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Acari, Erythraeidae) Upon the Harvestman, Leiobunum Formosum (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae)

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Acari, Erythraeidae) Upon the Harvestman, Leiobunum Formosum (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae) 2006. The Journal of Arachnology 34:492–494 SHORT COMMUNICATION SEASONAL VARIATION IN PARASITISM BY LEPTUS MITES (ACARI, ERYTHRAEIDAE) UPON THE HARVESTMAN, LEIOBUNUM FORMOSUM (OPILIONES, SCLEROSOMATIDAE) Victor R. Townsend, Jr., Kimberly A. Mulholland, Jennifer O. Bradford, Daniel N. Proud and Katie M. Parent: Virginia Wesleyan College, 1584 Wesleyan Drive, Norfolk, Virginia 23502 USA. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. We recorded the number of ectoparasitic erythraeid mite larvae (Leptus sp. Latreille 1796) that were attached to 1241 Leiobunum formosum Wood 1870 from a population in southeastern Virginia. The prevalence of infestation (percent of individuals parasitized) exhibited significant annual and seasonal variation, ranging from 0.5% to 20.3%. The mean intensity of infestation (number of mites per parasitized individual) varied from 1.0 to 1.3, with a maximum observed intensity of 3 mites/individual. This study provides the first description of annual and seasonal variation in mite infestation of harvestmen. Keywords: Harvestmen, ectoparasites, mites, eryrthraeids, variation The larvae of erythraeid mites of the genus Lep- larval mite infestations amongst harvestmen, we tus are common ectoparasites of a variety of ar- studied a population of L. formosum Wood (1868), thropods, including harvestmen (Southcott 1992; which occurs on the campus of Virginia Wesleyan Cokendolpher 1993; Mitov 2000). Although these College (VWC) over a period of 14 months (9 Oc- mites are assumed to feed upon hemolymph (A˚ bro tober 2003–11 November 2004). In southeastern 1988), researchers know little about the impact of Virginia, L. formosum is one of the most commonly mites upon the survival, locomotion, or reproduc- encountered species of harvestman and inhabits tive capacity of their opilionid hosts (Guffey 1998). pine and mixed mesic hardwood forests (personal Prior studies of the interactions of erythraeid mites observation). This species occurs throughout the and harvestmen have focused on the mode of at- southeastern U.S.A., and has a geographic range tachment by mites (A˚ bro 1988), preferences of that extends from Florida north to Ontario and west mites for specific attachment sites (McAloon & to Colorado (Cokendolpher & Lee 1993). In con- Durden 2000; Mitov 2000), and the ecological sig- trast to other eastern species of harvestmen, L. for- nificance of variation in mite infestation rates be- mosum exhibits an atypical life history in which tween syntopic species (Guffey 1998). Reported adults do not perish in the autumn (following mat- values for the prevalence of mite parasitism (frac- ing) but instead overwinter (Comstock 1948). Thus, tion of individuals infested) vary from 11% for late spring and early summer populations frequently Leiobunum vittatum in Louisiana (Guffey 1998) to consist of both juveniles and adults. 61% for L. formosum in Tennessee (McAloon & Leiobunum formosum is an ideal species for a Durden 2000). Similarly, the intensity of mite in- comparative study of mite parasitism because data festation (mean number of mites per infested indi- regarding the prevalence and intensity of mite in- vidual) ranges from 2.3 for L. formosum (McAloon festation for a Tennessee population of this species & Durden 2000) to nearly 4 for L. nigripes (Guffey has already been published (McAloon & Durden 1998). Reported maximal intensities of infestation 2000). In addition, Cokendolpher (1993) noted a have ranged from 14 mites for L. formosum record of infection for L. formosum by the mite, (McAloon & Durden 2000) to 32 mites for Za- Leptus indianensis, in nearby Wakefield, VA (ap- chaeus crista (Mitov 2000). proximately 76 km west of our study site). The Relatively few studies have examined seasonal southeastern Virginia population of L. formosum variation in parasitism upon harvestmen. In Japan, that we examined in this study, thus, may be in- infestation by gregarines has been observed to vary fested by the larvae of the same species of Leptus between seasons for Leiobunum manubriatum and as the Tennessee population of McAloon & Durden between populations for L. manubriatum and L. (2000). globosum (Tsurusaki 1986). In an effort to assess In 2003, we captured and released 241 adult L. seasonal variation in the prevalence and intensity of formosum 9 October–22 November. Each individual 492 TOWNSEND ET AL.—MITE PARASITISM OF HARVESTMEN 493 Table 1.