Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 2009-2013

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New York ork State OfficeOffi eof of Parks, P rks, RecreationR cre t and HistoricHi to i PreservationPreservati n Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 2009-2013

People • Resources • Recreation

SEQR NOTICE OF COMPLETION OF A FINAL EIS

Date of Notice: December 10, 2008 Lead Agency: New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) Title of Action: Adoption and Implementation of a Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan SEQR Status: Type I Location of Action: Statewide This Notice is issued pursuant to Part 617 of the implementing regulations pertaining to Article 8 (State Environmental Quality Review) of the Environmental Conservation Law. A Final Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan and a Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement (FGEIS) has been prepared and has been accepted by OPRHP. Brief Project Description: The Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) is prepared periodically by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) to provide statewide policy direction and to fulfill the agency’s recreation and preservation mandate. The updated SCORP serves as a status report and as an overall guidance document for recreation resource preservation, planning, and development from 2009 through 2013. The document is also used to guide the allocation of state and federal funds for recreation and open space projects. The direction for recreation in the state is guided by statewide policies. These policies are grouped into four major initiative areas that respond to the current issues impacting the state’s natural, cultural and recreational resources: revitalizing our parks and historic sites, natural resource stewardship and interpretation, creating connections beyond the parks, and sustainability. The Final SCORP/EIS contains a comments and responses chapter as well as provides updates and additions to the Draft SCORP/EIS as necessary. Availability of FEIS: The Final SCORP/EIS may be downloaded at http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/agency/scorp. Copies or CDS of the Final SCORP/EIS are available upon request from the Agency Contact, available for review at all OPRHP regional offices, and CDs are available at DEC regional offices. The Agency Contact can provide regional office locations. Agency representatives and the public can provide comments during the consideration period for the FEIS. Comments on the Final Plan/FEIS will be accepted by the Agency until December 22. Comments should be forwarded to the contact person:

Agency Contact: Robert W. Reinhardt Resource and Facility Planning Bureau NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation Agency Building 1, Empire State Plaza Albany, NY 12238 [email protected] (518) 486-2909 Fax: (518) 474-7013 Copies of this notice have been filed with involved and interested agencies and persons including the Commissioner of OPRHP, NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, NYS Department of State, and the Governor of NYS.

The New York State Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan and Generic Environmental Impact Statement 2009 - 2013

Prepared by : New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation

Completed: December 10, 2008

Contact: Robert W. Reinhardt, Director Bureau of Resource and Facility Planning NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Agency Building 1, 17th Floor Empire State Plaza Albany, NY 12238 (518) 486- 2909

David A. Paterson Governor

Carol Ash Commissioner The National Park Service, Department of the Interior, under the provisions of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 (Public Law 88-578) , as amended, provided support in the preparation of this report. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, strictly prohibits un- lawful discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age or disability. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington DC 20240. Table of Contents Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Introduction...... 9 Planning Process...... 12 Principles...... 12 Objectives...... 12 Process...... 12 Public Participation...... 13 Chapter 2 - Vision and Policies...... 15 Vision for Recreation in New York State...... 15 Policies and Strategies...... 15 Chapter 3 - Trends, Issues and Needs...... 21 Population Trends...... 21 Aging...... 21 Youth...... 22 Universal Accessibility...... 24 Composition of the Population...... 24 Leisure Time...... 24 Social Conditions...... 24 Energy...... 25 Climate Change...... 25 Where the public stands on recreation and conservation issues...... 25 Recreation Supply...... 26 Recreation Demand...... 27 Activity Analyses...... 30 Impediments to recreation participation...... 42 Recreation Need...... 43 Chapter 4 - Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship...... 47 Land Conservation...... 47 Economic Benefits of Recreation and Open Space...... 47 Open Space Conservation ...... 49 Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program ...... 69 Farmland Protection...... 70 Stewardship...... 71 Natural Resource Stewardship and Interpretation...... 71 Inventory and Identification...... 72 Designation...... 72 Management...... 73 Regulation...... 75 Interpretation/ Education Programs...... 76 Cultural Resource Stewardship and Interpretation...... 77 Chapter 5 - Creating Connections Beyond Parks and Open Spaces...... 81 Protection of Existing Protected Lands...... 81 Protecting Connections to Protect Our Natural Resources...... 81 Trails...... 85 iii Table of Contents Vision...... 85 Trail Definition...... 85 Types of Trails...... 86 Terminology...... 86 Existing Systems...... 87 Statewide Trails Plan...... 89 Trail Guidelines...... 90 Roles and Responsibilities...... 93 Implementation...... 95 Greenways...... 99 Genesee Valley Greenway...... 99 Hudson River Valley Greenway...... 100 Niagara River Greenway...... 101 East Coast Greenway...... 102 Chapter 6 - Sustainability...... 103 Climate Change...... 103 Impacts to the Northeast...... 103 Strategies for Enhancing Sustainability...... 105 Sustainability at OPRHP...... 108 Chapter 7 - Statewide Programs...... 111 Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation...... 113 NYS Snowmobile Program...... 113 Heritage Programs...... 115 Boating Safety Programs ...... 118 Sports and Athletics...... 120 Department of Environmental Conservation...... 122 Wetlands...... 122 Wild and Scenic Rivers Program...... 130 Water Access/Water Recreation...... 131 Fish and Wildlife...... 137 Invasive Species ...... 146 Environmental Justice ...... 147 Department of State...... 150 Conserving and Managing New York’s Coastal and Inland Waterway Resources...150 Department of Transportation...... 160 Bike and Pedestrian Program...... 160 Transportation Enhancement Program...... 163 Parkways and Bikeways...... 163 Scenic Byways Program...... 164 Canal Corporation...... 165 Community Assistance...... 165 Department of Education/NYS Museum...... 166 Biodiversity Research Institute...... 166 Olympic Regional Development Authority...... 170 The Olympic Training Center...... 170 Department of Health...... 171 Health...... 171 iv Table of Contents

Water Quality and Safety...... 172 Office for the Aging...... 173 Preventive Screening...... 173 Nutrition Program...... 173 Senior Center...... 173 Senior Center Recreation and Education...... 173 Senior Center Health Promotion...... 173 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers...... 174 Harbors of Refuge...... 174 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission/NY Power Authority...... 175 Hydroelectric Power Projects...... 175 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency...... 176 Lake Champlain Basin Program ...... 176 Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act (BEACH Act)...... 178 American Heritage River Initiative...... 178 National Park Service...... 179 National Heritage Areas and Corridors...... 179 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration...... 181 National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) System...... 181 Sea Grant...... 182 U.S. Geological Survey...... 184 U.S. Department of Agriculture...... 185 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) ...... 185 Statewide Programs...... 186 Accessibility...... 186 Universal Access Program...... 187 Access Pass...... 187 Golden Park Program...... 187 Empire Passport...... 187 Chapter 8 - The State Outdoor Recreation System...... 189 Evolution of New York State Parks, Conservation, and Recreation...... 189 The State of the State Outdoor Recreation System...... 191 State Park System...... 191 State Lands and Forests...... 192 Canal Corporation...... 194 Office of General Services (OGS)...... 195 Olympic Regional Development Authority (ORDA)...... 195 Others...... 195 Enhancing and Revitalizing the State Outdoor Recreation System...... 196 State Parks...... 196 DEC Lands and Forests...... 198 Canal Corporation...... 200 Resource Planning for the State Outdoor Recreation System...... 201 Chapter 9 - Implementation...... 213 State and Federal Funding...... 213 Federal ...... 216 State...... 222 v Table of Contents Sources of Funding for State Grant Programs...... 224 Other Grant Programs...... 225 Grant Allocation...... 227 Partnerships...... 227 Types of Partnerships...... 227 Guidelines...... 228 Chapter 10 - Environmental Impacts...... 231 Environmental Review...... 231 Environmental Setting...... 232 Alternatives...... 232 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation...... 232 Cumulative Impacts...... 248 Chapter 11 - Responses to Comments...... 249 Hearing Attendees and Commentors...... 255 References...... 257 Credits...... 266 Appendix A - Legal Authorization to Develop the New York Statewide Parkland Recreation Plan ... 273 Appendix B -Sample Survey Forms...... 277 Appendix C -Federal Recreation Sites in New York State...... 289 Appendix D -Trail Terms and Definitions...... 291 Appendix E - Wildlife as a Recreational Resource...... 293 Appendix F - State Parks, Historic Sites and Other Properties...... 299 Appendix G - State Nature and Historical Preserves...... 307 Appendix H -Open Project Selection Process Rating Forms...... 309 Appendix I - Recreation Facility Design Guidelines...... 313 Appendix J -Federal and State Wild, Scenic and Recreational Rivers...... 323

vi Table of Contents List of Tables Table 3.1 - The 10 Most Popular Activities Among New York Residents Age 60 or Greater. 22 Table 3.2 - Internet Usage Among New York Residents Age 50 or Greater...... 22 Table 3.3 - Issues Regarding Recreation in New York State...... 25 Table 3.4 -Recreation Facilities in New York State by OPRHP Region...... 26 Table 3.5 - Participation 2005 and 2025...... 27 Table 3.6 - Activity Days 2005 and 2025...... 28 Table 3.7 - Recreational Facilities Needed...... 28 Table 3.8 - Swimming Facilities by Operator...... 30 Table 3.9 - Swimming Facilities by State Park Region...... 31 Table 3.10 - Day Use Facilities by Operator...... 32 Table 3.11 - Day Use Facilities by State Park Region...... 33 Table 3.12 - Camping Facilities by Operator...... 34 Table 3.13 - Camping Facilities by State Park Region...... 35 Table 3.14 - Skiing and Ice Skating Facilities by Operator...... 36 Table 3.15 - Skiing and Ice Skating Facilities by State Park Region...... 36 Table 3.16 - ATV Revenues...... 38 Table 3.17 - ATV* Registrations** by County 2002 - 2006...... 39 Table 3.18 - Golf Facilities by Operator...... 40 Table 3.19 - Golf Facilities by State Park Region...... 40 Table 3.20 - Boating Facilities by Operator...... 41 Table 3.21 - Boating Facilities by State Park Region...... 41 Table 3.22 - Relative Index of Needs...... 44 Table 3.22 (Continued) - Relative Index of Needs...... 45 Table 5.1 - Trail Guidelines...... 91 Table 5.1 - Trail Guidelines (Continued)...... 91 Table 5.1a - 4-Wheel Drive Vehicle Class Requirements...... 92 Table 5.2 - Hudson River Valley Greenway Trail System...... 100 Table 7.1 - State and Federal Program Areas...... 112 Table 7.2 - Wildlife Recreation in New York State *...... 139 Table 7.3 - NYS DOT Stand-Alone Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects 2000-2007...... 163 Table 7.4 - Transportation Enhancement Program 1994 to Present Project Categories #1 and #8...163 OPRHP State Park System...... 197 OPRHP Capital Budget...... 197 Table 8.1 - Detail of DEC’s 5-Year Recreation Capital Investment Plan...... 199 Table 8.2 - Erie Canalway Trail 5-year Plan...... 200 Table 8.3 - Erie Canalway Trail Projects...... 200 Table 8.4 - Champlain Canalway Trail Projects...... 200 Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria...... 204 Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria (Continued)...... 205 Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria (Continued)...... 206 Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria (Continued)...... 207 Table 9.1 - State and Federal Funding Programs...... 214 Table 9.2 - New York State LWCF Appropriations...... 216 Table 9.1 - State and Federal Funding Programs (Continued...... 215

vii Table of Contents List of Figures Figure 1.1 - OPRHP Mission Statement...... 10 Figure 1.2 - DEC Mission Statement...... 11 Figure 3.1 - NY vs. US Population Growth...... 21 Figure 3.2 - New York State’s Aging Population...... 21 Figure 3.3 - New York State’s Changing Population...... 23 Figure 3.4 - OPRHP State Park Regions...... 26 Figure 3.5 - Number and Acreage of Sites by Region...... 26 Figure 3.6 - Need for Swimming Facilities...... 31 Figure 3.7 - Need for Day Use Facilities...... 33 Figure 3.8 - Need for Camping Facilities...... 35 Figure 3.9 - Need for Local Winter Facilities...... 36 Figure 3.10 - Need for Equestrian Facilities...... 37 Figure 3.11 - Impediments to Recreation Participation...... 42 Figure 4.1 - Definition of Open Space...... 49 Figure 4.2 - Goals of the Open Space Plan...... 50 Figure 4.3 - Guiding Principles of the Open Space Plan...... 51 Figure 4.4 - 2006 Conservation Successes...... 52 Figure 4.5 - 2006 Priority Projects...... 68 Figure 4.6 - New York State Bird Conservation Areas...... 73 Figure 5.1 - The New York State Water Trail System...... 85 Figure 5.2 - The Long Island Parkway System...... 85 Figure 5.3 - Montauk Point Parkway System...... 86 Figure 5.4 - Niagara Parkway System...... 86 Figure 5.5 - Lake Ontario Parkway System...... 87 Figure 5.6 - Palisades Parkway System...... 87 Figure 5.7 - Primary Long Distance Trails...... 88 Figure 5.8 - Snowmobile Corridor Trails...... 88 Figure 6.1 - Migrating State Climates ...... 104 Figure 6.2 - Temperature Change in our Cities ...... 104 Figure 7.1 - People, Resources and Recreation...... 111 Figure 7.2 - Snowmobile Operators Taught...... 114 Figure 7.3 - New York State Heritage Area System...... 115 Figure 7.4 - Major Ecozones of New York State...... 138 Figure 7.5 - Partnerships for Regional Invasive Species Management...... 147 Figure 7.6 - State Bicycle Routes...... 160 Figure 7.7 - OPRHP Camping Facilities...... 187 Figure 8.1 - New York State Parks and Historic Sties...... 191 Figure 8.3 - Park System Expansion vs. Capital Budget...... 197 Figure 8.2 - Breakdown of $650 million- State Parks and Historic Sites Capital Needs...197 Figure 8.4 - DEC Campgrounds...... 198 Figure 8.5 - Planning Hierarchy for OPRHP...... 201 Figure 8.6 - Planning Hierarchy for DEC...... 201 Figure 8.7 - Land Classification Framework...... 203 viii Introduction Chapter 1 - Introduction

