DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution and Natural Selection Book: Chapter 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution and Natural Selection Book: Chapter 2 Lecture 2: Evolution and Natural Selection Book: Chapter 2 Cuvier: father of modern paleontology !Comparative biology: linked morphologies of fossils to living organisms !Did not believe in evolution~ species are stable through time !BUT- they could go extinct !Catastrophism Lamarkian Evolution !Evolution by the inheritance of traits that are "emphasized# during an organisms lifetime. If a giraffe stretches it#s neck, it#s descendants will have longer necks. !Use & Disuse: individuals lose characteristics they don#t use, and emphasize characteristics that they DO use !No extinction Evolution by Natural Selection !Charles Darwin: main body of the theory “On the Origin of Species” !Alfred Russel Wallace: codiscovered theory based on biogeographical observations !Requires: Inheritance, Variation, and a Selective "Force# !!Variants do not have equal reproductive success !!!Fecundity: offspring production !!!Survivorship: not dying !!!These work in parallel. You need both to be "fit# !Fitness !The fitness of an organism is based on a relative scale. You don#t need to be "absolutely fit- you just need to be more fit than they other guy/gal !Evolution= the change in frequency of genotypes over time. What defines a "successful# organism? Natural Selection vs. Evolution !Natural selection works on the level of individuals !Evolution works on the level of populations Types of Selection !Direction, Stabilizing, Disruptive Speciation Evidence for Evolution: !Homologous vs. Analogous traits !Vestigiality (What are some human vestigial traits?) !!Functionless (or nearly so) structures are remnants of structures that once served a purpose !The Fossil Record: Intermediate forms exist !Modern examples of evolution by natural selection at work! !!Darwin#s Finches: !!!Geographic Radiation: Finches have evolved different-sized beaks to handle different types of food !!!Galapagos Archipelago provides a natural laboratory (geographic barriers -> speciation) !!!Modern droughts select for finches with large beaks in observable timeframes (because larger seeds survive droughts, and only birds with large beaks are capable of cracking open large seeds) Coevolution & Arms Race !Species that are closely tied to other species often have evolutionary histories that are closely related. This can lead to selective forces that continue to increase the evolutionary "bond# between the species -> coevolution !Darwin#s moth example: !!An orchid in Madagascar has an extremely large spur. Nectar lies at the base of the spur, and pollen lies near the top. A species of moth has a proboscis that is exactly long enough to reach the nectar, allowing the moth to gain food, and the orchid to dump it#s pollen on the base of the moth#s proboscis. The moth then fertilizes the next orchid that it interacts with (via the pollen that has been deposited at the base of the moth#s proboscis). Over time the moths# proboscis and orchid#s spur have increasingly become longer. How? If the orchid#s spur is too short, the moth gets the nectar (yay), but the orchid cannot dump it#s pollen at the base of the moth#s proboscis (boo). If the spur is too long, the moth will not be able to get food and will stop visiting the orchids. Therefore, moths that have longer probosces will select for orchids that have equally long spurs (because they will only be fertilizing the longer spur orchids. The orchids with short spurs will not get fertilized, even if the moth drinks the nectar). Over time, the orchids with longer spurs become fertilized, and the orchids with shorter spurs do not!!! Molecular Evolution Mendel and pea plants: observed that inheritance is not blending but particulate Statistical patterns in inheritance DNA: Watson, Crick, Franklin in 1953 Molecule that carries genetic info What are genes? What are chromosomes? DNA codes for specific amino acids; proteins are made up of lengths of amino acids A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein (i.e. a chain of amino acids) = gene Genotype vs. Phenotype Does natural selection act on the genotype or phenotype? How are adaptations explained by evolution by natural selection? Not through design by creator. Not through single mutation. This is infinitely improbable. Most big mutations are bad. Through series of small, intermediate steps. Emphasis on gradual transformation. If individuals with small morphological or biochemical differences have subtle differences in ability to reproduce or survive, these differences will be preserved through time and build up into ever more complex structures. Just need a large amount of time. Chief evidence for this argument is not perfection of design, but the fact that organisms are designed poorly. Natural selection doesn't make perfect structures. It makes the cheapest possible structures using available designs and materials that fulfill the minimum requirements for functioning. Can lead to highly designed structures if the function is difficult and there is some advantage to having an improved structure..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolutionary Epistemology in James' Pragmatism J
    35 THE ORIGIN OF AN INQUIRY: EVOLUTIONARY EPISTEMOLOGY IN JAMES' PRAGMATISM J. Ellis Perry IV University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth "Much struck." That was Darwin's way of saying that something he observed fascinated him, arrested his attention, surprised or puzzled him. The words "much struck" riddle the pages of bothhis Voyage ofthe Beagle and his The Origin of Species, and their appearance should alert the reader that Darwin was saying something important. Most of the time, the reader caninfer that something Darwin had observed was at variance with what he had expected, and that his fai th in some alleged law or general principle hadbeen shaken, and this happened repeat­ edly throughout his five year sojourn on the H.M.S. Beagle. The "irritation" of his doubting the theretofore necessary truths of natu­ ral history was Darwin's stimulus to inquiry, to creative and thor­ oughly original abductions. "The influence of Darwinupon philosophy resides inhis ha ving conquered the phenomena of life for the principle of transi tion, and thereby freed the new logic for application to mind and morals and life" (Dewey p. 1). While it would be an odd fellow who would disagree with the claim of Dewey and others that the American pragmatist philosophers were to no small extent influenced by the Darwinian corpus,! few have been willing to make the case for Darwin's influence on the pragmatic philosophy of William James. Philip Wiener, in his well known work, reports that Thanks to Professor Perry's remarks in his definitive work on James, "the influence of Darwin was both early and profound, and its effects crop up in unex­ pected quarters." Perry is a senior at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmoltth.
