METROPOLITAN DESIGN CENTER

URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK for the UNIVERSITY DISTRICT

Today, cities and, perhaps more precisely, cities and their specific regions are being rediscovered as magnets of creative energy and innovation. These city-regions have been able to create new and distinctive growth economies and lifestyles based on the ability to weave their reconstruction efforts, mixing together the physical with the cultural — an essential integration, shaped by the physiographic characteristics of each specific region.

PHASE 1 REPORT NOVEMBER 2010

COLLEGE OF DESIGN UNIVERSITY OF

Framework Project Approach

A framework is an integrated operating system linking independent sets of information...a scaffold or armature supporting the learning processes that Southeast Como Marcy Holmes facilitate the exploration of a concept (theory/hypothesis) and that develop a critical path to decision-making prior to a full operational research, design or master planning phase takes place.

University To achieve complex and multifaceted vision results, Successful cities share a number of attributes, they of MN Prospect Park government officials and city planning agencies are emerge based on the ability to positively transform looking for new collaborative partnerships that function change over time, becoming a magnet for attracting outside of electoral politices. Often involving civic talent and entrepreneurship while fomenting a life Cedar Riverside organizations and academic institutions the goal is to style that values the regional ecology, green design expand the dialogue, find new solutions, re-assess technologies, values the role of the arts as agents to old questions, and be better informed with respect reinforce local place and identity, and develop a system to discovering suitable alternatives to help achieve of well informed decision-making that is built from a positive growth and beneficial development. The vibrant public vision for the future. University District Alliance organization and the Urban Design Framework Process led by the Metropolitan Understanding the community – The University District, The University District Design Center exemplifys this approach. as a subset of greater urban and ecological conditions is critical to understanding how it has come to be what The issues for the University District, and the City of it is today and will provide the foundations for the are, ultimately, how to build the human development of a vibant urban future. habitat so that it is in harmony with the bioclimatic regime of the region, and, how to invest in design and To begin the work we identified four questions: city building that offers the greatest levels of comfort and urban livability. 1. Can the University District be positively transformed from its’ current urban untidiness and fragmentation into a cohesive network of well integrated walkable communities?

2. What are the critical obstacles preventing the advancement of a substantive The Changing Nature of the Neighborhood Fragmentation of the urban form brought on by alternative mobility urban design framework guiding this transformative process? frameworks 3. Can the again perform a critical regenerative role in the transformation of the University District?

4. Is there another way to think about finding solutions to difficult urban transformations outside from, or prior to, the conventional Master Planning process? The University District Alliance This project was done in collaboration with the University District Alliance, a coalition of leaders from the University, the neighborhoods and the City of Minneapolis. The University District Partnership Alliance was formed in 2007 authorized and funded by state legislation for the creation of a “University Partnership District.” The mandate “to form an Alliance to facilitate, initiate, or manage projects that are intended to maintain the University Partnership District as a viable place to study, research, and live” runs parallel to the Alliance Goal to have a campus/ community area that is a desirable and sustainable Historical Urban Growth place to live, learn, work, do business and visit. Urban settlement oriented to riverfront with urban structure formed parallel to river terraces.

2 The geologic and fluvial history of the Mississippi River 29 30 31 32 7 Basin reminds us that the District is shaped in part by conditions that preceded the founding of the University (1851) and the City of Minneapolis (1867). 6

1 4 The principal and defining physical relationship for the 3 2 District is to the Mississippi River. Essentially every property owner in the University District is a Shoreland 21 22 23 27 Property owner! While officially the river corridor Critical 24 25 26 8 Area is designated as a 100’ swath from the Ordinary 15 9 13 14 High Water line on either side of the river, the entire 28 District is well within the Mississippi watershed and it’s 16 ecological system. 17 10

18 19 12 11 The Mississippi River is of national and continental significance - ecologically, economiclaly and culturally. 20 What once was a defining natural feature captured in stories, travel journals, paintings and etchings thru the late 1800’s was transformed and modified as a driver for industry and commerce in Minneapolis industrial riverfront. With the river as a source of livelihood, 32 Plans in 13 years progress and power was followed by population, pollution, noise, fire, abandonment and eventual The University District is composed of University of rediscovery. Today – the City is coming back to the Minnesota - Minneapolis campus and four adjacent River. The revitalization of Saint Anthony Main Street neighborhoods, Cedar-Riverside, Marcy-Holmes, (1980/2000), the Stone Arch Bridge (1995), the North Southeast Como and Prospect Park. More than 20 Loop (1995) and the Mill District (2000) have leveraged localized communities are identified within the District. proximity and identity with the riverfront as a remarkable assett. Intertwined with the identity and planning legacy of the District is the extant physical urban-scape. Shaped by As a land-grant university the plays over 150 years of settlement practices, industrial and a highly visible role and commitment to the communities commercial conditions and an evolving transportation that form the University District. Each neighborhood infrastructure the 2800 acre District reads like a has its own distinctive qualities, history, infrastructures, patchwork. housing forms, and challenges. All have the capacity to accommodate growth and to transform into more vibrant, The past 15 years have been fertile for Neighborhood economically vital and sustainable communities. Planning, Master Planning and Visioning. Areas adjacent to the Central Corridor light rail and the new In this project we have studied how to restructure the University Football Stadium have received significant University District into a model sustainable community; study. Since 1997 there have been a more than 32 to better integrate and connect each neighborhood and plans, studies, initiatives and proposals for areas within the University with systems of mobility, and, to better the District. The color coded map above indicates understand and strengthen the character and vitality Community Workshop at Rapson Hall where planning efforts were focused and where they of the entire community through it’s reconnection with November 20, 2010. overlap. Color intensity correlates to areas where the Mississippi River. This research will provide the multiple studies have been focused. Many of these foundation for envisioning the transformation of this plans have not been realized. Some have resulted ‘human habitat’ in harmony with the bioclimatic regime in zoning or regulatory changes within the District. of the region. Together they present a catalogue of emergent ideals and goals in light of very specific conditions. Metropolitan Design Center Team Professor Ignacio San Martin, Integration Director & Dayton Hudson Chair of Urban Design Field Marcy Schulte, Faculty Research Fellow, Work Social Objectives Architecture & Urban Design Human Health Landscape Peter Crandall, Research Assistant, MArch, Geographical Community Needs Transportation University Needs Watershed Architecture Hydrological Parks & Recreation Corridors Michelle Barness, Research Assistant, MLA, University Master Plan Topographical Network Landscape Architecture Aerial Photos Vegetation

Geology • Analysis In Collaboration With THE ALLIANCE • Resolve Conflicts A University District Partnership U.S.G.S. • Establish Choices Prepare Base Design Intervention Data Analysis Ecological Framework Existing Conditions Report Alternative Framework Richard Poppele, Prospect Park East River Road Improvement Association

Opportunities & Urban Research Richard Gilyard, Prospect Park East River Road Background Findings Constraints Analysis Ecological Alternatives Data Gathering Urban Design Framework Improvement Association Jan Morlock, Director Office of University Relations Working Process

