TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

MISSION OVERVIEW...... 1 EXPEDITION 17 CREW...... 5 MISSION MILESTONES ...... 13 EXPEDITION 17 SPACEWALKS ...... 15 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA ...... 17 SOYUZ BOOSTER ROCKET CHARACTERISTICS ...... 21 PRELAUNCH COUNTDOWN TIMELINE...... 22 ASCENT/INSERTION TIMELINE...... 23 ORBITAL INSERTION TO DOCKING TIMELINE ...... 24 KEY TIMES FOR EXPEDITION 17/16 ISS EVENTS...... 29 EXPEDITION 16/SOYUZ TMA-11 LANDING...... 31 SOYUZ ENTRY TIMELINE ...... 35 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: EXPEDITION 17 SCIENCE OVERVIEW ...... 39 THE PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER...... 45 ISS-17 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...... 49 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM ...... 57 DIGITAL NASA TELEVISION ...... 65 EXPEDITION 17 PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICERS (PAO) CONTACTS ...... 67

APRIL 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS i

This page intentionally left blank.

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS APRIL 2008

Mission Overview

Expedition 17: Global Science in Space

Attired in Russian Sokol launch and entry suits, cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko (right), Expedition 17 Flight Engineer; cosmonaut Sergei Volkov, Soyuz and Expedition 17 Commander; and South Korean space flight participant So-yeon Yi take a break from training in Star City, Russia, to pose for a portrait. Kononenko, Volkov and Yi are scheduled to launch to the ISS in a Soyuz spacecraft in April. Photo credit: Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.

On April 8, two Russian cosmonauts aboard the mission and the Soyuz spacecraft for launch Soyuz TMA-12 will launch to the International and landing. Volkov is the son of former Space Station (ISS), joining an American Russian cosmonaut Alexander Volkov. Joining astronaut as they oversee the continuing Volkov is fellow Russian cosmonaut expansion of the station. Oleg Kononenko (AH-leg Koh-no-NEHN-ko), an engineer for RSC-Energia, who will turn 44 in Making his first flight into space, cosmonaut June. He is also making his first flight. Their Sergei Volkov (SIR-gay VOHL-koff), a stay aboard the station is expected to last six 35-year-old Russian Air Force lieutenant months. colonel, will command the Expedition 17

APRIL 2008 MISSION OVERVIEW 1

Volkov and Kononenko will join 40-year Kononenko, just days before the Expedition 16 old National Aeronautics and Space crew members and Yi depart the station. Administration (NASA) astronaut Garrett Malenchenko, at the controls of Soyuz, Whitson Reisman (REES-man), who was brought to the and Yi will land in the steppes of Kazakhstan to station aboard shuttle Endeavour on the conclude their mission. Yi’s mission will span STS-123 mission. Shortly after Volkov and 11 days. Kononenko arrive, Reisman will be replaced by 46-year old NASA astronaut and first-time flier After landing, the trio will be flown from Greg Chamitoff (SHAM-eh-tawf), who will Kazakhstan to the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training launch on Discovery's STS-124 mission. Center in Star City, for initial physical Chamitoff will return home aboard Endeavour rehabilitation. on mission STS-126 in the fall. The Expedition 17 crew will work with The Soyuz TMA-12 spacecraft will launch from experiments across a wide variety of fields, the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan for a including human life sciences, physical two-day flight to link up to the Pirs sciences and Earth observation, and conduct Docking Compartment on the station. Joining technology demonstrations. Many experiments them on the Soyuz is South Korean researcher are designed to gather information about the and mechanical engineer So-yeon Yi effects of long-duration spaceflight on the (Soh-Yeeon-YEE), 29, who will spend nine human body, which will help with planning days on the station under an agreement future exploration missions to the moon and between the South Korean government and the Mars. The science team at the Payload Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos). Operations Center (POC) at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Ala., Yi will return to Earth on the Soyuz TMA-11 will operate some experiments without crew capsule with Expedition 16 Commander Peggy input and other experiments are designed to Whitson, 48, and Flight Engineer and Soyuz function autonomously. Commander Yuri Malenchenko (Muh-LEHN’- chen-ko), 46, landing in central Kazakhstan. Whitson and Malenchenko have been aboard the station since October 2007.

Once they arrive, Volkov and Kononenko will conduct more than a week of handover activities with Whitson, Malenchenko and Reisman, familiarizing themselves with station systems and procedures. They also will receive proficiency training on the Canadarm2 robotic arm from the resident crew, engage in safety briefings and receive payload and scientific equipment training.

The change of command ceremony will mark South Korean spaceflight participant the formal handoff of control of the station by So-yeon Yi gets tested for fitting of her seat Whitson and Malenchenko to Volkov and she’ll use on her Soyuz flight to the ISS.

2 MISSION OVERVIEW APRIL 2008

Russian Federal Space Agency cosmonaut Sergei A. Volkov (right), Expedition 17 commander; NASA astronaut Greg Chamitoff (center) and cosmonaut Oleg D. Kononenko, both flight engineers, participate in a routine operations training session in the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility at the Johnson Space Center (JSC).

With the addition of the European Columbus Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV). module to the station in February and the first of The ATV’s docking port is the aft end of the the Japanese Kibo module elements in March, Russian Zvezda Service Module. new control centers in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, and Tsukuba, Japan, are being The ISS Progress 29 cargo is targeted to reach inaugurated to integrate science activities the station in May, ISS Progress 30 is slated for conducted by the station crew. August and Progress 31 will reach the complex in September, about one month prior to the Discovery's STS-124 mission will deliver the launch of the next resident crew, Expedition 18. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA’s) large Kibo pressurized science U.S. and Russian specialists are reviewing module that will be attached to the port side of potential spacewalk tasks for Expedition 17. the Harmony connecting node. Volkov, Volkov and Kononenko are scheduled to Kononenko and Chamitoff also are expected to conduct one spacewalk in Russian Orlan suits greet three Russian Progress resupply cargo from the Pirs Docking Compartment in July to ships filled with food, fuel, water and supplies, install experiments on the hull of Zvezda. Other augmenting the supplies that are being possible spacewalking work will be reviewed by delivered on the maiden flight of the European station program officials.

APRIL 2008 MISSION OVERVIEW 3

Backdropped by the airglow of Earth's horizon and the blackness of space, the ISS is seen from Space Shuttle Endeavour as the two spacecraft begin their relative separation. Earlier the STS-123 and Expedition 16 crews concluded 12 days of cooperative work onboard the shuttle and station. Undocking of the two spacecraft occurred at 7:25 p.m. (CDT) on March 24, 2008.

4 MISSION OVERVIEW APRIL 2008

Expedition 17 Crew

The Expedition 17 patch is meant to celebrate indicating the direction of future activities as current human achievements in space as well human beings build on what has already been as symbolize the future potential for continuing accomplished. The flags, representing the exploration. The Earth, represented at the home countries of the crew members, Russia bottom of the patch, is the base from which all and the United States, are touching, space exploration activities initiate. The highlighting the cooperative nature of the space International Space Station, shown in low Earth program and symbolizing the merger of science orbit, illustrates the current level of space and technical knowledge of these two operations. The arrow and star point outwards, experienced spacefaring nations. away from the Earth, toward the wider universe

Expedition 17 Patch

APRIL 2008 CREW 5

Cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko (right), Expedition 17 Flight Engineer; cosmonaut Sergei Volkov, Soyuz and Expedition 17 Commander; and South Korean spaceflight participant So-yeon Yi are scheduled to launch to the ISS in a Soyuz spacecraft in April. Photo credit: Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center

Short biographical sketches of the crew follow with detailed background available at:

http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/

6 CREW APRIL 2008

Sergey Volkov

Russian Air Force Lt. Col. Sergey Volkov will be Space Station since 2000. He trained as the making his first trip into space as commander of backup for Expedition 7 and 13. He also Expedition 17. He will command the Soyuz trained for the primary crew of Expedition 11 spacecraft to the station in April. Selected for until the station missions were reorganized training as a test cosmonaut in 1997, he has following the Columbia accident. He will return been training for missions to the International to Earth in October.

APRIL 2008 CREW 7

Oleg Kononenko

Cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko will be making his Corps of the Samara Central Design Bureau in first trip into space. He will launch on a Soyuz 1996 and assigned to RSC Energia Cosmonaut spacecraft in April to serve as a flight engineer Corps in 1999. He has been training for for Expedition 17. He graduated from missions to the International Space Station postgraduate courses specializing in since 1998. He trained as part of the backup automation of control systems design. He was crew for the third Soyuz taxi flight to the station. selected as a test cosmonaut to the Cosmonaut He will return to Earth in October.

8 CREW APRIL 2008

Garrett Reisman

Astronaut Garrett Reisman made his first trip 5 mission, living on the bottom of the sea in the into space aboard STS-123 to join Aquarius habitat for two weeks. He will serve Expedition 16 in progress. He holds a as a flight engineer and science officer during doctorate in mechanical engineering. Selected Expedition 16 and Expedition 17 aboard station. by NASA in 1998, Reisman has worked in the He is scheduled to return on shuttle mission Astronaut Office robotics and advanced STS-124. vehicles branches. He was part of the NEEMO

APRIL 2008 CREW 9

Greg Chamitoff

Astronaut Greg Chamitoff is making his for Expedition 6. He was part of the NEEMO 3 first spaceflight aboard STS-124 to join mission, living on the bottom of the sea in the Expedition 17 in progress. He holds a Aquarius habitat for nine days. He will doctorate in aeronautics and astronautics. serve as a flight engineer and science officer Selected by NASA in 1998, Chamitoff has during Expedition 17 and the transition to worked in the Astronaut Office robotics branch. Expedition 18 aboard station. He is scheduled He also served as the lead Capcom for to return on shuttle mission STS-126. Expedition 9 and as the crew support astronaut

10 CREW APRIL 2008

So-yeon Yi Spaceflight Participant

During July 2000 to August 2000, astronaut candidate for the first South Korean So-yeon Yi worked for the Korean Institute space mission. Since that time she has of Machine-building and Materials. From worked as a research fellow in the Department March 2001, she participated in development, of Korean Astronaut Mission Project of manufacturing and testing of hardware the Korean Aerospace Research Institute. In in the Center of Nana Technologies of September 2007, Yi was assigned to train as a the Korean Science-Technical Institute. In spaceflight participant. December 2006, she was selected as an

APRIL 2008 CREW 11

This page intentionally left blank.

12 CREW APRIL 2008

Mission Milestones

(Dates are subject to change)

2008:

April 8 Expedition 17 launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on Soyuz TMA-12 with South Korean spaceflight participant

April 10 Expedition 17 docks to the International Space Station’s Pirs Docking Compartment on Soyuz TMA-12 with South Korean spaceflight participant

April 17 Change of command ceremony with departing Expedition 16 crew

April 19 Undocking and landing of Expedition 16 crew from Zarya Module and landing in Kazakhstan on Soyuz TMA-11 with South Korean spaceflight participant

May 6 Relocation of Soyuz TMA-12 from Pirs Docking Compartment to Zarya Module

May 14 Launch of ISS Progress 29 resupply ship from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan

May 16 Docking of ISS Progress 29 to the Pirs Docking Compartment

May 31 Launch of Discovery on the STS-124/1J mission from the Kennedy Space Center

June 2 Docking of Discovery to ISS Pressurized Mating Adapter-2 (PMA-2); Reisman and Chamitoff swap places as Expedition 17 crew members

June 3 Installation of Kibo Pressurized Module to port side of Harmony connecting node

June 10 Undocking of Discovery from ISS PMA-2

June 13 Landing of Discovery to complete STS-124/1J

July 10 Russian spacewalk by Volkov and Kononenko

Aug. 7 Scheduled undocking of “Jules Verne” Automated Transfer Vehicle from aft port of the Zvezda Service Module

Aug. 12 Launch of ISS Progress 30 resupply ship from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan

Aug. 14 Docking of ISS Progress 30 to the aft port of the Zvezda Service Module

Sept. 9 Undocking of the ISS Progress 29 from the Pirs Docking Compartment

APRIL 2008 MISSION MILESTONES 13

Sept. 10 Launch of ISS Progress 31 resupply ship from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan

Sept. 12 Docking of ISS Progress 31 to the Pirs Docking Compartment

Oct. 10 Undocking of ISS Progress 30 from the aft port of the Zvezda Service Module

Oct. 12 Launch of the Expedition 18 crew and a U.S. spaceflight participant on the Soyuz TMA-13 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan

Oct. 14 Docking of the Expedition 18 crew and a U.S. spaceflight participant on the Soyuz TMA-13 to the aft port of the Zvezda Service Module

Oct. 23 Undocking of the Expedition 17 crew and a U.S. spaceflight participant from the Zarya Module and landing in Kazakhstan on Soyuz TMA-12

14 MISSION MILESTONES APRIL 2008

Expedition 17 Spacewalks

Cosmonaut Oleg D. Kononenko, Expedition 17 flight engineer representing Russia's Federal Space Agency, participates in an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit fit check in the Space Station Airlock Test Article (SSATA) in the Crew Systems Laboratory at JSC. Cosmonaut Sergei A. Volkov, commander representing Russia's Federal Space Agency, assisted Kononenko.

