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Experimental Study of Nearshore Dynamics on a Barred Beach with Rip Channels Merrick C
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. C6, 3061, 10.1029/2001JC000955, 2002 Experimental study of nearshore dynamics on a barred beach with rip channels Merrick C. Haller1 Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Robert A. Dalrymple and Ib A. Svendsen Center for Applied Coastal Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA Received 4 May 2001; revised 17 October 2001; accepted 6 November 2001; published 28 June 2002. [ 1 ] Wave and current measurements are presented from a set of laboratory experiments performed on a fixed barred beach with periodically spaced rip channels using a range of incident wave conditions. The data demonstrate that the presence of gaps in otherwise longshore uniform bars dominates the nearshore circulation system for the incident wave conditions considered. For example, nonzero cross-shore flow and the presence of longshore pressure gradients, both resulting from the presence of rip channels, are not restricted to the immediate vicinity of the channels but instead are found to span almost the entire length of the longshore bars. In addition, the combination of breaker type and location is the dominant driving mechanism of the nearshore flow, and both are found to be strongly influenced by the variable bathymetry and the presence of a strong rip current. The depth-averaged currents are calculated from the measured velocities assuming conservation of mass across the measurement grid. The terms in both the cross-shore and longshore momentum balances are calculated, and their relative magnitudes are quantified. The cross-shore balance is shown to be dominated by the cross-shore pressure and radiation stress gradients in general agreement with previous results, however, the rip current is shown to influence the wave breaking and the wave-induced setup in the rip channel. -
Drift Diver Program #RST.010
Course Overview Drift Diver Program #RST.010 Drift diving allows the diver to cover a large expanse of water during a dive, and makes diving where currents are present much more enjoyable. This course is designed to be an introduction to drift diving and to help the student diver develop the skills, knowledge and techniques necessary for safe & comfortable drift diving. Drift Diving is effortless and relaxing because you simply glide with the current and feel the rush of flying underwater. But, with this type of diving come special procedures that you need to know so you can maximize your fun underwater. From equipment requirements to dive planning, we’ll cover all the aspects of drift diving during this course. During your PADI Drift Diver certification course, you’ll learn about drift dive planning, organization, techniques and potential hazards, as well as special equipment and procedures like buoyancy. But it’s not all theory because you’ll go on two open water dives where you can put your new knowledge into action. You may count this Specialty certification toward one of the five required Specialties for the Master Scuba Diver certification. Agency Certification Required Student Equipment PADI Basic Scuba Set-up Lift bag with finger spool Course Name & Certification Issued Drift Diver Administrative Items Medical Statement Student Prerequisite(s) Liability Release Form PADI (Jr.) Adventure Diver -or- equivalent Required Student Materials Minimum Age None 12 Materials included in Course Fee Class Session(s) (hours) PADI Drift Diver Manual 1 (1) Library Items Available? Pool Session(s) PADI Drift Diver DVD optional Class Start Dates Open Water Dives See Class Schedule for Dates 2 Minimum/Maximum Depths 130 ft. -
Bonaire English Mar 2015.Cdr