3 Geophysical Conditions: Fluvial & Geologic Context

Minnesota’s watery landscape is a direct result of Earlier interglacial and preglacial river channels that glaciation. The slow movement of ice, water, and the had been cut deep into the bedrock were filled with debris they carry and deposit on the landscape has glacial drift. At places these old channels had cut over many thousands of years shaped this landscape. completely through the St. Peter sandstone so the drift In the metropolitan region - the chain of lakes, mounds filling them was hundreds of feet thick. Melting blocks of glacial deposits and the course and profile of the of ice in these drift-filled channels formed chains of Mississippi River channel are all traces of the glaciers. lakes such as the Lake of the Isles, Calhoun, and Harriet group. Bassett’s Creek also flows on top of one Today, nearly 24% of the state is covered by of these ancient channels.” water. Composed of lakes (11,842), natural rivers and streams (6,564), and wetlands (9.3 million acres) the “The post-glacial course of the Mississippi River landscape continues to evolve. Minnesota’s wetland follows a completely new route from Bassett’s area has decreased by 50% in the past 150 years. Creek to downtown St. Paul where an old channel is (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2008) intersected. Following the glacial retreat, the infant Continental Glaciation Maximum Extent Wisconsin Era Laurentide Ice Sheet 14,000 years ago. Mississippi reached the edge of this old channel and Map adapted from Geologic History of Minnesota Rivers, Minnesota “As ice to the north (of the metropolitan area) the gravel mantle was quickly eroded. A waterfall Geological Survey, Educational Series 7. By H.E. Wright. University continued to melt, large rivers formed and the formed when the upstream part of the river encountered of Minnesota. St. Paul, 1990. Page 1, Fig. 1. incipient Mississippi River broached the St. Croix the hard Platteville limestone, while downstream moraine in Minneapolis establishing its modern course. the deep glacial debris filling the old channel was rapidly displaced.” (Anfinson, 1989 and 1990)

Land of over 10,000 Lakes 24% of the state is covered by water.

Rock Surface Topography: Glacial Channels Mississippi River and Glacial River Channels over time with key to Cross Section. Map adapted from Schwartz 1936, Bulletin 27, Plate Map adapted from Schwartz and Thiel,1963. 6, Minnesota Geological Survey.

4 Bedrock Geology in the University District Study Area Surficial Geology in the University District Study Area Geology of the Minneapolis Region Map adapted from University of Minnesota, Minnesota Geological Survey, Hennepin County Map adapted from University of MInnesota, Minnesota Geological Survey, Hennepin County East-West cross section showing the bedrock, buried valleys, glacial Board of Commissioners and the Hennepin Soil and Water Conservation District. County Atlas Board of Commissioners and the Hennepin Soil and Water Conservation District. County Atlas deposits, and Mississippi River trench. Series, Atlas C-4, Plate 2 of 9. Bedrock Geology by Bruce M. Olsen & Bruce A. Bloomgren, 1989. Series, Atlas C-4, Plate 3 of 9. Surficial Geology by Gary N. Meyer & Howard C. Hobbs, 1989. (From Wright, H.E. 1972 Quaternary History of Minnesota. In Geology of Minnesota: A Centennial Volume. P.K. Sims and G.B. Morey, editors, pp. 515-547. Minnesota Geological Survey, St. Paul.) http://www.fromsitetostory.org/sources/papers/mnarch48/images/ mnv48f02a600um1000.asp

Mississippi River Commission Survey, 1896 Excerpt from Chart #189 with University District indicated.

5 Geophysical Conditions: Topographic Context

Topo Graphia of the District Place + writing = topography. area was created by glacial deposits and was platted The topography of an area can also mean the surface as a residential neighborhood in the 1870’s. shape and features themselves. In a broader sense, topography is concerned with local detail in general, In the past 80 years the topography of the District has including not only relief but also vegetative and human- been re-written by the engineering and construction of made features, and even local history and culture. transportation infrastructure. First, the channeling, dams and locks installed in the river raised the water level and Like Minneapolis, the history and geography of the submerged the low lying natural peninsulas, sand bars

A University District is intimately linked to the River. The and islands that provided habitat but compli -cated the Falls of St. Anthony and the rivers course determined flow of the river for navigation and commerce. East View Across Hennepin Island Park where and how the city was settled. While the falls propelled lumber and milling, it also anchored the Secondly – the industrial nature of the riverfront – riverfront as an industrial center for over 100 years. was further advanced by the connectivity provided by Essentially three topographic zones have resulted: railway lines. In 1862 the first line connected the eastern (1) the river channel and falls, shore of St. Anthony Falls to the City of Saint Paul and (2) the river’s edge -bluffs & flats, and, Stillwater. By 1896 the riverfront was crowded with rail (3) the gently sloping plain 100’ above the river. lines on both fronts. The adjacent neighborhoods were dissected by trenches, elevated lines and extensive The low sandy and clay flats were first quarried and yards to facilitate and support the increasing volume B then later either settled – as was Bohemian Flats of rail traffic. Down-river View of Old 35W bridge, 10th Avenue Bridge and on the western shore, or, inhabited by adventurers, Rail Trench (Granary) house boats and barges on the east bank flats. 100 As the viability of rail shipping and the industrial feet above the flats – the bluffs were home to the facilities along the riverfront waned in the late 20th University, the city’s gridded urban development century, the freeway and interstate infrastructure was pattern and emerging residential districts. There is one emerging. In the 1960’s the construction of 35W, the exception to three zones - 100 feet above the University 35W bridge over the Mississippi River, and the 35W- and adjacent plain the highest point in the Districts 94 interchange forever changed the topography and Tower Hill in the Prospect Park. This distinctively hilly continuity of the urban topography.

C

East View of Washington Ave Bridge, East Bank Campus & Bohemian Flats

Topography of the District Section Cuts Throught Mississippi River Corridor and Environs

6 Geophysical Conditions: Topographic Context

D Up-river view of Washington Avenue Bridge, UMN East Bank Campus & Bohemian Flats

E Up-river view of West & East Bank Campus, and Downtown Minneapolis

F Down-river View of Riverside Park, Interstate I-94 and Franklin Avenue Bridge

G West View of Franklin Ave Bridge, I-94 & Riverside Park

Arial Photographs from the Metropolitan Design Center Image Bank ©Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Accessed from The College of Design’s Digital Collections and Archives Unit (DCA) http://dcl.umn.edu/

University District Topography, Parcels and Streets with key to cross sections and photographs.

7 Ecological Conditions: Water, Plant & Animal Communities

“The Mississippi River and its floodplain are home to a diverse population of living things:

• 25% of all fish species in North America, at least 260 species of fishes, ; • 40% of the nation’s migratory waterfowl use the river corridor during their Spring and Fall migration; • 60% of all North American birds (326 species) use the Mississippi River Basin as their migratory flyway; • 38 documented species of mussel from Cairo, Illinois, upstream to Lake Itasca • More than 50 species of mammals; • More than 145 species of amphibians and reptiles.”

