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Micic S 2019.Pdf (2.074Mb) Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Molecular and Life Sciences Management of the broad-acre pest mite Balaustium medicagoense in the high rainfall areas of southern Western Australia Svetlana Micic This thesis is presented for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (Environment and Agriculture) of Curtin University July 2019 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: ____________________________ Date: ______________________ ii Abstract Balaustium medicagoense is an invertebrate pest that causes damage to cereals, canola and lupin crops – particularly at, or shortly after, germination. This study provides an improved understanding of the conditions under which this mite causes crop damage. The study has demonstrated that B. medicagoense was not found in paddocks without green plant material being present and the main precursor for high numbers of B. medicagoense was the presence of plant hosts between cropping seasons. Other factors that influenced abundance of the mite in germinating crops include the previous year’s crop. There have been suggestions from the farming community that the chemical control of other pest species such as Halotydeus destructor and Penthaleus spp. (collectively known as earth mites) has led to increases in B. medicagoense populations. However, B. medicagoense populations did not increase in the absence of earth mites, and the insecticides registered for the control of earth mites were shown to be non-efficacious against B. medicagoense. Economic crop damage, assessed as seedling losses during crop establishment, was not found in any trials conducted. However, if economic crop damage was to occur, reliance on pesticides to control this mite is not sustainable with current available agri- chemicals. There is only one chemical group, the synthetic pyrethroids, that is registered in broad-acre cropping that has efficacy against B. medicagoense. Long and sustained use of a single chemical group for the control of this mite is likely to lead to it developing pesticide resistance. Integrated strategies for the management of B. medicagoense need to recommend insecticides are used judiciously. These strategies need to encompass the control of plant hosts prior to planting and planting crops such as canola that are susceptible to damage after a weed-free crop. iii Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. ix List of Appendices ....................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... xi 1 General introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis aims .................................................................................................................... 3 2 Review of literature on Balaustium medicagoense (Meyer and Ryke) (Acari: Erythraeidae) ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Overview of the phylogenetic relationships of the Superfamily Erythraeoidea and the genus Balaustium ........................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Phylogenetic relationships within the Acari .................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Phylogeny of Erythraeoidea .......................................................................................... 5 2.2 Phylogeny and adaptations of Parasitengona to xeric environments ............................. 6 2.3 Confused taxonomic history of the genus Balaustium .................................................. 6 2.4 Distribution of the genus Balaustium in Australia......................................................... 7 2.5 Feeding behaviour of mites in the genus Balaustium .................................................... 7 2.5.1 Feeding damage in crops ............................................................................................... 9 2.6 Life history of mites in the genus Balaustium ............................................................... 9 2.6.1 Mode of reproduction .................................................................................................... 9 2.6.2 Life-cycle ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.6.3 Diapause ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.7 Possible management of Balaustium medicagoense ................................................... 10 2.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 13 3 Host plants of and crop damage by Balaustium medicagoense .............................. 16 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Aims ............................................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Materials and methods ................................................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Compilations of Pestfax reports ................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Field plant host surveys ............................................................................................... 19 3.2.2.1 Sampling crops ............................................................................................................ 19 3.2.2.2 Sampling middle storey and lower storey.................................................................... 19 3.2.2.3 Sampling of ground covers .......................................................................................... 20 3.2.2.4 Data analysis ................................................................................................................ 20 3.3 Results ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1.1 Distribution and frequency of Balaustium medicagoense crop damage from ‘Pestfax’ ..................................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1.2 Crop damage and moisture stress ................................................................................ 22 3.3.1.3 Mite numbers per plant requiring control .................................................................... 23 3.3.1.4 Correlation between ‘Pestfax’ and occurrences in the field ........................................ 23 3.3.2 Plant host survey .......................................................................................................... 23 3.3.2.1 Field survey of abundance of Balaustium medicagoense and earth mites in crops ..... 24 3.3.2.2 Abundance of Balaustium medicagoense and earth mites in relation to sampling distance from the crop edge ......................................................................................... 24 3.3.2.3 Abundance of Balaustium medicagoense in remnant native vegetation ..................... 25 3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 26 3.4.1 Crop damage ................................................................................................................ 26 3.4.1.1 Crop damage and moisture stress ................................................................................ 26 3.4.1.2 Environmental conditions and Balaustium life stage .................................................. 27 iv 3.4.2 Potential thresholds ...................................................................................................... 27 3.4.2.1 Differences in feeding damage between Balaustium medicagoense and earth mites .. 28 3.4.3 Plant hosts .................................................................................................................... 28 3.4.3.1 Crop hosts and distribution in the paddock ................................................................. 28 3.4.3.2 Native hosts ................................................................................................................. 29 3.4.3.3 Introduced plant species .............................................................................................. 29 3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 30 4 The effect of plant-host associations and competition on Balaustium medicagoense numbers .....................................................................................................................
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