Parkland and open space are two York State Office of Parks, Recreation of land incorporating 178 state parks, of New York State’s most valuable and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) to 35 historic sites, 67 marine facilities nonrenewable resources that enhance provide statewide policy direction and and boat launch sites, 20 parkways, the quality of life. These important to fulfill the agency’s recreation and over 5,000 structures, 77 developed places have a long history dating back preservation mandate. beaches, 53 swimming pools, 29 golf to Niagara Falls State Park, the “Oldest courses, over 800 cabins and rental State Park” in the country and Central The SCORP process has evolved well houses, 8,355 campsites, and over Park in New York City. Recognizing the beyond its original purpose of satisfying 1,350 miles of trail, as well as several value of the parks and open space, this eligibility requirements for continued outdoor education centers, museums, system of protected areas continues funding under the Land and Water and nature centers and the Empire to expand to over 6,000 public areas Conservation Fund (LWCF). The 2009 State Games. DEC administers nearly 4 comprising over 4 million acres. SCORP will serve as a status report and million acres of land (including 3 million as an overall guidance document for acres of Forest Preserve, over 700,000 Federal, state and local governments recreation resource preservation, plan- acres of State Forest, and over 190,000 as stewards of these resources are ning and development through 2013. It acres of Wildlife Management Areas), faced with a challenging situation of is the State’s premier assessment and over 662,000 acres of Conservation maintaining and revitalizing an aging policy statement to the executive and Easements, 52 campgrounds, several system while looking to the future to legislative branches of state govern- day-use areas, 12 fish hatcheries, 1,280 protect critical open space areas and ment, other units of government, recre- miles of easements for public fishing addressing the needs of the citizens and ation and preservation interest groups, rights, over 400 boat launch and fishing the environment. These resources can and the general public on the state of access sites, two Submerged Heritage no longer be viewed as islands but as the State’s Parks. Planners, researchers, preserves, the Belleayre Mountain Ski systems that need to be connected to administrators, legislators, educators, Center, and about 2,800 miles of trail, benefit both people and wildlife. The special interest groups, the general as well as several environmental educa- benefits derived from these efforts are public and private sector entrepreneurs tion centers and summer camps. far reaching – enhanced quality of life, utilize the SCORP document as a basic increased tourism, improved health, information source particularly for rec- The SCORP expands OPRHP’s mission protected ecosystems, and sustainability reational issues, policies, priorities and statement and guiding principles to a of our environment. Parks and open for supply and demand forecast data. statewide focus (Figure 1.1). The ideals spaces are truly “important places” and However, it is the ongoing planning within the mission statement and guid- must be protected. process and its related products, which ing principles are applicable to all public gives the SCORP its greatest meaning. and private recreation providers as well These protected areas are the result as the protectors and managers of our of a long history supported by various This document is also used through- natural, cultural and recreation re- funding sources including bond acts, out the year to guide the allocation of sources. We share in the mandate to be the Environmental Protection Fund state and federal funds for recreation responsible stewards of these resources. (EPF) and the federal Land and Water and open space projects. The poli- Conservation Fund (LWCF). The park- cies, needs assessment, programs and land conversion process associated with initiatives listed throughout SCORP are parks funded through LWCF and the translated into criteria for evaluating parkland alienation applicable to all projects in an objective manner. This municipal park lands afford long term document provides guidance for the al- protection of these special places. It is location of municipal and not-for-profit important that these mechanisms are funds to local areas and facilities with maintained for the benefit of future the greatest needs. generations. Currently, OPRHP and DEC are The Statewide Comprehensive responsible for the bulk of outdoor rec- Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) reation and conservation in the State. is prepared periodically by the New OPRHP administers about 330,000 acres 9 Introduction Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Mission Statement and Guiding Principles

Mission Statement

The mission of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation is to provide safe and enjoyable recreational and interpretive opportunities for all New York State residents and visitors and to be responsible stewards of our valuable natural, historic and cultural resources.

Guiding Principles •• A Commitment to Leadership. We recognize the preeminence of the New York State Park and Historic Site System. We are committed to excellence, innovation, professionalism and to forging partnerships. We are committed to seeking the means by which operational and maintenance needs are met as recreational and cultural opportunities are enhanced for our patrons. To meet that challenge, we are committed to pursuing compatible revenue initiatives as we continue our commitment to protect resources. •• A Commitment to People. We are committed to serving and protecting the public to the best of our ability, with courtesy and respect. We are committed to our employees and volunteers, encouraging teamwork, self-improvement and mutual support. •• A Commitment to Service. We are committed to equal access and outreach to all segments of our society, recognizing individual needs and interests. We are committed to safety, security, creativity and accountability in providing our programs and services. •• A Commitment to Preservation. State Parks and Historic Sites are unique and irreplaceable public assets. We are committed to wise acquisition, planning and where compatible, development of recreational facilities; timely and professional care and maintenance; and a responsibility to future generations in whose trust we manage resources. We are committed to providing encouragement to all agencies and individuals to identify, evaluate and protect recreational, natural, historic and cultural resources. Revised: July 16, 1997 Figure 1.1 - OPRHP Mission Statement

10 Introduction

The Department of Environmental Department of Environmental Conservation Conservation’s (DEC) mission is taken from Section 1-0101 of the New York Mission Statement and Responsibilities State Environmental Conservation Law (Figure 1.2). DEC is charged with pro- Mission tecting the quality of New York State’s land, water and air, the character of its The mission of the Department is to: scenery, the health and diversity of its fish and wildlife populations and habi- “conserve, improve and protect its natural resources and environment, and tats. Additionally, DEC conserves both control water, land and air pollution, in order to enhance the health, safety and living and nonliving resources for ap- welfare of the people of the state and their overall economic and social well propriate use. This includes managing being.” the forest preserve in the Adirondacks and Catskills, protecting wetlands, riv- Responsibilities ers, lakes and salt water embayments, and serving as stewards of the State’s The Department of Environmental Conservation is responsible for administra- plant and animal species. Saving and tion and enforcement of the Environmental Conservation Law. The Department’s managing open space is a key part major responsibilities as assigned by the Environmental Conservation Law are: of this mission. In doing this, how- •• Regulate the disposal, transport and treatment of hazardous and toxic wastes ever, DEC bases its approach not just in an environmentally sound manner; on the number of citizens who wish •• Manage the state program for oil and chemical spills; to participate in outdoor recreation •• Provide for the abatement of water, land and air pollution, including pesti- activities, but also on the value of the cides; resources themselves to present and •• Monitor environmental conditions and test for contaminants; future generations. •• Encourage recycling, recovery and reuse of all solid waste to conserve resources and reduce waste; •• Administer fish and wildlife laws, carry out sound fish and wildlife management practices, and conduct fish and wildlife research; •• Manage New York’s marine and coastal resources; •• Conduct sound forestry management practices on state lands, provide assistance to private forest landowners and manage fire prevention and control efforts; •• Manage the Adirondack and Catskill forest preserves and recreational facilities, including campsites and the Belleayre Mountain ski center; •• Protect tidal and freshwater wetlands and flood plains; •• Promote the wise use of water resources; •• Administer the wild, scenic and recreational rivers program; •• Regulate mining, including reclamation of mined lands, extraction of oil and gas, and underground storage of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas; Inform the public about environmental conservation principles and encourage their participation in environmental affairs.

Figure 1.2 - DEC Mission Statement

11 Introduction potentials based upon ecological a guide to regional and local agen- Planning considerations. Recreation plan- cies in the formulation of plans and ning must also consider the social program policies and priorities. economic values, abilities and Process needs of the various segments of 4. To develop and maintain adequate the population. This includes the information and analytic systems citizenry at large and the interac- in support of OPRHP’s planning, Principles tion among governmental agencies development, administration, coor- and service systems. dination and review functions. The planning process for the SCORP is predicated upon three basic princi- 3. Planning must be a Participatory 5. To establish and maintain intra- ples. An understanding, acceptance and and Coordinated Process: and interagency coordination faithful adherence to these principles is Coordination and cooperation mechanisms at the state, regional fundamental to the success of OPRHP’s among all government levels and and local levels. overall goal to provide a unified State the private sector is essential to Park and Recreation System which allow for as much development of 6. To establish and maintain citizens’ will serve the needs of all the State’s facilities and delivery of services participation through public meet- citizenry. The plan and the process must to be a shared responsibility. Only ings and surveys. also be responsive to modification in in this way can costly duplication an expeditious and practical manner as of services resulting in wasteful warranted to meet changes in societal consumption of resources and Process values and environmental conditions. finances, or omission of essential services, be avoided. No planning The proper development of recre- The three principles are: process should fail to include op- ation and open space plans requires portunity for a citizen’s participa- adherence to a fundamental planning 1. Planning is a Continuous Process: tion in the planning, policy formu- process — inventory, analysis and Planning must match the dynam- lation and implementation phases forecasting, plan formulation, and ics of its environment, constantly of the overall process. plan implementation— supported by reexamining assumptions, methods program goals, actions and accomplish- and objectives, in light of chang- ments. Existing supply, participation, ing conditions and new informa- Objectives and related social-economic and acces- tion. Planning does not produce sibility data have to be researched and a finished blueprint of the future; The following objectives have been basic land and water resources invento- it is an open-ended process which established to support the above-stated ried. After the inventory process is com- places before decision-makers the goal and planning principles: plete, use patterns, trends, constraints range of effective options. Through and potentials have to be analyzed, careful planning and prudent ac- 1. To formulate, maintain and update forecasts developed and deficiencies tion, government can then make its the Statewide Park and Recreation and user impacts evaluated. Once the maximum contribution to fulfilling Plan as required under the Parks analysis and evaluation are completed, the universal hope for a more satis- and Recreation Law (Consolidated the plan formulation stage is begun, fying life. Laws, L. 1972, Chapter 660) Article where goals, objectives and standards 3, Section 3.15, (See Appendix A) are established and program alterna- 2. Planning must be Comprehensive: as part of a continuous planning tives evaluated. As a result of the The planning process, and thus process. process, the areas most needing actions the information and research base are identified, priorities for development which supports this process, must 2. To develop an outdoor recreation are established, and implementation encompass the entire range of hu- component within the frame- processes are developed and put into man activity and the environment work of the Statewide Park and action. - social, economic and physical. Recreation Plan in accordance with Planning for recreational facilities, the Land and Water Conservation Objectives, goals and standards nec- programs and services, accord- Fund Manual, Chapter 630.1. essary to define future actions should ingly, must include careful consid- be formulated through observation and eration of all available physical 3. To establish a statewide recreation- the application of accepted techniques. resources and their appropriate use al planning framework to serve as Input from various citizen groups and 12 Introduction professional organizations should be •• Implemented a Park Professional solicited along with examination of Survey alternative strategies. After standards •• Implemented a Trail Maintainer’s and objectives are considered, the Survey needs and potentials of the State, as a •• Formulated an interagency Working whole, and each region, must be evalu- Group ated so that the best use can be made •• Coordinated with user groups of available resources - natural, human Additional input was obtained and fiscal. through the public review process for the Draft Plan. Comments have been A projection to the year 2025 is considered and, where appropriate, provided in the identification of recre- included in the the final Plan. The Plan ation needs. Programs and statewide will be available for review on OPRHP’s initiatives have a 5-year horizon; the web site. plan must be constantly reexamined in light of changing conditions and new The participation of the public by no information. Planning, therefore, is a means ends the fulfillment of the above continuous, open-ended process. The activities. Citizens will continue to be plan provides the overall concept and asked, periodically, what their recre- policy framework for program and facil- ation preferences are and their opinions ity development. The action program on recreational issues and delivery of identifies the implementation devices services. It is a major purpose of the and strategies necessary to effectuate SCORP to accurately anticipate the the plan. public’s needs; and, in doing so, to lay the groundwork necessary to maximize the public benefit of the dollars spent Public Partici- for recreation and open space. It is further a purpose of SCORP to assure pation that the natural resources that comprise the State Park System are properly Public participation in the planning conserved and managed. process provides a means for increasing the public understanding of recreation SCORP is part of a continuing plan- needs and opportunities within New ning process that evolves over time. York State as well as increasing the The value of SCORP is not just in what planners understanding of what the it says but in how it is used to protect public desires. The goals, objectives, and manage the natural, cultural and policies, actions, and program priorities recreation resources of New York State, ultimately expressed in SCORP begin to for present and future generations. The be shaped early in the planning process plan assesses existing and future rec- through the identification of the chang- reation demands, evaluates the current ing needs of New York’s people. To in- recreational opportunities and esti- sure the plan is an accurate reflection of mates needs. It also provides a forum both current and projected recreational for the public and recreation providers needs, the State has sought input from to express their needs and concerns. citizens, state and local governmental This information translates into major officials, and interest groups. natural, cultural and recreation resource initiatives, action strategies and actions. In order to assure maximum opportu- As a result, this dynamic system is nity for public participation, OPRHP has: constantly changing and needs, policies, •• Implemented a General Citizen programs, and initiatives have to be Survey revisited.