Continental Flyways . Mississippi River Facts. http://www.nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm. Accessed 18 August 2010. Illustration adapted from Biological Flyways, Credit: Michael A Johnson, North Dakota Game and Fish. http://www.fws. The longest migration route of any in the Western Over half of this area consists of rugged to hummocky gov/migratorybirds/NewReportsPublications/flyways.html Hemisphere lies in the Mississippi Flyway. “It’s northern moraines deposited along the eastern margin of the Accessed August 18, 2010. terminus is on the Arctic coast of Alaska and its Des Moines ice lobe during the last glaciation. Another southern end in Patagonia. During the spring migration quarter of the area consists of rolling till or basal till some of the shorebirds traverse the full length of this deposited as drumlins. Small sand plains occur locally great artery and several species that breed north to within the moraines. (Minnesota Department of Natural Yukon and Alaska must twice each year cover the Resources.) larger part of it.” University District - 3 Ecological Subsections “Uninterrupted by mountains, well timbered and The University District is located at the confluence of watered, the entire region affords ideal conditions for three ecological SUBSECTIONS: The Anoka Sand the support of hosts of migrating birds. ...Another factor Plain, The St. Paul – Baldwin Plains & Morains, and in determining the importance of this route which is The Big Woods. used by large numbers of ducks, geese, shorebirds, Mississippi Watershed Adapted from National Park Service Web Site Watershed blackbirds, sparrows, warbler and thrushes. It is The Anoka Sand Plain subsection consists of a flat, Map accessed 18 August 2010. http://www.nps.gov/miss/ estimated that about 40% of all North American sandy lake plain and terraces along the Mississippi photosmultimedia/upload/watershedBG.jpg. migrating waterfowl and shorebirds use this route.” River. The Big Woods subsection coincides with a large (Nutty Birdwatcher, 1998) block of deciduous forest present at the time of Euro- American settlement. The St. Paul-Baldwin Plans and “The Mississippi River watershed is the third largest Morains is dominated by glacial moraines and areas of in the world, extending from the Allegheny Mountains outwash plain. (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.) in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. The watershed includes all or parts of 31 states and 2 Canadian providences. The watershed measures approximately 1,837,000 square miles, covering about 40% of the and about 1/8th of North America.”

“Communities up and down the river use the Mississippi to obtain freshwater and to discharge their industrial and municipal waste. A January 2000 study published by the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Ecological Classification: Committee states that close to 15 million people rely Eastern Broadleaf Forest Province on the Mississippi River or its tributaries in just the Illustration adapted from Minnesota Department of Natural upper half of the basin. (National Park Service, 2010) Resources Maps, Ecological Classification System. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/index.html. Accessed 18 August 2010. Ecological Unit classifications are used to identify, and describe uniform ecological features. The system uses associations of biotic and environmental factors, including climate, geology, topography, soils, hydrology, and vegetation.

The city of Minneapolis and the University District study area is situated within the Eastern Broadleaf Forest PROVINCE in the Minnesota and Northeast Iowa Morainal SECTION. “The MIM is a long band of University District - 3 Ecological Subsections deciduous forest, woodland, and prairie that stretches Illustration adapted from Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Maps, nearly 350 miles from Polk County in northwestern Ecological Classification System. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/index.html. Minnesota to the Iowa border. Accessed 18 August 2010.

8 SEVEN Native Communities Applicable to the University District biotope

This geologic, soils history and ecological context provides critical information for understanding succession and future possibilities for health and vitality within the study area. Bio-diversity and richness are widely understood as key components in healthy communities.

We have identified seven Native Communities as hypothetical models and contributing communities to draw from to enhance the ecological vitality of the University District community. See back cover for Key to plant and animal species.

Plant and Animal Community information was developed from multiple sources including the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR), Field Guide to the Native Plant Communities of Minnesota: The Eastern Broadleaf Forest Province, the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MNRRA), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge also manages a fourteen county Wetland Management District (WMD) and Emmons Olivier Resources, Inc.

9 Urban Ecological Conditions: Foundations for Sustainability

Urban ecology includes not only plant and animal Francis J. Marschner’s Map “Original Vegetation of communities but also human communities. What Minnesota” was created in 1929-1930 based upon the conditions or foundations are required to create original notes contained in the 200 volume Public Land a sustainable healthy urban community? What Survey created from 1847-1907. These documents makes each neighborhood great? What makes provide a great foundation for how we understand what some streets more pleasant to be on then others? was here prior to ‘settlement’. From the science of ecology we have terms such as biodiversity, intensity, richness, web, population While it is estimated that in the 6 counties making up that apply to how we think about our neighborhoods the northern metropolitan Twin Cities area, less than as well. What is the capacity of the University 6% of the original area of native plant communities District to support a vibrant, diverse residential scene? remains intact today, this historical context provides critical information for rethiniking what an ecologically As a collection healthy urban villages, this District has vibrant, healthy community in this place might be in the Historical Survey of Land Cover, 1853 the opportunity to be a model for sustainable urban future. (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.) Adapted from Original government land survey map of living. In the metropolitan region this District will benefit Minneapolis dated February 1854. Prairie is shown as from the anticipated population growth for it’s benefit stippling (tan) and dark green areas are wooded. Dotted lines are roads or trails. Cross hatched areas without sacrificing existing exurban greenfields and (dark tan) are cultivated fields. Bassett's Creek farmland for new development. is in the upper left quarter. St. Anthony Falls is in Section 23. http://www.fromsitetostory.org/sources/papers/ mnarch48/images/mnv48f04a600um575.asp

Land Cover map information is based upon the Minnesota Land Cover Classifcation System (MLCCS) developed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources - Metro Region, in cooperation with other state, federal and local agencies. Additional Tree Cover and Species information was incorporated from the University of Minnesota’s Twin Cities Campus Tree inventory. University District Land Cover

10 “Green infrastructure provides environmental benefits like supporting wildlife, improving the quality of air and water, and providing places for people to interact with nature. Natural resources provide many other benefits such as: • Improving human health, well being, and quality of life • Minimizing the effects of floods • Increasing property values • Reducing energy costs • Reducing infrastructure costs • Supporting economic development and tourism”

(Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Dakota County Soil and Water Conservation District, 2004.)

Urban Forest: Structure & Complexity In addition to beauty in the landscape and the provision Trees can increase your property value by as much of habitat the Urban Forest can contribute significantly as 15%. Trees capture rainfall and reduce storm water to human health and environmental / ecosystem runoff, erosion, and pollution. An average city tree can functions – including both pollution removal and cooling capture nearly 1,700 gallons of water each year. Trees air temperatures during the cooling season. act as windbreaks in winter to help save on heating costs. In addition, they provide habitat for birds and The urban forest of Minneapolis has an estimated other wildlife. (EPA, 2007; McPerson and others, 2005) (UMN 979,000 trees and a tree cover of 26.4 % (of land Extension Publication,”Your Sustainable Yard”, 2008.) area). The three most common species are green ash 21.6%, American elm 17.1%, and boxelder 9.1%. The While the environmental services that an individual tree 10 most common species account for 75% of all trees. provides increases as the size and leaf area increases, the structure of urban forest plant communities is The density of trees occurs in the River District is 19.8 also of critical importance for biodiversity and vitality. trees/acre. The highest density of trees in Minneapolis Planting a variety of plants and plant types can is in the Lakes District (31.6 trees/acre). (United States turn landscapes into rich and diverse communities Department of Agriculture; Nowak et. al., 2006) capable of harboring beneficial insects and attracting wildlife. The complexity and structure of these plant Urban Forest Service Statistics for Minneapolis communities is directly related to their vitality and the Pollution removal: 384 tons/year ($1.9 mil/yr) animal communities they support. Carbon storage: 250,000 tons ($4.6 million) Carbon sequestration: 8,900 tons/year ($164,000) Building energy reduction: $216,000/year Avoided carbon emissions: $16,000/year Structural values: $756 million” (United States Department of Agriculture; Nowak et. al., 2006)