Your Buddies on Bonaire Divers Paradise BELMAR BonaireOceanfront Apartments HOSPITALITY WITHOUT Dive, Relax & Explore LIMITS Caribbean Club Bonaire Contact your favorite travel specialist Bonaire, divers paradise Contents 3 About Bonaire 5 Island Highlights 6 Diving on Bonaire 7 Bonaire’s Dive Sites 8 Buddy Dive Resort 10 Buddy Dive Academy 11 Kids’ Activities 12 Kiteboarding & Windsurfing 13 Premier Dive Operation Buddy Dive’s Fleet 14 Belmar Oceanfront Apartments 16 Luxury, Romance & Weddings 18 Nature 20 Caribbean Club Bonaire 22 Outdoor Activities 23 Coral Restoration Foundation 24 Washington Slagbaai Park Safari 25 Technical Diving 26 Photography 27 Dining 28 Specials & Events 29 Quick Facts 30 Marine Life ID Dive, Relax & Explore BELMAR Bonaire BonaireOceanfront Apartments Kaya Gob. N. Debrot 85, Bonaire EEG Boulevard 88, Bonaire Santa Barbara Boulevard 50, Bonaire Dutch Caribbean Dutch Caribbean Dutch Caribbean International Reservations: International Reservations: International Reservations: +(599) 717 5080 (ext. 572) +(599) 717 5080 +(599) 717 5080 US/Canada Reservations: US/Canada Reservations: US/Canada Reservations: 1-866-GO-BUDDY 1-888-655-0605 1-800-906-7708 Fax: +(599) 717 5780 Fax: +(599) 717 7899 Fax: +(599) 717 7900 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.buddydive.com www.belmar-bonaire.com www.caribbeanclubbonaire.com Photography by: Federico Cabello, Martin Cicilia, Annie Crawley, Bob Edwards, Alcides Falanghe, John Wall, Martien van der Valk, Marcel Westerhoff, Beth Watson, Kids Sea Camp. Design: Sapias Holding Ltd. Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean. All rights reserved. Bonaire, diver’s paradise / 2 hatching area and its beaches. The clear waters are ideal for snorkeling and sunbathing. Diving, kayaking, Bonaire is an island small in size wide, also offers a variety of activities caving, snorkeling, mountain bik- but filled with dynamic opportunities for those who do not dive. -
The Dietary Preferences, Depth Range and Size of the Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster Spp.) on the Coral Reefs of Koh Tao, Thailand by Leon B
The dietary preferences, depth range and size of the Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.) on the coral reefs of Koh Tao, Thailand By Leon B. Haines Author: Leon Haines 940205001 Supervisors: New Heaven Reef Conservation Program: Chad Scott Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences: Peter Hofman 29/09/2015 The dietary preferences, depth range and size of the Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.) on the coral reefs of Koh Tao, Thailand Author: Leon Haines 940205001 Supervisors: New Heaven Reef Conservation Program: Chad Scott Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences: Peter Hofman 29/09/2015 Cover image:(NHRCP, 2015) 2 Preface This paper is written in light of my 3rd year project based internship of Integrated Coastal Zone management major marine biology at the Van Hall Larenstein University of applied science. My internship took place at the New Heaven Reef Conservation Program on the island of Koh Tao, Thailand. During my internship I performed a study on the corallivorous Crown of Thorns starfish, which is threatening the coral reefs of Koh Tao due to high density ‘outbreaks’. Understanding the biology of this threat is vital for developing effective conservation strategies to protect the vulnerable reefs on which the islands environment, community and economy rely. Very special thanks to Chad Scott, program director of the New Heaven Reef Conservation program, for supervising and helping me make this possible. Thanks to Devrim Zahir. Thanks to the New Heaven Reef Conservation team; Ploy, Pau, Rahul and Spencer. Thanks to my supervisor at Van Hall Larenstein; Peter Hofman. 3 Abstract Acanthaster is a specialized coral-feeder and feeds nearly solely, 90-95%, on sleractinia (reef building corals), preferably Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae families. -
Birkbeck College – University Marine
CORAL REEF MONITORING METHODS Prof Rupert Ormond Heriot-Watt University Marine Conservation International International Society for Reef Studies Introduction Surveying & monitoring – key principle Typically use transects & quadrats – but why? Must quadrats be square, must transects be straight? Experimental design & statistics Typically looking for significant differences between times or places Or for significant trends in abundance Marine methods (protocols) originally adapted from terrestrial ones often more suited site-specific scientific studies Marine conservation and management tends to need methods practicable in the marine or coastal environment cost-effective in terms of information gain per available time (especially where time available limited by use of SCUBA) usable by staff with simple gear or limited specialist qualifications Also require methods suitable for use over very large areas (of coastline or sea-bed) Problems Measuring the Amounts of Coral Colonies vary greatly in size and shape and often fragment