13 Introduction

14 Vision and Policies Chapter 2 - Vision and Policies

and historic site operation, main- Revitalizing our Parks tenance and management, and Vision for and Historic Sites provide benchmarks for measuring success. Recreation Policy Policy in New York Improve recreation and historic site operation, maintenance and resource Improve and expand water-oriented State management practices. recreation opportunities. Action Strategies The vision for recreation in New York Action Strategies State is: “to provide a system of safe • Rehabilitate and/or adaptively re- • Encourage the acquisition, protec- and enjoyable recreational and interpre- use existing recreation and historic tion and/or development of park, tive opportunities for all New York State facilities when feasible, to satisfy recreational and cultural resource residents and visitors and to protect existing and projected recreation, areas that are physically and visu- and improve the quality of the valuable interpretive and education needs. ally accessible to water bodies and natural, historic and cultural resources.” compatible with environmental In meeting this vision, the quality of life • Promote compatible multiple uses limitations. will be improved with incentives for a and maximize, as appropriate, the healthier life style and economic vitality. length of activity seasons. • Upgrade and protect water This vision establishes a direction and resources through monitoring, leadership role for the State in providing • Promote public health and safety, management programs, and ensure a “greener” environment. handicapped access and energy ef- that water quality standards are ficiencies in rehabilitation and new met. construction. Policies and • Support management practices • Ensure protection of natural and that reduce conflicts among water- Strategies cultural resources in undertaking related activities on significant park and historic site operation, natural water resource areas. The direction for recreation in New maintenance and management York State is guided by ten statewide activities. • Protect underwater lands that have policies of which seven have been in significant natural, cultural and place since the last SCORP and are • Encourage the training of park, recreational qualities. still considered relevant. These poli- historic site and land managers cies provide direction and support for in best management practices for • Encourage the interpretation of protection and management of natural, protection of natural and cultural and access to, where appropriate, cultural and recreation resources. The resources as well as for operation significant underwater natural and policies can be grouped into the four and maintenance of facilities to cultural resources. major initiative areas that respond ensure public health and safety. to the current issues impacting the • Encourage appropriate waterfront State’s natural, cultural and recreational • Significantly increase the state’s development that provides water- resources and that are consistent with investment in the management dependent recreational activities OPRHP priorities. The policies will and operations of recreation and and public access. provide a strong, statewide structure to historic facilities. support specific actions and administra- • Encourage waterfront zoning • Develop, with input from manag- tive and legislative decisions. Action practices that protect and enhance ers, a sustainability plan to iden- strategies that support the policies are water-related recreational activities tify long-range goals and best also identified. and natural and cultural resources. management practices for park 15 Vision and Policies Policy recreational facilities such as trails • Be responsible stewards of the and equestrian campgrounds. land and water resources that sus- Apply research techniques and tain plant and animal species and management practices to improve and • Establish a statewide GIS internet their habitats. expand parks, trails and other open database clearinghouse to provide spaces. accurate and reliable information • Encourage the use of fee and non- to managers on invasive species. fee acquisition as well as other Action Strategies techniques in the protection of im- • Create an institute for invasive spe- portant open space, scenic, historic, • Establish long-term development cies research. and ecologically sensitive areas. strategies that have short-term action programs. • Encourage scientific research and • Develop, maintain, evaluate information sharing and establish and support natural and cul- • Develop master and management a research agenda that will inform tural resource inventories and plans for parks, recreation, natural, ecosystem-based management assessments. historic and cultural areas. decisions and enhance ecosystem management capabilities. • Promote efforts to increase knowl- • Facilitate inventories and analyses, edge and awareness of biodiversity through Geographic Information • Create an ocean and coastal re- and develop statewide, local and Systems (GIS) and other technolo- sources atlas to make information regional approaches to biodiversity gies, of park, recreation, natural available to the public and decision protection and maintenance. and historic resources. makers. • Identify and protect biodiversity • Research and analyze new forms of Resource Stewardship “hot spots” and expand protec- leisure activities. and Interpretation tion of habitat corridors and buffer areas • Ensure appropriate public partici- Policy pation in planning, research and • Seek to restore environmentally sensitive areas adversely impacted environmental review efforts. Preserve and protect natural and by past land and water use cultural resources. • Promote recreation research to practices. improve service delivery. Action Strategies • Prepare a comprehensive invasive species management plan to • Develop management information • Ensure that recreation develop- ensure that New York State is fully systems and support cost/benefit ment is compatible with the prepared to prevent and combat analyses that incorporate consid- environmental characteristics and invasive species. eration for the intrinsic values of carrying capacities of resource resources. areas. • Ensure compliance with state and federal environmental and his- • Encourage the use of innovative • Ensure that the acquisition of toric preservation regulations and management practices. open space resources is consistent guidelines. with the approaches and recom- • Take maximum advantage of infor- mendations identified in the NYS mation technology (Internet, GIS, • Identify threats to important Conserving Open Space Plan. and Electronic Media) to provide natural, cultural, and recreational resources and take action to ad- access to research and information • Encourage the preservation of dress such threats. at parks, recreational and cultural open space in metropolitan areas. resource areas. •• Conduct studies of the impacts of • Encourage the acquisition of the parks and trails on the state • Develop a series of technical in-holdings and important proper- and local economies. documents that provide additional ties adjacent to existing public guidelines for the development, landholdings. management and operation of

16 Vision and Policies Policy people with nature and empower • Encourage full completion of the the public with a greater role in, 534-mile canalway trail system. Support compatible recreation and and involvement in, environmental interpretive programs. protection and sustainability. • Encourage improvements to the canal recreationway system. Action Strategies • Establish a comprehensive education and outreach effort as a • Encourage trail uses of high- • Coordinate, improve and expand critical component of a strategy for way, abandoned rail, and utility environmental, historical and cul- controlling invasive species. corridors. tural interpretive programs within recreational facilities. • Continually update and expand • Encourage local volunteer par- the New York State Museum’s ticipation in the development and • Encourage appropriate training exhibits and interactive computer management of trail segments. in environmental and cultural inter- kiosks on different regions of the pretation and education for staff State and on important natural and • Strengthen the statewide trails and volunteers. cultural resource issues. program for the coordination, planning and technical assistance of • Improve outreach services and • Encourage regions and communi- trail development. technical assistance provided by ties to provide the New York State the State that helps to strengthen Museum with appropriate informa- • Incorporate protection and man- recreational and interpretive option and web links for accurate agement of biodiversity within portunities for the public. data input for electronic kiosks, the recreationway and greenway signs, booths and publications. system plans. • Develop a state park facility environmental interpretation plan Creating Connections • Encourage the expansion of the including staffing, training, infra- beyond the Parks Wild, Scenic and Recreational structure and cooperation with Rivers System. partners. Policy • Promote and interpret the State’s • Encourage and support youth camp rich heritage through the develop- Develop comprehensive, intercon- ment of Heritage Trails. experiences, where appropriate. nected recreationway, greenway, blueway and heritage trail systems. • Encourage various forms of orga- Policy nized athletic competition that are Action Strategies compatible with natural, cultural Protect natural connections between parks and open space areas. and recreational resources. • Identify and encourage the creation of recreationways, green- • Encourage the preservation and Action Strategies ways, and blueways in and around interpretation of significant natural metropolitan areas, along major and cultural resources. • Inventory and identify important water corridors and along other ecosystems and natural connectors. natural, abandoned railroad and • Identify and encourage the cre- utility corridors. ation and preservation of green- • Encourage the protection and/or way systems connecting significant acquisition of critical connectors. • Encourage the development of an habitat areas and protecting interconnecting system of trails, biodiversity. Policy recreationways, blueways and greenways. • Provide patron opportunities for Improve access to opportunities for observation, interpretation and regular physical activity that is in close • Encourage partnerships between education about significant natural proximity to where people live, work federal, state and local govern- and cultural resources. and/or go to school. ments, not-for-profit organizations, trail groups and private landown- • Through education and interpre- ers in the development and main- tive programs, work to reconnect tenance of trails. 17 Vision and Policies Action Strategies • Ensure cooperation and communi- to ensure prevention and rapid cation between parks, historic sites response to new invasive species. • Encourage the development of and cultural areas and colleges, trails, parks, and recreational facili- universities, and other educational • Support the Natural Heritage ties that can be reached by walking institutions. Trust and Legislative Assistance and bicycling. Programs that seek to expand the • Increase public awareness of recre- provisions of recreation services • Modify existing facilities and de- ation and cultural opportunities. and resource protection. velop new recreational facilities so they are universally accessible. • Support urban recreation • Expand the recreation resource initiatives. base through nontraditional • Protect existing open spaces within providers such as securing permis- urban areas. • Support the development of a sion/easements from private land public constituency for park, recre- owners for recreational use of their • Encourage the development of ation, and cultural resources. lands. trails within subdivisions to provide pedestrian access to neighboring • Encourage innovative partner- • Encourage volunteer assistance in communities and facilities. ships in open space protection, the maintaining natural, cultural and stewardship of natural and cultural recreation resources. • Encourage trails and open spaces resources, and the provision and to be incorporated in the revitaliza- maintenance of recreation facilities • Support efforts by all levels of tion of urban areas. compatible with the character and government and not-for-profit goals of those facilities. organizations to eradicate existing • Utilize transportation systems to invasive species infestations, both provide continuity of trail systems, • Assist local communities in the in our waters and on our lands. where appropriate. development of effective zoning and other approaches to protect Sustainability Policy and enhance cultural and natural resources. Policy Improve cooperation and coordination between all levels of government • Strengthen consistency among Employ ecosystem-based manage- and the private sector in providing state, federal and local programs ment to ensure healthy, productive and recreational opportunities and in and policies. resilient ecosystems which deliver the enhancing natural and cultural resource resources people want and need. stewardship. • Work with and encourage the private sector to participate in Action Strategies Action Strategies performing resource recreation, environmental and cultural educa- • Ensure that activities in and uses of • Improve communication and coor- tion and resource preservation resources are sustainable, so that dination among public and private functions. ecological health and integrity is recreation providers. maintained. • Take maximum advantage of con- • Facilitate citizen and broad public servation and youth service corps • Promote understanding of coastal participation and input in planning, in the preservation of natural and systems. stewardship, management and cultural areas. development activities. • Inform decisions based on good • Facilitate regional coordination and science that recognizes ecosystems • Cooperate with communities and cooperation to address complex and their interconnections between organizations seeking to improve resource issues which cross politi- land, air and water. recreation for underserved popula- cal and jurisdictional boundaries. tions such as persons with disabili- • Ensure that caution is applied ties, the economically disadvan- • Support the functions of grass- when risks to ecosystems are taged, youth and older persons. roots partnerships around the State uncertain.

18 Vision and Policies Policy • Increase the use of alternative fuels and non-fossil fuels in heavy- Improve and expand the statewide duty vehicles and construction commitment toward environmental equipment. sustainability in all parks, recreation and historic sites and support facilities. • Adopt Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) stan- Action Strategies dards for new construction where feasible and appropriate. • Develop policies and procedures for reductions in energy consump- • Retrofit and renovate existing tion, reduction in the production buildings to reduce energy use, of greenhouse gases through conserve water, and improve increased energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality, with increased use and support of consideration of possible LEED renewable energy sources. certification.

• Develop policies and procedures • Develop “green” design standards for the procurement of “green” for small buildings where LEED products and services. Maximize certification may not be feasible. the procurement of environmentally preferable or ‘green’ products • Use energy efficient equipment and services. when upgrading water and wastewater infrastructure. • Evaluate opportunities to become a “carbon neutral” agency. • Maximize the use of water conservation practices. • Develop policies and procedures for waste reduction and minimiz- • Incorporate criteria into recreation- ing or eliminating the use of toxic al grant/project rating systems materials. that provide additional credits/ points for incorporating the use • Ensure practices that promote of sustainable design and green waste reduction, reuse, and technologies. recycling. • Provide training and funding to • Minimize or eliminate the use of park, historic site and land man- toxic substances in park, recreation agers for energy efficiency and and historic site operation and sustainability. maintenance. Use only non-toxic ‘green’ cleaning products.

• Purchase only Energy Star rated or ‘green’ equipment.

• Promote the procurement of locally produced commodities.

• Increase the use of non-fossil-fuel- based transportation, public transit and alternative transportation to and within recreational areas and open spaces.

19 Vision and Policies

20 Trends, Issues and Needs Chapter 3 - Trends, Issues and Needs

The 21st century has brought many New York State & National Population Projections 2005-2025 challenges in meeting the recreation 360 30 needs and desires of the citizens of 320 25 New York State and its visitors. The 280 State is part of a dynamic system that 240 20 200 is constantly changing. As the popula- 15 tion composition, land use and envi- 160 120 10 US Pop. (Millions) . NYS Pop. (Millions) . ronmental conditions change so do 80 5 the types and demand for recreation 40 activities and available resources. To 0 0 project future demand for recreation, 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 U.S. N.Y.S. Year all the factors need to be considered. This includes an assessment of existing recreation supply, participation rates, Figure 3.1 - NY vs. US Population Growth demand, demographics, and issues and trends. Total New York State Population New Yorkers Aged 65 and Older