11 Urban Ecological Conditions: Foundations for Sustainability

Impervious Land Cover Map 'Land Cover - MN Land Cover Classification System' MN DNR - MIS Bureau (1999 - present)

0 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 ¯ Feet

University District Impervious Surfaces Runoff from these urbanized areas is often1 :400 Legend The study area map above indicates impervious the primary source of pollution in rivers. 0-10%_impervous_surface surfaces in11- 2the5%_i mUniversitypervious_surfac eDistrict. 52% of the total land surface area26-50 %within_impervio theus_su rDistrictface is 91-100% impervious. Impervious surfaces collect solar heat contributing The University51-75%_im p oferv io Minnesotaus_surface contains approximately to the heat island effect and they deprive tree roots 1/4 of the76 -9 most0%_imp er imperviousvious_surface surface area, within the of aeration, eliminating the “urban forest” and the study area.91- 100%_impervious_surface canopy shade that would otherwise moderate urban Impervious Surfaces map information was developed climate. Because impervious surfaces displace living based upon the Minnesota Land Cover Classifcation System (MLCCS) developed by the Minnesota Department Impervious surfaces are a concern because they vegetation, they reduce ecological productivity, and of Natural Resources - Metro Region, in cooperation with essentially seal the grounds surface, eliminating interrupt atmospheric carbon cycling. (Wikipedia http:// other state, federal and local agencies. rainwater infiltration and natural groundwater recharge. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface, accessed 09.08.2010.)

12 Housing Density & Community Vitality Minimum residential densities are needed to create healthy communities that will support the investment in public transit systems and vital commercial activities.

A range of 15-30, 20-45, and 40-80 dwelling units / acre are good choices and are present in our most successful livable communities.

There are 12,500 dwelling units within the University District in a variety of housing types, 2000 census figures reflect a population of 32,561.

While the overall District average is 8 dwelling units / acre, the core residential areas in each of the neighborhoods vary widely in density:

Cedar Riverside: 12.0 DU / Acre (range: 5-45) Marcy Holmes: 17.5 DU / Acre (range: 9-75) Southeast Como: 9.5 DU / Acre

Prospect Park: 9.3 DU / Acre

Identifying sites and configurations for infill, re-use and new residential types / mixed-use developments that will increase both density and variety of housing options will benefit and sustain the District over the long run. New mid-rise (6-10 storey) developments in the Mill District and in Northeast Minneapolis have successfully integrated density’s of 20 to 50 dwelling units per acre into the fabric of these vibrant neighborhoods.

Calculations Based on Statistics from the 2000 Census, City of Minneapolis Data, and UniversityDensity with Districtin distric tAlliance (by dwell iStudies,ng units/a c2007..) (CPED-Planning Division, City of Minneappolis, 2010)

Legend Dwelling Units per Acre 0.000000 0.000001 - 5.000000 5.000001 - 10.000000 10.000001 - 15.000000 15.000001 - 20.000000 20.000001 - 25.000000 25.000001 - 50.000000 50.000001 - 100.000000 100.000001 - 200.000000 200.000001 - 422.349810 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 ¯ Feet 1:400

13 Are Sustainable Communities Possible? And if so, What are their Characteristics?

The conviction that we humans must confront a more The advantage of using the ecological footprint as sustainable approach to development became evident an accounting tool is its ability to quantify the human as early as the 1970s. But the how to of becoming impact on the environment for any given scale. As more sustainable has advanced only during the such, footprints can be calculated for individuals, past decade. As the world populations change, it companies, cities, counties, states, and nations and becomes increasingly important to understand the these results can be compared across these different relationship between the activities of humans and scales and locations. Comparisons are helpful but the natural resources in the global environment. For more importantly, the ecological footprint can be used Ecological Footprint Types: human populations living in cities, the environment of as a tool to help local decision-making with respect to Comparative Communities a city is a complex system that consumes vast natural local or regional planning policies. Many city ecological resources while producing waste in large quantities. As footprint studies referenced in this paper use the population increases, it is particularly important for the ecological footprint analysis as a tool to evaluate people living in cities to evaluate their relationship with specific policies and programs towards sustainability. the ecosystem that supports city life ensuring that it is Cities can then quantify the potential footprint reduction not taxing the ecosystem beyond its limits. that a particular policy or program offers, and weigh the reduction against other important planning decisions. As we have become increasingly more aware of the extent of humans’ resource consumption and waste The Seven Principles articulate the central underlying production, many different means of measuring a subjects and the multiple supporting characteristics society’s way-of–life impact on the environment have defining sustainable healthy communities. This list emerged. One approach of assessing the level of is intended as a tool for evaluating and priortizing impact on environmental resources involves analyzing sustainable strategies that may be adopted and a society’s ecological footprint. An ecological footprint exemplify the approach to the University District Urban is “an accounting tool that enables us to estimate Design Framework. the resource consumption and waste assimilation Twin Cities Ecological Footprint: requirements of a defined human population or Method Comparison economy in terms of a corresponding productive land area.” 1 Because it can measure the available resources, or biocapacity, the ecological footprint can establish a comparison between environmental impact and available resources. 2 This comparison gives the magnitude by which human consumption exceeds available resources of the earth, which is referred to as overshoot.

Twin Cities Total footprint Consumption Components

Total Twin Cities Ecological Foot Print (EF) = 12.02 % Distributed Twin Cities Transportation 28.00% * Electricity (Residential & Non-Res) 28.00% Goods 13.15% Services 10.89% Food 19.76% 99.79%

Twin Cities Total Footprint by Component Sector

*

Ecological Footprint of various nations. Adapted from World Wildlife Foundattion Living Planet Report 2006.

14 SEVEN Principles: A Blueprint for Sustainable Healthy Communties

1. Choice & Diversity • Includes a diversity of places, people and lifestyles • Provides a choice of residential and employment options • Includes a diversity of recreational opportunities and community services across the demographic spectrum Are Sustainable Communities Possible? 2. Accessibility • Provides access to affordable health care services and facilities And if so, What are their Characteristics? • Keep waterways and natural ecosystems in close proximity and accessible to the community • Provide a built environment for a large % of the population within a living and walking distance (1/4 mile) to public transportation, jobs, open spaces, retail, commercial and community services • Provides a wide range of residential opportunities across the demographic spectrum including live-work and collaborative living opportunities • Provides good economic prospects and employment opportunities within the community • Provides reliable quality public transportation choices 3. Natural Resources • Maintain critical national assets and protect natural ecosystems • Maintain and restore biological diversity and wildlife habitats • Invest in greenbelts and edges wherever possible for use as wildlife corridors, networks and public recreation opportunities • Maintain a healthy regional watershed system