    [Show full text]
  • Vestigial Arguments: Remnants of Evolution Shaun Doyle
    Countering the Critics Vestigial arguments: remnants of evolution Shaun Doyle estigial’ organs have been used as an argument Supposed ‘vestigial’ structures in humans ‘Vagainst a designer for many years, and have been used as a major ‘proof’ of evolution. The ‘vestigial organs’ Vomeronasal organ argument is merely a modified form of the ‘bad design’ The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson’s organ, is argument. While it may sound scientific, it is in fact a an organ present in the noses of many mammals that detects theological argument. The argument essentially runs like pheromones, which provide information about the gender this: God would not have originally created a degenerate and reproductive state of others, and can thus influence form of biological structure X in creature A (as evidenced by behaviour. There has been much debate over the influence more functional examples of structure A in other creatures), of pheromones on human behaviour, and much of this has therefore evolution did it. revolved around whether or not the VNO is functional in The vestigial structures argument has suffered repeated adult humans. Spinney takes this as evidence that the VNO blows over the last few decades, with functions being found is a useless remnant of our evolutionary heritage. for most, if not all, of the over 180 organs listed as either However, Spinney fails to mention studies that have vestigial or rudimentary by anatomist Robert Wiedersheim pointed to a function for the VNO.4 Therefore, one gets 1 in 1893. the impression that no functions have ever been proposed. 2 In a recent article in New Scientist, Laura Spinney The biblical model also allows for degeneration, and discusses the ‘vestigial organs’ notion, and claims that it is considering that it is unlikely that the VNO is essential to still a viable concept despite having taken such a battering at survival, it could have been subject to deleterious mutations the hands of modern medical science.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutional Function Versus Form: the Evolutionary Credibility of Land, Housing and Natural Resources
    Peter Ho Institutional function versus form: the evolutionary credibility of land, housing and natural resources Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Ho, Peter (2018) Institutional function versus form: the evolutionary credibility of land, housing and natural resources. Land Use Policy , 75. pp. 642-650. ISSN 0264-8377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.001 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/91811 Available in LSE Research Online: January 2019 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facil itate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL ( http://eprints.lse.ac.uk ) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the publishe d version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it . To be cited as: Peter Ho (2018), “Institutional function versus form: The evolutionary credibility of land, housing and natural resources,” Land Use Policy, 75/6, pp. 642 –650 INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTION VERSUS FORM: THE EVOLUTIONARY CREDIBILITY OF LAND, HOUSING AND NATURAL RESOURCES Peter Ho Abstract This special issue addresses a critical question in the studies regarding land, housing, and natural resources: how does institutional form relate to performance? The question has spawned numerous studies that examine the (cor)relation between formal, private, and titled rights in relationship to development and growth.
