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The Definition and Interpretation of Late Roman Burial Rites in the Western Empire

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The Definition and Interpretation of Late Roman Burial Rites in the Western Empire The definition and interpretation of Late Roman burial rites in the Western Empire. Nicholas Cooke Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Thesis submitted to fulfil the requirements of a PhD. cJNDU4.] Abstract. This thesis defines late Roman burial practice through the rigorous analysis of burial rites from selected cemeteries throughout Western Europe within a chronological framework. Every aspect of the individual graves from these cemeteries is recorded in detail and analysed within the context of the wider whole. This enables the reconstruction of both predominant and minority burial rites within a chronological framework. The chronology uses a combination of dateable grave goods and horizontal and vertical stratigraphy to date graves to thirty year periods, starting in AD 240 and concluding in the early fifth century. Every cemetery covered is subject to this analysis, and subsequent study examines burial patterns within the wider context of the Western Empire. Major cemeteries are examined along with smaller sites in order to enable comparison of rites both locally and within the area of study (with sites ranging geographically from Britain to Hungary). The comparisons of burial practice between the sites enables an examination of regionality on these sites, with a number of different rites showing relatively strong regional traits. This comparison also identifies a number of cases where minority individual rites occur away from their normal centre of distribution. The discussion focuses on a number of aspects of late Roman burial rites. The coherence and importance of regionality in these rites is studied, along with the role played by religion, the identification of late Roman 'military' burials, ethnicity and potentially intrusive burials and the evidence for the role played by status and wealth in the overall pattern of burial. The final sections examines the current state of Late Roman cemetery studies and suggests areas for further study and development. 2 Contents. Abstract 2 Contents 3 Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 6 Chapter 1. The creation of a chronology for dealing with cemetery data 8 Chapter 2. Analysis of the burial rite in selected sites from Western Europe 31 Chapter 3. Local and regional comparisons of the cemeteries studied 206 Chapter 4. Discussion 234 Bibliography 276 Appendix 1. Catalogue of the furnishing types used in the analysis* 286 Figures 288 * In addition to the appendix included here, the data used in the analysis and a further study of the positioning of grave goods in the grave are available for publication at a later date. 3 AcknowledL'em ents. There are many people who must be thanked for their assistance, advice and occasional intimidation in ensuring that this thesis reached completion. First, great thanks must go to Richard Reece for his guidance, encouragement, belief and constructive harrying and to Ian Stead, who proved to be the ideal foil for Richard, and who first started me thinking about intrusive burial. A number of dignitaries at the Institute of Archaeology, London and elsewhere must be thanked for giving their advice and opinions when cornered, including Mark Hassall, Margaret Roxan, Martin Welch, Clive Orton and Roy Hodson. My fellow students and friends must be mentioned for their mutual support and encouragement at all times. Special thanks must go to Ellen Swift, whose work on regionality will almost certainly de-construct some of my myths. I am also greatly indebted to Andrew Lawson, Sue Davies and Roland Smith of Wessex Archaeology, who showed great understanding and kindness when it was most needed and to Andrew Fitzpatrick for having the good grace not to tell me what he really thought. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my family, and especially my parents for their help, interest, support and sacrifice in helping me to get this far, my brother and sister for their disinterest and interest respectively, all of which helped to keep me on an even keel and to my cat, Genghis, for reminding me that at meal times there were more important things to consider than dead Romans. Finally, I would like to thank Susie for all her understanding and support over the last three years. I could not have done it without her kindness, tolerance, generosity and love. 4 "Come then pure hands and bear the head That sleeps or wears the mask of sleep, And come, whatever loves to weep, And hear the ritual of the dead." Alfred, Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam, A. H. H. xvffl 5 Introduction. This study was inspired by the work done by Giles Clarke (1979) on the late Roman cemetery of Lankhills on the outskirts of Winchester. Through the creation of a good chronology based on the grave goods and the stratigraphy of the cemetery and an in-depth analysis, he was able to establish not only the development of the cemetery and the burial practice of the population, but also to identify two groups of graves which did not fit the pattern he had established as forming the indigenous practice. One of these groups was fairly coherent and was closest paralleled in its features by graves in modern-day Hungary. This led Clarke to suggest that these represented a small group of Hungarians who had moved to Winchester, possibly at the behest of Roman bureaucracy - the male graves often contain crossbow brooches, which seem to have been a symbol of official rank. The aim of this study is to explore the possibilities raised by Clarke's work. The late Roman cemeteries of the study area have rarely been analysed within a chronological framework. The intention is to create a methodology which can be used to look at the development of cemeteries of the late Roman period in the Western Empire. This methodology will consist of a means of creating a chronology and a plan for the subsequent analysis. Having set out the parameters of the study, the next step will to apply this methodology to sites within the study area. If there are any unusual groupings of graves within these cemeteries, parallels may well be found within the study area. It will also enable a broader view to be taken of the developments in the use of cemeteries in general and a comparison of cemeteries with others both within their local regions and within the wider study area. The following study deals first with the creation of the methodology - through the establishment of a chronological framework and an analysis based on the results of the chronology. The results of the application of the methodology to the sites studied will be presented in chapter 3, followed by an examination of changes and similarities within the burial practices of the sites studied both locally and on a wider, regional 6 level. The final chapter will present a discussion of the findings of the study, combined with an assessment of the merits of this study, and the plans for further work. 7 Chapter 1: The creation of a methodoloity for dealing with cemetery data. The data. The main focus of this study was the comparison and analysis of individual aspects of burials and grave furnishing, and therefore it was necessary to record the data from the different sites to a set pattern in order to enable meaningful comparisons to be drawn. Accordingly each site was recorded on Microsoft ExceV spreadsheets, with each grave occupying a single row. This enabled the collation of substantial amounts of data about individual graves. The data recorded on these spreadsheets covers the form of the burial, alignment, anthropological and physical information, the number and location and position of every type of grave good within the grave in accordance to the positional categories identified above and the likely date of the grave. The intention was, as far as possible, to look at every aspect of burial practice in as un-biased a fashion as possible through the equal treatment of each facet of the material remains. These spreadsheets were used as the basis of much of the comparative analysis. Simple sorting of the data by differing aspects of burial practice enabled the identification of common co-occurrences and anomalies. This was undertaken in Microsoft ExcePt, with the data then being exported into Microsoft Access for further analysis. This enabled the further examination of suspected areas of correlation and parallels. The second strand of the analysis was the creation and application of the chronological framework to this work. Wherever possible, graves were studied within their chronological context in order to establish whether any patterns identified in the analysis were chronologically discrete or whether they were contemporaneous with different practices. 8 No complex statistical analysis of the data was undertaken. This was largely due to the size of the total database and the differing nature of the sites chosen. However, the database created for this study can be made available for further work. It was accepted from the start that this study could not hope to provide a full analysis of every aspect of burial practice on the sites studied. Instead the main aim was to provide a general overview to late Roman burial practice over a wide area and within a chronological framework. Within these parameters, the analysis was deliberately basic and focused primarily on examination of the primary data from individual graves. Choice of sites. In order to cover the whole area of study, it was decided to focus on a number of selected sites from the area of study. Within the constraints of such as study as this, it would clearly be impractical to examine all of the sites within the study area. Therefore sites were selected on a number of criteria. The first of these was size. Ideally the major sites would be sufficiently large to enable a detailed analysis of the burial rite to stand a reasonable chance of identifying any unusual rites.
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