into semi- separate colonies, so you can not simply count them Quantitative methods attempt estimate percentage cover of substrate (coral cover) by different coral species, and by other substrate types (reef rock, algae, encrusting organisms) Planar area of corals as viewed from above usually adopted as measure of abundance, but not in all methods Are several difficulties with approach: Exact measurement complex shape difficult e.g. For branching corals: how to cope with gaps between or layering of branches? Relationship between area of coral viewed from above, and actual surface area also varies greatly with growth form Methods have been tried (wrapping in foil, absorbing dye) but provides estimate only for typical specimens of particular size (diameter) Even if could estimate surface area of coral biomass of tissue per unit area varies with hugely with genus Identifying Corals Identification of less common genera difficult, & identification to species very difficult, especially nderwater May be 200-300 spp. -
A Detailed Assessment of Snow Accumulation in Katabatic Wind Areas on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 102, NO. D25, PAGES 30,047-30,058, DECEMBER 27, 1997 A detailed assessment of snow accumulation in katabatic wind areas on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica David A. Braaten Departmentof Physicsand Astronomy,University of Kansas,Lawrence Abstract. An investigationof time dependentsnow accumulation and erosiondynamics in a wind-sweptenvironment was undertakenat two automaticweather stations sites on the RossIce Shelf betweenJanuary 1994 andNovember 1995 usingnewly developedinstrumentation employinga techniquewhich automatically disperses inert, colored (high albedo) glass microspheresonto the snowsurface at fixed intervalsthroughout the year. The microspheresact as a time markerand tracerto allow the accumulationrate and wind erosionprocesses to be quantifiedwith a high temporalresolution. Snow core and snowpit samplingwas conducted twice duringthe studyperiod to identify microspherehorizons in the annualsnow accumulation profile, allowing the snowaccumulation/erosion events to be reconstructed.The two siteschosen for thisinvestigation have characteristically different mean wind speedsand therefore allow a comparativeexamination on the role of wind on ice sheetgrowth. Mass accumulationrate at the twosites for the 14-dayintegration periods available ranged from 0.0 to >2.0 kg m-2 d -l. The meanmass accumulation rate duringthe studyperiod was greaterat the site with strongerwinds (0.69kg m -2 d-1) than the site with lower mean wind speeds (0.61 kg m-2 d-l); however,the differencebetween the two meansis not statisticallysignificant. Accumulationrates derived from an ultrasonicsnow depth gauge operated at one of the sitesare comparedto the actualtracer-derived accumulationrates and show the limitationsof only having a measureof snow surfaceheight with no instantaneousmeasurements of the snowdensity profile. Snow depthgauge derived accumulationrates were foundto be greatlyoverestimated during high-accumulation periods and were greatlyunderestimated during low-accumulation periods. -
Supervised Dive
EFFECTIVE 1 March 2009 MINIMUM COURSE CONTENT FOR Supervised Diver Certifi cation As Approved By ©2009, Recreational Scuba Training Council, Inc. (RSTC) Recreational Scuba Training Council, Inc. RSTC Coordinator P.O. Box 11083 Jacksonville, FL 32239 USA Recreational Scuba Training Council (RSTC) Minimum Course Content for Supervised Diver Certifi cation 1. Scope and Purpose This standard provides minimum course content requirements for instruction leading to super- vised diver certifi cation in recreational diving with scuba (self-contained underwater breathing appa- ratus). The intent of the standard is to prepare a non diver to the point that he can enjoy scuba diving in open water under controlled conditions—that is, under the supervision of a diving professional (instructor or certifi ed assistant – see defi nitions) and to a limited depth. These requirements do not defi ne full, autonomous certifi cation and should not be confused with Open Water Scuba Certifi cation. (See Recreational Scuba Training Council Minimum Course Content for Open Water Scuba Certifi ca- tion.) The Supervised Diver Certifi cation Standards are a subset of the Open Water Scuba Certifi cation standards. Moreover, as part of the supervised diver course content, supervised divers are informed of the limitations of the certifi cation and urged to continue their training to obtain open water diver certifi - cation. Within the scope of supervised diver training, the requirements of this standard are meant to be com- prehensive, but general in nature. That is, the standard presents all the subject areas essential for su- pervised diver certifi cation, but it does not give a detailed listing of the skills and information encom- passed by each area. -