Presently there are no U.S.-based spacewalks The new airlock will be delivered during the scheduled during Expedition 17. Progress 36P, targeted for 2009.

In early July, cosmonauts Volkov and The MRM2, which is identical to the DC1, will Kononenko will perform the station’s 20th be docked to the zenith port of the Zvezda Russian spacewalk in Orlan spacesuits to service module’s transfer compartment. install a docking target for a new airlock called the Mini-Research Module 2. The MRM2 will During the spacewalk, Volkov and Kononenko replace the Docking Compartment 1, or DC1 or will be working near the Zvezda and Docking Pirs, as the primary Russian segment airlock. Compartment 1.

APRIL 2008 SPACEWALKS 15

The other major tasks for the spacewalkers remove a scientific payload “Biorisk” container include installing the scientific payload for return to Earth at a later date. “Vsplesk” and the Strela crane Foot Restraint Adapter that will hold crew members during The Vsplesk, or Burst, experiment monitors the spacewalks. The spacewalkers also will seismic effects of high-energy particles streams in the near-Earth space environment.

This image illustrates the worksites that will be used during the station’s 20th Russian spacewalk to install a docking target for a new airlock.

16 SPACEWALKS APRIL 2008

Russian Soyuz TMA

The Soyuz TMA spacecraft is designed to serve module — after the deorbit maneuver — and as the ISS's crew return vehicle, acting as a burns up upon re-entry into the atmosphere. lifeboat in the unlikely event an emergency would require the crew to leave the station. A Descent Module new Soyuz capsule is normally delivered to the station by a Soyuz crew every six months, The descent module is where the cosmonauts replacing an older Soyuz capsule at the ISS. and astronauts sit for launch, re-entry and landing. All the necessary controls and The Soyuz spacecraft is launched to the space displays of the Soyuz are here. The module station from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in also contains life support supplies and batteries Kazakhstan aboard a Soyuz rocket. It consists used during descent, as well as the primary and of an orbital module, a descent module and an backup parachutes and landing rockets. It also instrumentation/propulsion module. contains custom-fitted seat liners for each crew member, individually molded to fit each Orbital Module person's body — this ensures a tight, comfortable fit when the module lands on the This portion of the Soyuz spacecraft is used by Earth. When crew members are brought to the the crew while on orbit during free-flight. It has station aboard the space shuttle, their seat a volume of 6.5 cubic meters (230 cubic feet), liners are brought with them and transferred to with a docking mechanism, hatch and the Soyuz spacecraft as part of crew handover rendezvous antennas located at the front end. activities. The docking mechanism is used to dock with the space station and the hatch allows entry The module has a periscope, which allows the into the station. The rendezvous antennas are crew to view the docking target on the station or used by the automated docking system — a the Earth below. The eight hydrogen peroxide radar-based system — to maneuver towards thrusters located on the module are used to the station for docking. There is also a window control the spacecraft's orientation, or attitude, in the module. during the descent until parachute deployment. It also has a guidance, navigation and control The opposite end of the orbital module system to maneuver the vehicle during the connects to the descent module via a descent phase of the mission. pressurized hatch. Before returning to Earth, the orbital module separates from the descent

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 17

This module weighs 2,900 kilograms orbital module, the intermediate section of the (6,393 pounds), with a habitable volume of instrumentation/propulsion module separates 4 cubic meters (141 cubic feet). Approximately from the descent module after the final deorbit 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of payload can be maneuver and burns up in atmosphere upon returned to Earth in this module and up to re-entry. 150 kilograms (331 pounds) if only two crew members are present. The Descent Module is TMA Improvements and Testing the only portion of the Soyuz that survives the return to Earth. The Soyuz TMA spacecraft is a replacement for the Soyuz TM, which was used from 1986 to Instrumentation/Propulsion Module 2002 to take astronauts and cosmonauts to Mir and then to the International Space Station. This module contains three compartments: intermediate, instrumentation and propulsion. The TMA increases safety, especially in descent and landing. It has smaller and more The intermediate compartment is where the efficient computers and improved displays. In module connects to the descent module. It also addition, the Soyuz TMA accommodates contains oxygen storage tanks and the attitude individuals as large as 1.9 meters (6 feet, control thrusters, as well as electronics, 3 inches) tall and 95 kilograms (209 pounds), communications and control equipment. The compared to 1.8 meters (6 feet) and primary guidance, navigation, control and 85 kilograms (187 pounds) in the earlier TM. computer systems of the Soyuz are in the Minimum crew member size for the TMA is instrumentation compartment, which is a sealed 1.5 meters (4 feet, 11 inches) and 50 kilograms container filled with circulating nitrogen gas to (110 pounds), compared to 1.6 meters (5 feet, cool the avionics equipment. The propulsion 4 inches) and 56 kilograms (123 pounds) for the compartment contains the primary thermal TM. control system and the Soyuz radiator, with a cooling area of 8 square meters (86 square Two new engines reduce landing speed and feet). The propulsion system, batteries, solar forces felt by crew members by 15 to arrays, radiator and structural connection to the 30 percent and a new entry control system and Soyuz launch rocket are located in this three-axis accelerometer increase landing compartment. accuracy. Instrumentation improvements include a color “glass cockpit,” which is easier The propulsion compartment contains the to use and gives the crew more information, system that is used to perform any with hand controllers that can be secured under maneuvers while in orbit, including rendezvous an instrument panel. All the new components and docking with the space station and the in the Soyuz TMA can spend up to one year in deorbit burns necessary to return to Earth. space. The propellants are nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetric-dimethylhydrazine. The main New components and the entire TMA were propulsion system and the smaller reaction rigorously tested on the ground, in hangar-drop control system, used for attitude changes while tests, in airdrop tests and in space before the in space, share the same propellant tanks. spacecraft was declared flight-ready. For example, the accelerometer and associated The two Soyuz solar arrays are attached to software, as well as modified boosters either side of the rear section of the (incorporated to cope with the TMA's additional instrumentation/propulsion module and are mass), were tested on flights of Progress linked to rechargeable batteries. Like the unpiloted supply spacecraft, while the new

18 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

cooling system was tested on two Soyuz TM Ignition of the first stage boosters and the flights. second stage central core occur simultaneously on the ground. When the boosters have Descent module structural modifications, seats completed their powered flight during ascent, and seat shock absorbers were tested in they are separated and the core second stage hangar drop tests. Landing system continues to function. modifications, including associated software upgrades, were tested in a series of airdrop First stage separation occurs when the tests. Additionally, extensive tests of systems pre-defined velocity is reached, which is about and components were conducted on the 118 seconds after liftoff. ground.

Soyuz Launcher

Throughout history, more than 1,500 launches have been made with Soyuz launchers to orbit satellites for telecommunications, Earth observation, weather, and scientific missions, as well as for human flights.

The basic Soyuz vehicle is considered a three- stage launcher in Russian terms and is composed of:

• A lower portion consisting of four boosters (first stage) and a central core (second stage).

• An upper portion, consisting of the third stage, payload adapter and payload fairing.

• Liquid oxygen and kerosene are used as propellants in all three Soyuz stages.

First Stage Boosters

The first stage’s four boosters are assembled around the second stage central core. The boosters are identical and cylindrical-conic in shape with the oxygen tank in the cone-shaped portion and the kerosene tank in the cylindrical portion. A Soyuz launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. An NPO Energomash RD 107 engine with four main chambers and two gimbaled vernier thrusters is used in each booster. The vernier thrusters provide three-axis flight control.

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 19

Second Stage initial performance assessment. All flight data is analyzed and documented within a few hours An NPO Energomash RD 108 engine powers after launch. the Soyuz second stage. This engine has four vernier thrusters, necessary for three-axis flight Baikonur Cosmodrome Launch control after the first stage boosters have Operations separated. Soyuz missions use the Baikonur An equipment bay located atop the second Cosmodrome’s proven infrastructure, and stage operates during the entire flight of the first launches are performed by trained personnel and second stages. with extensive operational experience.

Third Stage Baikonur Cosmodrome is in the Republic of Kazakhstan in Central Asia between The third stage is linked to the Soyuz second 45 degrees and 46 degrees north latitude and stage by a latticework structure. When the 63 degrees east longitude. Two launch pads second stage’s powered flight is complete, the are dedicated to Soyuz missions. third stage engine is ignited. Separation occurs by the direct ignition forces of the third stage Final Launch Preparations engine. The assembled launch vehicle is moved to the A single-turbopump RD 0110 engine from KB launch pad on a railcar. Transfer to the launch KhA powers the Soyuz third stage. zone occurs two days before launch. The vehicle is erected and a launch rehearsal is The third stage engine is fired for about performed that includes activation of all 240 seconds. Cutoff occurs at a calculated electrical and mechanical equipment. velocity. After cutoff and separation, the third stage performs an avoidance maneuver by On launch day, the vehicle is loaded with opening an outgassing valve in the liquid propellant and the final countdown sequence is oxygen tank. started at three hours before the liftoff time.

Launcher Telemetry Tracking & Flight Rendezvous to Docking Safety Systems A Soyuz spacecraft generally takes two days to Soyuz launcher tracking and telemetry is reach the space station. The rendezvous and provided through systems in the second and docking are both automated, though once the third stages. These two stages have their own spacecraft is within 150 meters (492 feet) of the radar transponders for ground tracking. station, the Russian Mission Control Center just Individual telemetry transmitters are in each outside Moscow monitors the approach and stage. Launcher health status is downlinked to docking. The Soyuz crew has the capability to ground stations along the flight path. Telemetry manually intervene or execute these and tracking data are transmitted to the mission operations. control center, where the incoming data flow is recorded. Partial real-time data processing and plotting is performed for flight following and

20 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

Soyuz Booster Rocket Characteristics

First Stage Data - Blocks B, V, G, D Engine RD-107 Propellants LOX/Kerosene Thrust (tons) 102 Burn time (sec) 122 Specific impulse 314 Length (meters) 19.8 Diameter (meters) 2.68 Dry mass (tons) 3.45 Propellant mass (tons) 39.63 Second Stage Data, Block A Engine RD-108 Propellants LOX/Kerosene Thrust (tons) 96 Burn time (sec) 314 Specific impulse 315 Length (meters) 28.75 Diameter (meters) 2.95 Dry mass (tons) 6.51 Propellant mass (tons) 95.7 Third Stage Data, Block I Engine RD-461 Propellants LOX/Kerosene Thrust (tons) 30 Burn time (sec) 240 Specific impulse 330 Length (meters) 8.1 Diameter (meters) 2.66 Dry mass (tons) 2.4 Propellant mass (tons) 21.3 PAYLOAD MASS (tons) 6.8 SHROUD MASS (tons) 4.5 LAUNCH MASS (tons) 309.53 TOTAL LENGTH (meters) 49.3

