuscular transmission. Myonecrosis with resultant myoglobinuria and renal damage are often seen. Hypotension may develop.

7. Respiratory arrest may result from generalized muscular paralysis; intubation and mechanical ventilation may be required.

8. Renal function should be closely monitored and peritoneal or hemodialysis may be needed. Alkalinization of urine with sufficient IV fluids will promote myoglobin excretion. Monitor renal function and fluid balance anticipating acute renal failure.

9. Vital signs should be monitored closely. Cardiovascular support plus oxygen and IV fluids may be required.

10. Because of the possibility of delayed symptoms, all sea-snake–bite victims should be observed for at least 12 hours.

11.If symptoms of envenomation occur within 1 hour, antivenin should be administered as soon as possible. In a seriously envenomated patient, antivenin therapy may be helpful even after a significant delay. Antivenin is available from the Commonwealth Serum Lab in Melbourne, Australia (see Reference 4 of this appendix for address and phone number). If specific

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antivenin is not available, polyvalent land snake antivenin (with a tiger snake or krait Elapidae component) may be substituted. If antivenin is used, the directions regarding dosage and sensitivity testing on the accompanying package insert should be followed, and the physician must be ready to treat for anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction). Infusion by the IV method or closely monitored drip over a period of 1 hour is recommended. 12. Administer tetanus prophylaxis as appropriate.

Sponges

Sponges are composed of minute multicellular animals with spicules of silica or calcium carbonate embedded in a fibrous skeleton. Exposure of skin to the chemical irritants on the surface of certain sponges or exposure to the minute sharp spicules can cause a painful skin condition called dermatitis.

Prevention

Avoid contact with sponges and wear gloves when handling live sponges.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Adhesive or duct tape can effectively remove the sponge spicules.

2. Vinegar or 3 to 10 percent acetic acid should be applied with saturated compresses as sponges may be secondarily inhabited by stinging coelenterates.

3. Antihistamine lotion (diphenhydramine) and later a topical steroid (hydrocortisone) may be applied to reduce the early inflammatory reaction.

4. Antibiotic ointment is effective in reducing the chance of a secondary infection. POISONOUS MARINE ANIMALS

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning

Ciguatera poisoning is fish poisoning caused by eating the flesh of a fish that has eaten a toxin-producing microorganism, the dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus toxicus. The poisoning is common in reef fish between latitudes 35ºN and 35ºS around tropical islands, or tropical and semitropical shorelines in Southern Florida, the Caribbean, the West Indies, and the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Fish and marine animals affected include barracuda, red snapper, grouper, sea bass, amberjack, parrot fish, and the moray eel. Incidence is unpredictable, and dependent on environmental changes that affect the level of dinoflagellates. The toxin is heat-stable, tasteless, and odorless, and is not

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destroyed by cooking or gastric acid. Symptoms may begin immediately or within several hours of ingestion, and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, itching and muscle weakness, aches, and spasms. Neurological symptoms may include pain, ataxia (stumbling gait), paresthesias (tingling), and circumoral parasthesias (numbness around the mouth). Sensory reversal of hot and cold sensation when touching or eating objects of extreme temperatures may occur. In severe cases, respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse may occur. Pruritus (itching) is characteristically made worse by alcohol ingestion. Gastrointestinal symptoms usually disappear within 24 to 72 hours. Although complete recovery will occur in the majority of cases, neurological symptoms may persist for months or years. Signs and symptoms of ciguatera fish poisoning may be misdiagnosed as decompression sickness or contact dermatitis from unseen fire coral or jellyfish. Because of rapid modern travel and refrigeration, ciguatera poisoning may occur far from endemic areas with international travelers or unsuspecting restaurant patrons.

Prevention

Never eat the liver, viscera, or roe (eggs) of tropical fish. Unusually large fish of a species should be suspected. When traveling, consult natives concerning fish poisoning from local fish, although such information may not always be reliable. A radio-immunoassay has been developed to test fish flesh for the presence of the toxin, and soon may be generally available.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Treatment is largely supportive and symptomatic. If the time since suspected ingestion of the fish is brief and the victim is fully conscious, induce vomiting (syrup of Ipecac) and administer purgatives (cathartics, ) to speed the elimination of undigested fish.