    [Show full text]
  • To Lose a Tooth
    To Lose a Tooth Overview To Lose a Tooth is a board game designed primarily for learners ages eight and older. By playing through this evolutionary puzzle, participants will explore how natural selection, sexual selection, gene flow, and isolation result in genetic diversity. Learning Goals 1. Understand how different methods of evolution interact in a board game setting. Participants should learn that natural selection is far from the only mode of evolution. 2. Think about how adaptation and technology factors into modern health. Materials ● (48) Wooden jaw pieces: (12) Hunter-Gatherer: blue, (12) Pastoralist: teal, (12) Agriculturalist: yellow, (12) Industrialist: orange) ● (72) Wooden teeth (18 grey to represent agenesis) ● (28) Small circular industry tiles ● (4) Large “board game” tiles ● (17) Random effects cards ● (2) Dice: 0-5 and D8 Set-up The game can be played with up to 4 players. If more than 4 people want to play, divide participants into roughly equal teams. 1. Shuffle the random effects cards and place them in a stack in the middle. 2. Deal out 6 jaw tiles and 9 randomly selected teeth to each player. 3. The rest of the jaw pieces should be mixed, and stacked in the center. ~20 or so of the remaining tooth pieces should be placed in a line. These will be the “draw” pile for random mutations. 4. Each team starts out as a hunter-gatherer, with a carrying capacity of 4 individuals (indicated by the CC on the tile). Place the hunter-gatherer (fish) disc on your tile. 5. Currently, each team has 3 individuals, composed of two jaw pieces and 3 tooth pieces.
    [Show full text]
  • {FREE} Adaptation Ebook
    ADAPTATION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Malinda Lo | 432 pages | 03 Apr 2014 | Hachette Children's Group | 9781444917949 | English | London, United Kingdom 微生物の環境適応 Environmental Adaptation of Microbes So the adaptation of new words and accompaniment to an old air is a musical composition entitled to protection. In attempting to decide between the two conflicting views the study of adaptation is of the first importance. Thus the opening for hearing is an adaptation of what was once an opening for breathing. Courbet learned in his passage that in adaptation is the confession of sterility. An adaptation on the top of the piston-rod, stretching out athwart the cylinder, from the ends of which the side-rods hang. The changes made by living systems in response to their environment. Heavy fur, for example, is one adaptation to a cold climate. See how many words from the week of Oct 12—18, you get right! Words nearby adaptation Adana , adansonian classification , Adapazari , adapt , adaptable , adaptation , adapter , adaption , adaptive , adaptive behavior scale , adaptive hypertrophy. Words related to adaptation variation , transformation , reworking , conversion , shift , alteration , adoption , modification , adjustment , correspondence , compliance , agreement , acclimatization , naturalization , habituation , familiarization , remodeling , refitting , accustomedness. Sacramento Report: Uber vs. Mimicry in Butterflies Reginald Crundall Punnett. The acquisition of modifications in an organism that enable it to adjust to life in a new environment. Behavioural adaptations are inherited systems of behaviour, whether inherited in detail as instincts , or as a neuropsychological capacity for learning. Examples include searching for food , mating , and vocalizations. Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special functions such as making venom , secreting slime , and phototropism , but also involve more general functions such as growth and development , temperature regulation , ionic balance and other aspects of homeostasis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Days of Paleogenetics: Connecting Molecules to the Planet
    CHAPTER 1 The early days of paleogenetics: connecting molecules to the planet Steven A. Benner accident, selective pressures, and vestigiality, all 1.1 Introduction constrained by physical and chemical law, differ- Anyone asked to write about the early days feels ent behaviors must be interesting at different elderly. Fortunately, Emile Zuckerkandl’s intro- levels. Biomolecular behaviors that influenced the duction shows that the ideas that led to this ability of a host organism to survive, mate, and volume have been around for some time, at least in reproduce were especially interesting, as these had their basic form, and are rooted in ideas of many been fashioned by natural selection. Behaviors that heroes of modern molecular biology, including did not, were not, because they had not. As a cri- Pauling, Anfinsen, and Zuckerkandl himself. terion for selecting interesting chemical features of In 1980, my laboratory was unaware of a biomolecule to study in detail, an understanding the Pauling–Zuckerkandl paper (Pauling and of the relation between biomolecular structure and Zuckerkandl, 1963; see Chapter 2 in this volume for a behavior and fitness was important. fuller discussion of the implications of this paper) It did not take long at Harvard to realize that when we set out to resurrect ancient proteins from this relation was going to be difficult to under- extinct organisms. My group, then consisting of only stand. There, Martin Kreitman, Robert Dorit, and Krishnan Nambiar and Joseph Stackhouse, was others, including some very dialectical biologists trained to describe the chemical structures and (Levins and Lewontin, 1985), were struggling to behaviors of enzymes.