22,000,000 4,000,000 Population 20,000,000 3,500,000 18,000,000 3,000,000

16,000,000 2,500,000 Trends 2,000,000 14,000,000 New York State is the third most 12,000,000 1,500,000 populous state in the United States with 10,000,000 1,000,000 a U.S. Census population of 18.9 million 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 in 2000 and a projected population of 19.2 million in 2005. (Population projec- Figure 3.2 - New York State’s Aging Population tions are based on data that was available from the Cornell Institute for Social is projected to increase by 52.6%. These increasing dramatically. This will have and Economic Research in late 2005). changes, more than the change in total a dramatic effect on the quantity and The population level will remain fairly population will have the greatest effect types of outdoor recreation taking place level through the year 2025 by which on recreation patterns. within New York State. time it is estimated to be 19.9 million. The increased elderly population The population of New York State will result in changes in the way New will increase by 3.3% for the period Aging The baby boom generation (those Yorkers use their leisure time and the 2005 to 2025, a fairly small increase, born from 1946 to 1964) will transi- amount of leisure time New Yorkers especially considering it takes place tion from being the most elderly part of have available. This will require changes over the course of 20 years. However, the workforce to retirement. By 2025, to the recreation infrastructure of changes in the composition of the the youngest baby boomer will be 61 OPRHP facilities, other government population are substantial. These chang- years old. For recreation providers, this facilities and the private sector as well. es are a result of the large number of means a trend away from activities The changes to the state’s popula- immigrants from abroad; a net out-mi- typically associated with youth: team tion will require OPRHP to adapt to its gration especially among younger New sports, court games and other high new clientele. Attendance is expected Yorkers; an increase in racial diversity; physical activities and a growth of other to increase. Much of the increase may and the increased proportion of the activities such as golf, relaxing in the occur during the week when many of elderly population resulting from both park, walking, and other passive activi- OPRHP’s services are provided free or at the continuing increase in life expec- ties. Although New York’s population reduced cost to seniors. However, this tancy and, most importantly, the aging is increasing slightly over the projected increase in attendance (as any increase of the baby boomers. In particular, the period, the number of senior citizens is in the use of facilities, trails, etc.) will number of residents over the age of 60 21 Trends, Issues and Needs Table 3.1 - The 10 Most Popular Activities Among New York also a need to improve the quality and Residents Age 60 or Greater. quantity of recreational experiences of younger New Yorkers as well. Rank Activity Percent Participating (1) Relaxing in the park 73.7% Today’s youth are spending less time (2) Visiting Historic Sites 61.9% participating in outdoor recreational (3) Walking for pleasure 57.0% activities. This is a factor in the rise of (4) Gardening 38.7% obesity and associated health concerns. (5) Swimming 25.5% There is a need to increase the public’s (6) Boating 22.5% (7) Bicycling 20.5% awareness and value of connecting (8) Bird Watching 20.2% children and nature toward a goal of (9) Fishing 13.4% improving the knowledge of our state’s (10) Camping 14.5% natural resources and health and wel- Source: General Public Recreation Survey, 2004 fare of the present and future generation of our youth. cause increased impacts on the environ- Table 3.2 - Internet Usage ment and the aging recreation facility Among New York Residents Age Finally, the rewards of participa- infrastructure. An aging population will 50 or Greater. tion in recreation by youths can last a also require greater adherence to ADA lifetime, providing not only physical, but standards in order to be able to enjoy Older Adults and Seniors Online in emotional and psychological benefits these facilities and services. Further, ad- the US as well. ditional training of OPRHP staff to work (% of population in each group) with the aged will be required. Percentage of Users Connecting Children Age and Nature Based on the 2004 General Public Year 50-64 65+ Recreation Survey, the ten most popu- 2003 61.0 23.9 Children today are less connected to lar activities, with participation rates, 2004 63.2 25.8 the natural world than ever before. They among New Yorkers, age 60 or greater 2005 65.9 27.7 spend half as much time outdoors than are shown in Table 3.4. 2006 68.3 30.0 they did 20 years ago and the effects of 2007 70.9 32.2 sedentary indoor lifestyles have become In addition, there are a large number 2008 73.7 34.1 increasingly evident as the childhood of activities in which older adults can be Source: Department of obesity rate has more than doubled and expected to participate. These include Commerce , May 2005 the adolescent obesity rate has more activities in the following categories: As the population ages, these activities will become more important in than tripled. Associated with obesity is •• Work (full or part-time job) terms of the total recreation picture in a decreased life expectancy and higher •• Political causes New York State. risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, •• Sleeping, eating, exercising and joint problems. •• Shopping The charts in Figure 3.3 show the •• Travel age/sex breakdown for New York State Meanwhile, studies show that •• Gardening and flower arranging in the years 2007 and 2030. The most children who play and learn outside •• Arts and crafts notable change is the movement of the have less stress, fewer sleep disorders, a •• Media entertainment such as the baby boomers, born between 1946 and more positive outlook on life, improved internet, radio, and television 1964 from the age group 43 to 62 years test scores, and greater conflict resolu- •• Religious practices that are pur- old to 66 years old and older. This effect tion skills, are more creative, motivated, poseful, traditional, and ritualistic exists for all counties in the State. and physically fit, and develop stronger •• Education or training immune systems. Research has also •• Cooking found that exposure to nature helps •• Housekeeping chores (Successful Youth reduce the severity of Attention Deficit Aging, 2007). Hyperactivity Disorder, diagnosed in over two million U.S. children (White, In terms of a leisure-time activity, While there has been a focus on 2008). internet usage is expected to grow research devoted to meeting the recre- significantly as the population ages (see ation needs of senior citizens because Richard Louv began a nationwide Table 3.2). of the aging of the population, there is movement in 2005 with the publication 22 Trends, Issues and Needs

of his book about the disconnection be- New York State tween children and nature, Last Child in Population 2007 the Woods. In his book, Louv describes a concept he coined called “nature deficit 85 disorder” as “not an official diagnosis 79 but a way of viewing the problem… 73 diminished use of the senses, attention 67 difficulties, and higher rates of physi- 61 cal and emotional illnesses”. The World 55 Future Society ranked nature deficit dis- 49 order as the fifth-most-important trend 43 of 2007 and the years to come (Charles age 37 et al, 2008). 31 25 The No Child Left Inside Coalition, 19 representing more than 300 environmental, educational, business, public 13 health, outdoor recreation and conser- 7 vation groups nationwide, was created 1 in 2006 to help connect children with 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 nature and to advocate for environ- <-- Men -- Women --> mental education and funding. Another initiative spearheaded by Louv, the National Forum on Children and Nature New York State was launched in 2007 and is supported Population: 2030 by The Conservation Fund. The Forum will select and fund 20 nationally sig- 85 nificant demonstration projects in four 79 key areas of health, education, the built 73 environment, and media/culture. 67 61 Reasons for our children’s nature 55 deficit are many, but particularly strong 49 is the parental perception that nature is unsafe, including fears of strang- 43 age ers, getting lost, unfamiliar plants and 37 animals, insect bites, traffic hazards, 31 and other causes of physical injury. 25 Other reasons are lack of awareness of 19 opportunities, cost, lack of time, trans- 13 portation difficulties, liability concerns, 7 and competition with structured sports 1 and electronic media. But with increas- 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 ing attention focused on the problem, <-- Men -- Women --> solutions are plentiful. One solution in particular, greater access to parks, is as- Source: New York Office for the Aging. sociated with more physical activity and less sedentary behavior among youth Figure 3.3 - New York State’s Changing Population according to a 2006 study published in Psychological Science (Krisberg, 2007).

With public attendance dropping sharply at many state and national parks, the National Association of State 23 Trends, Issues and Needs Park Directors and the National Park smaller pieces rather than large contig- Service agreed on a joint “Children and Composition uous blocks favorable to family outings Nature Plan for Action” in September of and the like. It has also been noted that 2007. This initiative calls for state and of the Popu- the time devoted to outdoor recreation national parks to work collaboratively has increasingly been occurring during to increase public awareness of the lation peak hours causing increasing pressure value of connecting children and nature, on limited resources. discuss common issues and solutions, The population of New York State share information about opportunities, will increase very slightly over the next In the report “New York State engage other agencies and organiza- twenty years, but the composition of Strategic Plan for Overweight and tions in shared technology, programs, this population will be quite different Obesity Prevention”, released in and activities, and promote a national from what it is today. Higher birth- December 2004, the New York State campaign to highlight the importance rates among minority populations as Department of Health emphasizes the of connecting children and nature. well as immigration will continue to importance of physical activity during increase ethnic diversity. The recreation leisure time for the promotion of health. preferences of minority groups can be The report states that New Yorkers’ Urban Areas different from those of the previously most frequently mentioned physical ac- more dominant ethnic groups. Facility tivities during leisure time are: walking, There are 61 cities in New York State. design, signage and public awareness running, weight-lifting, gardening and Not including New York City, 2 million will need to consider the populations bicycling. The report also stresses the people live in these cities. However, being served. importance of accessibility to places for most of the cities, particularly those physical activity. Further, in dealing with in the “rust belt” (that portion of Research has shown that on the strategies and objectives, the report America most affected by the decline of federal level, minority groups are states, as a goal: manufacturing) are losing population. under-represented among the visitors Increase the number of facilities However, with the aging of popula- to national parks. A number of reasons or places for physical activity tion and change in living styles by the for this have been proposed. One is (e.g. parks, playgrounds, gyms, younger working class, there is renewed that both majority and minority groups community centers, schools, etc.) open for community use. interest in residing in urban areas that have an equal affinity to experience provide services and cultural oppor- the outdoors but, with other things Despite the reports indicating an tunities. Revitalization of these areas being equal, minority groups having increase in leisure time, time was the should be guided by smart growth prin- less income, have less money available number one reason cited by individuals ciples. Past development and transpor- to spend on recreation. Another theory in the 2004 General Public Recreation tation practices will need to be revisited holds that there are historic and cultural Survey for not participating in as much to make communities more walkable reasons why minority groups may not outdoor recreation as they wished. This and pedestrian friendly. wish to participate in traditional recre- was true across all age groups except ational activities to the extent that the for the elderly, who for the most part Universal Ac- majority does. were either retired or working part-time. cessibility Leisure Time Social Condi- Approximately 20.6% of the New Recent research has shown a de- tions York State population above the age crease in the number of hours devoted of 5 is considered to have a disability. to work over the past generation. There continues to be a decrease Providing recreational opportunities However, it has been noted that passive, in the average household size and an to this segment of the population will indoor activities such as watching tele- increase in single parent households. require existing and future recreation vision have increased at an even greater This has an impact on the amount facilities to be universally accessible. rate, thus decreasing the availability of of leisure time. The economic gap the increased leisure time for outdoor between the affluent and the poor con- activities. One possible cause of the tinues to increase. As a result activities lack of free time for recreation is that with high entry costs, such as golf and although more leisure time has become available, it is becoming available in 24 Trends, Issues and Needs downhill skiing, will decrease in total participation. Where the public stands Energy on recreation and con-

The future of travel, tourism and servation issues recreational activities dependant on gasoline will become more uncertain As part of the 2004 General Public Recreation Survey, the public was asked its due to cost and availability. This can opinion on issues related to recreation and conservation. Given nine statements, impact such recreational activities as the respondents indicated the degree to which they agreed or disagreed. A similar snowmobiling, ATV usage, boating and set of questions was asked, in 2005, of the municipal officials throughout the state. camping. As a result, there will be an Both groups showed support, in varying degrees for all these issues as indicated by increase in non-fuel related activities. the ranking of the issues from 1 highest to 9 lowest. Table 3.3 - Issues Regarding Recreation in New York State Climate General Municipal Issue Change Public Officials More money should be spent on public 1 1 As Chapter 6 describes climate park maintenance and repair. change will undoubtedly impact the More land should be purchased by govern- landscape, environmental resources and 2 8 ment to preserve open space. recreational activities. The composition of the fauna and flora will change. Government should increase/create addi- The warming of the climate will impact tional public access to water resources such 3 4 both winter and summer activities. The as lakes, streams, beaches and oceanfronts. potential rise in sea level will impact Federal financial assistance to support water related facilities and ecosystems. state and local recreation development and 4 3 These and other impacts will need to be land acquisition should be increased. considered in the future location and Government should increase spending for design of recreational facilities. development of recreation facilities, e.g. 5 3 pools, marinas, trails, campgrounds, etc. Public/private partnerships should be considered to expand and develop recreational 6 2 facilities. More land should be purchased by govern- 7 7 ment for recreation. Government should preserve more open space by means other than acquisition, e.g. 8 6 easements, zoning, etc.. Patrons should help support programs and services that have been provided through 9 n.a. government subsidies in the past.

25 Trends, Issues and Needs Recreation Supply

There are over 14,000 public and private recreation sites within New York State. OPRHP’s facilities inventory maintains information on the location of each of these sites and the number and types of recreation facilities each provides.

There are fewer facilities operated by State agencies as compared to other operators but the sites are larger in acreage. Commercially operated sites account for about one-quarter of the total sites but are generally smaller in acreage than government run facilities. An important difference between these Figure 3.4 - OPRHP State Park Regions two groups is that one function of the government is to provide recreation opportunities of various types and loca- Table 3.4 -Recreation Facilities in New York State by OPRHP Region tions which are not profitable for the private sector. This would include large Number Region Acreage areas that are set aside for conservation The table to the right in- of Sites and passive recreation. cludes only sites presently Niagara 397 43,106 on the Outdoor Recreation Allegany 370 220,553 There is a considerable difference Inventory. Note that not Genesee 480 106,866 in the distribution in the number of all sites reported acreage. Finger Lakes 738 166,243 recreation sites and recreational acre- The state acreage figure in Central 1,536 399,333 age through the state. The table and the chart below includes Forest Preserve 495 383,487 Taconic 535 100,657 charts show this information by OPRHP DEC acreage within the Adirondack and Catskill Palisades 644 251,360 regions: Long Island 1,867 98,210 Parks. 1000 Islands 547 276,942 Additional details on the supply of SaraCap 902 163,139 recreation facilities for selected activi- NYC 509 39,421 ties is presented in tables in the following section on activity analysis. The Saratoga- NYC Niagara NYC Niagara Allegany data in these tables are derived from Saratoga- Allegany Capital Capital Genesee the New York State Outdoor Recreation 1000 Genesee Islands Inventory. 1000 Finger Finger Islands Lakes Lakes Long Is l a n d

Central Long Palisades Central Is l a n d

Taconic Forest Forest Palisades Taconic Preserve Preserve Number of sites by Region Acreage of sites by Region Figure 3.5 - Number and Acreage of Sites by Region

26 Trends, Issues and Needs

demographic variables were assessed as As part of the General Public Recreation Recreation to their influence on recreation choices. Survey, New Yorkers were asked what The results of this analysis were used recreation facilities they felt were need- Demand together with U.S. Census data to make ed within 30 minutes of their home. projections for current and future levels Similarly, also in 2005, park profession- The demand for recreation facilities of recreation by activity and county als and local government officials were is derived from the 2004 General Public within New York State. asked about the need for recreation Recreation Survey that addressed levels facilities in their community. The results, of participation and attitudes toward Relaxing in the park continues to be while similar, did show some differ- recreation/open space issues. This was the recreation activity enjoyed by most ences, notably the absence of swimming supplemented through a survey of the New York residents. This is followed facilities from the park professional’s local governmental park professionals by walking/jogging, visiting museums/ list of needed facilities, this need having which focused on facility needs, issues historic sites, swimming and biking. been rated #1 by the public. A possible and trail concerns. However, the walking/jogging experi- explanation for this being the large ences the highest total of activity days capital investment, ongoing operational The 2004 General Public Recreation followed by relaxing in the park, swim- costs and liability concerns that swim- Survey was directed at a geographi- ming, visiting museums/historic sites, ming pools involve. cally stratified selection of households and biking. residing in New York State for at least 18 months. The survey is an component As mentioned previously, in 2005 of the process because it is one of the the New York State Office of Parks, few opportunities to receive input from Recreation and Historic Preservation the entire citizenry, rather than special collected data from approximately interest groups, park visitors, activity 2,300 individuals on participation in club members and the like. Findings outdoor activities and attitudes toward from the survey were analyzed and environmental and recreational issues. Table 3.5 - Participation 2005 and 2025 2005 % pop 2025 % pop Activity Growth % Growth Participants 2005 Participants 2025 Relaxing in Park 12,495,807 78.03% 12,994,075 77.79% 498,268 3.99% Walking 10,259,380 64.06% 10,704,563 64.09% 445,183 4.34% Swimming 7,193,165 44.92% 7,201,111 43.11% 7,946 0.11% Biking 5,148,247 32.15% 5,304,582 31.76% 156,335 3.04% Historic Sites 9,279,275 57.94% 9,776,268 58.53% 496,993 5.36% Boating 4,296,624 26.83% 4,327,552 25.91% 30,928 0.72% Fishing 2,917,010 18.22% 2,883,353 17.26% -33,657 -1.15% Hiking 3,084,106 19.26% 3,080,203 18.44% -3,903 -0.13% Field Sports 3,015,000 18.83% 2,969,291 17.78% -45,709 -1.52% Court Games 3,947,521 24.65% 3,943,761 23.61% -3,760 -0.10% Tennis 1,734,461 10.83% 1,751,914 10.49% 17,453 1.01% Golfing 2,031,215 12.68% 2,044,693 12.24% 13,478 0.66% Camping 4,314,756 26.94% 4,261,150 25.51% -53,606 -1.24% Hunting 1,003,858 6.27% 1,027,296 6.15% 23,438 2.33% ATV 1,029,832 6.43% 992,248 5.94% -37,584 -3.65%

