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Southeast Asian Space Programs: Motives, Cooperation, and Competition

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Southeast Asian Space Programs: Motives, Cooperation, and Competition CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2014-09 Southeast Asian space programs: motives, cooperation, and competition Jones, Zachary P. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43935 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPACE PROGRAMS: MOTIVES, COOPERATION, AND COMPETITION by Zachary P. Jones September 2014 Thesis Advisor: James Clay Moltz Co-Advisor: Michael Malley Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2014 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPACE PROGRAMS: MOTIVES, COOPERATION, AND COMPETITION 6. AUTHOR(S) Zachary P. Jones 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The developing countries of Southeast Asia are rapidly increasing their investments in space technologies and formalized national space agencies. The inherent dual-uses and broad applications of space technologies as tools of security and development and the geopolitical importance of Southeast Asia make this examination of small-state space programs useful in exploring a number of themes. This thesis seeks to determine the conditions under which ASEAN member states choose to pursue space programs as vehicles for cooperation and competition with each other and developed international space powers within the context of international relations theory. It analyzes Southeast Asian national space developments to date, the relationship between domestic and foreign policies in influencing national space policies and extra-regional cooperation, the extent of regional space cooperation within ASEAN, and the role of bureaucratic and epistemic space communities in fostering an ASEAN community. The thesis concludes that cooperative and competitive forces complement each other as they operate at various levels within a multi-scalar international network. Patterns of space cooperation and competition among Southeast Asian space programs balance these two activities, as well as regional centrifugal and centripetal forces, in a relatively peaceful, positive sum game for national and regional space development. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Southeast Asia, ASEAN, space programs, outer space, international relations, 15. NUMBER OF space cooperation, space competition PAGES 133 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPACE PROGRAMS: MOTIVES, COOPERATION, AND COMPETITION Zachary P. Jones Captain, United States Marine Corps B.S., United States Naval Academy, 2005 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (FAR EAST, SOUTHEAST ASIA, THE PACIFIC) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 2014 Author: Zachary P. Jones Approved by: James Clay Moltz Thesis Advisor Michael Malley Co-Advisor Mohammed Hafez Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT The developing countries of Southeast Asia are rapidly increasing their investments in space technologies and formalized national space agencies. The inherent dual-uses and broad applications of space technologies as tools of security and development and the geopolitical importance of Southeast Asia make this examination of small-state space programs useful in exploring a number of themes. This thesis seeks to determine the conditions under which ASEAN member states choose to pursue space programs as vehicles for cooperation and competition with each other and developed international space powers within the context of international relations theory. It analyzes Southeast Asian national space developments to date, the relationship between domestic and foreign policies in influencing national space policies and extra-regional cooperation, the extent of regional space cooperation within ASEAN, and the role of bureaucratic and epistemic space communities in fostering an ASEAN community. The thesis concludes that cooperative and competitive forces complement each other as they operate at various levels within a multi-scalar international network. Patterns of space cooperation and competition among Southeast Asian space programs balance these two activities, as well as regional centrifugal and centripetal forces, in a relatively peaceful, positive sum game for national and regional space development. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. RESEARCH QUESTION ...............................................................................1 B. IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................1 C. PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESES ...............................................................3 D. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................6 1. Defining Southeast Asian Space Programs........................................6 2. International Relations Theories on Orbit ........................................8 a. Space Nationalism.....................................................................9 b. Technological Determinism ....................................................11 c. Global Institutionalism ...........................................................13 d. Social Interactionism ..............................................................15 3. Contextualizing Southeast Asian Cooperation and Competition to Date .................................................................................................16 E. METHODS AND SOURCES .......................................................................21 F. THESIS OVERVIEW ...................................................................................22 II. SOUTHEAST ASIA’S NATIONAL SPACE PROGRAMS ..................................25 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................25 B. SOUTHEAST ASIA’S INCREASING SPACE INVESTMENTS ............26 C. INDONESIA ...................................................................................................27 D. MALAYSIA ....................................................................................................36 E. THAILAND ....................................................................................................39 F. VIETNAM ......................................................................................................42 G. SINGAPORE ..................................................................................................44 H. THE PHILIPPINES.......................................................................................46 I. MYANMAR....................................................................................................48 J. LAOS ...............................................................................................................48 K. CAMBODIA ...................................................................................................49 L. BRUNEI ..........................................................................................................49 M. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................49 III. EXTRA-REGIONAL COOPERATION AND FOREIGN POLICY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN SPACE PROGRAMS .........................................................51 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................51 B. INDONESIA ...................................................................................................53
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