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Tc Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI KARADENİZ’İN KUZEYİNDE VE BALKANLARDA TÜRK VARLIĞI (IV.-X. YÜZYIL) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Muhammet Beşir AŞAN Öner TOLAN 2014 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI KARADENİZ’İN KUZEYİNDE VE BALKANLARDA TÜRK VARLIĞI (IV.-X. YÜZYIL) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Muhammet Beşir AŞAN Öner TOLAN Jürimiz, …/…/…… tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu doktora tezini oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile başarılı saymıştır. Jüri Üyeleri: 1. Prof. Dr. 2. 3. 4. 5. F. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun …/…/…… tarih ve ……. sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Zahir KIZMAZ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Doktora Tezi Karadeniz’in Kuzeyinde ve Balkanlarda Türk Varlığı (IV.-X. Yüzyıl) Öner Tolan Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Genel Türk Tarihi Bilim Dalı Elazığ – 2014, Sayfa: XXV + 270 Türklerin Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde ve Balkanlardaki varlığı, IV. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, Hunların Alanları hâkimiyet altına aldıktan sonra Doğu Gotları üzerine saldırmaları ve yurtlarını işgal etmeleri ile yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. Kısa süre içerisinde hâkimiyet alanlarını Tuna nehrine kadar genişleten Hunlar, V. yüzyıl başından itibaren liderleri Uldin ve Rua öncülüğünde Tuna’yı geçip Doğu Roma topraklarında istilâ hareketlerinde bulunmuşlardır. Attila döneminde gücünün doruğuna erişen Hunlar, Doğu ve Orta Avrupa’da rakipsiz bir güç haline geldiler fakat Attila’nın zamansız ölümünün ardından çocukları arasında çıkan iktidar mücadelesi neticesinde kısa süre içerisinde siyasi varlıklarını yitirdiler. Hun devletinin dağılmasının üzerinden daha bir yüzyıl geçmeden, VI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında aynı bölgede bu defa Avarlar ciddi bir güç olarak tarih sahnesine çıktılar. Avarlar, en büyük kağanları Bayan liderliğinde kısa süre içerisinde Orta Tuna bölgesine yerleştiler, doğuda Bizans’la ve batıda Franklarla yaptıkları başarılı savaşlar neticesinde gittikçe hâkimiyet alanlarını genişlettiler. Avarlar VI. yüzyıl sonu ve VII. yüzyıl başında defalarca Tuna’yı geçip Bizans’ın Balkan topraklarına akınlar yaptılar. Bu akınlar güneyde Selanik ve Dalmaçya kıyılarına kadar ulaşmıştır. Avarların Balkanlardaki faaliyetlerinin en önemli sonucu Slavların bu bölgeye kalıcı olarak yerleşmeleri olmuştur. 626 yılında İran ordusuyla birlikte İstanbul’u kuşatan Avarlar, kuşatmanın başarısızlığa uğramasının ardından siyasi güçlerini yitirmeye başlamışlardır. III Karpatlar havzasında Avarların varlığı IX. yüzyıl başına kadar sürmüşse de siyasi olarak etkinliğini yitirmiş olan Avar Devleti bu tarihte Franklar tarafından ortadan kaldırılmıştır. VII. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde, Karadeniz’in kuzeyindeki Büyük Bulgar Devletinin dağılışının ardından, Kubrat’ın oğlu Asparuh liderliğinde Aşağı Tuna bölgesine gelip yerleşen Bulgarlar, Bizans’tan gelen ilk saldırılara başarıyla karşı koyarak varlıklarını bu devlete kabul ettirdiler. Asparuh ve Tervel Han zamanlarında kuruluş ve teşkilatlanmalarını tamamlayan Bulgarlar, bir süre iç karışıklıklar nedeniyle zayıf düşmüşlerse de IX. yüzyıl başında Krum Han döneminde yeniden toparlanarak bölgenin en güçlü devleti Bizans’ı yenecek ve başkentini kuşatacak kadar güçlenmişlerdi. Ancak Krum Han’dan sonra Bulgarlarda Slavlaşma ve Hristiyanlaşma süreci başlamış, Boris Han döneminde Bulgarlar din değiştirmişler ve nihayetinde Slav kültürünün de etkisiyle Türklük özelliklerini kaybetmişlerdir. Kuzey Karadeniz ve Balkan tarihinde önemli yeri olan bir diğer Türk kavmi, IX. yüzyıl sonlarında İdil nehrini geçen ve daha sonra Balkanlara kadar inip bütün Trakya’yı istilâ eden Peçeneklerdir. Batıya doğru hareketleri ile Macarların bugünkü yurtlarına gelip yerleşmelerine sebep olan Peçenekler, Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde bulundukları dönemde bir yandan Rus Knezlerinin diğer yandan Bizans ve Bulgarların ittifak amacıyla müracaat ettikleri en önemli siyasi güç olmuşlardır. XI. yüzyılın başından itibaren Balkanlara inen ve ağırlık merkezlerini Tuna boylarına taşıyan Peçenekler, o dönem için Bizans’ın en büyük rakibi durumuna gelmişti. Türklerin Anadolu’daki ilerleyişine de dolaylı olarak yardım eden Peçeneklerin varlığı, XII. yüzyıl sonuna kadar devam etmiş, bu tarihten sonra arkalarında kalıcı izler bırakarak tarih sahnesinden çekilmişlerdir. Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde ve Balkan coğrafyasında, altı yüzyıllık bir dönem boyunca dört büyük siyasi teşekkül halinde varlıklarını sürdüren Türkler, bölgenin tarihinde ve ilişkide bulundukları toplumların kültüründe çok derin izler bırakmışlar ve sonraki dönemlerde gerçekleşen Türk fetihleri için kuvvetli bir zemin oluşturmuşlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Orta Çağ, Doğu Avrupa, Balkanlar, Hunlar, Avarlar, Bulgarlar, Oğurlar, Peçenekler. IV ABSTRACT Doctorate Thesis Presence of the Turks in Northern Black Sea and the Balkans (IV.-X. Centuries) Öner TOLAN The University of Fırat The Institute of Social Science The Department of History Elazığ – 2014, Page: XXV + 270 Presence of the Turks in Northern Black Sea and the Balkans have take a new form by the Huns’ attack that invaded homelands of Eastern Goths after had domineered the Alans in the last quarter of the 4th century. Huns, enlarged their dominance district to the River Tuna in a short time, from the beginnig of the fifth centry passed over Tuna under the leadership of their leader Uldin and Rua, and started invasions in the lands of Eastern Rome. Huns that reached the zenith of their power in the time of Atilla, became an unrivalled power in the East and Central Europe; but after the untimely death of Attila, with the struggle for power among his sons, they lost their political existence in a short time. After the fall of the Hun State, in a short time, less than a century, in the second half of the fifth centuy, Avars became a seious power in the same region. Avars settled himself in the Middle Tuna region under the leadership of their greatest Kagan Bayan; and after the successful wars with Byzantine in the east and Francs in the west, they enlarged their dominance in the Middle European districts. In the end of the sixth century and beginning of seventh century, Avars passed the River Tuna again and again and attacked on Byzantine’s Balkan frontier. These attacks reached to the shores of Salonika and Dalmatia in the south. The most important consequence of the invasions of Avars in the Balkans is that Slavic people’s settlement permenantly in this region. Avars that sieged Constantinople togerther with the army of Iran in 626, began to lose V their political entity after failure of that siege. Even existence of Avars in Carpathian basin continued until beginning of the ninth century; Avar State that losed his pilitical power, was destroyed by the Francs in the end of the seventh century. In the last quarter of the seventh century, after downfall of the Great Bulgarian State in the North of the Black Sea, Bulgars that came and settled to the Lower Tuna region under leadership of Asparuh, son of Kubrat, successfully stroke back the first Byzantine attacks and forced Byzantines to recognize them. Bulgars completing their establishment during Asparuh and Tervel Khan’s time, weakened for some time because of internal affairs, however, in the beginning of the ninth century in Krum Khan’s time, they reconstructed their power again and became powerful enough to beat Byzantine, and encompass its capital city. However after Krum Khan, Slavization and Chtistianization process began in Bulgars, in Boris Khan’s time they changed their religion, and with the influence of the Slavic culture, they lost their Turkic character. Another Turkic nation which has a significant place in the history of Northern Black Sea and the Balkans is Pechenegs that passed İdil river and after getting to Balkans, invaded the whole Thrace in the end of the ninth century. With their moving towards the West, Pechenegs lead Magyars to come and settle in their homelands of today, on the other hand, within their times, they became so greatest political power in the North of the Black Sea that Russian Knezs, Byzantines and Bulgars thought that they should apply to them for alliance. From the beginning of the eleventh century, Pechenegs got to the Balkans and moved their balance point to Tuna, and became the biggest rival of Byzantium for that period. Existence of Pechenegs that helped in the same time indirectly the Turks to move forward into Anatolia, continued until the end of the twelfth century, and after these years, they withdrew from the scene of history leaving permenant traces behind them. In Northern Black Sea and the Balkan geography, Turks that lived in four great political organisation in a period over the course of six hundred years, left deep traces in history and cultures of societies of that region they were in contact, and prepared a strong basis for the forthcoming Turkic conquests. Key Words: Early Middle Ages, Eastern Europe, Balkans, Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Ogurs, Pechenegs. VI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. VI ÖNSÖZ ..........................................................................................................................
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