Deep Sea Dive Ebook Free Download
DEEP SEA DIVE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Frank Lampard | 112 pages | 07 Apr 2016 | Hachette Children's Group | 9780349132136 | English | London, United Kingdom Deep Sea Dive PDF Book Zombie Worm. Marrus orthocanna. Deep diving can mean something else in the commercial diving field. They can be found all over the world. Depth at which breathing compressed air exposes the diver to an oxygen partial pressure of 1. Retrieved 31 May Diving medicine. Arthur J. Retrieved 13 March Although commercial and military divers often operate at those depths, or even deeper, they are surface supplied. Minimal visibility is still possible far deeper. The temperature is rising in the ocean and we still don't know what kind of an impact that will have on the many species that exist in the ocean. Guiel Jr. His dive was aborted due to equipment failure. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Depth limit for a group of 2 to 3 French Level 3 recreational divers, breathing air. Underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community. Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear. Michele Geraci [42]. Diving safety. Retrieved 19 September All of these considerations result in the amount of breathing gas required for deep diving being much greater than for shallow open water diving. King Crab. Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive. The bottom part which has the pilot sphere inside. List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment. -
Drowning and Near Drowning
Drowning and Near Drowning Drowning – Near Drowning – an asphyxiation resulting incident of potentially from submersion in fatal submersion in liquid with death liquid that did not occurring within 24 result in death or in hours of submersion which death occurred more than 24 hours after submersion Other medical conditions can be associated with near drowning − Possible trauma (caused before or during) − Hypothermia − Hypoxia Need to Know! Dry drowning – a Wet Drowning – no simulated simulated laryngospasm (airway laryngospasm occurs, obstruction) prevents resulting in the lungs large amounts of filling with water water from entering the lungs Dry vs. Wet Drowning Although the pathophysiology of fresh - water and salt water drownings differs, there is no difference in the end result or in prehospital management. Fresh vs. Salt water Drowning Mammalian diving reflex – resulting from A cold-water the submersion of the drowning face and nose in patient is water, a complex not dead cardiovascular reflex until they that constricts blood are warm flow everywhere and dead! except the brain. Factors Affecting Survival Remove patient from the water as soon as possible (this should be done by a trained rescue swimmer) Initiate ventilation while patient is still in the water. Rescue personnel should wear protective clothing in water less than 70 degrees F. In addition, attach a safety line to the rescue swimmer. In fast water, it is ESSENTIAL to use personnel trained for this type of rescue. Suspect head and neck injury if the patient experienced a fall or was diving. Rapidly place the victim on a long backboard and remove them from the water. -
Surface-Supplied Diver Training Manual