Local Winter 4,956,576 30.95% 4,954,269 29.66% -2,307 -0.05% Downhill Skiing 1,252,905 7.82% 1,223,477 7.32% -29,428 -2.35% X-Country Skiing 1,084,119 6.77% 1,105,715 6.62% 21,596 1.99% Snowmobiling 762,384 4.76% 722,935 4.33% -39,449 -5.17% 27 Trends, Issues and Needs Table 3.6 - Activity Days 2005 and 2025 per per Activity Day % 2005 2025 participant participant Growth Growth Walking 347,294,417.00 33.85 366,896,973 34.27 19602556 5.64% Field Sports 33,723,802.00 11.19 33,582,420 11.31 -141382 -0.42% Golfing 22,215,328.00 10.94 22,521,577 11.01 306249 1.38% Biking 51,482,470.00 10.00 53,047,831 10.00 1565361 3.04% Court Games 36,507,669.00 9.25 36,759,810 9.32 252141 0.69% Relaxing in Park 104,170,358.00 8.34 109,449,427 8.42 5279069 5.07% Swimming 60,966,850.00 8.48 60,309,198 8.37 -657652 -1.08% Hunting 7,702,896.00 7.67 7,790,958 7.58 88062 1.14% Hiking 20,821,392.00 6.75 21,068,539 6.84 247147 1.19% ATV 6,634,812.00 6.44 6,376,121 6.43 -258691 -3.90% Historic Sites/Mus. 54,959,437.00 5.92 58,611,800 6.00 3652363 6.65% Fishing 16,763,916.00 5.75 16,470,258 5.71 -293658 -1.75% Boating 24,665,177.00 5.74 24,618,653 5.69 -46524 -0.19% Camping 24,156,268.00 5.60 23,667,935 5.55 -488333 -2.02% Tennis 8,140,674.00 4.69 8,245,728 4.71 105054 1.29%

Downhill Skiing 6,400,664.00 5.11 6,366,777 5.20 -33887 -0.53% X-Country Skiing 4,456,481.00 4.11 4,531,456 4.10 74975 1.68% Local Winter 19,386,352.00 3.91 19,164,445 3.87 -221907 -1.14% Snowmobiling 2,109,036.00 2.77 2,003,940 2.77 -105096 -4.98%

Table 3.7 - Recreational Facilities Needed

Expressed Need General Public Park Professionals In the columns to the right, the Swimming Pools/Beaches Trails top five facility needs expressed Trails Facilities for picnicking Facilities for picnicking Nature study facilities by each group are listed in order Playgrounds Fields for sports of need. Open Space Fishing access points

28 Trends, Issues and Needs

29 Trends, Issues and Needs Activity Analyses Swimming When asked what type of recreation county Long Island region has almost ¼ facility was needed within 30 minutes of the New York’s developed beach and Of the activities studied in the 2004 of their homes, respondents mentioned approximately 1/6 of the state’s pool General Public Recreation Survey, swim- swimming facilities more than any other area. ming was the third most popular when type of facility although trail access was measured by activity days and fourth a close second. Over the next 20 years, the number most popular in terms of number of of swimmers and frequency of swim- participants. This activity is most popu- Swimming is very popular in the ming will change little. lar in the southern areas of the state, southern areas of the state, including where a longer season combined with New York City and Long Island. Based more available facilities make it the on information from the Outdoor recreation of choice for many people. Recreation Facilities Inventory, the 2

Table 3.8 - Swimming Facilities by Operator Places with Places with Places with Pool Sq. Ft. (est). Operator Swimming Beaches Beach Linear Ft. Pools

State 173 5.1% 103 6.3% 97,423 17.3% 23 1.7% 386,077 10.3% County 63 1.9% 37 2.3% 23,085 4.1% 12 0.9% 98,804 2.6% City/Village 439 12.9% 120 7.4% 72,507 12.9% 239 17.7% 1,118,407 29.9% Town 445 13.1% 264 16.2% 92,129 16.4% 146 10.8% 494,676 13.2% Federal 3 0.1% 1 0.1% 9,990 1.8% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% School District 45 1.3% 1 0.1% 100 0.02% 30 2.2% 97,325 2.6% Non-Profit 167 4.9% 91 5.6% 22,601 4.0% 59 4.4% 99,106 2.7% Private 401 11.8% 191 11.7% 39,542 7.0% 195 14.4% 475,568 12.7% Commercial 1669 49.0% 823 50.5% 204,797 36.4% 646 47.9% 969,646 25.9% Total 3405 1631 562,174 1350 3,739,609 Source: New York State OPRHP Outdoor Recreation Facilities Inventory (This source applies to this and all following similar tables in this chapter)

30 Trends, Issues and Needs

Table 3.9 - Swimming Facilities by State Park Region

Places with Places with Linear Ft. of Places with Region Pool Sq. Ft. (est). Swimming Beaches Beach Pools

Niagara 145 4.3% 42 2.6% 21,890 3.9% 72 5.3% 240,518 6.4%

Allegany 148 4.3% 97 5.9% 26,180 4.7% 29 2.1% 46,272 1.2%

Genesee 164 4.8% 75 4.6% 36,445 6.5% 79 5.9% 168,187 4.5%

Finger Lakes 219 6.4% 107 6.6% 36,915 6.6% 70 5.2% 174,441 4.7%

Central 436 12.8% 156 9.6% 58,556 10.4% 212 15.7% 614,524 16.4% Forest Preserve 462 13.6% 346 21.2% 75,032 13.3% 77 5.7% 111,915 3.0%

Taconic 239 7.0% 100 6.1% 17,305 3.1% 102 7.6% 232,654 6.2%

Palisades 365 10.7% 134 8.2% 32,251 5.7% 200 14.8% 432,282 11.6%

Long Island 526 15.4% 295 18.1% 135,970 24.2% 216 16.0% 628,744 16.8% Thousand Islands 245 7.2% 152 9.3% 58,264 10.4% 36 2.7% 68,386 1.8% Saratoga- Capital District 405 11.9% 113 6.9% 23,526 4.2% 225 16.7% 537,737 14.4%

New York City 51 1.5% 14 0.9% 39,840 7.1% 32 2.4% 483,949 12.9%

Total 3405 1631 562,174 1,350 3,739,609

(On this and following maps, darker areas indicate greater need) Figure 3.6 - Need for Swimming Facilities

31 Trends, Issues and Needs Day Use Activities surprise that the number of participants activity is not sensitive to the overall for picnicking/day use/relaxing in the aging of the population. The projections This category includes picnicking, park is the largest of all the activities indicate that there will be almost 4% relaxing in the park and playground studied for this report – almost ¾ of the more people engaging in this activity in use. Requiring minimal physical exertion State’s population. 2025 and the total number of activity and almost no equipment costs, these days will increase by 5%. The percent activities can be enjoyed by the young Because of the reasons mentioned increase in activity days is second only and old, rich and poor. It is therefore no above, the level of participation in this to that of “visiting museums/historic sites” and “walking/jogging”.

Table 3.10 - Day Use Facilities by Operator Operator Places with Picnicking Picnic Tables # (est.) Places with Tennis Places with Basketball State 292 5.9% 41,044 39.6% 33 1.8% 40 2.2% County 188 3.8% 21,931 21.2% 55 3.0% 28 1.6% City/Village 1,238 25.0% 10,193 9.8% 538 29.4% 496 27.8% Town 998 20.1% 9,240 8.9% 385 21.0% 375 21.0% Federal 6 0.1% 48 0.0% 1 0.1% - 0.0% School District 658 13.3% 132 0.1% 330 18.0% 528 29.6% Non-Profit 138 2.8% 1,289 1.2% 35 1.9% 41 2.3% Private 189 3.8% 2,476 2.4% 142 7.8% 41 2.3% Commercial 1,246 25.2% 17,285 16.7% 311 17.0% 233 13.1% Total 4,953 100.0% 103,638 100.0% 1,830 100.0% 1,782 100.0%

32 Trends, Issues and Needs

Table 3.11 - Day Use Facilities by State Park Region Places with Places with Region Picnic Tables # (est.) Places with Tennis Picnicking Basketball

Niagara 275 5.6% 16,164 15.6% 133 7.3% 91 5.1%

Allegany 179 3.6% 2,512 2.4% 32 1.7% 25 1.4%

Genesee 232 4.7% 8,808 8.5% 77 4.2% 57 3.2%

Finger Lakes 406 8.2% 8,576 8.3% 73 4.0% 116 6.5%

Central 838 16.9% 13,635 13.2% 289 15.8% 373 20.9%

Forest Preserve 360 7.3% 6,330 6.1% 106 5.8% 42 2.4%

Taconic 370 7.5% 7,912 7.6% 199 10.9% 169 9.5%

Palisades 353 7.1% 9,358 9.0% 122 6.7% 104 5.8%

Long Island 816 16.5% 11,558 11.2% 385 21.0% 434 24.4%

Thousand Islands 327 6.6% 7,695 7.4% 94 5.1% 100 5.6% Saratoga-Capital District 560 11.3% 8,889 8.6% 197 10.8% 247 13.9%

New York City 237 4.8% 2,201 2.1% 123 6.7% 24 1.3%

Total 4,953 100.0% 103,638 100.0% 1,830 100.0% 1,782 100.0%

Figure 3.7 - Need for Day Use Facilities

33 Trends, Issues and Needs Camping

Camping differs from most other out- Camping facilities are available Based on the projections for this door recreational activities in that it is throughout New York State except report, camping in New York State is a multi-day activity frequently involving within New York City and they are fairly expected to decline slightly, the number other activities such as hiking, fishing, limited on Long Island. Because travel is of campers decreasing 1.24% and the boating, etc. The style of camping, e.g. an important component of this activi- number of camping-nights decreasing tent, RV, etc. changes over the course ties, campers in New York City and Long 2.02%. of the individual’s lifetime. Younger Island are willing to travel to the more campers are more likely to participate remote areas of the state. in backpacking and tent camping. Older campers prefer cabins and RVs.

Table 3.12 - Camping Facilities by Operator Places with # of Campsites Places with Places with Operator # of Cabins (est.) Camping (est.) Cabins Group Camps State 180 6.7% 15,934 14.3% 29 6.3% 810 22.8% 21 2.7%

County 68 2.5% 1,853 1.7% 4 0.9% 39 1.1% 14 1.8%

City/Village 20 0.7% 559 0.5% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 3 0.4%

Town 50 1.9% 1,466 1.3% 1 0.2% 1 0.0% 5 0.6%

Federal 6 0.2% 43 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 2 0.3% School 3 0.1% 10 0.0% 15 3.2% 0 0.0% 2 0.3% District Non-Profit 265 9.9% 1,220 1.1% 0 0.0% 138 3.9% 214 27.7%

Private 148 5.5% 1,072 1.0% 21 4.5% 155 4.4% 108 14.0%

Commercial 1936 72.3% 88,948 80.1% 394 84.9% 2404 67.8% 404 52.3%

Total 2676 100.0% 111,105 100.0% 464 100.0% 3547 100.0% 773 100.0%

34 Trends, Issues and Needs

Table 3.13 - Camping Facilities by State Park Region Places with # of Campsites Places with Places with Region # of Cabins (est.) Camping (est.) Cabins Group Camps

Niagara 100 3.7% 6,583 5.9% 10 2.2% 66 1.9% 31 4.0% Allegany 161 6.0% 8,639 7.8% 17 3.7% 557 15.7% 27 3.5%

Genesee 123 4.6% 8,344 7.5% 9 1.9% 119 3.4% 36 4.7%

Finger Lakes 235 8.8% 19,902 17.9% 22 4.7% 185 5.2% 67 8.7%

Central 348 13.0% 15,241 13.7% 40 8.6% 453 12.8% 82 10.6%

Forest Preserve 424 15.8% 18,162 16.3% 100 21.6% 1532 43.2% 103 13.3%

Taconic 140 5.2% 2,803 2.5% 6 1.3% 111 3.1% 77 10.0%

Palisades 368 13.8% 9,206 8.3% 47 10.1% 112 3.2% 199 25.7%

Long Island 129 4.8% 1,846 1.7% 7 1.5% 7 0.2% 34 4.4% Thousand Islands 397 14.8% 10,824 9.7% 161 34.7% 292 8.2% 62 8.0% Saratoga- Capital District 251 9.4% 9,555 8.6% 45 9.7% 113 3.2% 55 7.1% New York City 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 2676 100.0% 111,105 100.0% 464 100.0% 3547 100.0% 773 100.0%

Figure 3.8 - Need for Camping Facilities

35 Trends, Issues and Needs Local Winter Activities

For a number of reasons, the shorter season and school attendance, to mention two, total participation in winter Table 3.14 - Skiing and Ice Skating Facilities by Operator sports is generally lower than sum- Places with Ski Places with Ice mer activities. This category includes a Operator Lifts (#) number of outdoor winter activities, e.g. Areas Skating ice skating, sledding, snowboarding, State 17 7.4% 8 4.1% 64 9.0% County 10 4.4% 3 1.5% 54 7.6% etc. It does not include snowmobiling City/Village 20 8.7% 1 0.5% 229 32.3% or downhill skiing as these two activi- Town 22 9.6% 10 5.2% 211 29.8% ties require considerably more of an Federal 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% investment by their participants in both School District 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 19 2.7% equipment expenses and travel time. Non-Profit 4 1.7% 2 1.0% 17 2.4% Private 16 7.0% 9 4.6% 18 2.5% Commercial 140 61.1% 161 83.0% 97 13.7% Total 229 100.0% 194 100.0% 709 100.0%