2. In addition to the symptoms described above, other complications that may require treatment include hypotension and cardiac dysrhythmias. 3. Anti-emetics and antidiarrheal agents may be required if gastrointestinal symptoms are severe. Atropine may be needed to control bradycardia. IV fluids may be needed to control hypotension. Calcium gluconate, diazepam, and methocarbamol can be given for muscle spasm.

4. Amytriptyline has been used successfully to resolve neurological symptoms such as depression. 5. Cool showers may induce pruritus (itching).

Scombroid Fish Poisoning

Unlike ciguatera fish poisoning, where actual toxin is already concentrated in the flesh of the fish, scombroid fish poisoning occurs from

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different types of fish that have not been promptly cooled or prepared for immediate consumption. Typical fish causing scombroid poisoning include tuna, skipjack, mackerel, bonito, dolphin fish, mahi mahi (Pacific dolphin), and bluefish. Fish that cause scombroid poisoning are found in both tropical and temperate waters. A rapid bacterial production of histamine and saurine (a histamine-like compound) produce the symptoms of a histamine reaction: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, facial flushing, urticaria (hives), headache, pruritus (itching), bronchospasm, and a burning or itching sensation in the mouth. Symptoms may begin one hour after ingestion and last 8 to 12 hours. Death is rare.

Prevention

Immediately clean the fish and preserve by rapid chilling. Do not eat any fish that has been left in the sun or in the heat longer than two hours.

First Aid and Treatment

Oral antihistamine, (e.g., diphenhydramine, cimetidine), epinephrine (given subcutaneously), and steroids are to be given as needed.

Puffer (Fugu) Fish Poisoning An extremely potent neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin is found in the viscera, gonads, liver, and skin of a variety of fish, including the puffer fish, porcupine fish, and ocean sunfish. Puffer fish—also called blow fish, toad fish, and balloon fish, and called Fugu in Japanese—are found primarily in the tropics, but also in temperate waters of the coastal U.S., Africa, South America, Asia, and the Mediterranean. Puffer fish is considered a delicacy in Japan, where it is thinly sliced and eaten as sashimi. Licensed chefs are trained to select those puffer fish least likely to be poisonous, and also to avoid contact with the visceral organs known to concentrate the poison. The first sign of poisoning is usually tingling around the mouth, which spreads to the extremities and may lead to a body-wide numbness. Neurological findings may progress to stumbling gait (ataxia), generalized weakness, and paralysis. The victim, though paralyzed, remains conscious until death occurs by respiratory arrest.

Prevention

Avoid eating puffer fish. Cooking the poisonous flesh will not destroy the toxin.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Provide supportive care with airway management and monitor breathing and circulation.

2. Monitor anal function.

3. Monitor and treat cardiac dysrhythmias.

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Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) (Red Tide)

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is due to mollusks (bivalves) such as clams, oysters, and mussels ingesting dinoflagellates that produce a neurotoxin which then affects man. Proliferation of these dinoflagellates during the warmest months of the year produce a characteristic red tide. However, some dinoflagellate blooms are colorless, so that poisonous mollusks may be unknowingly consumed. Local authorities must monitor both seawater and shellfish samples to detect the toxin. Poisonous shellfish cannot be detected by appearance, smell, or discoloration of either a silver object or garlic placed in the cooking water. Also, poisonous shellfish can be found in either low or high tidal zones. The toxic varieties of dinoflagellates are common in the following areas: Northwestern U.S. and Canada, Alaska, part of western South America, Northeastern U.S., the North Sea European countries, and in the Gulf Coast area of the U.S. One other type of dinoflagellate, though not toxic if ingested, may lead to eye and respiratory tract irritation from shoreline exposure to a dinoflagellate bloom that becomes aerosolized by wave action and wind.

Symptoms

Symptoms of body-wide PSP include circumoral paresthesias (tingling around the mouth), which spreads to the extremities and may progress to muscle weakness, ataxia, salivation, intense thirst, and difficulty in swallowing. Gastrointestinal symptoms are not common. Death, although uncommon, can result from respiratory arrest. Symptoms begin 30 minutes after ingestion and may last for many weeks. Gastrointestinal illness occurring several hours after ingestion is most likely due to a bacterial contamination of the shellfish. Allergic reactions such as urticaria (hives), pruritus (itching), dryness or scratching sensation in the throat, swollen tongue and bronchospasm may also be an individual hypersensitivity to a specific shellfish and not PSP.