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 21

Prelaunch Countdown Timeline

T- 34 Hours Booster is prepared for fuel loading T- 6:00:00 Batteries are installed in booster T- 5:30:00 State commission gives go to take launch vehicle T- 5:15:00 Crew arrives at site 254 T- 5:00:00 Tanking begins T- 4:20:00 Spacesuit donning T- 4:00:00 Booster is loaded with liquid oxygen T- 3:40:00 Crew meets delegations T- 3:10:00 Reports to the State commission T- 3:05:00 Transfer to the launch pad T- 3:00:00 Vehicle 1st and 2nd stage oxidizer fueling complete T- 2:35:00 Crew arrives at launch vehicle T- 2:30:00 Crew ingress through orbital module side hatch T- 2:00:00 Crew in re-entry vehicle T- 1:45:00 Re-entry vehicle hardware tested; suits are ventilated T- 1:30:00 Launch command monitoring and supply unit prepared Orbital compartment hatch tested for sealing T- 1:00:00 Launch vehicle control system prepared for use; gyro instruments activated T - :45:00 Launch pad service structure halves are lowered T- :40:00 Re-entry vehicle hardware testing complete; leak checks performed on suits T- :30:00 Emergency escape system armed; launch command supply unit activated T- :25:00 Service towers withdrawn T- :15:00 Suit leak tests complete; crew engages personal escape hardware auto mode T- :10:00 Launch gyro instruments uncaged; crew activates on-board recorders T- 7:00 All prelaunch operations are complete T- 6:15 Key to launch command given at the launch site Automatic program of final launch operations is activated T- 6:00 All launch complex and vehicle systems ready for launch T- 5:00 Onboard systems switched to onboard control Ground measurement system activated by RUN 1 command Commander's controls activated Crew switches to suit air by closing helmets Launch key inserted in launch bunker T- 3:15 Combustion chambers of side and central engine pods purged with nitrogen

22 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

Prelaunch Countdown Timeline (concluded)

T- 2:30 Booster propellant tank pressurization starts Onboard measurement system activated by RUN 2 command Prelaunch pressurization of all tanks with nitrogen begins T- 2:15 Oxidizer and fuel drain and safety valves of launch vehicle are closed Ground filling of oxidizer and nitrogen to the launch vehicle is terminated T- 1:00 Vehicle on internal power Automatic sequencer on First umbilical tower separates from booster T- :40 Ground power supply umbilical to third stage is disconnected T- :20 Launch command given at the launch position Central and side pod engines are turned on T- :15 Second umbilical tower separates from booster T- :10 Engine turbopumps at flight speed T- :05 First stage engines at maximum thrust T- :00 Fueling tower separates Lift off

Ascent/Insertion Timeline

T- :00 Lift off T+ 1:10 Booster velocity is 1,640 ft/sec T+ 1:58 Stage 1 (strap-on boosters) separation T+ 2:00 Booster velocity is 4,921 ft/sec T+ 2:40 Escape tower and launch shroud jettison T+ 4:58 Core booster separates at 105.65 statute miles Third stage ignites T+ 7:30 Velocity is 19,685 ft/sec T+ 9:00 Third stage cut-off Soyuz separates Antennas and solar panels deploy Flight control switches to Mission Control, Korolev

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 23

Orbital Insertion to Docking Timeline

FLIGHT DAY 1 OVERVIEW Orbit 1 Post insertion: Deployment of solar panels, antennas and docking probe - Crew monitors all deployments - Crew reports on pressurization of OMS/RCS and ECLSS systems and crew health. Entry thermal sensors are manually deactivated - Ground provides initial orbital insertion data from tracking Orbit 2 Systems Checkout: IR Att Sensors, Kurs, Angular Accels, “Display” TV Downlink System, OMS engine control system, Manual Attitude Control Test - Crew monitors all systems tests and confirms onboard indications - Crew performs manual RHC stick inputs for attitude control test - Ingress into HM, activate HM CO2 scrubber and doff Sokols - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Manual maneuver to +Y to Sun and initiate a 2 deg/sec yaw rotation. MCS is deactivated after rate is established. Orbit 3 Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establish LVLH attitude reference (auto maneuver sequence) - Crew monitors LVLH attitude reference build up - Burn data command upload for DV1 and DV2 (attitude, TIG Delta V’s) - Form 14 preburn emergency deorbit pad read up - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Auto maneuver to DV1 burn attitude (TIG - 8 minutes) while LOS - Crew monitor only, no manual action nominally required DV1 phasing burn while LOS - Crew monitor only, no manual action nominally required Orbit 4 Auto maneuver to DV2 burn attitude (TIG - 8 minutes) while LOS - Crew monitor only, no manual action nominally required DV2 phasing burn while LOS - Crew monitor only, no manual action nominally required

24 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

FLIGHT DAY 1 OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) Orbit 4 Crew report on burn performance upon AOS (continued) - HM and DM pressure checks read down - Post burn Form 23 (AOS/LOS pad), Form 14 and “Globe” corrections voiced up - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Manual maneuver to +Y to Sun and initiate a 2 deg/sec yaw rotation. MCS is deactivated after rate is established. External boresight TV camera ops check (while LOS) Meal Orbit 5 Last pass on Russian tracking range for Flight Day 1 Report on TV camera test and crew health Sokol suit clean up - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 6-12 Crew Sleep, off of Russian tracking range - Emergency VHF2 comm available through NASA VHF Network FLIGHT DAY 2 OVERVIEW Orbit 13 Post sleep activity, report on HM/DM Pressures Form 14 revisions voiced up - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 14 Configuration of RHC-2/THC-2 work station in the HM - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 15 THC-2 (HM) manual control test - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 16 Lunch - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 17 (1) Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establish LVLH attitude reference (auto maneuver sequence) RHC-2 (HM) Test - Burn data uplink (TIG, attitude, delta V) - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Auto maneuver to burn attitude (TIG - 8 min) while LOS Rendezvous burn while LOS Manual maneuver to +Y to Sun and initiate a 2 deg/sec yaw rotation. MCS is deactivated after rate is established.

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 25

FLIGHT DAY 2 OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) Orbit 18 (2) Post burn and manual maneuver to +Y Sun report when AOS - HM/DM pressures read down - Post burn Form 23, Form 14 and Form 2 (Globe correction) voiced up - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 19 (3) CO2 scrubber cartridge change out Free time - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 20 (4) Free time - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 21 (5) Last pass on Russian tracking range for Flight Day 2 Free time - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 22 (6) - 27 Crew sleep, off of Russian tracking range (11) - Emergency VHF2 comm available through NASA VHF Network FLIGHT DAY 3 OVERVIEW Orbit 28 (12) Post sleep activity - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 29 (13) Free time, report on HM/DM pressures - Read up of predicted post burn Form 23 and Form 14 - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking Orbit 30 (14) Free time, read up of Form 2 “Globe Correction,” lunch - Uplink of auto rendezvous command timeline - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radar and radio transponder tracking FLIGHT DAY 3 AUTO RENDEZVOUS SEQUENCE Orbit 31 (15) Don Sokol spacesuits, ingress DM, close DM/HM hatch - Active and passive vehicle state vector uplinks - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radio transponder tracking

26 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

FLIGHT DAY 3 AUTO RENDEZVOUS SEQUENCE (CONCLUDED) Orbit 32 (16) Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establish LVLH attitude reference (auto maneuver sequence) Begin auto rendezvous sequence - Crew monitoring of LVLH reference build and auto rendezvous timeline execution - A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink - Radio transponder tracking FLIGHT DAY 3 FINAL APPROACH AND DOCKING Orbit 33 (1) Auto Rendezvous sequence continues, flyaround and station keeping - Crew monitor - Comm relays via SM through Altair established - Form 23 and Form 14 updates - Fly around and station keeping initiated near end of orbit - A/G (gnd stations and Altair), R/T TLM (gnd stations), Display TV downlink (gnd stations and Altair) - Radio transponder tracking Orbit 34 (2) Final Approach and docking - Capture to “docking sequence complete” 20 minutes, typically - Monitor docking interface pressure seal - Transfer to HM, doff Sokol suits - A/G (gnd stations and Altair), R/T TLM (gnd stations), Display TV downlink (gnd stations and Altair) - Radio transponder tracking FLIGHT DAY 3 STATION INGRESS Orbit 35 (3) Station/Soyuz pressure equalization - Report all pressures - Open transfer hatch, ingress station - A/G, R/T and playback telemetry - Radio transponder tracking

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 27

Typical Soyuz Ground Track

28 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

Key Times for Expedition 17/16 ISS Events

Expedition 17/SFP Launch

6:16:35 a.m. CT on April 8

11:16:35 GMT on April 8

15:16:35 p.m. Moscow time on April 8

17:16:35 p.m. Baikonur time on April 8

Expedition 17/SFP Docking to the ISS (Pirs Docking Compartment)

8:00 a.m. CT on April 10

13:00 GMT on April 10

17:00 p.m. Moscow time on April 10

Expedition 17/SFP Hatch Opening to the ISS

10:50 a.m. CT on April 10

15:50 GMT on April 10

19:50 p.m. Moscow time on April 10

Expedition 16/SFP Hatch Closure to the ISS

9:00 p.m. CT on April 18

2:00 GMT on April 19

6:00 a.m. Moscow time on April 19

8:00 a.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

Expedition 16/SFP Undocking from the ISS

12:02 a.m. CT on April 19

5:02 GMT on April 19

9:02 a.m. Moscow time on April 19

11:02 a.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 29

Expedition 16/SFP Deorbit Burn

~2:48 a.m. CT on April 19

~7:48 GMT on April 19

~11:48 a.m. Moscow time on April 19

~13:48 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

Expedition 16/SFP Landing

3:38 a.m. CT on April 19

8:38 GMT on April 19

12:38 p.m. Moscow time on April 19

14:38 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

30 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

Expedition 16/Soyuz TMA-11 Landing

NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson (center), Expedition 16 commander; European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Leopold Eyharts (left) and Russian Federal Space Agency cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, both flight engineers, pose for a photo in the hatchway between the Harmony node and Destiny laboratory of the International Space Station

Following a nine-day handover with the newly and Flight Engineer Oleg Kononenko, and to arrived Expedition 17 crew, Expedition 16 Flight Engineer Garrett Reisman, who arrived at Commander Peggy Whitson, Flight Engineer the station aboard shuttle Endeavour in March. and Soyuz Commander Yuri Malenchenko and The departing crew will climb into the Soyuz South Korean Spaceflight Participant vehicle and close the hatch between Soyuz and So-yeon Yi will board their Soyuz TMA-11 the Zarya module. Whitson will be seated in capsule for undocking and a one-hour descent the Soyuz’ left seat for entry and landing as back to Earth. Whitson and Malenchenko will engineer. Malenchenko will be in the center complete a six-month mission in orbit, while Yi seat as Soyuz commander, as he was for will return after an 11-day flight. launch in October 2007. Yi will occupy the right seat. About three hours before undocking, Whitson, Malenchenko and Yi will bid farewell to the new After activating Soyuz systems and getting Expedition 17 crew Commander Sergei Volkov approval from Russian flight controllers at the

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 31

Russian Mission Control Center outside maneuver. The 4.5-minute maneuver to slow Moscow, Malenchenko will send commands to the spacecraft will enable it to drop out of orbit open the hooks and latches connecting Soyuz and begin its re-entry to Earth. and Zarya. About 30 minutes later, just above the first Malenchenko will fire the Soyuz thrusters to traces of the Earth’s atmosphere, computers back away from Zarya. Six minutes after will command the separation of the three undocking, with the Soyuz about 20 meters modules of the Soyuz vehicle. With the crew away from the station, Malenchenko will strapped in to the descent module, the forward conduct a separation maneuver, firing the orbital module containing the docking Soyuz jets for about 15 seconds to depart the mechanism and rendezvous antennas and the vicinity of the complex. rear instrumentation and propulsion module, which houses the engines and avionics, will About 2.5 hours after undocking, at a distance pyrotechnically separate and burn up in the of about 19 kilometers from the station, Soyuz atmosphere. computers will initiate a deorbit burn braking

The Soyuz 15 (TMA-11) approaches the International Space Station, carrying NASA astronaut Peggy A. Whitson, Expedition 16 commander; cosmonaut Yuri I. Malenchenko, Soyuz commander and flight engineer representing Russia's Federal Space Agency; and Malaysian spaceflight participant Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor.