4. The Built Environment • Provides an attractive business environment with healthy economic opportunities • Provide a wide range of residential opportunities across the demographic spectrum including live-work and collaborative living opportunities • Strive for a rich mix of land uses • Maintain existing quality building stock and accommodate change and re-use • Create streets that serve pedestrians and activities • Include community gardens in recreation and parks programs • Consider brownfields as opportunities for redevelopment and provide clear standards to address their redevelopment • Correlate land use with public transportation opportunities • Significantly reduce the amount of impervious surfaces • Recognize that minimum residential densities are needed for creating healthy communities, investing in public transit and support vital commercial activities. Integrate a range of 15-30, 20-45, and 40-80 du/acre, they are good choices and are present in our most successful livable communities • Design and retrofit buildings to reduce energy consumption, while providing for renewable energy options, water recycling opportunities and best orientation for using passive solar design opportunities • Design and install a community water drainage system that prevents stormwater runoff from adversely impacting critical water resources • Design and integrate water infiltration swales to allow surface water runoff from parking lots to be absorbed into the ground instead of collected and discharged off site 5. Strong Conservation Stance & Land Ethic • Use benchmarks and metrics by which sustainable performance can be measured • Utilize the ecological footprint as a metric for sustainable development • Reduce overall demand for resources • Increase use of renewable energy resources over non-renewable resources • Reduce CO2 output and mitigate all GHG emissions • Increase land assets to improve carbon sequestration • Reduce water consumption levels and recycle stormwater runoff • Convert conservation ethics into a sustainable industry 6. Strong Understanding of the Context • Follow the 4-Rs. reduce, reuse, recycle and rethink the way we consume energy, water, materials and resources • Maintain a strong design relationship with the bioregional characteristics of the region including climate, and spatial landscape distinctiveness • Protect and preserve the special historical and cultural characteristics of the region weaving old and new and taking into consideration the unique identity of place 7. Nurture a Strong Sense of Place & Community • Recognize the influence of the built environment on our lives, behavior and social aspirations • Maintain good access to nature and natural ecosystems • Provide a strong community identity and feeling of belonging • Provide for strong community engagement, safety and community support • Develop a business climate to encourage businesses to locate within the community • Provide for a legible physical environment with a distinct range of places and clear focal points of activity • Provide for a good street life, quality of walking experiences and an enriching pedestrian lifestyle • Invest in creating a diversity of scales and high quality public places • Be self reliant with an active governing process, maintain strong literacy levels, strong civic engagement and commitment to the democratic process • Provide high quality public schools • Develop programs to increase community awareness and involvement in support of sustainable policies • Involve the local government(s) in supporting sustainable community values and policies

15 Contested Territories: An Inve ntory of the District’s Critical Sites

Intertwined with the identity and planning legacy of the District is the extant physical urban- scape. Shaped by over 150 years of settlement practices, industrial and commercial conditions and an evolving transportation infrastructure the 2800 acre District reads like a patchwork.

There are clearly many zones of overlapping interest, differences of opinion, and a few significant gaps. We have identified 10 critical zones that we believe are key to advancing the functioning, vitality and quality of the University District and in turn the City within which it sits.

1 Connecting Father Hennepin Park / Granary Corridor / Stone Arch Bridge • Limited access road impedes connections between University Campus and St. Anthony Main, Stone Arch Bridge and Father Hennepin Park • Power Plant requires truck servicing for transport of materials (coal) • Waterfront Park inaccessible from Granary Greenway and communities beyond.

2 The Future of Granary Corridor • Truck access to Granary Road would compete with pedestrian and bike access and complicate 35W intersection • No direct access to the river from

3 15th Avenue Squeeze • Convergence of bicycle, pedestrian, truck, bus and car traffic at the 15th Avenue underpass compromises safety and creates congestion • Converting Pleasant Avenue & Elm St Intersection into a vehicle thoroughfare and routing traffic through the University Knoll only promises to increase congestion at this intersection (see zone 8)

4 Oak Street Crossing / East Gateway District • Rail Yards present a huge obstacle to any additional connection between SEMI / Southeast Como area and the University, Light Rail Transit and Mississippi River.

Major Roadway Public Greenspace 5 East Gateway Transit & Development Zone Light Rail Transit • Rail Yards present a huge obstacle Bike Route Neighborhood Zone to any connection between SEMI / Como area and the University, Light Contested Territory Rail Transit, and Mississippi River. East Gateway District Proposed Granary Greenway

Granary Corridor Proposed Grand Rounds Connection

16 Contested Territories: An Inve ntory of the District’s Critical Sites

6 Railyards and Silos / Wetland Habitat • Rail Yards present a huge obstacle to any connection between SEMI / Southeast Como area and University, Light Rail Transit, and Mississippi River. • Railyards and buildings privately owned by BNSF. Likely that some rail lines will remain in perpetuity as additional passenger rail infrastructure

7 Bridal Veil Falls / East River Flats / Bohemian Flats

• Entrance to Falls from Frankin Avenue is obscured • Insufficient access to river flats leaves them feeling isolated and unsafe • Falls are poorly maintained and in need of restoration

8 East Bank Transit Zone • Diverting Washington Avenue traffic via Pleasant and Delaware will congest existing corridors and further complicate access to the river from campus as well as compromise campus pedestrian safety • Access to the river from both banks of campus is not adequately facilitated and frequently blocked by traffic

9 West Bank Transit Zone • Traffic traveling to the East Bank over the Washington Avenue Bridge threatens to congest the campus and river corridors • Access from Cedar Riverside to the West River Parkway and Bohemian Flats is very restricted

10 Grand Rounds Connection • Rail Yards present a huge obstacle to any additional connection between SEMI / Southeast Como, University Campus, Light Rail Transit, and the Mississippi River.

17 Inventory of 10 Critical Sites: Community Feedback 1 Father Hennepin Park / Granary Corridor / Stone Arch Bridge • Importance of Downtown Connections • Assessing the negative impacts of truck traffic on the neigborhood. • Can Downtown East be a “zone of impact” given its many connections, high ownership rate, and importance as a conduit to the Downtown Core?

2 The Future of Granary Corridor • Granary Road should be developed as a “gentle connector” focused on bike, pedestrian and greenway-type development. • Future of Granary Road affects all issues and neighborhoods and is imporant across the board. Both an opportunity and a challenge • Thinking of G.R. as a “green zipper” weaving fractured neighborhoods back together. • Access to the river for neighborhood residents needs to be incorporated into all future riverfront projects (i.e. A-Mill)

3 15th Avenue Squeeze • How can we create additional connections between SE Como and the rest of the district? • 10th Ave as important additional connection to Dinkytown

4 Oak Street Crossing / East Gateway District • Need to support more mixed development with more housing options. • How can we create additional connections between SE Como and the “University”? • The University should be the centerpoint for all connections / connectivity

5 East Gateway Transit & Development Zone • Need to support more mixed development with more housing options. • Walkability is key • Purposeful development, being mindful of how and what happens.

18 6 Railyards and Silos / Wetland Habitat • Need to support more mixed development with more housing options. • Walkability is key • Purposeful development, being mindful of how and what happens.

7 Bridal Veil Falls / East River Flats / Bohemian Flats • Access to the River from the neighborhoods needs to be incorporated into all future riverfront projects. • What about winter? Ski Trails + biking + walking. How to accomodate for all seasons?

8 East Bank Transit Zone • What will happen to the diversion of traffic from Washington Ave? • What about winter? Ski Trails + biking + walking. How to accomodate for all seasons? • Can there be a new bridge over the river from Oak St. / Stadium village to the West Bank that creates additional connections but routes traffic around the campus?