Prevention

Because this dinoflagellate is heat stable, cooking does not prevent poisoning. The broth or bouillon in which the shellfish is boiled is especially dangerous since the poison is water-soluble and will be found concentrated in the broth.

First Aid and Treatment

1. No antidote is known. If the victim is fully conscious, induce vomiting with 30 cc (two tablespoons) of syrup of Ipecac. Lavaging the stomach with alkaline fluids (solution of baking soda) may be helpful since the poison is acid-stable.

2. Provide supportive treatment with close observation and advanced life support if needed until the illness resolves. The poisoning is also related to the quantity of poisonous shellfish consumed and the concentration of the dinoflagellate contamination. Standards for Scientific Diving (S3EMIA-334-ATT1) Revision 0 October 15, 2016 PRINTED COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED. CONTROLLED COPY IS AVAILABLE ON COMPANY INTRANET. 111 of 126

Bacterial and Viral Diseases from Shellfish

Large outbreaks of typhoid fever and other diarrheal diseases caused by the genus Vibrio have been traced to consuming contaminated raw oysters and inadequately cooked crabs and shrimp. Diarrheal stool samples from patients suspected of having bacterial and viral diseases from shellfish should be placed on a special growth medium (thiosulfate-citrate- salts-sucrose agar) to specifically grow Vibrio species, with isolates being sent to reference laboratories for confirmation.

Prevention

To avoid bacterial or viral disease (e.g., Hepatitis A or Norwalk viral gastroenteritis) associated with oysters, clams, and other shellfish, an individual should eat only thoroughly cooked shellfish. It has been proven that eating raw shellfish (mollusks) presents a definite risk of contracting disease.

First Aid and Treatment

1. Provide supportive care with attention to maintaining fluid intake by mouth or IV if necessary.

2. Consult medical personnel for treatment of the various Vibrio species that may be suspected.

Sea Cucumbers

The sea cucumber is frequently eaten in some parts of the world where it is sold as Trepang or Beche-de-mer. It is boiled and then dried in the sun or smoked. Contact with the liquid ejected from the visceral cavity of some sea cucumber species may result in a severe skin reaction (dermatitis) or even blindness. Intoxication from sea cucumber ingestion is rare.

Prevention

Local inhabitants can advise about the edibility of sea cucumbers in that region. However, this information may not be reliable. Avoid contact with visceral juices.

First Aid and Treatment

Because no antidote is known, treatment is only symptomatic. Skin irritation may be treated like jellyfish stings.

Parasitic Infestation

Parasitic infestations can be of two types: superficial and flesh. Superficial parasites burrow in the flesh of the fish and are easily seen and removed. These may include fish lice, anchor worms, and leeches. Flesh parasites can be either Standards for Scientific Diving (S3EMIA-334-ATT1) Revision 0 October 15, 2016 PRINTED COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED. CONTROLLED COPY IS AVAILABLE ON COMPANY INTRANET. 112 of 126

encysted or free in the muscle, entrails, and gills of the fish. These parasites may include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes. If the fish is inadequately cooked, these parasites can be passed on to humans.

Prevention

Avoid eating raw fish. Prepare all fish by thorough cooking or hot- smoking. When cleaning fish, look for mealy or encysted areas in the flesh; cut out and discard any cyst or suspicious areas. Remove all superficial parasites. Never eat the entrails or viscera of any fish.

REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

1. Prevention and Treatment of Dangerous Marine Animal Injuries, a publication by International Bio-toxicological Centre, World Life Research Institute, Colton, California; November 1982; P.S. Auerbach and B.W. Halstead.

2. Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, New York, 1983. Eds. P.S. Auerbach and E.C. Greehr.

3. The Life of Sharks, Columbia University Press, New York 1971. P. Budkur.

4. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Telephone Number: 011-61-3-389-1911, Telex AA-32789.