    [Show full text]
  • Bryozoan-Handout.Pdf
    1 Bryozoan basics 1 Carl Simpson November 7, 2016 Department of Paleobiology National Museum of Natural History Bryozoans are a phylum of colonial animals. They first appear in the Smithsonian Institution fossil record during the early Ordovician (~480 million years ago.) Washington, D.C. Since that time, bryozoans have been a major component of the fossil record and of marine communities. Their colonies are modular, with [email protected] individual animals, called zooids, forming the building blocks of the http://simpson-carl.github.io colony. There are two primarily marine classes: The Stenolaemata and @simpson_carl the Gymnolaemata. The Phylactolaemata are an exclusively freshwater class. Many fundamental discoveries in evolutionary and paleobiology have been made with bryozoans and many more discoveries await. Figure 1: An SEM micrograph of the bryozoan Schizoporella japonica showing a radial section through a circular Bryozoan zooids colony. The round structures are zooids that are reproductive specialists called ovicells. These ovicells are located in The basic unit of a bryozoan colony is the zooid. Zooids are homol- the center of the colony. Towards the ogous to solitary animals, like a worm or a snail. Within a colony, growing edge (on the right) are the approximately rectangular autozooids zooids depend on each other for survival. If there is a division of with an elliptical orifice where the labor within the colony, then the interdependence between zooids is feeding structure emerges. Proximal even greater. Zooids are small, no more than a 1mm3. The modular to this orifice is a small teardrop- shaped zooid that is a defensive structure of colonies means that they can be of almost any shape and specialist called an avicularium.
    [Show full text]
  • Suffragettes of the Harem”: the Evolution of Sympathy and the Afterlives of Sentimentality in American Feminist Orientalism, 1865-1920
    “Suffragettes of the Harem”: The Evolution of Sympathy and the Afterlives of Sentimentality in American Feminist Orientalism, 1865-1920 by William Radler Hunt Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Priscilla Wald, Supervisor ___________________________ Thomas Ferraro ___________________________ Timothy Marr ___________________________ Annabel Wharton Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 ABSTRACT “Suffragettes of the Harem”: The Evolution of Sympathy and the Afterlives of Sentimentality in American Feminist Orientalism, 1865-1920 by William Radler Hunt Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Priscilla Wald, Supervisor ___________________________ Thomas Ferraro ___________________________ Timothy Marr ___________________________ Annabel Wharton An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Copyright by William R. Hunt 2016 Abstract This project examines narrative encounters in space identified as “harem,” produced by authors with biographical ties to the vanguard of the American Suffrage Movement. I regard these feminists’ circulations East, to the domestic space of the Other, as a hitherto unstudied, yet critical component
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin
    RESEARCH PROJECT Use, evaluate and extend own information literacy skills (CULLB602C) CHARLES DARWIN SUBMITTED BY Hossain Salahuddin Student No: 362 743 192 Diploma of Library & Information Services Part-time Evening (Class 2Z) TAFE Sydney Institute - Ultimo Campus FACILITATOR Poppy Prezios © A portrait of 31-year-old Charles Darwin by George Richmond in 1840. RESEARCH PROJECT Use, evaluate and extend own information literacy skills (CULLB602C) CHARLES DARWIN This bibliography will look at the life of this great British scientist with special reference to his Theory of Evolution and the evidence supporting the theory. The Bibliography will also examine the influences of Charles Darwin in various disciplines and modern world in general. (Word Count - 14,636) Hossain Salahuddin!Charles Darwin 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction! 5 Research Topic! 5 General Overview! 5 Coverage! 5 Target Audience! 6 Symbols used for the location of items! 7 The Life of Charles Darwin! 9 Selected citations & aspects covered! 10 Bibliographies (1-10)! 12 The Theory of Evolution! 20 Selected citations & aspects covered! 21 Bibliographies (11-20)! 23 The Evidence of Evolution! 30 Selected citations & aspects covered! 31 Bibliographies (21-29)! 33 Influences of Charles Darwin and his theory! 40 Selected citations & aspects covered! 41 Bibliographies (30-39)! 44 Research Process Report! 53 a. Types of search tools used! 53 b. Search strategy used to find the item! 54 Library Catalogue! 54 Electronic Databases! 54 Hossain Salahuddin!Charles Darwin 3 Internet Websites! 55 Subject Specific Reference Sources! 55 c. Difficulties encountered! 58 d. An item originally selected, but later rejected! 59 e. Diary of consultation! 60 Appendix! 61 UEE Research Project: changes in aspects and sub-headings! 62 The Evolutionary tree of Life! 64 Hossain Salahuddin!Charles Darwin 4 Introduction Research Topic The research topic for this project is - Charles Darwin.