9 West Bank Transit Zone • What is happening at the West Bank Riverfront? How might the future of Bohemian Flats and Riverside Park impact the neighborhood? • West Bank / Cedar Riverside is the most disconnected neighborhood from the rest of the district. Additional connections should be made. • Can there be a new bridge over the river from Oak Street / Stadium village that creates additional connections but routes traffic around the campus? • LRT station area plans are key to development of the District

10 Grand Rounds Connection • What is the importance / future of the Kasota District? • Thinking about Eastward / St. Paul connections as a priority.

19 Community Engagement: Setting Priorities for Critical Sites

Community engagement events for Phase I included Following this introduction – 8 small groups were both a public forum held November 8th and a formed to debate and discuss the two critical challenges Community Workshop that was held on Saturday of the day. November 20th. The Forum had attendance by both neighborhood residents, business owners and #1 What are the 10 most critical zones for change in interested members of the public totaling over 80 the district and how should they be prioritized? people. The Community Workshop which was held in Rapson Hall at the University of Minnesota hosted #2 What are the most important sustainable principles over 70 community members for a 5 hour extended that the project should uphold? conversation about the critical issues and opportunities within the bounds of the University District. Lively discussion was carried out in small groups, each Community Workshop at Rapson Hall table had a designated facilitator, leader and recorder. November 20, 2010. Following a screening of the “Voices of the University Ignacio San Martin led the collective large group District” video and introduction by Ted Tucker and discussion. The day’s events were drawn to conclusion Richard Gilyard of the University District Alliance by Richard Gilyard of the University District Alliance. an overview of the Phase 1 research findings was Outcomes from the discussions and ranking of zones presented by Ignacio San Martin and Marcy Schulte. and principles is recorded on the map below.

Priority Ranking of conflict site areas. Which are the Most Important conditions to address?

20 Community Engagement: Community Engagement: Setting Priorities for Critical Sites SustainabilityPrioritizing Sustainbility: Priorities What are for the The Most ImportantDistrict Principles?

1.The Built Environment 2.Nurture a Strong Sense of Place & Community

3. Accessiblity 4. Natural Resources

6. Strong 5. Choice & Conservation & Land Ethic Diversity

7. Context

Priority ranking of Sustainability. What are the Most Important Principles? The workshop provided consensus on the need to: 4. Get the Message out – communicate with residents, 1. Address changes and development that are ‘on the constituents and business owners as well as planners boards’ and imminently approaching implementation – and jurisdictions who have a hand in the District. so that work proceeds with input from the Community. 5. Get more people and a more broad representation 2. Coalesce the Urban Design Framework and distill of the District’s population involved in the process and from it directives/guidelines for evaluating future the project – from underrepresentated populations projects and development. (renters, younger neighbors, immigrant and minority 3. Clarify the message of the Framework and The neighbors) to decision makers and business property District Alliance owners.

21 Urban Conditions: Mapping Perception

Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City As A method for Landmarks A simply defined physical object (buildings, signs, stores, understanding Visual Perception and Legibility of the City mountains, etc.) that becomes a point reference for people. In The Image of the City (1960) Kevin Lynch discusses his research in mapping map the visual form of American cities. Utilizing Boston, Los Angeles and Paths The channels along which people customarily, occasionally, Jersey City as examples, the goal is to understand how or potentially move. citizens perceive their urban environment and what attributes of the city help in creating a legible image of the city. Lynch maps five distinctive elements; paths, edges, landmarks, districts, and nodes each of which Edges are present in varying degrees of legibility. Methods of Visual Form of Boston as Seen in the Field - Lynch, Kevin The linear elements not used or considered as paths by people. They are boundaries between two phases, linear study include field reconnaissance, verbal interviews, breaks in continuity. Edges include shores, railroad cuts, and individual citizens sketches. of movement. Over time, it leads to the organization of edges of development, and walls. activity, belief and knowledge for local residents in a manner The “perception map” below is based on methods that relates to the spatial and physical complexities of a city. demonstrated by Kevin Lynch. This exercise assists us Put another way, “a distinctive and legible environment not in assessing the ease with which (the city’s) parts can only offers security but also heightens the potential depth and be recognized and organized into a coherent pattern. intensity of human experience.” For this reason the study of Districts the legibility of a city can be beneficial. The medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived of as A legible cityscape means increased speed and ease having two-dimensional extent, which people mentally enter “inside of,” and which are recognizable as having some common, identifying character.

Nodes The points or strategic spots in a city into which people can University Ave. Bunge Como Avenue enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which Grain they are traveling. Elevator

4th Ave.

St. Anthony Main

SEMI Pillsbury 15th Avenue Pillsbury A Mill PillsburyA Mill Dinkytown A Mill Dinkytown 15thGranary Ave. Trench Stone Arch LANDMARK: Riverside Plaza Bridge Pillsbury A Mill Granary Dinkytown The Guthrie Trench Railyards Theater and Industrial Zone

Granary Trench TCF Bank Stadium The Mall McNamara Alumni Center BNFS Grain Silos The Washington Ave. Mall

PATH: Granary Trench The

Riverside Plaza Oak St.

East River Pkwy Riverside Ave. Tower Hill Park 27th Ave. 27th

EDGE: Railyards & Industrial Zone U of M Medical Ctr. Cedar Ave. Cedar

Mississippi River

Landmarks

Nodes DISTRICT: St. Anthony Main Street Path (major)

Path (minor)

Edge / Barrier

District (Strong)

District (Weak) N

Disconnected / Hidden Feature

NODE: Como Avenue @ 15th Ave. University District: Landmarks, Paths, Edges, Nodes, Districts

22 Urban Conditions: Mapping Perception Urban Framework: Community Feedback

It is important to repair the damage / disruption created East Gateway: We need to support mixed development, by (existing transportation infrastructure) but first it is most More housing (options), Walk-ability is key important that no further harm is done. How do we control/ impact projects that are on the books that do not support Central Corridor Station Area in Cedar Riverside: Maximize the greater vision of the District? the positive impact and benefit for the neighborhood (district) University should be the center point and point for all connections / connectivity Overall importance - sustainability is connected directly to Quality of Life Connections to Downtown are important Land bridge over the freeway (35W) depression at 5th West Bank Connections – Cedar Riverside is most street which was made specifically for a park over the disconnected from the rest of the district. Freeway – it was discussed in 35w plans but never followed up on. Granary Road is a major issue and will have impacts across the Board – it is a huge opportunity and should be It is important for us to understand how many jurisdictions developed as a Gentle Connector – greenway / pedestrian are at work here in the District? How does it work? How / bike focused. Something that helps not harms the do we understand / track / impact what is getting done? neighborhoods. West end of Granary Road – potential negative impact of trucks on neighborhood. The District should support the strategy that every future project / development / alteration that gets done that it East end of Washington Traffic – impacts of closure of becomes a “green zipper” – each project is an opportunity Washington for Central Corridor to make things add up and to integrate sustainable / green components. LRT station areas thru-out the district are critical for setting the tone and taking the opportunity to make thoughtful Access to the river for neighbors and from the development plans that meet the Districts needs / goals. neighborhoods needs to be incorporated (at the A-Mill project) and at all other future riverfront projects. Connect Can University and 4th Streets be two-way streets to slow to the River and the river to the neighborhoods – Bridal and calm traffic? As they are now they act as thru-ways Veil Falls for high volume and high speed (relatively) traffic and are dangerous / uncomfortable for pedestrians and cut up the The Central Corridor project especially in the West Bank neighborhoods? Area station is an important opportunity to integrate the West Bank into the City and the District. Saint Paul Interface – we need to me thinking beyond the District boundaries esp. to the east. The Kasota District In the discussion about density and dwelling units per acre has not been discussed that should be included as well. it is important to include a variety of housing options and choices so that we can have a diversity of neighbors and We need a better understanding of: a. the university’s opportunities for people to transition and stay in the district historical impact on the neighborhood, & b. the socio- – students remaining, faculty buying in, seniors aging in political map of the District and the impacts of this facet(s) place….etc. Focus on the people.