5. Sharks. Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 1970. J. Y. Cousteau.

6. Fish and Shellfish Acquired Diseases. American Family Physician. Vol 24: pp. 103-108, 1981. M. L. Dembert, K. Strosahl and R. L. Bumgarner. 7. Consumption of Raw Shellfish – Is the Risk Now Unacceptable? New England Journal of Medicine. Vol 314: pp.707-708, 1986. H. L. DuPont.

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APPENDIX 7 DIVE COMPUTER GUIDELINES

1. Only those makes and models of dive computers specifically approved by the AECOM DSCB may be used.

2. Any diver desiring the approval to use a dive computer as a means of determining decompression status must apply to the AECOM DSCB and demonstrate to the RDSA or an ARDSA that s/he is conversant with the operation of the proposed computer.

3. Each diver relying on a dive computer to plan dives and indicate or determine decompression status must have his/her own unit.

4. On any given dive, both divers in the buddy pair must follow the most conservative dive computer.

5. If the dive computer fails at any time during the dive, the dive must be terminated and appropriate surfacing procedures should be initiated immediately. Where this occurs, the diver will use project-approved dive tables and DS-provided dive data for that dive and all subsequent dives until his/her full residual nitrogen load expulsion time is complete in accordance with the approved dive tables.

6. A diver should not dive for 24 hours before activating a dive computer to use it to control their diving.

7. Once the dive computer is in use, it must not be switched off until it indicates complete out gassing has occurred or 24 hours have elapsed, whichever comes first.

8. When using a dive computer, non-emergency ascents are to be at a rate specified for the make and model of dive computer being used.

9. Whenever practical, divers using a dive computer should make an appropriate safety stop, especially for dives below 60 fsw.

10. During multi-day, multi-dive operations, full residual nitrogen load expulsion times may exceed the time between the last dive of one day and the first dive of the following day. Rotating between multiple dive computers is not permitted during this type of dive operation unless the full residual nitrogen load is expelled according to the diver’s computer.

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APPENDIX 8 STATISTICS COLLECTION CRITERIA AND DEFINITIONS

COLLECTION CRITERIA: The "Dive Time in Minutes", “The Number of Dives Logged", and the "Number of Divers Logging Dives" will be collected for the following categories. 1. Dive Classification 2. Breathing Gas 3. Diving Mode 4. Decompression Planning and Calculation Method 5. Depth Ranges 6. Specialized Environments 7. Incident Types Dive Time in Minutes is defined as the surface to surface time including any safety or required decompression stops. A Dive is defined as a descent into water, an underwater diving activity utilizing compressed gas, an ascent/return to the surface, and a surface interval of greater than 10 minutes. Dives will not be differentiated as open water or confined water dives. But open water and confined water dives will be logged and submitted for statistics classified as either scientific or training/proficiency. A "Diver Logging a Dive" is defined as a person who is diving under the auspices of AECOM. Dives logged by divers from another Organization will be reported with the divers home organization. Only a diver who has actually logged a dive during the reporting period is counted under this category.

DEFINITIONS: Dive Classification: 1. Scientific Dives: Dives that meet the scientific diving exemption as defined in 29 CFR 1910.402. Diving tasks traditionally associated with a specific scientific discipline are considered a scientific dive. Construction and trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving are not considered a scientific dive. 2. Training and Proficiency Dives: Dives performed as part of a scientific diver training program, or dives performed in maintenance of a scientific diving certification/authorization. Breathing Gas: 1. Air: Dives where the bottom gas used for the dive is air. 2. Nitrox: Dives where the bottom gas used for the dive is a combination of nitrogen and oxygen other than air. 3. Mixed Gas: Dives where the bottom gas used for the dive is a combination of oxygen, nitrogen, and helium (or other "exotic" gas), or any other breathing gas combination not classified as air or nitrox.