32 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

The descent module’s computers will orient the propellant from the Soyuz. Computers also will capsule with its ablative heat shield pointing arm the module’s seat shock absorbers in forward to repel the buildup of heat as it preparation for landing. plunges into the atmosphere. The crew will feel the first effects of gravity at the point called When the capsule’s heat shield is jettisoned the entry interface, about three minutes after Soyuz altimeter will be exposed to the surface module separation, about 400,000 feet of the Earth. Signals will be bounced to the (122,000 meters) above the Earth. ground from the Soyuz and reflected back, providing the capsule’s computers updated About eight minutes later, with Soyuz traveling information on altitude and rate of descent. nearly 220 meters per second at an altitude of about 10 kilometers, the capsule's computers At an altitude of about 12 meters, cockpit will begin a commanded sequence for the displays will tell Malenchenko to prepare for the deployment of its parachutes. First, two “pilot” soft landing engine firing. Just one meter parachutes will be deployed, extracting a larger above the surface, and just seconds before drogue parachute, which stretches out over an touchdown, the six solid propellant engines will area of 24 square meters. Within 16 seconds, be fired in a final braking maneuver, slowing the Soyuz’s descent will slow to about Soyuz to a velocity of about 1.5 meters per 80 meters per second. second as it lands.

The initiation of the parachute deployment will A Russian recovery team and NASA personnel, create a gentle spin for the Soyuz as it dangles including a flight surgeon and station program, underneath the drogue chute, assisting in the astronaut office and public affairs capsule’s stability during the final minutes prior representatives, will be in the landing area in a to touchdown. convoy of Russian military helicopters awaiting the Soyuz landing. Once the capsule touches Following the first parachute deployment, the down, the helicopters will land nearby to meet drogue chute will be jettisoned, allowing the the crew. main parachute to be deployed. Connected to the descent module by two harnesses, the main A portable medical tent will be set up near the parachute covers an area of about capsule so the crew can change out of its 1,000 meters. The deployment of the main launch and entry suits. Russian technicians will parachute will slow down the descent module to open the module’s hatch and begin to remove a velocity of about seven meters per second. the crew members. They will be seated in Initially, the descent module will hang special reclining chairs near the capsule for underneath the main parachute at a 30 degree initial medical tests, and to begin readapting to angle with respect to the horizon for Earth’s gravity. aerodynamic stability. The bottommost harness will be severed a few minutes before landing, About two hours after landing, the crew will be allowing the descent module to hang vertically assisted to the helicopters for a flight back to a through touchdown. staging site in Kazakhstan, where local officials will welcome them. The crew will then board a At an altitude of a little more than five Russian military transport plane and be flown to kilometers, the crew will monitor the jettison of the Chkalovsky Airfield adjacent to the Gagarin the descent module’s heat shield, which will be Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, followed by the termination of the aerodynamic Russia, where their families will meet them. spin cycle and the dumping of any residual The crew will arrive in Star City about eight hours after Soyuz landing.

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 33

Live video from the Soyuz TMA-11 spacecraft of the International Space Station is shown on the screen (upper right) in the Russian Mission Control Center in Korolev, outside Moscow. NASA astronaut Peggy A. Whitson, Expedition 16 commander; cosmonaut Yuri I. Malenchenko, Soyuz commander and flight engineer representing Russia's Federal Space Agency; and Malaysian spaceflight participant Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor docked their Soyuz TMA-11 spacecraft to the station in October 2007.

34 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

Soyuz Entry Timeline

Technicians begin the process of removing cargo from the Soyuz TMA-7 capsule at sunrise on the steppes of Kazakhstan on April 9, 2006 (Kazakhstan time) following the pre-dawn landing of astronaut William S. McArthur Jr., Expedition 12 commander and space station science officer; Russian cosmonaut Valery I. Tokarev, Soyuz commander and space station flight engineer; and Brazilian Space Agency astronaut Marcos C. Pontes.

This is the entry timeline for Soyuz TMA-11 for a landing on daily orbit 2 in the northern zone in Kazakhstan if the SAR forces choose this as the prime option after a surveillance of conditions in both landing zones on April 14.

Separation Command to Begin to Open Hooks and Latches; Undocking Command + 0 mins.)

11:59 p.m. CT on April 18

4:59 GMT on April 19

8:59 a.m. Moscow time on April 19

10:59 a.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 35

Hooks Opened/Physical Separation of Soyuz from Zarya Module nadir port at .12 meter/sec.; Undocking Command + 3 mins.)

12:02 a.m. CT on April 19

5:02 GMT on April 19

9:02 a.m. Moscow time on April 19

11:02 a.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

Separation Burn from ISS (15 second burn of the Soyuz engines, .65 meters/sec; Soyuz distance from the ISS is ~20 meters)

12:06 a.m. CT on April 19

5:06 GMT on April 19

9:06 a.m. Moscow time on April 19

11:06 a.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

Deorbit Burn (appx 4:35 in duration, 115.2 m/sec; Soyuz distance from the ISS is ~12 kilometers; Undocking Command appx + ~2 hours, 30 mins.)

2:48 a.m. CT on April 19

7:48 GMT on April 19

11:48 a.m. Moscow time on April 19

13:48 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

Separation of Modules (~23 mins. after Deorbit Burn; Undocking Command + ~2 hours, 57 mins.)

3:11 a.m. CT on April 19

8:11 GMT on April 19

12:11 p.m. Moscow time on April 19

14:11 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

36 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

Entry Interface (400,000 feet in altitude; 3 mins. after Module Seperation; 31 mins. after Deorbit Burn; Undocking Command + ~3 hours)

3:14 a.m. CT on April 19

8:14 GMT on April 19

12:14 p.m. Moscow time on April 19

14:14 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

Command to Open Chutes (8 mins. after Entry Interface; 39 mins. after Deorbit Burn; Undocking Command + ~3 hours, 8 mins.)

3:22 a.m. CT on April 19

8:22 GMT on April 19

12:22 p.m. Moscow time on April 19

14:22 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19

Two pilot parachutes are first deployed, the second of which extracts the drogue chute. The drogue chute is then released, measuring 24 square meters, slowing the Soyuz down from a descent rate of 230 meters/second to 80 meters/second.

The main parachute is then released, covering an area of 1,000 meters; it slows the Soyuz to a descent rate of 7.2 meters/second; its harnesses first allow the Soyuz to descend at an angle of 30 degrees to expel heat, then shifts the Soyuz to a straight vertical descent.

Soft Landing Engine Firing (6 engines fire to slow the Soyuz descent rate to 1.5 meters/second just .8 meter above the ground)

Landing - appx. 2 seconds

Landing (~50 mins. after Deorbit Burn; Undocking Command + ~3 hours, 24 mins.)

3:38 a.m. CT on April 19

8:38 GMT on April 19

12:38 p.m. Moscow time on April 19

14:38 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 19 (~6:05 before sunset at the landing site)

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 37

This page intentionally left blank.

38 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA APRIL 2008

International Space Station: Expedition 17 Science Overview

Expedition 17, the 17th science research the absence of gravity. By recording and mission on the ISS, includes the operation of analyzing the three-dimensional motion of 26 NASA-managed experiments in human astronauts, this study will help engineers apply research, exploration technology testing, ergonomics into future spacecraft designs and biological and physical sciences and education. determine the effects of weightlessness on An additional 20 experiments are planned for breathing mechanisms for long-duration operation by two international partners (IPs), missions. Results might also be applied to the European Space Agency (ESA) and the neurological patients on the ground with Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency. impaired motor control. This experiment is a cooperative effort with the Italian Space During Expedition 17, the scientific work of Agency (ASI). more than 400 scientists will be supported through U.S.-managed experiments. The team Space Flight-Induced Reactivation of Latent of controllers and scientists on the ground will Epstein-Barr Virus (Epstein-Barr) performs continue to plan, monitor and remotely operate tests to study changes in the human immune experiments from control centers across the function. Using blood and urine samples United States. collected from crew members before and after spaceflight, the study will provide insight for A team of controllers for Expedition 17 will staff possible countermeasures to prevent the the POC, the science command post for the potential development of infectious illness in space station, at NASA’s MSFC in Huntsville, crew members during flight. Ala. Controllers work in three shifts around the clock, seven days a week in the POC, which Validation of Procedures for Monitoring links researchers around the world with their Crew Member Immune Function (Integrated experiments and the space station crew. Immune) will assess the clinical risks resulting from the adverse effects of spaceflight on the The POC also coordinates the payload human immune system. The study will validate activities of NASA’s IPs. While the partners are a flight-compatible immune monitoring strategy responsible for the planning and operations of by collecting and analyzing blood, urine and their space agencies’ modules, NASA's POC is saliva samples from crew members before, chartered with synchronizing the payload during and after spaceflight to monitor changes activities among the partners and optimizing the in the immune system. use of valuable on-orbit resources. Behavioral Issues Associated with Isolation Human Life Science Investigations and Confinement: Review and Analysis of Astronaut Journals (Journals) is studying the Crew members will be tested to study changes effect of isolation by using surveys and journals in the body caused by living in microgravity. kept by the crew. By quantifying the Continuing and new experiments include: importance of different behavioral issues in crew members, the study will help NASA design ELaboratore Immagini Televisive – Space 2 equipment and procedures to allow astronauts (ELITE-S2) will investigate the connection to best cope with isolation and long-duration between the brain, visualization and motion in spaceflight.

APRIL 2008 SCIENCE OVERVIEW 39

Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Experiments Related to Spacecraft against Post-Flight Orthostatic Hypotension Systems – Long (Midodrine-Long) measures the ability of the drug midodrine, as a countermeasure, to Many experiments are designed to help reduce the incidence or severity of orthostatic develop technologies, designs and materials for hypotension — dizziness caused by the blood- future spacecraft and exploration missions. pressure decrease that many astronauts These include: experience when returning to Earth's gravity. Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development- Nutritional Status Assessment (Nutrition) is Portable Test System (LOCAD-PTS) is a NASA's most comprehensive in-flight study to handheld device for rapid detection of biological date of human physiologic changes during and chemical substances aboard the space long-duration spaceflight. Its measurements station. Astronauts will swab surfaces within will include bone metabolism, oxidative the cabin, add swab material to the damage, nutritional assessments and hormonal LOCAD-PTS, and within 15 minutes obtain changes. This study will impact both the results on a display screen. The study's definition of nutritional requirements and purpose is to effectively provide an early development of food systems for future space warning system to enable crew members to exploration missions to the moon and beyond. take remedial measures if necessary to protect This experiment will also help researchers the health and safety of those on the station. understand the impact of countermeasures such as exercise and pharmaceuticals on Microgravity Acceleration Measurement nutritional status and nutrient requirements for System (MAMS) and Space Acceleration astronauts. Measurement System – II (SAMS-II) measure vibration and quasi-steady accelerations that The National Aeronautics and Space result from vehicle control burns, docking and Administration Biological Specimen undocking activities. The two different Repository (Repository) is a storage bank equipment packages measure vibrations at used to maintain biological specimens over different frequencies. These measurements extended periods of time and under help investigators characterize the vibrations well-controlled conditions. Samples from the and accelerations that may influence space station, including blood and urine, will be station experiments. collected, processed and archived during the pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight phases of the Materials on the International Space Station missions. This investigation has been Experiment 6 (MISSE-6A and 6B) is a test bed developed to archive biological samples for use for materials and coatings attached to the as a resource for future spaceflight research. outside of the space station that are being evaluated for the effects of atomic oxygen, Stability of Pharmacotherapeutic and direct sunlight, radiation and extremes of heat Nutritional Compounds (Stability) studies the and cold. This experiment allows the effects of radiation in space on complex organic development and testing of new materials to molecules, such as vitamins and other better withstand the rigors of space compounds in food and medicine. This could environments. Results will provide a better help researchers develop more stable and understanding of the durability of various reliable pharmaceutical and nutritional materials in space, leading to the design of countermeasures that are suitable for future stronger, more durable spacecraft components. long-duration missions.