Table 3.15 - Skiing and Ice Skating Facilities by State Park Region Places with Ski Places with Ice Region Lifts (#) Areas Skating Niagara 11 4.8% 7 6.9% 49 6.9% Allegany 12 5.2% 8 7.9% 13 1.8% Genesee 9 3.9% 2 2.0% 44 6.2% Finger Lakes 8 3.5% 5 5.0% 35 4.9% Central 39 17.0% 23 22.8% 121 17.1% Forest Preserve 38 16.6% 20 19.8% 42 5.9% Taconic 16 7.0% 6 5.9% 78 11.0% Palisades 35 15.3% 12 11.9% 60 8.5% Long Island 6 2.6% 1 1.0% 80 11.3% Thousand Islands 18 7.9% 9 8.9% 49 6.9% Saratoga-Capital District 27 11.8% 8 7.9% 91 12.8% New York City 10 4.4% 0 0.0% 47 6.6% Total 229 100.0% 101 100.0% 709 100.0%

Figure 3.9 - Need for Local Winter Facilities

36 Trends, Issues and Needs Trail Activities: activity days are expected to increase back riding, the 7th highest non-winter between now and 2025, although the activity mentioned. Hiking potential effects of global warming have not been taken into account in Horseback riding is not limited to the suburban and rural areas of the Hiking is an activity enjoyed by many these projections. state. The Outdoor Recreation Facilities people at different levels of difficulty. As inventory lists equestrian trails in every an activity, Hiking range from a short, Equestrian county, including New York City. Within informal walk at a nature center to a New York State, many of the trail net- multi-day trek through the wilderness Horse ownership and ridership is a works provided by DEC provide support including backpacking. Involvement in popular activity throughout New York facilities such as hitching rails, horse hiking is predicted to be fairly flat over State and is important to many local shelters, lean-tos for riders and parking the projection period with a very slight economies. Based on information from amenities. decrease in number of participants off- the New York State Horse Council, there set by an increase in the number of days are over 200,000 horses in New York The projections for this activity of hiking per participant. More informa- and this activity produces $2.4 billion indicate that between 2005 and 2025 tion on this and other trail activities is worth of goods and services within the there will be a modest increase of available in the section Chapter 3 Trails state providing the equivalent of over about 1.77% in the number of partici- and Greenways. 35,000 full-time jobs. pants. However, a small decrease in the Bicycling

Bicycling is one of America’s major outdoor recreation and transportation activities. While this document is more focused on the recreational aspect of bicycling, it should be noted that the transportation component will likely grow in importance as the cost of gasoline and concerns over environmental issues increase in the future. Projections based on the 2004 General Public Recreation Survey indicate both the number of participants and bicycle days/ year will increase about 3% by 2025.

Because bicycling is an important mode of transportation, and because even much of the recreational bicy- Figure 3.10 - Need for Equestrian Facilities cling takes place on public roads, an important component of improving this number of activity days per participant activity in increased safety. This can Results from the 2004 General will result in the number of equestrian be accomplished in a number of ways Public Recreation Survey indicated that activity days remaining flat for this pe- including the use of helmets, traffic law over 5% of the state’s population had riod. Nonetheless, there are areas of the education and the construction or des- participated in this activity at least once state for which these participants need ignation of separate lanes for bicyclists. during the previous 12 months. The average number of days per participant additional trails and other facilities. Cross-Country Skiing / was 22, with those under 20 years old riding more than 30 days/year and ATV/Off-Road Vehicles Snowshoeing senior citizens about 10. Additionally, when respondents to this survey were Based on analysis of the 2005 Over 1 million New Yorkers partici- asked “What 2 activities would you General Public Recreation Survey, pate in this activity at least once a year, most like to participate in, but can’t participation in ATV/ORV has increased generating over 4 million activity days. for any reason?”, 4.3% listed horse- since the previous SCORP. In 1998, Both the number of participants and approximately 5% of the respondents 37 Trends, Issues and Needs to the Recreation Survey indicated that high in comparison to DMV registration Snowmobiling they had participated in this activity. numbers. Among the 1998 group, the median Snowmobiling is an important part of level of participation was 5 days per There is limited access to public the economy in many remote New York year. By 2005, the percentage of ATV/ lands for this activity. Currently, access communities. A recent report (2003) ORV participants increased to 6.2% and to state lands by the general public is indicated that spending attributable to the median number of days/year for limited to some forest access roads on snowmobiling to be in excess of $800 participants had increased to 10. DEC administered lands. Additional million. This figure includes expendi- access for the mobility impaired is avail- tures not only on equipment, but insur- Analyzing the results of the survey, able on a permit basis for hunting pur- ance, maintenance, gasoline and travel. various predictive variables can be poses. Most of the trails are on private quantified as to the extent that they in- lands, which may or may not be limited However, in recent years the number fluence participation in this recreational to use by ORV club members. of snowmobiles registered in New York activity. One of the strongest predictors State has decreased from approximately for ATV/ORV use is the type of com- The future of ATV use in New York 166,000 in 2002-03 to 130,000 in 2006- munity in which the respondent lives. State is difficult to predict. At the time 07. The current projections in this report The survey asked people to describe of this writing, gasoline prices have are that snowmobiling will continue to their community as ‘inner city’, ‘urban’, been fluctuating widely, but the overall decrease by about 5% both in number suburban or rural. Those living in rural trend has been an increase relative of participants and activity days by areas were much more likely to be ATV/ to income. Further, as upstate rural 2025. Rising gasoline costs along with OVRers (16% vs. 1.2% for inner city communities lag well behind the na- changing demographics may explain residents). A similar finding was made tion, and even the rest of New York in this decrease. Snowmobiling could be- for frequency of participation (15.0 days population growth and the average age come more popular should the industry vs. 1.8 days). of the population continues to increase, continue to become more “green” in the demographics favorable to ATV terms of noise and pollution abatement Similarly, age is also a strong influ- usage are declining. (Applying param- and fuel efficiency. ence in the decision to participate eters from the 2005 recreation survey to in this activity. A higher percentage population predictions for 2025 indi- Other Activities of youths participate than other age cates a decrease in this activity of about groups and they also participate more 3.5%.) On the other hand, the popula- days per year. Similar findings regard- tion trends have been in place for years Fishing ing the effects of age and location on and the number of registered ATVs has New Yorkers can choose from a participation were noted in a study by dramatically increased at the same time. variety of fishing experiences. Salt water the U.S. Forest service. This survey noted fishing, both surf casting and deep wa- a higher overall rate of participation in Table 3.16 - ATV Revenues ter fishing are popular throughout Long these activities, but the activities were Island and New York City. Because of more broadly defined. ATV Revenues Fiscal Year the abundant sources of water through- Collected by DMV out New York, freshwater fishing is Using the findings of the survey in 2002-03 $1,526,939 conjunction with US Census data to also popular. In the winter, ice fishing is popular in many areas. determine the extent of this activity in 2003-04 $933,066 New York State, it appears that approximately 1.03 million people participated. 2004-05 $1,716,959 Tennis This represents about 6.2% of the population between the ages of 12 and 85. 2005-06 $1,340,434 Participation in tennis continues to be tied to household income despite In January 2006, a report issued 2006-07 $1,027,487 the relatively low start-up cost for this by Camoin Associates, Tug Hill Region Source: NYS Department of Motor sport. Individuals living in a house- ATV Economic Impact Study, estimated, Vehicles hold where the income is greater that based ATV sales data from 1996 to $75,000 are about two and one-quarter 2005 that statewide there were 320,000 times as likely to play tennis as those ATVs operating in New York State. The with household income less than sales data was provided by a number $50,000. Further, among those who of industry sources. This figure seems participate, the rate of participation, 38 Trends, Issues and Needs measured in days per year is about Table 3.17 - ATV* Registrations** by County 2002 - 2006 double for the highest income group. COUNTY 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 Albany 2,414 2,246 2,014 1,913 1,530 Although tennis declined in Allegany 1,182 1,165 1,032 1,004 795 popularity for many years, it now is Bronx 313 251 201 178 120 Broome 1,779 1,644 1,456 1,438 1,161 projected to increase, albeit at a rate Cattaraugus 2,050 1,822 1,520 1,400 1,071 slightly below that of the general Cayuga 1,431 1,338 1,161 1,073 873 population. By 2025, the number of Chautauqua 1,774 1,722 1,505 1,572 1,332 New Yorkers enjoying this sport is ex- Chemung 1,125 1,079 962 964 780 Chenango 1,108 1,067 968 1,017 835 pected to increase about 1.01% and Clinton 2,951 3,005 2,903 3,015 2,475 the number of Tennis activity-days will Columbia 881 802 673 672 561 increase about 1.29%. Cortland 955 940 865 801 613 Delaware 1,791 1,792 1,614 1,510 1,262 Dutchess 3,801 3,523 3,106 2,807 2,288 Erie 8,509 8,170 7,176 6,460 4,562 Essex 1,572 1,609 1,494 1,480 1,205 Franklin 2,961 3,019 2,886 2,963 2,699 Fulton 2,024 1,965 1,841 1,825 1,414 Genesee 1,564 1,482 1,254 1,242 991 Greene 1,291 1,258 1,107 1,015 822 Hamilton 312 310 292 284 239 Herkimer 2,081 2,103 2,036 1,974 1,487 Jefferson 5,919 5,759 5,071 4,948 4,004 Kings 523 461 435 441 341 Lewis 3,156 3,505 3,348 3,610 3,164 Livingston 1,225 1,172 1,040 987 771 Madison 1,407 1,420 1,269 1,274 1,026 Monroe 4,066 3,931 3,516 3,258 2,470 Montgomery 1,148 1,141 1,067 1,104 880 Nassau 3,733 3,237 2,878 2,394 2,055 New York 233 170 141 144 108 Niagara 4,255 4,243 3,846 3,702 2,591 Oneida 3,956 4,058 3,844 4,199 3,465 Onondaga 3,627 3,404 3,049 2,927 2,262 Ontario 2,024 1,943 1,738 1,642 1,339 Orange 4,826 4,629 4,041 3,645 2,783 Orleans 1,139 1,148 1,043 1,071 851 Oswego 4,716 4,601 4,197 4,010 3,404 Otsego 1,627 1,626 1,486 1,393 1,043 Putnam 1,378 1,239 1,100 907 647 Queens 1,397 1,216 1,083 1,013 791 Rensselaer 2,359 2,107 1,880 1,746 1,336 Richmond 650 570 473 423 351 Rockland 880 862 763 636 470 Saratoga 4,254 3,831 3,367 3,090 6,642 Schenectady 1,542 1,392 1,165 1,031 2,665 Schoharie 1,141 1,143 1,065 1,067 853 Schuyler 408 408 346 386 794 Seneca 549 567 495 513 359 St. Lawrence 7,544 7,847 7,445 7,456 456 Steuben 2,121 2,028 1,841 1,563 1,338 Suffolk 8,629 7,446 6,737 5,403 4,721 Sullivan 1,950 1,889 1,710 1,728 1,389 Tioga 1,055 998 887 757 573 Tompkins 740 710 664 558 484 Ulster 3,284 3,159 2,857 2,622 2,148 *DMV defines ATVs as having 2 or Warren 2,263 2,181 1,861 1,679 1,482 more wheels; therefore, dirtbikes, Washington 1,930 1,785 1,543 1,459 1,188 trikes and quads are included in this Wayne 2,675 2,635 2,316 2,219 1,717 data. Westchester 2,301 1,938 1,676 1,442 1,096 **Does not include suspended, re- Wyoming 1,229 1,143 968 935 676 voked or surrendered registrations. Yates 527 509 444 420 394 Source: NYS Department of Motor Out of State/Uncoded 990 809 719 644 498 Vehicles Data Services Total 143,245 137,172 123,480 117,053 94,740 39 Trends, Issues and Needs Golfing rapidly growing activity for many years. Golfing is one of the few activities (0.66%) and golfing-days (1.38%). Now, however, with the youngest baby that seem to increase with age, al- Thus, golfing is increasing despite the boomer turning 44, the number of golf- though an increase in income over the advancing age of the population, but ers may not increase as rapidly as be- same years of the lifetime may also be at a rate behind that of other activi- fore. The projections generated from the a contributing factor. With the aging ties that increase with age, e.g. visiting 2004 General Public Recreation Survey of the baby boomers, this has been a museums, walking. indicate a small increase in golfers

Table 3.18 - Golf Facilities by Operator Places with Places with Places with Driving Operator # of Holes Regulation Golf Miniature Golf Ranges State 17 1.9% 351 2.4% 1 0.5% 11 3.4% County 25 2.7% 423 2.8% 7 3.4% 12 3.8% City/Village 47 5.1% 774 5.2% 6 2.9% 12 3.8% Town 34 3.7% 549 3.7% 2 1.0% 14 4.4% Federal 3 0.3% 36 0.2% 0 0.0% 1 0.3% School District 2 0.2% 36 0.2% 0 0.0% 2 0.6% Non-Profit 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.5% 0 0.0% Private 297 32.4% 5175 34.7% 5 2.4% 46 14.4% Commercial 493 53.7% 7567 50.7% 185 89.4% 221 69.3% Total 918 100.0% 14911 100.0% 207 100.0% 319 100.0%

Table 3.19 - Golf Facilities by State Park Region

Places with Places with Places with Driving Region # of Holes Regulation Golf Miniature Golf Ranges Niagara 57 6.2% 936 6.3% 10 4.8% 20 6.3% Allegany 36 3.9% 531 3.6% 7 3.4% 9 2.8% Genesee 75 8.2% 1404 9.4% 20 9.7% 25 7.8% Finger Lakes 78 8.5% 1249 8.4% 27 13.0% 29 9.1% Central 170 18.5% 2538 17.0% 32 15.5% 48 15.0% Forest Preserve 36 3.9% 459 3.1% 18 8.7% 7 2.2% Taconic 95 10.3% 1629 10.9% 5 2.4% 18 5.6% Palisades 75 8.2% 1089 7.3% 25 12.1% 41 12.9% Long Island 130 14.2% 2502 16.8% 12 5.8% 36 11.3% Thousand Islands 57 6.2% 819 5.5% 17 8.2% 22 6.9% Saratoga-Capital District 87 9.5% 1386 9.3% 34 16.4% 60 18.8% New York City 22 2.4% 369 2.5% 0 0.0% 4 1.3% Total 918 100.0% 14911 100.0% 207 100.0% 319 100.0%

40 Trends, Issues and Needs Boating

New York State has abundant water resources and most areas of the state provide numerous facilities for this activity.