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Diving Mode: 1. Open Circuit SCUBA: Dives where the breathing gas is inhaled from a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus and all of the exhaled gas leaves the breathing loop. 2. Surface Supplied: Dives where the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized umbilical hose. The umbilical generally consists of a gas supply hose, strength member, pneumofathometer hose, and communication line. The umbilical supplies a helmet or full-face mask. The diver may rely on the tender at the surface to keep up with the divers’ depth, time and diving profile. 3. Hookah: While similar to Surface Supplied in that the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized hose, the supply hose does not require a strength member, pneumofathometer hose, or communication line. Hookah equipment may be as simple as a long hose attached to a standard SCUBA cylinder supplying a standard SCUBA second stage. The diver is responsible for the monitoring his/her own depth, time, and diving profile. 4. Rebreathers: Dives where the breathing gas is repeatedly recycled in the breathing loop. The breathing loop may be fully closed or semi-closed. Note: A dive ending in an open circuit bailout is still logged as a rebreather dive. Decompression Planning and Calculation Method: 1. Dive Tables 2. Dive Computer 3. PC Based Decompression Software Depth Ranges: Depth ranges for sorting logged dives are 0-30, 31-60, 61-100, 101-130, 131-150, 151-190, and 191->. Depths are in feet seawater. A dive is logged to the maximum depth reached during the dive. Note: Only "The Number of Dives Logged" and "The Number of Divers Logging Dives" will be collected for this category. Specialized Environments: 1. Required Decompression: Any dive where the diver exceeds the no-decompression limit of the decompression planning method being employed. 2. Overhead Environments: Any dive where the diver does not have direct access to the surface due to a physical obstruction. 3. Blue Water Diving: open water diving where the bottom is generally greater than 200 feet deep and requiring the use of multiple-tethered diving techniques. 4. Ice and Polar Diving: Any dive conducted under ice or in polar conditions. Note: An Ice Dive would also be classified as an Overhead Environment dive. 5. Saturation Diving: Excursion dives conducted as part of a saturation mission are to be logged by "classification", "mode", "gas", etc. The "surface" for these excursions is defined as leaving and surfacing within the Habitat. 6. Aquarium: An aquarium is a shallow, confined body of water, which is operated by or under the control of an institution and is used for the purposes of specimen exhibit, education, husbandry, or research. (Not a swimming pool)

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Incident Types: 1. Hyperbaric: Decompression Sickness, Arterial Gas Embolism, or other barotrauma requiring recompression therapy. 2. Barotrauma: Barotrauma requiring medical attention from a physician or medical facility, but not requiring recompression therapy. 3. Injury: Any non-barotrauma injury occurring during a dive that requires medical attention from a physician or medical facility. 4. Illness: Any illness requiring medical attention that can be attributed to diving. 5. Near Drowning/ Hypoxia: An incident where a person asphyxiates to the minimum point of unconsciousness during a dive involving a compressed gas. But the person recovers. 6. Hyperoxic/Oxygen Toxicity: An incident that can be attributed to the diver being exposed to too high a partial pressure of oxygen. 7. Hypercapnea: An incident that can be attributed to the diver being exposed to an excess of carbon dioxide. 8. Fatality: Any death accruing during a dive or resulting from the diving exposure. 9. Other: An incident that does not fit one of the listed incident types Incident Classification Rating Scale: 1, Minor: Injuries that AECOM considers being minor in nature. Examples of this classification of incident would include, but not be limited to: a. Mask squeeze that produced discoloration of the eyes. b. Lacerations requiring medical attention but not involving moderate or severe bleeding. c. Other injuries that would not be expected to produce long term adverse effects on the diver’s health or diving status. 2. Moderate: Injuries that AECOM considers being moderate in nature. Examples of this classification would include, but not be limited to: a. DCS symptoms that resolved with the administration of oxygen, hyperbaric treatment given as a precaution. b. DCS symptoms resolved with the first hyperbaric treatment. c. Broken bones. d. Torn ligaments or cartilage. e. Concussion. f. Ear barotrauma requiring surgical repair. 3. Serious: Injuries that the AECOM considers being serious in nature. Examples of this classification would include, but not be limited to: a. Arterial Gas Embolism. b. DCS symptoms requiring multiple hyperbaric treatment. c. Near drowning. d. Oxygen Toxicity. e. Hypercapnea. f. Spinal injuries. g. Heart attack. h. Fatality.