40 SCIENCE OVERVIEW APRIL 2008

Biological and Physical Science containerless processing, an important Experiments operation for fabrication of parts, such as adhesives or fillers, using elastomeric materials Plant growth experiments give insight into the on future exploration missions. This knowledge effects of the space environment on living also can be applied to controlling and improving organisms. Physical science experiments Earth-based manufacturing processes. explore fundamental processes — such as phase transitions or crystal growth — in Education and Earth Observation microgravity. These experiments include: Many experiments on board the space station Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-2 continue to teach the next generation of (CSLM-2) examines the kinetics of competitive explorers about living and working in space. particle growth within a liquid metal matrix. These experiments include: During this process, small particles of tin suspended in a liquid tin-lead matrix shrink by Crew Earth Observations (CEO) takes losing atoms to larger particles of tin, causing advantage of the crew in space to observe and the larger particles to grow, or coarsen. This photograph natural and human-made changes study defines the mechanisms and rates of on Earth. The photographs record the Earth’s coarsening in the absence of gravitational surface changes over time, along with dynamic settling. This work has direct applications to events such as storms, floods, fires and metal alloy manufacturing on Earth, including volcanic eruptions. These images provide materials critical for aerospace applications, researchers on Earth with key data to better such as the production of better aluminum understand the planet. alloys for turbine blades. Crew Earth Observations – International The Optimization of Root Zone Substrates Polar Year (CEO-IPY) supports an international (ORZS) for Reduced Gravity Experiments collaboration of scientists studying the Earth’s Program was developed to provide direct polar regions from 2007 to 2009. Space station measurements and models for plant rooting crew members photograph polar phenomena, instructions that will be used in future advanced including icebergs, auroras and mesospheric life support plant growth experiments. The goal clouds in response to daily correspondence is to develop and enhance hardware and from the scientists on the ground. procedures to allow optimal plant growth in microgravity. Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students (EarthKAM), an education Shear History Extensional Rheology experiment, allows middle school students to Experiment (SHERE) is designed to program a digital camera on board the station investigate the effect of preshearing, or rotation to photograph a variety of geographical targets on the stress and strain response of a polymer for study in the classroom. Photos are made fluid, a complex fluid containing long chains of available on the Web for viewing and study by polymer molecules, being stretched in participating schools around the world. microgravity. The fundamental understanding Educators use the images for projects involving and measurement of the extensional rheology Earth science, geography, physics and of complex fluids is important for understanding technology.

APRIL 2008 SCIENCE OVERVIEW 41

Space Shuttle Experiments Analyzing Interferometer for Ambient Air (ANITA) will monitor 32 potentially gaseous Many other experiments are scheduled to be contaminants in the atmosphere on board the performed during upcoming space shuttle station, including formaldehyde, ammonia and missions that are part of Expedition 17. These carbon monoxide. The experiment will test the experiments include: accuracy and reliability of this technology as a potential next-generation atmosphere trace-gas National Lab Pathfinder – Vaccine 1B monitoring system for the station. (NLP-Vaccine 1B) is a commercial payload serving as a pathfinder for use of the ISS as a BCAT-3 (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test – 3) national laboratory after station assembly is consists of two investigations which will study complete. This payload contains a pathogenic, the long-term behavior of colloids, a system of or disease-carrying organism, and tests fine particles suspended in a fluid, in a whether the organism changes in microgravity microgravity environment, where the effects of in a way that allows it to become a viable base sedimentation and convection are removed. for a potential vaccine against infections on Crew members will mix the samples, Earth and in microgravity. photograph the growth and formations of the colloids and downlink the images for analysis. Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Results may lead to improvements in Crew Member Immune Function – Short supercritical fluids used in rocket propellants Duration Biological Investigation (Integrated and biotechnology applications and Immune – SDBI) will assess the clinical risks advancements in fiber-optics technology. resulting from the adverse effects of spaceflight on the human immune system for space shuttle BCAT-4 (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test – 4) is a crew members. The study will validate a flight- follow-on experiment to BCAT-3. BCAT-4 will compatible immune monitoring strategy by study 10 colloidal samples. Several of these collecting and analyzing blood, urine and saliva samples will determine phase separation rates samples from crew members before, during and and add needed points to the phase diagram of after spaceflight to monitor changes in the a model critical fluid system initially studied in immune system. BCAT-3. Crew members photograph samples of polymer and colloidal particles — tiny Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure nanoscale spheres suspended in liquid — that during Spaceflight – Short (Sleep-Short) model liquid/gas phase changes. Results will examines the effects of spaceflight on help scientists develop fundamental physics the sleep-wake cycles of the astronauts concepts previously cloaked by the effects of during space shuttle missions. Advancing gravity. state-of-the-art technology for monitoring, diagnosing and assessing treatment of sleep Education Payload Operations (EPO) patterns is vital to treating insomnia on Earth includes curriculum-based educational activities and in space. demonstrating basic principles of science, mathematics, technology, engineering and Reserve Payloads geography. These activities are videotaped and then used in classroom lectures. EPO is Several additional experiments are ready for designed to support the NASA mission to operation, but designated as “reserve” and will inspire the next generation of explorers. be performed if crew time becomes available. They include:

42 SCIENCE OVERVIEW APRIL 2008

Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure Human Research Facility-2 (HRF-2) provides during Spaceflight – Long (Sleep-Long) an on-orbit laboratory that enables human life examines the effects of spaceflight and ambient science researchers to study and evaluate the light exposure on the sleep-wake cycles of the physiological, behavioral and chemical changes crew members during long-duration stays on in astronauts induced by spaceflight. the space station. Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, ISS (MELFI) provides refrigerated storage and Reorient, Experimental Satellites fast-freezing of biological and life science (SPHERES) are bowling-ball sized spherical samples. It can hold up to 300 liters of samples satellites. They will be used inside the space ranging in temperature from -80°C, -26°C, or station to test a set of well-defined instructions 4°C throughout a mission. for spacecraft performing autonomous rendezvous and docking maneuvers. Three The Destiny lab also is outfitted with five free-flying spheres will fly within the cabin of the EXPRESS Racks. EXPRESS, or Expedite the station, performing flight formations. Each Processing of Experiments to the Space satellite is self-contained with power, Station, racks are standard payload racks propulsion, computers and navigation designed to provide experiments with utilities equipment. The results are important for such as power, data, cooling, fluids and gasses. satellite servicing, vehicle assembly and The racks support payloads in disciplines formation flying spacecraft configurations. including biology, chemistry, physics, ecology and medicines. The racks stay in orbit, while Destiny Laboratory Facilities experiments are changed as needed. EXPRESS Racks 2 and 3 are equipped with the The Destiny Laboratory is equipped with Active Rack Isolation System (ARIS) for state-of-the-art research facilities to support countering minute vibrations from crew space station science investigations: movement or operating equipment that could disturb delicate experiments. The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) is used to perform combustion experiments in Other ISS Laboratories microgravity. It is designed to easily be reconfigured on orbit to accommodate a wide With ESA’s Columbus module and JAXA’s Kibo variety of combustion experiments. Module, the Laboratory space aboard the station has nearly tripled. Certain U.S. facilities The General Laboratory Active Cryogenic will be permanently located in one of these ISS Experiment Refrigerator (GLACIER) will other modules. serve as an on-orbit cold stowage facility as well as carry frozen scientific samples to and In the Columbus Module, the Microgravity from the station and Earth via the space shuttle. Science Glovebox (MSG) provides a safe This facility is capable of thermally controlling environment for research with liquids, the samples between 4°C and -185°C. combustion and hazardous materials on the ISS. Without the MSG, many types of The Human Research Facility-1 (HRF-1) is hands-on investigations would be impossible or designed to house and support life sciences severely limited on the station. experiments. It includes equipment for lung function tests, ultrasound to image the heart Express Rack 3A, containing the European and many other types of computers and Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) facility, medical equipment. also is located in Columbus. EMCS is a large

APRIL 2008 SCIENCE OVERVIEW 43

incubator that provides control over the On the Internet atmosphere, lighting and humidity of growth chambers used to study plant growth. The For fact sheets, imagery and more on facility was developed by the European Space Expedition 17 experiments and payload Agency. operations, click on

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ station/science/index.html

44 SCIENCE OVERVIEW APRIL 2008

The Payload Operations Center

From the Payload Operations Center at NASA’s MSFC in Huntsville, Ala., scientists and engineers operate all the U.S. experiments located 240 miles above Earth on the ISS. The best technology of the 21st century monitors and stores several billion bits of data from the space station, while saving NASA millions of dollars and serving a diverse community of research scientists located around the globe.

The Payload Operations Center (POC) at private, commercial, industry and government MSFC in Huntsville, Ala., is NASA’s primary agencies nationwide, makes the job of science command post for the ISS. Space coordinating space station research critical. station scientific research plays a vital role in NASA's roadmap for returning to the moon and The POC continues the role Marshall has exploring our solar system. played in management and operation of NASA’s on-orbit science research. In the The ISS accommodates dozens of experiments 1970s, Marshall managed the science program in fields as diverse as medicine, human life for Skylab, the first American space station. sciences, biotechnology, agriculture, Spacelab, the international science laboratory manufacturing and Earth observation. that the space shuttle carried more than a Managing these science assets, as well as the dozen times to orbit in the 1980s and 1990s, time and space required to accommodate was the prototype for Marshall’s space station experiments and programs from a host of science operations.

APRIL 2008 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER 45

Today, the POC team is responsible for crew time. NASA’s partners are the Russian managing all U.S. science and research Space Agency (RSA), ESA, JAXA, and the experiments aboard the station. The center Canadian Space Agency (CSA). also is home for coordination of the mission planning work, all U.S. science payload NASA’s partners’ control centers are: deliveries and retrieval, and payload training and payload safety programs for the station • Center for Control of Spaceflights (“TsUP” in crew and all ground personnel. Russian) in Korolev, Russia

State-of-the-art computers and communications • Space Station Integration and Promotion equipment deliver around-the-clock reports to Center (SSIPC) in Tskuba, Japan and from science outposts across the United States to POC systems controllers and science • Columbus Control Center (Col-CC) in experts. Other computers stream information to Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany and from the space station itself, linking the orbiting research facility with the science Once launch schedules are finalized, the POC command post on Earth. oversees delivery of experiments to the space station. Experiments are rotated in and out The payload operations team also synchronizes periodically as the shuttle or other launch the payload time lining among IPs, ensuring the vehicle makes deliveries and returns completed best use of valuable on-orbit resources and experiments and samples to Earth.

Orbiting 250 miles above the Earth, the space station crew works together with science experts at the POC at the MSFC and researchers around the world to perform cutting-edge science experiments in the unique microgravity environment of space. (NASA)

46 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER APRIL 2008

Housed in a two-story complex at Marshall, the controller oversees station science operations POC is staffed around the clock by three shifts resources such as tools and supplies and of systems controllers. During space station assures support systems and procedures are operations, center personnel routinely manage ready to support planned activities. The data 10 to 40 or more experiments simultaneously. management coordinator is responsible for station video systems and high-rate data links The payload operations director leads the to the POC. The payload rack officer monitors POC’s main flight control team, known as the rack integrity, power and temperature control, "cadre." The payload operations director and the proper working conditions of station approves all science plans in coordination with experiments. Mission Control at JSC, the station crew and the IP control centers. The payload Additional support controllers routinely communications manager, the voice of the coordinate anomaly resolution and procedure POC, coordinates and manages real-time voice changes and maintain configuration responses between the station crew conducting management of on-board stowed payload payload operations and the researchers whose hardware. science the crew is conducting. The operations

APRIL 2008 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER 47

This page intentionally left blank.