Table 3.20 - Boating Facilities by Operator Places with Cartop Boat Ramps # of Docks or Operator Docks or Boat Rental Launches (#) Moorings Anchorages State 189 342 73 3,377 77 County 12 86 12 1,303 36 City/Village 19 143 42 4,322 28 Town 10 230 55 6,807 25 Federal 0 2 0 0 0 School District 0 0 0 0 0 Non-Profit 5 44 4 35 34 Private 9 312 177 12,314 56 Commercial 144 1,272 1,279 98,261 1,026 Total 388 2,431 1,642 126,419 1,282 Table 3.21 - Boating Facilities by State Park Region Places with Cartop Boat # of Docks or Places with Region Docks or Launches Ramps (#) Moorings Boat Rental Anchorages Niagara 5 179 59 6,846 40 Allegany 15 86 25 1,835 53 Genesee 18 90 57 3,562 49 Finger Lakes 40 208 125 7,624 97 Central 91 228 112 10,250 133 Forest Preserve 66 250 85 2,131 204 Taconic 14 126 92 8,576 38 Palisades 24 153 64 6,311 109 Long Island 12 487 562 47,876 295 Thousand Islands 68 322 228 11,709 141 Saratoga-Capital 34 155 84 3,760 84 District New York City 1 146 149 15,939 39 Total 388 2,431 1,642 126,419 1282 Downhill Skiing

As with snowmobiling, this activity is an important component of the local economy for certain areas within New York State. Skiing is a commercially viable operation and the private sector provides most of New York’s facilities. Between 2005 and 2025, the number of downhill skiers is expected to decrease by 2.35% although the number of activity-days for downhill skiing should remain almost the same. 41 Trends, Issues and Needs Impediments to recreation participation

Respondents to the 2004 General As might be expected, for all except electronic video or just a statistical Public Outdoor Recreation Survey were those old enough to be retired, time is anomaly remains to be seen. asked what prevents them from par- the most limiting factor. For the elderly, ticipating in more outdoor recreation. health issues replace time as the most Additionally, as a measure of want- They were presented with the following mentioned restriction on their ability to ing to participate in recreation, the choices: work/school takes too much recreate outdoors. One of the results people surveyed were also asked to time; financial limitations; preference shown above, that may have long term mention up to 2 activities in which they for indoor activities; physical (health) implications for outdoor recreation would like to participate but couldn’t limitations; few facilities available in providers, is the preference among the for any reason. Over 45% of those sur- their area; and nothing, I participate as youngest group, those under 20, for veyed mentioned at least one activity. often as I like. Their responses, grouped indoor recreation. This group showed a The most frequently mentioned activ- by the age of the person answering the higher preference for indoor recreation ity was boating at 10.9%, followed by question, are shown in the graph below than any of the other age categories, swimming (9.1%) and camping (8.0%). and may total to more than 100% whether or not this is the beginning Among the winter activities, the most because of multiple responses. of a long term trend for those who mentioned activity was downhill skiing have grown up being entertained by (5.3%).

60 Time Finance 50 Indoors Physical 40 Few Facilities Nothing 30

0 under 20 20-34 35-44 45-64 65 and over

Figure 3.11 - Impediments to Recreation Participation

42 Trends, Issues and Needs

these reasons, relative index of need The “relative index of needs” is a Recreation figures were unfortunately not comput- valuable tool to determine need for ed for certain activities, e.g. surfing, ATV facilities at geographic areas over the Need riding, and birding, although these were next twenty years, but other factors can included in the 2004 General Public and should be taken into account for Recreation need considers the supply Recreation Survey. any final decisions. of recreation facilities and the level Abbreviations used in the Relative Index of of participation (demand) in estimat- Due to the low level response for Need Table ing how this level of participation will some activities, an alternate means is Park – Relaxing in the park, picnicking, change, both geographically and quan- utilized to provide a RIN at the county playground use, other generic day titatively in the future. The “Relative level for grant rating purposes. In these use. Index of Needs” translates this need cases, an estimated RIN can be calcu- Swim – Outdoor swimming, either pool, by county into a numerical scale, +10 lated on an ad hoc basis using informa- lake, ocean or other. the highest level of need and +1 the tion from the available RIN table. For Bike – Non-motorized use of bicycles least. Five is considered the statewide instance, if a RIN figure were needed for whether on trails, established average in the current year (2005). In ATV activity, its value might be esti- paths, off-road or on highways for all cases, there is a future need for all mated by averaging the values in the recreational purposes. activities but the relative level will be snowmobiling column with those in the Golf – Golfing on either regulation 18 or different among activities and counties. hiking column. While ATV use is distinct 9-hole courses as well as par 3 and from both of these activities, there are pitch and putt courses. One of the factors used in calculating certain commonalities. ATV use ap- Walk – Walking/Jogging on paths and peals to participants that enjoy using trails. Walking for pleasure, generally the Relative Index of Needs is the cur- requiring less equipment than hiking. rent and projected population of New vehicles to explore the outdoors and, at the same time, often requires the Tenn – Outdoor Tennis on any type of York State by age and county. These surface. figures are available from estimates availability of trails such as those that are enjoyed when hiking. This approach, Cort – Court Games, includes developed by Cornell University to- basketball, handball and similar gether with the U.S. Census Bureau. The while not optimal, would provide an ap- sports. proximation of real-world needs. If this Relative Index of Needs also takes into Fild – Field Games, includes baseball, account the fact that people travel for methodology is applied, the inputs will football, soccer and other similar recreation by using available informa- be determined by OPRHP and main- sports. tion on the location of parks and other tained for future use so that figures are Equine - horseback riding applied consistently through time. recreation facilities. Comparing the Hist – Visiting historic sites, museums, number of future recreationists at the etc. While this figure is valuable in look- destination counties with the availabil- Camp – Camping including tent, RV ity of present facilities helps to project ing at the big picture, often, the number camping and backpacking. the future needs for both new and presented for the county represents an average for the county as a whole and Hike – Hiking, usually along established rehabilitated facilities. trails and for greater distances than the actual need is not homogeneous what is considered in the walking for As mentioned above, the relative within a county. As a simple example, a pleasure category. index of needs depends on a number of county may have a river or other natural Boat – Boating including canoeing, input variables for which reliable data resource that would attract great sailing, motor boating, row boating. must exist. If the input variables for numbers of recreationists with limited Fish – Fishing, Salt and Fresh Water the calculations cannot be determined facilities while at the same time having fishing from either shore or a boat, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, largely undeveloped areas elsewhere in but not ice fishing.. the outputs of the equations will not the county that satisfy the recreational LocW – Miscellaneous local winter be accurate. For some activities, not needs in those locations. The county- activities: Ice Skating, Sledding, enough participants responded to the wide figure would consider both areas. Hockey 2004 General Public Recreation Survey. It would over-estimate the needs in Xski – Cross country skiing and For other activities, the data on the sup- certain areas of the county and under- snowshoeing ply side, that is location and quantity of estimate it in others. Nonetheless, the Dski – Downhill skiing recreation facilities, were inadequate. Index of Need is relevant in comparing SnoM – Snowmobiling Another possible data shortfall could be one county to another. a lack of information on willingness to travel to participate in an activity. For 43 Trends, Issues and Needs Table 3.22 - Relative Index of Needs

Index of Needs Park Swim Bike Golf Walk Tenn Cort Fild Equine Albany 3 5 6 5 6 4 3 4 6 Allegany 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 6 4 Bronx 8 7 10 6 10 6 7 9 10 Broome 3 5 5 5 8 4 3 4 5 Cattaraugus 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 Cayuga 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 5 Chautauqua 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 Chemung 3 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 Chenango 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 Clinton 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 Columbia 3 4 4 4 2 3 4 4 5 Cortland 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 Delaware 3 4 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 Dutchess 4 5 6 5 5 4 5 5 6 Erie 3 7 7 6 7 4 3 3 8 Essex 3 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 Franklin 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 5 3 Fulton 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 Genesee 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 Greene 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 5 Hamilton 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 Herkimer 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 Jefferson 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 Kings 10 7 10 7 10 6 7 10 10 Lewis 3 3 3 4 1 4 4 4 3 Livingston 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 7 6 Madison 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 Monroe 9 8 7 5 7 6 5 8 10 Montgomery 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 Nassau 7 6 9 6 7 5 7 6 10 New York 10 7 10 6 10 6 7 10 10 Niagara 3 6 5 5 6 4 4 4 7 Oneida 3 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 Onondaga 4 6 5 5 6 4 3 4 7 Ontario 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 Orange 5 7 7 5 6 4 4 6 7 Orleans 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 5 6 Oswego 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 5 Otsego 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 5 Putnam 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 6 6 Queens 10 8 10 6 10 6 7 10 10 Rennselaer 3 5 5 5 4 4 3 4 5 Richmond 10 7 10 6 10 6 5 10 10 Rockland 5 6 8 5 7 6 4 4 9 St. Lawrence 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 5 3 Saratoga 3 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 Schenectady 4 5 5 5 6 4 3 5 5 Schoharie 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 Schuyler 2 4 3 4 2 3 4 3 4 Seneca 2 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 5 Steuben 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 5 5 Suffolk 6 5 8 6 6 7 5 5 10 Sullivan 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 Tioga 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 4 4 Tompkins 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 Ulster 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 Warren 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 Washington 5 4 3 4 2 4 4 6 4 Wayne 4 6 4 4 3 4 4 5 6 Westchester 7 7 9 6 8 10 5 5 10 Wyoming 2 4 3 4 2 3 4 3 5 Yates 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 5

44 Trends, Issues and Needs

Table 3.22 (Continued) - Relative Index of Needs

Index of Needs Hist Camp Hike Boat Fish LocW Xski Dski SnoM Albany 4 6 6 7 6 4 6 5 5 Allegany 3 4 4 6 5 5 4 4 5 Bronx 8 10 10 6 6 10 10 10 10 Broome 4 5 6 7 5 3 6 5 5 Cattaraugus 3 4 4 5 4 6 4 4 5 Cayuga 3 5 6 4 5 3 6 5 4 Chautauqua 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 Chemung 3 5 5 6 5 4 5 5 4 Chenango 3 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 Clinton 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 Columbia 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cortland 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 Delaware 3 5 4 5 4 3 4 5 5 Dutchess 5 6 7 6 6 4 7 6 6 Erie 3 6 10 6 7 4 10 6 6 Essex 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 Franklin 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 Fulton 3 5 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 Genesee 3 5 6 5 5 3 6 4 4 Greene 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 Hamilton 2 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 Herkimer 3 5 4 5 5 6 4 4 5 Jefferson 3 4 5 3 4 4 5 4 5 Kings 10 10 10 6 6 9 10 10 10 Lewis 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 Livingston 3 5 5 6 5 7 6 4 5 Madison 3 5 5 4 5 3 5 4 4 Monroe 9 6 9 7 7 5 10 5 5 Montgomery 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 Nassau 6 10 10 5 6 5 10 9 10 New York 9 10 10 6 6 10 10 10 10 Niagara 3 5 9 5 5 5 9 5 5 Oneida 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 Onondaga 4 6 8 6 6 4 8 5 5 Ontario 4 5 6 5 5 4 6 4 5 Orange 5 7 7 7 6 4 7 6 6 Orleans 3 5 6 4 5 4 6 4 4 Oswego 4 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 Otsego 3 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 Putnam 5 6 7 5 5 7 7 6 5 Queens 10 10 10 6 6 8 10 10 10 Rennselaer 4 5 6 6 5 4 5 5 5 Richmond 9 10 10 7 7 8 10 10 10 Rockland 5 7 9 5 6 6 9 8 6 St. Lawrence 3 4 3 4 4 6 3 4 6 Saratoga 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Schenectady 4 5 6 6 5 3 6 5 5 Schoharie 3 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 Schuyler 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 Seneca 3 5 5 4 5 3 5 4 4 Steuben 3 5 4 6 5 7 4 4 5 Suffolk 5 8 9 5 5 7 10 8 8 Sullivan 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 6 Tioga 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 Tompkins 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 Ulster 4 6 5 5 5 3 6 5 5 Warren 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 Washington 4 5 4 4 5 6 4 4 5 Wayne 4 5 6 5 5 4 6 5 4 Westchester 8 8 10 6 7 6 10 8 7 Wyoming 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 Yates 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5