    [Show full text]
  • BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:229
    Suzuki et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:229 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/229 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Gradual and contingent evolutionary emergence of leaf mimicry in butterfly wing patterns Takao K Suzuki*, Shuichiro Tomita and Hideki Sezutsu Abstract Background: Special resemblance of animals to natural objects such as leaves provides a representative example of evolutionary adaptation. The existence of such sophisticated features challenges our understanding of how complex adaptive phenotypes evolved. Leaf mimicry typically consists of several pattern elements, the spatial arrangement of which generates the leaf venation-like appearance. However, the process by which leaf patterns evolved remains unclear. Results: In this study we show the evolutionary origin and process for the leaf pattern in Kallima (Nymphalidae) butterflies. Using comparative morphological analyses, we reveal that the wing patterns of Kallima and 45 closely related species share the same ground plan, suggesting that the pattern elements of leaf mimicry have been inherited across species with lineage-specific changes of their character states. On the basis of these analyses, phylogenetic comparative methods estimated past states of the pattern elements and enabled reconstruction of the wing patterns of the most recent common ancestor. This analysis shows that the leaf pattern has evolved through several intermediate patterns. Further, we use Bayesian statistical methods to estimate the temporal order of character-state changes in the pattern elements by which leaf mimesis evolved, and show that the pattern elements changed their spatial arrangement (e.g., from a curved line to a straight line) in a stepwise manner and finally establish a close resemblance to a leaf venation-like appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • Multilevel Evolutionary Developmental
    1 MULTILEVEL EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL OPTIMIZATION (MEDO): A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING PREFERENCES AND SELECTION DYNAMICS Adam Safron Indiana University Abstract What is motivation and how does it work? Where do goals come from and how do they vary within and between species and individuals? Why do we prefer some things over others? MEDO is a theoretical framework for understanding these questions in abstract terms, as well as for generating and evaluating specific hypotheses that seek to explain goal-oriented behavior. MEDO views preferences as selective pressures influencing the likelihood of particular outcomes. With respect to biological organisms, these patterns must compete and cooperate in shaping system evolution. To the extent that shaping processes are themselves altered by experience, this enables feedback relationships where histories of reward and punishment can impact future motivation. In this way, various biases can undergo either amplification or attenuation, resulting in preferences and behavioral orientations of varying degrees of inter-temporal and inter-situational stability. MEDO specifically models all shaping dynamics in terms of natural selection operating on multiple levels—genetic, neural, and cultural—and even considers aspects of development to themselves be evolutionary processes. Thus, MEDO reflects a kind of generalized Darwinism, in that it assumes that natural selection provides a common principle for understanding the emergence of complexity within all dynamical systems in which replication, variation, and selection occur. However, MEDO combines this evolutionary perspective with economic decision theory, which describes both the preferences underlying individual choices, as well as the preferences underlying choices made by engineers in designing optimized systems. In this way, MEDO uses economic decision theory to describe goal-oriented behaviors as well as the interacting evolutionary optimization processes from which they emerge.
    [Show full text]
  • Vestigial Organs' Was Presented by Darwin, and Is Often Cj-Ted by Current Biology Textbooks, As Part of the Evidence for Evolu- Tion
    172 IVESTIGIAL DO ORGAI\TSIPROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION? S.R. Scadding Departuent of Zoology Uni-versity of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Received August 14, i980; March 9, 1981 ABSTMCT: The existence of functionless 'vestigial organs' was presented by Darwin, and is often cj-ted by current biology textbooks, as part of the evidence for evolu- tion. This paper exa.mines the origin and nature of this argument, tracing it to the works of Darwin, Haeckel, and partj-cularly Wiedersheim. An analysis of the diffi- culties in r:narnbiguously identifying functionless structures and an analysis of the rvesti-glal nature of che argumentr l.eads to the conclusion that organsr provide no evi-dence for evolutlonary theorv. I'evidence In almost all biology textbooks that discuss the for evolution", vestigial organs are cited as one piece of evidence that supports evolutionary theory (Johnson et al. L972; Kirnball L974; Moody L970; Srephens and North 1974 Taylor and Weber 1968; Vi11ee and Dethier 1971). The argument is usually presented j.n the following manner. Virtually all animals possess organs or structures that have no function. These are homologous to organs or structures that are functional in other related animals. Consequently, these vestigial org€ms are j.nterpret.ed as organs that, havlng lost their usefulness, are in a process of evolut,ionary decay and can be e:gected to be eliminated during the course of future evolution. Thus, they provj.de evidence for the theory of evolution, i.e. that the animal possessing the vestigial structure is a descendant of an animal that possessed the honoologous structure in a functional condition.
    [Show full text]