48 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER APRIL 2008

ISS-17 Russian Research Objectives

Russian Research Objectives

Category Experiment Experiment Hardware Research Objective Unique Payload Code Name Description Constraints Commercial GTS-2 GTS-2 Electronics unit-2; Global time system test Unattended Antenna assembly development with attachment mechanism Technology & ТХН-9 Kristallizator “Crystallizer” complex Biological macromolecules Material (Crystallizer) crystallization and obtaining bio- Science crystal films under microgravity conditions Geophysical ГФИ-1 Relaksatsiya “Fialka-MB-Kosmos” - Study of chemiluminescent Using OCA Spectrozonal chemical reactions and ultraviolet system atmospheric light phenomena High sensitive images that occur during high-velocity recorder interaction between the exhaust products from spacecraft propulsion systems and the Earth atmosphere at orbital altitudes and during the entry of space vehicles into the Earth upper atmosphere Geophysical ГФИ-8 Uragan Nominal hardware: Experimental verification of the Using OCA Camera Nikon D2Х ground and space-based system Laptop for predicting natural and man- made disasters, mitigating the damage caused, and facilitating recovery Geophysical ГФИ-16 Vsplesk “Vsplesk” hardware Seismic effects monitoring. EVA (Burst) Mechanical adapter Researching high-energy Conversion board particles streams in near-Earth space environment Biomedical МБИ-5 Kardio-ODNT Nominal Hardware: Comprehensive study of the Will need help from US “Gamma-1M” cardiac activity and blood crewmember equipment; circulation primary parameter dynamics “Chibis” countermeasures vacuum suit Biomedical МБИ-8 Profilaktika TEEM-100M gas Study of the action mechanism Time required for the analyzer; and efficacy of various experiment should be Accusport device; countermeasures aimed at counted toward physical preventing locomotor system exercise time Nominal Hardware: disorders in weightlessness “Reflotron-4” kit; TVIS treadmill; ВБ-3 cycle ergometer; Set of bungee cords; Computer; “Tsentr” equipment power supply Biomedical МБИ-12 Sonokard “Sonokard” set Integrated study of physiological “Sonokard” functions during sleep period throughout a long space flight “Sonokard-Data” kit Laptop RSE-Med

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 49

Russian Research Objectives (continued)

Category Experiment Experiment Hardware Research Objective Unique Payload Code Name Description Constraints Biomedical МБИ-15 Pilot Right Control Handle Researching for individual Left Control Handle features of state psychophysiological regulation Synchronizer Unit and crewmembers professional (БС) ULTRABUOY- 2000 Unit activities during long space flights. “Neyrolab” set Nominal hardware: Laptop RSE-Med Biomedical МБИ-16 Vsaimodeystvie “Vsaimodeystvie” kit Control of group activity of crew (Interaction) in space flight conditions Biomedical МБИ-18 Dykhanie “Dykhanie-1” set Study of respiration regulation “Dykhanie-1 - Data” kit and biomechanics under space Nominal hardware: flight conditions Laptop RSE-Med Biomedical МБИ-21 Pneumocard “Pneumocard” set Study of space flight factors “Pneumocard-КРМ” kit impacts on vegetative regulation of blood circulation, respiration “Pneumocard-Data” kit and contractile heart function during long space flights Biomedical МБИ-22 BIMS Kit TBK-1 Study of flight medical (Onboard Kit TBK-1. information support using Information Accessories onboard information medical Medical Kit TBK-1. Data system System) Nominal Hardware: Laptop RSE-Med Biomedical БИО-2 Biorisk “Biorisk-KM” set Study of space flight impact on EVA “Biorisk-MSV” microorganisms-substrates containers systems state related to space technique ecological safety and “Biorisk-MSN” kit planetary quarantine problem Biomedical БИО-4 Aquarium “Rasteniya (Plants)” kit Study of stability of model closed Crewmembers (with “Aquarium” ecological system and its parts involvement is taken into packs - 2 items) under microgravity conditions, account in Rasteniya both as microsystem experiment components and as perspective biological systems of space crews life support Biomedical БИО-5 Rasteniya “Lada” greenhouse Study of the space flight effect Nominal Hardware: on the growth and development of higher plants Water container; Sony DVCam; Laptop RSE-Med Biomedical БИО-8 Plazmida Hybridizers Recomb-K Investigation of microgravity During ISS-16, ISS-17 “Kriogem-03M” freezer effect on the rate of transfer and crews rotation (TBD) mobilization of bacteria plasmids

50 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES APRIL 2008

Russian Research Objectives (continued)

Category Experiment Experiment Hardware Research Objective Unique Payload Code Name Description Constraints Biomedical РБО-1 Prognoz Nominal Hardware for Development of a method for Unattended the radiation real-time prediction of dose loads monitoring system: on the crews of manned P-16 dosimeter; spacecraft ДБ-8 dosimeters “Pille-ISS” dosimeter “Lyulin-ISS” complex Biomedical РБО-3 Matryeshka-R Passive detectors unit Study of radiation environment “Phantom” set dynamics along the ISS RS flight “MOSFET-dosimeter” path and in ISS compartments, scientific equipment and dose accumulation in “Bubble-dosimeter” antroph-amorphous phantom, hardware “Lyulin-5” located inside and outside ISS hardware “Matryeshka” equipment (monoblock) Study of ДЗЗ-2 Diatomea “Diatomea” kit Study of the stability of the Earth natural Nominal hardware: geographic position and form of resources the boundaries of the World Nikon F5 camera; and Ocean biologically active water ecological DSR-PD1P video areas observed by space station monitoring camera; crews Dictaphone; Laptop RSK1 Biotechnology БТХ-1 Glykoproteid “Luch-2” biocrystallizer Obtaining and study of E1-E2 “Kriogem-03M” freezer surface glycoprotein of α-virus Biotechnology БТХ-2 Mimetik-K (TBD) Anti-idiotypic antibodies as adjuvant-active glycoproteid mimetic Biotechnology БТХ-3 KAF Crystallization of Caf1M protein and its complex with C-end peptide as a basis for formation of new generation of antimicrobial medicines and vaccine ingredients effective against yersiniosis Biotechnology БТХ-4 Vaktsina-K Structural analysis of proteins- (Vaccine) candidates for vaccine effective against AIDS Biotechnology БТХ-20 Interleukin-K Obtaining of high-quality 1α, 1β interleukins crystals and interleukin receptor antagonist – 1 Biotechnology БТХ-5 Laktolen “Bioekologiya” kit Effect produced by space flight During ISS-16, ISS-17 factors on Laktolen producing crews rotation strain Biotechnology БТХ-6 ARIL Effect produced by SFFs on During ISS-16, ISS-17 expression of strains producing crews rotation interleukins 1α, 1β, “ARIL” Biotechnology БТХ-7 OChB Effect produced by SFFs on During ISS-16, ISS-17 strain producing crews rotation superoxidodismutase (SOD)

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 51

Russian Research Objectives (continued)

Category Experiment Experiment Hardware Research Objective Unique Payload Code Name Description Constraints Biotechnology БТХ-8 Biotrack “Bioekologiya” kit Study of space radiation heavy charged particles fluxes influence on genetic properties of bioactive substances cells-producers Biotechnology БТХ-10 Kon’yugatsiya “Rekomb-K” hardware Working through the process of During ISS-16, ISS-17 (Conjugation) Nominal Hardware: genetic material transmission crews rotation “Kriogem-03M” freezer using bacteria conjugation (TBD) method Biotechnology БТХ-11 Biodegradatsiya “Bioproby” kit Assessment of the initial stages of biodegradation and biodeterioration of the surfaces of structural materials Biotechnology БТХ-14 Bioemulsiya Changeable bioreactor Study and improvement of During ISS-16, ISS-17 (Bioemulsion) Thermostat with drive closed-type autonomous reactor crews rotation control unit with stand for obtaining biomass of and power supply microorganisms and bioactive cable in cover ТВК substance without additional “Biocont-Т” Thermo- ingredients input and metabolism vacuum container products removal Biotechnology БТХ-27 Astrovaktsina “Bioekologiya” kit Cultivation in zero-gravity conditions Е.Coli–producer of Caf1 protein Biotechnology БТХ-29 Zhenshen-2 “Bioekologiya” kit Study of a possibility to increase biological activity of ginseng Biotechnology БТХ-31 Antigen “Bioekologiya” kit Comparative researching heterologous expression of acute viral hepatitis HbsAg in S.cerevisiae yeast under microgravity and Earth conditions and determining synthesis optimization methods Technical ТЕХ-14 Vektor-T Nominal Hardware: Study of a high-precision system Unattended Studies (SDTO ISS RS СУДН for ISS motion prediction 12002-R) sensors; ISS RS orbit radio tracking [PKO] system; Satellite navigation; equipment [ACH] system GPS/GLONASS satellite systems

52 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES APRIL 2008

Russian Research Objectives (continued)

Category Experiment Experiment Hardware Research Objective Unique Payload Code Name Description Constraints Technical ТЕХ-15 Izgib Nominal Hardware: Study of the relationship Studies (SDTO ISS RS onboard between the onboard systems 13002-R) measurement system operating modes and ISS flight (СБИ) accelerometers; conditions ISS RS motion control and navigation system GIVUS (ГИВУС СУДН) Nominal temperature- sensing device for measures inside “Progress” vehicle modules “Dakon” hardware Technical ТЕХ-20 Plazmennyi “PC-3 Plus” Study of the plasma-dust crystals Studies Kristall (Plasma experimental unit and fluids under microgravity Crystal) “PC-3 Plus” telescience Nominal hardware “Klest” (“Crossbill”) TV-system Technical ТЕХ-22 Identifikatsiya Nominal Hardware: Identification of disturbance Unattended Studies (SDTO ISS RS СБИ sources when the microgravity 13001-R) accelerometers conditions on the ISS are disrupted Technical ТЕХ-44 Sreda-ISS Nominal Hardware: Studying ISS characteristics as Unattended Studies (Environment) Movement Control researching environment System sensors; orientation sensors; magnetometers; Russian and foreign accelerometers Complex КПТ-2 Bar Remote – indicating IR Selection and testing of detection Analysis. thermometer “Kelvin- methods and means for Effectiveness Video” depressurization of the Estimation Pyroendoscope International Space Station “Piren-V” Modules Thermohygrometer “Iva-6А” Hot-wire anemometer- thermometer ТТМ-2 Ultrasound analyzer AU-01 Leak indicator UT2-03 Complex КПТ-3 Econ “Econ” kit Experimental researching of ISS Analysis. Nominal Hardware: RS resources estimating for Effectiveness Nikon D1X digital ecological investigation of areas Estimation camera, Laptop RSK1 Complex КПТ-6 Plazma-MKS “Fialka-MB-Kosmos” - Study of plasma environment on Analysis. (Plasma-ISS) Spectrozonal ISS external surface by optical Effectiveness ultraviolet system radiation characteristics Estimation

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 53

Russian Research Objectives (continued)