Surface-supplied Diver Training Manual Tennessee Aquarium Chattanooga, TN Published by the Diving Control Board Tennessee Aquarium Chattanooga, TN 1st Edition 2007 Purpose Surface-supplied diving is defined in the Tennessee Aquarium Diving Safety Manual (TADSM) as a diving mode in which the diver in the water is supplied from the dive location with compressed gas for breathing and is in voice communication with the tender on the surface. This definition is based upon the requirements outlined in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Code of Federal Regulations. (29 CFR 1910 Subpart T) This federal law outlines the criteria for all commercial diving. The surface-supplied diving mode requires gear and techniques that are not introduced in recreational diver training. This text was designed by the Tennessee Aquarium Diving Control Board to introduce Aquarium divers to the fundamental principles associated with surface-supplied diving. This text should be accompanied by proper practical training, as outlined in Appendix A, to promote safe surface-supplied diving under the auspice of the Tennessee Aquarium. Figure 1 – Secret Reef Dive Show- A primary use of surface-supplied diving at the Tennessee Aquarium. i Introduction There are numerous advantages to surface-supplied diving that make it an excellent choice for many diving operations. First, the diver has the benefit of an unlimited air supply. With a surface-supplied diving system, a diver can theoretically stay underwater forever. Of course, in reality, there are comfort, thermal, and decompression limits. For deep technical diving, a surface-supplied rig relieves the diver of the need to carry numerous stage bottles. -
FIU-DOM-01 Revision-1 12/2019 10
FIU-DOM-01 Revision -1 12/2019 1 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami Florida, 33199 http://www.fiu.edu TABLE of CONTENTS Section 1.00 GENERAL POLICY 6 1.10 Diving Standards 6 1.20 Operational Control 7 1.30 Consequence of Violation of Regulations by divers 9 1.40 Job Safety Analysis 9 1.50 Dive Team Briefing 10 1.60 Record Maintenance 10 Section 2.00 MEDICAL STANDARDS 11 2.10 Medical Requirements 11 2.20 Frequency of Medical Evaluations 11 2.30 Information Provided Examining Physician 11 2.40 Content of Medical Evaluations 11 2.50 Conditions Which May Disqualify Candidates from Diving (Adapted from Bove, 1998) 11 2.60 Laboratory Requirements for Diving Medical Evaluation and Intervals 12 2.70 Physician's Written Report 13 Section 3.00 ENTRY-LEVEL REQUIRMENTS 14 3.10 General Policy 14 Section 4.00 DIVER QUALIFICATION 14 4.10 Prerequisites 14 4.20 Training 15 4.30 FIU Working Diver Qualification 18 4.40 External (Non-FIU Employee) Diver Qualifications 18 4.50 Depth Certifications 22 4.60 Continuation of FIU Working Diver Certification 22 4.70 Revocation of Certification or Designation 23 4.80 Requalification After Revocation of Diving Privileges 23 4.90 Guest Diver 23 Section 5.00 DIVING REGULATIONS FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR) 24 5.10 Introduction 24 5.20 Pre-Dive Procedures 24 5.30 Diving Procedures 25 5.40 Post-Dive Procedures 30 5.50 Emergency Procedures 30 5.60 Flying After Diving or Ascending to Altitude (Over 1000 feet) 30 5.70 Record Keeping Requirements 30 FIU-DOM-01 Revision-1 12/2019 2 Section 6.00 SCUBA DIVING EQUIPMENT 32 -
Instruction Manual for Amron International Diving Supply, Inc
Instruction Manual For Amron International Diving Supply, Inc. Model 8300-HP & 8330 Three Diver Air Control Systems S/N______________________ This manual and the information contained herein are provided for use as an operation and maintenance guide. No license or rights to manufacture, reproduce, or sell either the manual or articles described herein are given. Amron International Diving Supply, Inc. reserves the right to change specifications without notice. Amron International Diving Supply, Inc. 1380 Aspen Way Vista, California 92081 U.S.A. Phone (760) 280-6500 ¥ Fax (760) 599-3857 Email: [email protected] Website: www.amronintl.com Copyright © 2004 Amron International, Inc. Revised October 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION Specifications 1 Air Control Section ........................................................................................................1.1 Depth Monitoring Section..............................................................................................1.2 Enclosure Section .........................................................................................................1.3 General Information 2 Description ....................................................................................................................2.1 Air Control Section ........................................................................................................2.2 Depth Monitoring Section..............................................................................................2.3 Low Pressure Alarm......................................................................................................2.4