Disconnection of Southeast Como from the rest of the What if a new car/ped/bike connections was made over district – how does it become connected? Oak Street – the River from Oak Street to Stadium Village to Cedar- University connection to SE Como / SE Como connection Riverside? With Washington Avenue closed to cars a new to University connection is needed. This would also make another loop around the District and re-connect Cedar Riverside to the What about winter! As a winter city walkability / livability rest of the District. year round needs to be considered in all of the plans Community Workshop at Rapson Hall November 20, 2010.

23 Alliance Steering Committee Team Bibliography Key to Plants and Animals

Anfinson, S. F. (1989 and 1990). Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis ANIMALS: BIRDS ANIMALS: INSECTS Richard Poppele, B1 - Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) I1 - Argos Skipper (Atrytone arogos) Prospect Park East River Road (PPERRIA) Riverfront. The Minnesota Archaeologist 48:1-2 and 49:1-2 . B2 - American Crow (Corvis brachyrhynchos) I2 - Dakota Skipper (Hesperia dacotae) Richard Gilyard, B3 - American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) I3 - Little White Tiger Beetle (Cicindela lepida) Daniel S. Wovcha, Barbara C. Delaney, and Gerda E. Nordquist, Minnesota B4 - American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) I4 - Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia) Prospect Park East River Road (PPERRIA) County Biological Survey, Section of Wildlife, Division of Fish and Wildlife, B5 - American Robin (Turdus migratorius) I5 - Uncas Skipper (Hesperia uncas Jan Morlock, Director, Office of University Relations Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. (1995). Minnesota’s St. Croix B6 - Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) River Valley and Anoka Sandplain A Guide to Native Habitats. Minneapolis, B7 - Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) PLANTS: GRASS/SEDGE Neighborhood Associations: MN: University of Minnesota Press. B8 - Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) G1 - Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) B9 - Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii) G2 - Cattail sedge (Carex typhina) Arvonne Fraser, Marcy Holmes B10 - Belted Kingfisher (Megacyrle alcyon) G3 - Hairy Grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) Melissa Bean, Alternate Dittman, C., Meyer, M., & Extension, U. o. (2008). Your Sustainable Yard: Tips B11 - Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) G4 - Hop umbrella sedge (Carex lupulina) Ron Lischeid, University District Improvement Association for a Healthy Yard and Environment. Retrieved August 2010, from University of B12 - Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) G5 - Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans) G6 - Junegrass (Koeleria pyramidata) Katie Fournier, South East Como Improvement Association Minnesota | Extension: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/ B13 - Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) M1237.html B14 - Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) G7 - Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) Bill Dane, Alternate B15 - Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) G8 - Panic Grass (Panicum leibergii) Doris Wickstrom, West Bank Community Coalition Division of Ecological Services, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. B16 - Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) G9 - Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) Jennifer Blevins, Alternate B17 - Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) G10 - Plains Muhly (Muhlenbergia cuspidate) (2006). Tomorrow’s Habitat for the Wild and Rare: An Action Plan for Minne- B18 - Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax G11 - Porcupine Grass (Stipa spartea) sota Wildlife, Minnesota’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. St. auritus) G12 - Prairie Cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) Campus Area Business Associations: Paul: MInnesota Department of Natural Resources. B19 - Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) G13 - Prairie Dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) Mark Johnson, West Bank Business Association B20 - Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) G14 - Rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides) Hess Roise and Company. (2009). Rapids, Reins, Rails: Transportation on B21 - Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens) G15 - Side-Oats Grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) Skott Johnson, Dinkytown Business Association B22 - Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) G16 - Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Michael McLaughlin, South East Business Association the Minneapolis Riverfront. Minneapolis, MN: The St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board, Minnesota Historical Society. B23 - Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savan- G17 - Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus) Nancy Rose Pribyl, Stadium Village Business Association narum) G18 - White grass (Leersia virginica) B24 - Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) Johnson, M. A. (2009, June 1). Migratory Birds. Retrieved July 2010, from B25 - Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) PLANTS: FORBS Student Representatives: United States Fish and Wildlife Service: http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/ B26 - Great Egret (Casmerodius albus) F1 - Aromatic Aster (Aster oblongifolius) Paul Buchel, Minnesota Student Association NewReportsPublications/flyways.html B27 - Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) F2 - Beggarticks (Bidens spp.) Kristi Kremers, Graduate & Professional Student B28 - Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) F3 - Bird’s Foot Coreopsis (Coreopsis palmata) F4 - Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) Association Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT B29 - Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) Press. B30 - Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) F5 - Canada Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) B31 - Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) F6 - Clayton’s Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii) City of Minneapolis: B32 - Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) F7 - Clearweed (Pilea spp.) McPerson, E. G., Simpson, J., Peper, P., Maco, S., Gardner, S., Cozad, S., et Mike Christenson, Director, CPED, City of Minneapolis B33 - Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) F8 - Common Enchanter’s Nightshade al. (2005). City of Minneapolis, Minnesota Municipal Tree Resource Analysis. B34 - Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla) (Circaea lutetiana) Cam Gordon, 2nd Ward City Council Member Davis, CA: Center for Urban Forest Research, University of California. B35 - Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) F9 - Dotted Blazingstar (Liatris punctata) Diane Hofstede, 3rd Ward City Council Member B36 - Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) F10 - Early Meadow-Rue (Thalictrum dioicum) Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Dakota County Soil and B37 - Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) F11 - False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) Water Conservation District. (2004). Protecting the Future A Quick Guide to B38 - Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) F12 - Flowering Spurge (Euphorbia corollata) Augsburg College: B39 - Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) F13 - Gray Goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis) Steve Peacock, Community Relations Using Natural Resrouce Information. St. Paul and Farmington: Minnesota B40 - Red-Bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) F14 - Gray-Headed Coneflower (Ratibida pinnata) Department of Natural Resources and Dakota County Soil and Water Conser- B41 - Red-Headed Woodpecker F15 - Hairy Golden Aster (Chrysopsis villosa) University of Minnesota: vation District. (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) F16 - Hairy Puccoon (Lithospermum caroliniense) B42 - Red-Shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) F17 - Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) Karen Himle, Co-Chair, Office of University Relations Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. (n.d.). Ecological Land Classifi- B43 - Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) F18 - Heart-Leaved Alexanders (Zizia aptera) Brian Swanson, Office of Budget & Finance cation System. Retrieved August 2010, from Minnesota Department of Natural B44 - Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea) F19 - Heath Aster (Aster ericoides) Richard Pfutzenreuter, Office of Budget & Finance Resources Web site: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/index.html B45 - Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) F20 - Hoary Frostweed (Helianthemum bicknellii) B46 - Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) F21 - Hoary Puccoon (Lithospermum canescens) Bob McMaster, Vice Provost and Dean of Undergraduate B47 - Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) F22 - Honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis) Education Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. (2008). Lakes, Rivers and B48 - Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) F23 - Large-Flowered Bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora) Wetlands Facts. Retrieved August 05, 2010, from Minnesota Department of B49 - Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) F24 - Lopseed (Phryma leptostachya) Natural Resources Web site: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html B50 - Veery (Catharus fuscescens) F25 - Mad Dog Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) B51 - Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis) F26 - Maximilian’s Sunflower Minnesota DNR Ecological Land Classification Program, Minnesota County B52 - Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) (Helianthus maximiliani) Biological Survey and Natural Heritage and Nongame Research Program. B53 - Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) F27 - Missouri Goldenrod (Solidago missouriensis) B54 - Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) F28 - Northern Bedstraw (Galium boreale) G1F (2005). Field Guide to the Native Plant Communities of Minnesota: The B55 - Yellow-Throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons) F29 - Ontario Aster (Aster ontarionis) Eastern Broadleaf Forest Province. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of F30 - Pasque Flower (Anemone patens) Natural Resources. ANIMAL: MAMMALS F31 - Prairie Phlox (Phlox pilosa) M1 - American Beaver (Castor canadensis) F32 - Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea) Nabor, J., Aldrich, B., & Emmons Olivier Resources, I. (2010, September 02). M2 - Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor) F33 - Rock Spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) Mississipi River Ecology, Plant and Animal Communities, Stormwater Integra- M3 - Coyote (Canis latrans) F34 - Rough Blazingstar (Liatris aspera) tion. (M. Schulte, Interviewer) M4 - Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) F35 - Silky Aster (Aster sericeus) M5 - Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus) F36 - Silverleaf Scurfpea (Pediomelum argophyllum) M6 - Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) F37 - Smooth Blue Aster (Aster laevis) National Park Service. (2010, August 05). Mississippi River Facts. Retrieved M7 - Eastern Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) F38 - Starry False Solomon’s seal August 2010, from Mississippi National River and Recreation Area: http://www. M8 – Eastern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius) (Smilacina stellata) nps.gov/miss/riverfacts.htm M9 – Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger) F39 - Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida) M10 – Grey Fox (Urocyon cineoargenteus) F40 - Stiff Sunflower (Helianthus pauciflorus) National Park Service, Mississippi National River Recreation Area. (2006, M11 – Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) F41 - Southern Blue Flag (Iris virginica) August 07). Birds. Retrieved July 2010, from Mississippi National River Recre- M12 – Masked Shrew (Sorex cinereus) F42 - Tall Meadow-Rue (Thalictrum dasycarpum) M13 - Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) F43 - Virginia Ground Cherry (Physalis virginiana) ation Area: http://www.nps.gov/miss/naturescience/birds.htm M14 - Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) F44 - Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) For additional information contact: M15 - Northern Short-Tailed Shrew F45 - Western Ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) Nowak, D. J., Hoehn III, R. E., Crane, D. E., Stevens, J. C., Walton, J. T., (Blarina brevicauda) F46 - White Prairie Clover (Dalea candida) Bond, J., et al. (2006, May). Minneapolis’ Urban Forest: Assessing Urban M16 – Plains Pocket Gopher (Geomys bursarius) F47- White Sage (Artemisia ludoviciana) Metropolitan Design Center Forest Effects and Values. Northeaster Research Station Resource Bulletin M17 – Plains Pocket Mouse (Perognathus flavescens) F48 - Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) NE-166 . Newton Square, Pennsylvania: USDA Forest Service Northeastern M18 – Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) F49 - Wood Nettle (Laportea canadensis) University of Minnesota Research Station. M19 – Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans) F50 – Zig Zag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis) 1 Ralph Rapson Hall M20 – Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) M21 – Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel PLANTS: VINES 89 Church Street S.E. Nutty Birdwatcher. (1998, December 1). North American Migration Flyways. (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) V1 - Canada moonseed (Menispermum canadense) Retrieved August 2010, from Bird Nature Web site: http://www.birdnature.com/ M22 - Western Harvest Mouse V2 - Climbing poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii) Minneapolis, MN 55455-0109 flyways.html (Reithrodontomys megalotis) V3 - Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) M23 - White-Footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) V4 - Wild Grape (Vitis riparia) www.designcenter.umn.edu San Martin, I., & Xu, S. (2010). Ecological Footprint for the Twin Cities: Impacts M24 - White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of Consumption in the 7-County Metro Area. Minneapolis, MN: UMN Metropoli- PLANTS: SHRUBS ANIMALS: REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS (HERPS) S1 – American Hazelnut (Corylus Americana) tan Design Center. H1 - American Toad (Bufo americanus) S2 - Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) H2 - Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) S3 - Gray Dogwood (Cornus racemosa) © 2011 Metropolitan Design Center UMN Schwartz, G. M., & Thiel, G. A. (1963). Minnesota’s Rocks and Waters. Min- H3 - Blue-Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) S4 - Leadplant (Amorpha canescens) The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. neapolis: University of Minnesota Press. H4 - Bull Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) S5 - Low Juneberry (Amelanchier humilis) H5 - Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata) S6 - Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii) H6 - Common Map Turtle (Graptemys geographica) S7 - Prairie Rose (Rosa arkansana) This publication is available in alternative formats upon request. The Institute for Minnesota Archaeology. (2004, January 19). Minnesota Archaeological Sources. Retrieved August 2010, from Frome Site to Story: H7 - Eastern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor) S8 - Prickly Gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati) Please call 612-625-9000. H8 - Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) S9 - Sage Wormwood (Artemisia frigid) The Upper Mississippi’s Buried Past: http://www.fromsitetostory.org/sources/ H9 - Eastern Grey Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) S10 - Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra) Printed on 100 percent postconsumer fiber, processed chlorinie free, FSC sources.asp H10 - Eastern Massagua (Sistrurus catenatus) S11 - Wild Plum (Prunus americana) recycled certified and manufactured using biogas energy. H11 - Five-Lined Skink (Eumeces fasciatus) S12 - Wolfberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Heat Island Effect; Trees and H12 - Fox Snake (Elaphe vulpina) Vegetation. Retrieved September 2010, from United States Environmental H13 - Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer) PLANTS: TREES Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/trees.htm H14 - Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) T1 - American Elm (Ulmus Americana) H15 - Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) T2 - Basswood (Tilia Americana) H16 - Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) T3 - Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge. H17 - Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) T4 - Black Oak (Quercus velutina) (2010, February 22). Wildlife. Retrieved July 2010, from Minnesota Valley H18 - Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) T5 - Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) National Wildlife Refuge: http://www.fws.gov/midwest/MinnesotaValley/wildlife. H19 - Prairie Skink (Eumeces septentrionalis) T6 - Cottonwood (Populus deltoids) html H20 - Redbelly Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata) T7 - Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) H21 - Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) T8 - Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) College of Design Wikipedia. (2010, February 24). Mississippi Flyway. Retrieved August 18, H22 - Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera) T9 - Ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway H23 - Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) T10 - Northern Pin Oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) H24 - Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) T11 - Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) H25 - Western Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus) T12 - Red Elm (Ulmus rubra) Wright, H. E. (1990). Geologic History of Minnesota Rivers, Minnesota Geo- H26 - Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) T13 - Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum) logical Survey, Educational Series 7. St. Paul: University of Minnesota. H27 - Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) T14 - Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) T15 - White Oak (Quercus alba)