Category Experiment Experiment Hardware Research Objective Unique Payload Code Name Description Constraints Complex КПТ-13 Plazma- Ground observation Study of reflection characteristics Unattended Analysis. Progress facilities of spacecraft plasma Effectiveness environment with onboard Estimation engines activated Complex КПТ-14 Ten’ – Mayak Complex of amateur Working-out of the method for Analysis. (Shadow - packet radio radio probing of board-ground Effectiveness Beacon) communication set space for supporting preparation Estimation with 145/430 MHz of “Ten’” (“Shadow”) plasma frequency range: experiment on ISS RS - receiver-transmitter; - 4 antenna-feeder devices; - 2 power supply units; - controlling computer Study of ИКЛ-2В BTN-Neutron Detection Block Study of fast and thermal cosmic rays Electronic Equipment neutrons fluxes Block Mechanical interface Education ОБР-2 MATI-75 Poroplast pouch with Demonstration effect of shape original samples recovery of blanks made from Photographic/Video cellular polymeric materials Camera Pre/Post Motor control Electromiograph, Study of hypo-gravitational Pre-flight data collection is Flight control unit, ataxia syndrome on L-60 and L-30 days; tensometric pedal, Post-flight: on 1, 3, 7, miotometer 11 days «Miotonus», «GAZE» Total time for all 4 tests is equipment 2.5 hours Pre/Post MION Impact of microgravity on Pre-flight biopsy (60 min) Flight muscular characteristics on L-60, and L-30 days; Post-flight: 3-5 days Pre/Post Izokinez Isocinetic ergometer Microgravity impact on voluntary Pre-flight: L-30; Flight «LIDO», muscular contraction; human Post-flight: 3-5, 7-9, electromiograph, motor system re-adaptation to 14-16, and 70 days reflotron-4, cardiac gravitation 1.5 hours for one session reader, scarifier Pre/Post Tendometria Universal Microgravity impact on induced Pre-flight: L-30; Flight electrostimulator muscular contraction; long Post-flight: 3, 11, 21, (ЭСУ-1); bio-potential duration space flight impact on 70 days; amplifier (УБП-1-02); muscular and peripheral nervous 1.5 hours for one session tensometric amplifier; apparatus oscilloscope with memory; oscillograph Pre/Post Ravnovesie “Ravnovesie” Sensory and motor mechanisms Pre-flight: L-60, L-30 Flight (““Equilibrium”) in vertical pose control after long days; equipment duration exposure to Post-flight: 3, 7, 11 days, microgravity and if necessary on 42 or 70 days; Sessions: pre-flight data collection 2x45 min, post- flight: 3x45 min

54 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES APRIL 2008

Russian Research Objectives (concluded)

Category Experiment Experiment Hardware Research Objective Unique Payload Code Name Description Constraints Pre/Post Sensory IBM PC, Pentium 11 Countermeasures and correction Pre-flight: L-30, L-10; Flight adaptation with 32-bit s/w for of adaptation to space syndrome Post-flight: 1, 4, and Windows API and of motion sickness 8 days, then up to 14 days Microsoft if necessary; 45 min for one session Pre/Post Lokomotsii Bi-lateral video filming, Kinematic and dynamic Pre-flight: L-20-30 days; Flight tensometry, locomotion characteristics prior Post-flight: 1, 5, and miography, pose and after space flight 20 days; metric equipment 45 min for one session Pre/Post Peregruzki Medical monitoring G-forces on Soyuz and In-flight: 60 min; Flight nominal equipment: recommendations for anti-g-force instructions and Alfa-06, Mir 3A7 used countermeasures development questionnaire during descent phase familiarization: 15 min; Post-flight: cosmonauts checkup – 5 min; debrief and questionnaire – 30 min for each cosmonauts Pre/Post Polymorphism No hardware is used Genotype parameters related to Pre-flight: blood samples, Flight in-flight human individual tolerance to questionnaire, space flight conditions anthropometrical and anthroposcopic measurements – on early stages if possible; blood samples could be taken during preflight medical checkups on L-60, L-30 days. 30 min for one session

APRIL 2008 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 55

This page intentionally left blank.

56 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES APRIL 2008

European Experiment Program

The European Space Agency has a Internal Experiments: comprehensive package of experiments that Fluid Science will take place during the Expedition 17 tour of duty on the International Space Station. The scope of European experimentation on the Fluid Science Laboratory: Geoflow station has become more extensive following The Geoflow experiment concerns flow in the the attachment of the Columbus laboratory in atmosphere, the oceans, and the movement of February 2008. The experiments include Earth’s mantle on a global scale, as well as internal and external experiments, those other astrophysical and geophysical problems. performed both inside and outside the station, The experiment will investigate the flow of an in the areas of biology, fluid science, human incompressible viscous fluid, silicone oil, held physiology, radiation dosimetry, solar science, between two concentric spheres, which are materials science, exobiology and tribology, as rotated around a common axis, or kept well as additional monitoring and measurement stationary. A central force field is introduced by devices. applying a high voltage difference between the two spheres. Maintaining the inner sphere at a Internal Experiments: Biology higher temperature to the outer sphere also creates a temperature gradient from inside to Biolab: WAICO outside. This geometrical configuration can be seen as a representation of the Earth, where This is the second run of the WAICO the role of gravity is played by the central experiment in the Biolab facility within the electric field. It will prove useful in a variety of Columbus Laboratory. WAICO, which stands applications, such as improving spherical for Waving and Coiling of Arabidopsis Roots at gyroscopes and bearings, centrifugal pumps different g-levels, involves the effect that gravity and high-performance heat exchangers. It is has on the spiralling motion (circumnutation) the first experiment to take place within the that occurs in plant roots. It is suspected that Fluid Science Laboratory inside the Columbus this spiralling mechanism is an internal Laboratory. mechanism in the plant, independent of the influence of gravity. If so, as the level of gravity Science Team: decreases, the level of root spiralling should Ch. Egbers, L. Jehring, B. Futterer, F. Feudel, increase. Two types of Arabidopsis seed will Ph. Beltrame (DE), P. Chossat, I. Mutabazi, be used in the experiment: a wild type seed L. Tuckerman (FR), R. Hollerbach (UK) and a mutant strain, which has a very low response to the effect of gravity. Root samples Internal Experiments: grown in space will be analyzed after their return to Earth. High resolution photos will be Human Physiology taken of the samples and similar seedlings also will be cultivated under 1g conditions. 3D-Space This experiment involves comparisons of Science Team: preflight, flight, and postflight perceptions and G. Scherer (DE) mental imagery, with special reference to decreases in the vertical component of what is perceived during spaceflight. Virtual reality is

APRIL 2008 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM 57

used as a visual and perceptual stimulus, crew members will perform a simple inhalation making use of a head-mounted display, finger and exhalation procedure every six weeks trackball and digitizing tablet and stylus. The during their stay on the space station. Elevated subject will be required to recognize forms, levels of expired nitric oxide compared to write, draw and perceive distances. Stimulus pre-flight levels would indicate airway production and evaluation will determine inflammation. This experiment started during whether the subject’s mental imagery is motor- Expedition 12. induced or perceptual. The second focus of the experiment uses the small digitizer table for Science Team subject written input. D. Linnarsson (SE), L. E. Gustafsson (SE), C. G. Frostell (SE), M. Carlson (SE), Science Team: J. Mann (SE) G. Clement (FR), C. E. Lathan (USA) NOA 2 Early Detection of Osteoporosis in The occurrence of decompression sickness in Space (EDOS) astronauts, similar to divers, following The mechanisms underlying the reduction in spacewalks is not documented. However, it bone mass that occurs in astronauts in has been demonstrated that similar weightlessness are still unclear. The Early decompression techniques on the ground give Detection of Osteoporosis in Space (EDOS) rise to overt symptoms of decompression experiment will evaluate the structure of weight sickness in approximately 6% of the cases. A and non-weight bearing bones of cosmonauts non-invasive and simple technique for and astronauts preflight and postflight using the assessing current decompression techniques method of computed tomography (pQCT) before and after spacewalks would be together with an analysis of bone biochemical beneficial. In this experiment, astronauts will markers in blood samples. EDOS should perform a simple inhalation and exhalation significantly contribute to the development of a procedure, as in the NOA 1 experiment, before reference technique to perform an early and after a spacewalk. An increased level of detection of osteoporosis on Earth. The ground expired nitric oxide following a spacewalk will experiment with the space station expedition indicate the presence of gas emboli in the blood crews will take place at Star City near Moscow and, if so, may call for modifying the existing and is scheduled to target 10 to 12 short- and spacewalk procedures. long-term subjects in total. Science Team Science Team: D. Linnarsson (SE), L. E. Gustafsson (SE), C. Alexandre (FR), L. Braak (FR), L. Vico (FR), C. G. Frostell (SE), M.Carlson (SE), P. Ruegsegger (CH), M. Heer (DE) J. Mann (SE)

NOA 1 Portable Pulmonary Function System Research has demonstrated that an elevation The Portable Pulmonary Function System is of expired nitric oxide is an early and accurate new equipment, which will be launched to the sign of airway inflammation, especially in ISS to be utilized for MedOps and scientific asthma, but also after occupational dust protocols. It is an autonomous multi-user inhalation. This experiment will utilize improved facility supporting a broad range of human techniques for analysis of nitric oxide in expired physiological research experiments under the air. This will be used to study physiological condition of weightlessness in the areas of reactions by humans in weightlessness. The respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic

58 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM APRIL 2008

physiology. The Portable Pulmonary Function Internal Experiments: System is an evolution to the existing Radiation Dosimetry Pulmonary Function System, which was jointly developed by ESA and NASA and was Matroshka 2B launched to the space station on the STS-114 mission in July 2005. The ESA Matroshka facility was initially installed on the external surface of the space Solo station on Feb. 27, 2004, to enable the study of radiation levels experienced by astronauts This experiment is a continuation of extensive during spacewalk activities. It consists of a research into the mechanisms of fluid and salt human-like head and torso, called the Phantom, retention in the body during bed rest and equipped with several active and passive spaceflight. As early as after the first month of radiation dosimeters. The Phantom is mounted flight, astronauts will participate in two diet inside an outer container of carbon fibber and periods of five days each. They will follow a reinforced plastic to simulate a spacesuit. The constant diet of either low or normal sodium facility was brought back inside the station on intake, fairly high fluid consumption and Aug. 18, 2005, to take radiation measurements isocaloric nutrition, which is equivalent caloric inside the station. For the Matroshka 2B value. The experiment will include urine experiment, new passive radiation sensors collection, blood sampling and mass were launched on Soyuz 15S in October 2007 measurement at the end of the periods. for installation inside the Phantom. The active Samples will be returned to earth for analysis. radiation dosimeters inside the facility were activated in February 2008. Science Team: M. Heer (DE), N. Baecker (DE), P. Frings (DE), Science Team: P. Norsk (DK), S. Smith (USA) G. Reitz (DE), R. Beaujean (DE), W. Heinrich (DE), M. Luszik-Bhadra (DE), Spin M. Scherkenbach (DE), P. Olko (PL), This experiment is a comparison between P. Bilski (PL), S. Derne (HU), J. Palvalvi (HU), preflight and postflight testing of astronaut E. Stassinopoulos (US), J. Miller (US), subjects, using a centrifuge and a standardized C. Zeitlin (US), F. Cucinotta (US), tilt test. Orthostatic tolerance, or the ability to V. Petrov (RU). maintain an upright posture without fainting, will be correlated with measures of otolith-ocular Project Team: function, which is the body’s mechanism linking ESA: J. Dettmann, the inner ear with the eyes that deals with DLR: G. Reitz, J. Bossler, maintaining balance. Kayser Italia: M. Porciani, F. Granata

Science Team: External Experiments: F. Wuyts (BE), S. Moore (US), EuTEF Facility H. MacDougall (AU), G. Clement (FR), B. Cohen (US), N. Pattyn (BE), The European Technology Exposure Facility, or A. Diedrich (US). EuTEF, was one of the first two external facilities attached to the Columbus laboratory in February 2008 and houses the following experiments requiring either exposure to the open space environment, or a housing on the external surface of the station:

APRIL 2008 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM 59

EXPOSE-E the outer surface of spacecraft to the open space environment. Three aspects of EXPOSE-E is a subsection of EuTEF and resistance are being investigated: the degree consists of five individual exobiology of resistance; the types of damage sustained; experiments: and the spores' repair mechanisms. LIFE – The Lichens and Fungi Experiment Science Team: (LIFE) tests the limits of survival of Lichens, G. Horneck (DE), J. Cadet (FR), T. Douki (FR), Fungi and symbionts under space conditions. R. Mancinelli (FR), R. Moeller(DE), Some of the organisms being exposed for J. Pillinger (UK), W. Nicholson (US), approximately 1.5 years include the black E. Rabbow (DE), J. Sprey (UK), Antarctic fungi (Cryomyces antarcticus and P. Rettberg (DE), E. Stackebrandt (DE), Cryomyces minteri), the fungal element K. Venkateswaren (US) (mycobiont) of the lichen Xanthoria elegans, and the complete lichens (Rhizocarpon SEEDS – This experiment will test the plant geographicum and Xanthoria elegans) in situ on seed as a terrestrial model for a panspermia rock samples. Previous results from the Biopan vehicle, which is a means of transporting life exposure facility on the Foton-M2 mission in through the universe and as a source of 2005 showed the ability for lichens to survive in universal ultraviolet screens. exposed space conditions for 15 days. Science Team: Science Team: D. Tepfer (FR), S. Leach (UK), A. Zalar (HR), S. Onofri (IT), L. Zucconi (IT), S. Hoffmann (DK), P. Ducrot (FR), L. Selbmann (DE), S. Ott (DE), F. Corbineau (FR). J-P.de Vera (ES), R. de la Torre (ES) DEBIE-2 ADAPT – This experiment involves the molecular adaptation strategies of DEBIE, which stands for ‘DEBris In orbit micro-organisms to different space and Evaluator,’ is designed to be a standard in-situ planetary ultraviolet climate conditions. space debris and micrometeoroid monitoring instrument which requires low resources from Science Team: the spacecraft. It measures sub-millimeter - P. Rettberg (DE), C. Cockell (UK), sized particles and has three sensors facing in E. Rabbow (DE), T. Douki (FR), J. Cadet (FR), different directions. The scientific results from C. Panitz (DE), R. Moeller (DE), several DEBIE instruments onboard different G. Horneck (DE), H. Stan-Lotter (AT). spacecraft will be compiled into a single database for ease of comparison. PROCESS – The main goal of the PROCESS (PRebiotic Organic ChEmistry on Space Science Team: Station) experiment is to improve our G. Drolshagen - ESA, A. Menicucci - ESA knowledge of the chemical nature and evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial Dostel environments. Dostel (DOSimetric radiation TELescope) is a small radiation telescope that will measure the Science Team: H. Cottin (FR), P. Coll (FR), D. Coscia (FR), radiation environment outside the space station. A. Brack (FR), F. Raulin (FR). Science Team: G. Reitz (DE) PROTECT – The aim of this experiment is to investigate the resistance of spores attached to

60 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM APRIL 2008

EVC PLEGPLAY The Earth Viewing Camera, or EVC payload is The scientific objective of the PLasma Electron a fixed-pointed Earth-observing camera. The Gun PAYload (PLEGPAY) is the study of the main goal of the system is to capture color interactions between spacecraft and the space images of the Earth’s surface, to be used as a environment in low earth orbit, with reference to tool to increase general public awareness of the electrostatic charging and discharging. space station and promote the use of the Understanding these mechanisms is very station for observation purposes to the potential important, as uncontrollable discharge events user community. can adversely affect the functioning of spacecraft electronic systems. Science Team: M. Sabbatini – ESA Science Team: G. Noci (IT) FIPEX Tribolab This experiment helps to understand the varying atmospheric conditions in low earth This series of experiments covers research in orbit where orbiting spacecraft are still affected tribology, which is the science of friction and by atmospheric drag. The density of the lubrication. This is of major importance for atmosphere is the major factor affecting drag, spacecraft systems. The Tribolab experiments and the density is influenced by solar radiation will cover both experiments in liquid and solid and the earth’s magnetic and gravitational lubrication, such as the evaluation of fluid fields. The flux of atomic oxygen is important, losses from surfaces and the evaluation of wear as it shows different interactions with spacecraft of polymer and metallic cages weightlessness. surfaces, such as surface erosion. The FIPEX micro-sensor system will measure the atomic Science Team: oxygen flux as well as the oxygen molecules in R. Fernandez (ES) the area surrounding the space station. External Experiments: SOLAR Facility Science Team: The SOLAR facility, which was attached to the Prof. Fasoulas (DE) external surface of the Columbus laboratory in February 2008, studies the sun with MEDET unprecedented accuracy across most of its The aims of the Materials Exposure and spectral range. This study is currently Degradation ExperimenT (MEDET) are: to scheduled to last for two years. SOLAR is evaluate the effects of open space on materials expected to contribute to the knowledge of the currently being considered for utilization on interaction between the solar energy flux and spacecraft in low earth orbit; to verify the the Earth's atmosphere chemistry and validity of data from the space simulation climatology. This will be important for Earth currently used for materials evaluation; and to observation predictions. The payload consists monitor solid particles impacting spacecraft in of three instruments complementing each low earth orbit. other, which are:

Science Team: SOL-ACES V. Inguimbert (FR), A. Tighe - ESA The goal of the Solar Auto-Calibrating Extreme UV-Spectrometer (SOL-ACES) is to measure the solar spectral irradiance of the full disk from 17 to

APRIL 2008 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM 61

220 nm at 0.5 to 2 nm spectral resolution. Solar and improved with respect to the experience extreme ultraviolet radiation strongly influences gained in the previous missions, Spacelab-1, the propagation of electromagnetic signals, such Atlas-1, Atlas-2, Atlas-3, and Eureca. as those emitted from navigation satellites. Providing the variability of solar extreme Science Team: ultraviolet radiation with the accuracy of M.G. Thuillier (FR). SOL-ACES will contribute to improving the accuracy of navigation data, as well as the orbit SOVIM forecasts of satellites and debris. Using an auto- The Solar Variability and Irradiance Monitor calibration capability, SOL-ACES is expected to (SOVIM) is a re-flight of the SOVA experiment gain long term spectral data with a high absolute on Eureca-1. The investigation will observe resolution. In its center, it contains four extreme and study the irradiance of the Sun, with high ultra-violet spectrometers. precision and high stability. The total irradiance will be observed with active cavity Science Team: radiometers and the spectral irradiance G. Schmidtke (DE) measurement will be carried out by one type of sun photometer. SOLSPEC The purpose of the SOLar SPECctral irradiance SOVIM is interested in the basic solar measurements (SOLSPEC) experiment is to variability, and using the solar variability to measure the solar spectrum irradiance from 180 study other physical phenomena, such as solar nm to 3000 nm. The aims of this investigation oscillations. The basic reasons for irradiance are the study of solar variability at short and long changes are crucially important for term, and the achievement of absolute understanding the solar and stellar evolution. measurements, 2% in ultraviolet and 1% above. The SOLSPEC instrument is fully refurbished Science Team: C. Frohlich (CH).

62 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM APRIL 2008

Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Operations

Artist’s impression (cutaway view) of the ATV attached to the ISS

On March 9, 2008, the European Space Cargo Upload Agency launched the first of a new logistics spacecraft to service and maintain the space The first ATV, called Jules Verne after the station. This new spacecraft, called the famous French author, was launched with Automated Transfer Vehicle, or ATV, will deliver 8.3 tons of wet and dry cargo to the space equipment, spare parts, food, air and water for station. The 1.3 tons of dry cargo inside the the space station expedition crews. Following a pressurized forward section of the ATV, known rigorous monitoring and test phase after its as the Integrated Cargo Carrier, included launch, the first ATV docked with the Russian 500 kg of food for the crew, 136 kg of spare Service Module, Zvezda on April 3. parts for the Columbus laboratory, 80 kg of clothing, and a number of additional items With the ATV now scheduled to be an element including public relations items to of the station until August 2008, the Expedition commemorate the Jules Verne ATV launch. 17 crew will be involved in procedures that This included two Jules Verne manuscripts. revolve around the ATV’s main functions for the The Expedition 17 crew can access this station. These include: pressurized section in normal clothing in order to unload the contents of the Integrated Cargo carrier as necessary.

APRIL 2008 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM 63

The wet cargo carried by Jules Verne re-supply mission, the Expedition 17 crew will accounted for around 7 tons. The largest reattach the docking mechanism to the ATV proportion of this was the ATV propellant, and close the hatch. The ATV will be accounting for 5.8 tons. Sixty percent of the commanded by the ATV Control Centre in propellant was used for the ATV to travel to and Toulouse, France, to undock, deorbit and burn dock with the space station, and for the future up in the Earth’s atmosphere. deorbiting of the spacecraft. 860 kg of the wet cargo was refuelling propellant for transfer to the station, 270 kg is potable water for use by the crew for drinking, food rehydration and oral hygiene, and 20 kg is oxygen used for resupply of the station cabin oxygen.

Station Reboost

Forty percent of the ATV’s propellant will be used by the ATV to reboost the station to a higher orbiting altitude, and for ISS attitude control and debris avoidance manuevers.

Waste Removal

The final part of its mission will be the removal Artist’s impression of the ATV reboosting and disposal of up to 6.4 tons of equipment, the ISS to a higher orbit material and general waste that is no longer used on the station. At the end of the ATV

64 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM APRIL 2008

Digital NASA Television

NASA Television can be seen in the continental Internet Information United States on AMC-6, at 72 degrees west longitude, Transponder 17C, 4040 MHz, vertical Information is available through several sources polarization, FEC 3/4, Data Rate 36.860 MHz, on the Internet. The primary source for mission Symbol 26.665 Ms, Transmission DVB. If you information is the NASA Human Space Flight live in Alaska or Hawaii, NASA TV can now be Web, part of the World Wide Web. This site seen on AMC-7, at 137 degrees west longitude, contains information on the crew and its Transponder 18C, at 4060 MHz, vertical mission and will be updated regularly with polarization, FEC 3/4, Data Rate 36.860 MHz, status reports, photos and video clips Symbol 26.665 Ms, Transmission DVB. throughout the flight. The NASA Shuttle Web’s address is: Digital NASA TV system provides higher quality images and better use of satellite bandwidth, http://spaceflight.nasa.gov meaning multiple channels from multiple NASA program sources at the same time. General information on NASA and its programs is available through the NASA Home Page and Digital NASA TV has four digital channels: the NASA Public Affairs Home Page:

1. NASA Public Service (“Free to Air”), http://www.nasa.gov featuring documentaries, archival programming, and coverage of NASA or missions and events. http://www.nasa.gov/newsinfo/ 2. NASA Education Services (“Free to index.html Air/Addressable”), dedicated to providing educational programming to schools, educational institutions and museums. 3. NASA Media Services (“Addressable”), for broadcast news organizations. 4. NASA Mission Operations (Internal Only). Note: Digital NASA TV channels may not always have programming on every channel simultaneously.

APRIL 2008 NASA TELEVISION 65

This page intentionally left blank.

66 NASA TELEVISION APRIL 2008

Expedition 17 Public Affairs Officers (PAO) Contacts

Michael Braukus International Partners 202-358-1979 NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. [email protected]

Katherine Trinidad Shuttle, Space Station Policy 202-358-3749 NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. [email protected]

John Yembrick Shuttle, Space Station Policy 202-358-0602 NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. [email protected]

Grey Hautaluoma Research in Space 202-358-0668 NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. [email protected]

Stephanie Schierholz Research in Space 202-358-4997 NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. [email protected]

James Hartsfield Astronauts/Mission Operations 281-483-5111 NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, TX [email protected]

Rob Navias Mission Operations 281-483-5111 NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, TX [email protected]

Kylie Clem Astronauts/Mission Operations 281-483-5111 NASA Johnson Space Center Directorate Houston, TX [email protected]

APRIL 2008 PAO CONTACTS 67

Nicole Cloutier-Lemasters International Space Station 281-483-5111 NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, TX [email protected]

Steve Roy Science Operations 256-544-0034 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Ala. [email protected]

Ed Memi International Space Station 281-226-4029 The Boeing Company Houston, TX [email protected]

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

JAXA Public Affairs Office Tokyo, Japan 011-81-3-6266-6414, 6415, 6416, 6417 proffice@jaxa.jp

Kumiko Tanabe JAXA Public Affairs Representative Houston, TX 281-483-2251 [email protected]

Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

Jean-Pierre Arseneault Manager, Media Relations and Information Services Canadian Space Agency 514-824-0560 (cell) [email protected]

Isabelle Laplante Media Relations Advisor Canadian Space Agency 450-926-4370 [email protected]

68 PAO CONTACTS APRIL 2008