—Frequency distribution of L. formosum hosts with different numbers of larval erythraeid mites attached. Number of Number of Number of Number of Mites L. formosum L. formosum L. formosum Present Autumn 2003 Summer 2004 Autumn 2004 0 192 656 393 139310 2 600 3 400 was carefully examined and the number of larval was no difference in the prevalence of mites be- mites on each harvestman was recorded. In 2004, tween males (243: 0 mites, 5: 1 mite) and females we collected 291 juvenile and 368 adults from the (150: 0 mites, 5: 1 mite). In addition, there was no trunks of pine trees (Pinus taeda) and hardwoods, measurable difference in mite infestation between including hickory (Carya sp.), red maple (Acer rub- adults (2 females had 1 mite) and juveniles (1 in- rum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), white dividual had 1 mite) for the summer sample. oak (Quercus alba), and dogwood (Cornus florida). In comparison to the studies of Guffey (1998) These individuals were preserved in 70% ethanol and McAloon & Durden (2000), our investigation immediately following capture. In January 2005, revealed a considerably lower prevalence and inten- each of these harvestmen was carefully examined sity of mite infestation. The ecological significance with a stereomicroscope and the number of mites of this variation is difficult to assess because no infecting each individual was recorded (this proce- adverse effects of ectoparasitic mites upon harvest- dure follows that of McAloon & Durden 2000). In men physiology or reproductive success have yet addition, from 21 September–11 November 2004, been empirically demonstrated (Guffey 1998). For we captured, sexed, and released 290 adults. We dipterans, Polak & Markow (1995) found that ec- also captured and preserved an additional 103 toparasitic mites can severely impair the reproduc- adults from the trunks of nearby pine and hardwood tive activities of individual flies, particularly males, trees from 5 October–4 November 2004. The prev- and thus, high intensity mite infections can have alence and intensity of mite infection for these in- serious consequences for individual fitness. How- dividuals was determined in February 2005. ever, other studies of ectoparasitic mites have re- The results of our study (Table 1) indicated that vealed no measurable adverse effects upon the re- the prevalence of larval mite infestation varied dra- production or survival of host species (Pacejka et matically between our three sampling periods (␹2 ϭ al. 1998; Reardon & Norbury 2004). Therefore, fur- 160.0, df ϭ 2, P Ͻ 0.001). Mite infestation was ther research on the physiological consequences of significantly more prevalent for Autumn 2003 than mite infestation upon harvestmen is required. for either Summer (␹2 ϭ 128.1, df ϭ 1, P Ͻ 0.001) Our findings of variation (in comparison to the or Autumn 2004 (␹2 ϭ 59.5, df ϭ 1, P Ͻ 0.001). population of L. formosum examined by McAloon Our results also indicated that mite infestation was & Durden 2000) in the prevalence and intensity of significantly more prevalent in Autumn than in mite infestation may reflect differences in local Summer 2004 (␹2 ϭ 8.2, df ϭ 1, P ϭ 0.004). In population densities of either harvestmen or para- Autumn 2003, the VWC campus population of L. sitic mites. Similarly, variation in habitat use and formosum exhibited an infestation rate of 20.3%. In activity patterns (Edgar & Yuan 1968; Edgar 1971) contrast, the overall parasitism rates for Summer could produce differences in the risk of exposure to and Autumn 2004 were only 0.5% and 2.5%, re- larval erythraeid mites and consequently generate spectively. The intensity of infestation (mean num- intra- and interspecific variation in the prevalence ber of mites per parasitized individual) also varied or intensity of infestation. Most adult harvestmen between samples (Table 1). In 2003, the intensity at our study site were collected from above ground was 1.3, with four observations of hosts infested habitats. Occupation of these areas may minimize with 3 mites (the most intense infestations that were contact with the leaf litter, thereby reducing contact observed). During 2004, the intensity for both sum- with larval mites, and thus contributing to the over- mer and autumn samples was only 1.0 (no individ- all low prevalence and intensity of mite infection ual was found with more than 1 mite). Unfortu- that we observed. nately, we do not have data with regards to the sex Seasonal or annual variation in mite infestation of the harvestmen for 2003, but for Summer 2004 has been observed in other hosts (Morlan 1952; only 2 females (out of 173) had a mite and no males Howell et al. 1957; Shah 2001; Harris et al. 2003), (out of 195) were infected. For Autumn 2004, there but its significance is not completely understood. 494 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY Dramatic seasonal changes in both temperature and of Leiobunum (Arthropoda: Phalangida). Bios humidity have been identified as major contributors 39:167–176. to variation in the sizes of mite populations (Boyne Guffey, C.A. 1998. The behavioral ecology of two & Hayne 1983; Shah 2001). Differences in the species of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones): prevalence or intensity of mite infestation may also The effects of leg autotomy, parasitism by mites, reflect variation in the life history of the parasite. and aggregation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University In erythraeid mites, the larvae (but not the adults) of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, are parasitic (Southcott 1992; Cokendolpher 1993). USA. 179 pp. Hence, seasonal variation in infestation may simply Harris, J.W., J.R. Harbo, J.D. Villa & R.G. Danka. reflect periods in the year when larval mites are 2003.
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