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APPENDIX 9 AECOM DIVING CONTROL BOARD AND CONTACT INFORMATION

Michael Ireland* Nicole Ivers AECOM Diving Safety Officer AECOM HSE Director (Qatar) AECOM Certified Scientific Diver direct direct (619) 610-7645

Dr. Dan Edwards* Camelia Pacurar AECOM RDSA (Bahrain & KSA) OHS & Wellness Manager – Support AECOM Certified Scientific Diver Services Middle East direct direct

Dr. James Massesy* Craig Thackray AECOM RDSA (Qatar & UAE) AECOM Offcie Director (Baharain) AECOM Certified Scientific Diver direct direct

Dr. Jackie Hill* AECOM RDSA (UK) AECOM Certified Scientific Diver direct

*Active Scientific Diver as defined by AAUS / BSAC

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APPENDIX 10 SUITABLE EXAMPLE PERSONAL DIVING LOG Diver Name: Career 12-mon. Time Time Bottom Max. Comp/ Dive # Dive # Date In Out Time Depth Tables Buddy/Team Site Project

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APPENDIX 11 PERSONAL DIVING EQUIPMENT INVENTORY General Notes General Notes General Tank Strap/ Condition Device Securing Condition Seem/Seal Strap, Buckle,Release, Strap, Condition Dumpand Valve Condition Material Exposure Protection Computer/Console/Gauges Information Tracked Time, (Depth, Tank Pressure, Temp., etc.) Condition Valve/Connector Last Main- tenance Last Main- tenance Make & Model Make & Model Year of Year Manu- facture of Year Manu- facture Diver Name: Diver Computer Submersable Pressure Gauge Depth Gauge Dry Suit Wetsuit Gloves Booties Standards for Scientific Diving (S3EMIA-334-ATT1) Revision 0 October 15, 2016 PRINTED COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED. CONTROLLED COPY IS AVAILABLE ON COMPANY INTRANET. 120 of 126

General Notes General Notes General Connector Condition Connector Tank Strap/ Condition Device Securing Hose Condition Buckle,Release, Strap, Condition Dumpand Valve Air Delivery System Delivery Air Mask, Snorkel & Fins Buoyancy Control Device/Buoyancy Compensator Device/Buoyancy Control Buoyancy Device Condition Device Integration: Device (Weight, etc.) Regulator, Notes & Condition General Last Main- tenance Last Main- tenance Last Main- tenance Make & Model Make & Model Make & Model Year of Year Manu- facture of Year Manu- facture of Year Manu- facture

First Stage Primary Second Stage Alternate Second Stage (Octopus) Backpack Backplate Mask Snorkel Fins

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APPENDIX 12 DIVE SUPERVISOR (DS) CHECK SHEET / ACCIDENT NARRATIVE

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APPENDIX 13 MANUAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Standards for Scientific Diving Certification and Operation Of Scientific Diving Programs and Diving Safety Manual Acknowledgement

The Standards for Scientific Diving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs and Diving Safety Manual has been prepared for your information and for your understanding of the standards, policies, philosophies, and practices of the AECOM scientific diving practice. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY. Circumstances will arise that require the policies, practices, and benefits described in this manual to change from time to time. Consequently, AECOM reserves the right to amend, supplement, or rescind any provisions of this document as it deems appropriate.

By my signature below, I acknowledge, understand, accept and agree to comply with the information contained in the manual provided to me by AECOM. Since the information, standards, policies, philosophies, and practices described here are necessarily subject to change, I acknowledge that revisions to the manual may occur. All such changes will be communicated through official written notices, and I understand that revised information may supersede, modify or eliminate existing policies. Only the AECOM scientific Diving Control Board has the ability to propose any revisions to the policies in the manual. The AECOM scientific Diving Control Board is responsible for final approval and adoption of revisions to the policies in the manual to ensure consistency with the AECOM Underwater Diving SOP. I will familiarize myself with the contents of the manual. Furthermore, I acknowledge that the manual is neither a contract of employment nor a legal document. I have been provided with an electronic version of this manual and may print a hard copy if I so choose. I understand that it is my responsibility to read and comply with the policies contained in the manual and any revisions made to it. I understand that failure to comply with the policies and procedures established for the program may result in disciplinary action including verbal and written warnings, suspension, and termination of employment.

______SIGNATURE

______PRINT NAME

______DATE

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