45 Trends, Issues and Needs

46 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Chapter 4 - Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship are both tangible and intrinsic values Statistics Consumer Price Index for Land Con- that together make it difficult to fully Urban Consumers become $739 million quantify the true benefits. Our quality and $29.57 million respectively. Other of life depends on the surrounding envi- changes may affect these figures. For servation ronment and the use and conservation instance, a 2007 study of park and of the natural, cultural and recreational historic site visitors indicates that the In many urban areas, different resources. This impacts the water, air, percentage of visitors from outside recreation interests are competing for view sheds, forests, agricultural lands, New York State has increased. Further, the same limited open space; having seashores, heritage, solitude or in other additional local and regional economic regional and State parks within a short words our well-being. There is also an benefits are derived from New York driving distance can help to alleviate economic value associated with open residents. this demand. At the same time, in rural space and recreation that is associated landscapes there is increasing develop- with where we live, work and recreate. ment pressure and environmental issues Environmental Protec- The following is an assessment of some tion on the larger open space and recreation of these benefits. areas. Addressing these needs will depend on the ability for the State to work Open space protection is a critical with local governments, private land Tourism and Visitor’s component in maintaining the quality owners, conservation organizations and Expenditures of the air and water resources and the other interested parties to preserve the sustainability and biodiversity of fish, quality of life in communities through- Open space, natural, cultural and rec- wildlife and plant species. Economically, out New York. reation resources are key in attracting this can impact the level of treatment visitors from outside the local area that needed for water supplies, costs associ- State forest and agricultural lands can stimulate the local economy. For ated with air pollution, and industries provide a large and valuable open the major destination regions, tourism is dependent on the natural resources. space resource. The 700,000 acres of the primary industry and source of jobs. State forests in addition to the Forest The benefits of recreation tourism result Retaining open land can be the Preserve in the Adirondack and Catskill from expenditures by non-local visitors least costly approach to environmental Parks provide extensive trail, hunting associated with travel, lodging, eating, protection. For example, New York and passive recreation opportuni- retail and service businesses. These City can buffer its watershed from ties. Agricultural working landscapes are both direct, (e.g., income to mo- intensive development through the are critical components of the State’s tels, restaurants, bike shops, etc.), and historic watershed agreement, avoiding open space, and offer opportunities for indirect (from the spending by the local much of the estimated $5 billion cost numerous recreational activities. businesses on salaries, wholesale goods, to construct treatment facilities for the etc.). These expenditures support jobs, Delaware and Catskill sources of its personal income, and governmental drinking water. revenue. Economic The State of New Jersey contributed Parks, beaches, scenic landscapes, $10 million for the acquisition and Benefits of historic sites, lakes, streams and coastal protection of Sterling Forest® State areas are central to New York State’s Park to protect the watershed. In 2007, Recreation tourism and travel industry. A study NYS was given a gift of 100 acres of in 1994 indicated that State Parks land in Orange County that became part and Open and Historic Sites alone generate of Sterling Forest State Park, adding to almost $500 million in sales to local the protection of the New York/New Space area businesses from visitors from Jersey watershed (OPRHP Sterling Forest out-of-state. Another $20 million is Announcement, 2007). Recreation and open space provides generated through tax revenues. These many benefits to society, direct and in- figures, converted to 2008 dollars, us- Open space and trees in urban direct, short-term and long-term. There ing data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor environments can significantly reduce 47 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship residential and commercial heating and offer. Areas that provide open space have demonstrated that undeveloped cooling costs, reduce air pollution, lower resources and recreation opportuni- open space, including forest and ag- consumption of nonrenewable fossil fu- ties attract residents and businesses ricultural land, generates more in real els, and make communities more livable to those communities and stimulate property tax revenue than it requires in at the same time. Recent studies have revitalization efforts. This is also the municipal services - representing a net documented the pollution reduction case for areas that have maintained the economic benefit to local governments. potential of trees and a study project is historic integrity of their communities. under way to develop a proposal to EPA Property values increase in areas that Exercise derived from recreational for ozone mitigation using tree planting possess these values. activities lessens health related prob- in New York City as part of the State’s lems and subsequent health care costs. Implementation Plan for Air Quality A study of property values near Every year, premature deaths and lost Management. If approved, this plan greenbelts in Boulder, Colorado, noted workdays cost Americans billions of could substantially reduce costs and that housing prices declined an average dollars. Further, additional costs are provide direct improvement in urban air of $4.20 for each foot of distance from incurred when finding and training quality. a greenbelt up to 3,200 feet. The same replacement employees. study determined that, other variables The protection of open space is being equal, the average value of prop- A recent study found that the cur- vital to conserving and sustaining fish, erty adjacent to the greenbelt would rent levels of physical inactivity in New wildlife and plant species, as well as be 32 percent higher than those 3,200 York State cost the State over $3 billion the overall biological diversity of the feet away (Correll, Lillydahl, and Singell, annually in medical costs, workers’ com- State. The economic value associated 1978). pensation and lost time due to injuries. with protecting open space for the The study estimated that a 5% increase purpose of conserving and sustaining The State’s 17 Heritage Areas have in physical activity levels could reduce the diversity and richness of the State’s experienced preservation of their char- costs by about $180 million per year. fauna and flora species is stagger- acter and heritage and economic vitality ing. Many critical economic goods and of their urban areas. Another study on cardiovascular dis- services provided by the preservation ease, published by the NYS Department of open space and the species and New open space and parklands and of Health, ranks NY as 16th in the US in habitats contained within, serve as an rehabilitated historic structures have age-adjusted deaths due to cardiovas- important source of food, fuel, fiber and helped the revitalization of various cular disease; the cost of the disease medicine. For example, the most com- waterfront communities utilizing grants to New York was almost $16 billion. mercially exploited fish and shellfish through the Coastal Zone Management Coronary heart disease is the leading species depend on tidal marshes and Program, EPF, Clean Water/Clean Air cause of death in the United States and other coastal environments for spawn- Bond Act and other programs. approximately 35% of coronary heart ing and development. Furthermore, disease mortality is due to physical many wild plant species have important Reduction in Public inactivity (NYS DOH Physical Inactivity, commercial value for medicinal, food Service Requirements 2007). The risk of cardiovascular disease and energy sources. can be reduced by increased access Open space and recreation areas and participation in physical activity Forests and agricultural lands are can result in reduced costs to local which can be achieved through the critical in preserving open space and governments and other public agen- New York State Park System (NYS DOH providing recreational opportunities. cies. By conserving open space rather Cardiovascular Health, 2007). Timber harvesting on forested lands than permitting intensive development, generates an estimated $230 million local agencies may reduce costs for A study in a poor, rural area of per year in revenue to landowners, pub- public services such as sewers, roads Missouri found that the installation of lic and private. New York’s Agriculture and school facilities. They can reduce walking trails resulted in significant industry grossed $3.4 billion from goods potential damages in flood areas. In increases in physical activity. The major- sold in 2001. addition, open space areas can promote ity of the trails were within residential physical fitness through exercise and a park areas, often around sports fields Quality of Life relaxing atmosphere thereby reducing or playgrounds. The availability of the health care costs. trails was associated with an 8% in- Open space and recreation are crease in physical activity in the overall important elements in maintaining and A number of recent studies conduct- population. improving the quality of life an area can ed in the Hudson Valley and elsewhere 48 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Cognitive health can be maintained through exercise as well. In 2001, For purposes of the Open Space Conservation Plan, open space is defined as women over 65 were studied for an land which is not intensively developed for residential, commercial, industrial or article that was published in Archives institutional use. of Internal Medicine. The research was to determine the relationship between Open space can be publicly or privately owned, including agricultural and for- cognitive health and physical activity. est land, undeveloped shorelines and scenic lands, public parks and preserves and The study found that for every 10 blocks may contain water bodies such as lakes and bays. walked per day the women had a 13% What land is defined as open space depends in part on its surroundings. A lower rate of cognitive decline (Yaffe et vacant lot or a small marsh can be open space in a big city. A narrow corridor or al., 2007). The ability to get away from pathway for walking or bicycling is open space even though it is surrounded by the stress of everyday life will also have developed areas. a positive effect on users well being. And while not strictly open space, the OSP also discusses cultural and historic American adults should get at least resources which, along with open space, are part of the heritage of New York 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physi- State. cal activity most days of the week. The proximity and accessibility of trails to an Figure 4.1 - Definition of Open Space individual’s place of work and residence is a major factor in how often they will for the homes, commercial centers and be fiscally prudent and they must be use it. The more parks and trails that are industrial plants we need, will have a pursued in all fiscal climates; because, available to the public the better, espe- profound impact on future generations. once developed, forests and fields, cially in terms of physical and cognitive lakeshores and seashores will seldom, health. New York State’s first Open Space if ever, be open land again. Similarly, Conservation Plan (OSP) was authorized once destroyed, historic and archaeo- by a 1990 Act of the State Legislature. logical sites cannot be replaced. Open Space It was prepared through a joint effort by the Department of Environmental In order to suggest the policies and Conservation Conservation (DEC) and the Office actions which define the kind of New of Parks, Recreation and Historic York we leave for those who follow us, The quality and character of the Preservation (OPRHP), working with the OSP brings together: 1) an objective recreation opportunities within New nine Regional Advisory Committees analysis of the State’s resources; 2) the York depend upon the quality and (RACs) appointed jointly by the State knowledge and insight of professionals character of the land on. Our moun- and local governments. The initial OSP inside state agencies; and most impor- tains, lakes, rivers, forests and coastline, received final executive approval on tantly, 3) the informed and valuable our natural landscapes, urban park and November 18, 1992. It has been updat- ideas of the public, local government historic resources shape the way we ed as required in 1995, 1998, 2002 and and the private sector. spend our leisure time, affect the long 2006. The public response to the OSP term strength of our economy, deter- has been overwhelmingly positive as it mine whether we have clean air and serves as the blueprint for the State’s water, support the web of living things land conservation program. of which we are a part, and affect how The 2006 OSP builds on the 2002 we think about ourselves and relate to OSP. Similar to past versions, the OSP other New Yorkers. proposes what open space and historic New York’s fields, forests, waters and sites should be protected for New York wetlands, however, are vulnerable to State’s future and describes how we can human intervention. We have the power conserve and manage these resources to change the landscape, to conserve in a sensible and affordable way. The what is valuable to us as a people, or to OSP does not confine itself to public destroy places which may be important land acquisition, but recognizes that to our future. How we manage change, encouraging private land stewardship is how we protect and conserve open land also important. The OSP recognizes that and historic sites while providing space open space conservation efforts must 49 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Goals of the Open Space Plan The Open Space Conservation Plan adopts the following goals for conservation of open space and historic resources in New York State: •• To protect water quality in New York State including the quality of surface and underground drinking water supplies and the quality of lakes, streams and coastal and estuarine waters needed to sustain aquatic ecosystems and water based recreation. •• To provide high quality outdoor recreation, on both land and water, accessible to New Yorkers regardless of where they live, how much money they have, or their physical abilities. •• To protect and enhance those scenic, historic and cultural resources which are readily identifiable as valued parts of the common heritage of New York’s citizens. •• To protect habitat for the diversity of plant and animal species to ensure the protection of healthy, viable and sustainable ecosystems, as well as the conservation and preservation of biological diversity within the State. •• To protect habitat to sustain and enhance populations of endangered species, threatened species and species of special concern. •• To protect habitat to sustain the traditional pastimes of hunting, fishing, trapping and viewing fish and wildlife. •• To maintain the critical natural resource based industries of farming, forest products, commercial fishing and tourism. •• To provide places for education and research on ecological, environmental and appropriate cultural resources to provide a better understanding of the systems from which they derive. •• To preserve open space, particularly forest lands, for the protection and enhancement of air quality. Figure 4.2 - Goals of the Open Space Plan the State. The guiding principles outline The Open Space Conservation Plan the strategy for achieving the goals of identifies nine goals (Figure 4.2). The the OSP (Figure 4.3). primary strategy for achieving these goals is for the State government to The State, working in cooperation work cooperatively and in partnership with others, should continue to focus its with local governments, the federal attention on conservation of the high government, not-for-profit organiza- priority open space projects described tions, the private sector and individual in the OSP. Conservation of these property owners to conserve a cohesive areas, before they are lost forever to framework of open space around which subdivision or development, has been all New Yorkers can build better, more determined to be critical to achieving rewarding lives. the goals of the OSP. The approach to land conservation recommended by the While the acquisition of public land OSP is complex and involves not just and easements by the State is part of land protection but also ongoing care, this strategy, it is central to the recom- management and stewardship. mendations of this OSP that land acquisition by the State is only one of several tools for conservation of open space. Most of New York State’s open land is not, nor should it be, publicly owned. Rather it should include working landscapes managed by farmers, woodland and shoreline owners and nonworking open space maintained by private organizations and citizens. In this context, it should be clear that when the OSP discusses conservation of land or creation of a framework of open space it does not always imply acquisition by 50 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship

Guiding Principles for the Open Space Conservation Plan Many other important open space •• The State should work in partnership with others including local govern- acquisitions have been made during ments, not-for-profit conservation organizations and private land owners to this time period, from the Pine Barrens establish and achieve land conservation goals. of Long Island, to remote wilderness •• Along with the State’s Quality Communities Initiative, the Open Space Con- areas in the Adirondacks and Catskills, servation Plan strives to combat sprawl through conservation of important to waterfront properties along the ecological areas and community resources through local, regional and state Great Lakes, Lake Champlain and Lake planning to grow intelligently. George. Exciting new urban parks in •• State acquisition of land and easements on land are only two of a number New York City, including the Hudson of strategies for conserving open space, recreational, historical and cultural River Park, and new State Parks in resources with public values. The key to the success of this Plan is fitting the Western New York and on Long Island appropriate strategy to the resource. have been acquired and developed for •• Given limited public dollars and overall economic concerns, it is essential to public use and enjoyment. establish careful and understandable priorities for state action to conserve specific open space parcels and cultural resources. Since 2002, the EPF has also provid- •• Such priorities ought to be established through the combination of objective ed $2 million to land trusts throughout measurements of land conservation needs and broad based citizen opinion. New York to work with private land- •• In pursuing open space conservation goals, the State must deal fairly and owners and local communities to help openly with property owners on a willing seller/willing buyer basis, local save important open space resources. governments and citizens in general. The Department of Agriculture and •• In setting out proposals, the plan should try to define costs of implementa- Markets is successfully implement- tion and propose methods for meeting those costs. ing New York’s Farmland Protection •• When conveying land for public purposes, the cost of adequate management program, working closely with local and stewardship must be taken into account. governments and farmers to preserve •• Maintaining working landscapes is important to mitigating the causes of more than 41,000 acres of productive global warming through sequestration of carbon in forests and agricultural farmland, using $102.9 million in EPF fields, while also retaining land in private ownership with public benefits. funds that has leveraged significant pri- •• Open space has been shown to have an economic value in the maintenance vate donations. It also has worked pro- of water quality, air quality and the quality of life of New York’s residents. actively to develop alternative methods Figure 4.3 - Guiding Principles of the Open Space Plan to preserve farmland in areas that have not yet experienced strong development Accomplishments and stewardship, farmland protection pressures. programs and local park projects. The State Open Space Conservation Through the State’s Clean Water Plan has guided an unprecedented Highlights include the largest land State Revolving Loan fund, the level of investment, and subsequent conservation agreement in the State’s Environmental Facilities Corporation has achievement, in a variety of open space history: a monumental working for- administered low interest loan funding protection projects by the State, often est conservation easement with the for the acquisition of fee and easement in partnership with local governments, International Paper Corporation cover- on about 76,000 acres of land within non-profit conservation organizations ing nearly 260,000 acres of land within the New York City watershed in the and private landowners. The OSP has the Adirondack Park, in 21 separate Catskills and Westchester County, and helped guide the expenditure of more tracts covering 34 towns in 9 counties. on lands protecting the aquifer that than $700 million to protect more than The deal will simultaneously protect the supplies clean water for Long Island 1 million acres since its inception, nearly forest resource on these lands forever residents. a twenty percent increase in State land (and all the benefits that are derived holdings since 1995. from forests including superior water Through the Department of State’s quality and wildlife habitat), require Coastal Management Program (CMP) The State’s Environmental Protection sustainable forestry, restrict non-forestry and Local Waterfront Revitalization Fund has grown to $250 million annu- related development on the property, Program, funded by the EPF, dozens of ally for a variety of important State and provide new public access and recre- coastal and inland waterfront communi- local environmental programs, including ational opportunities and enhance the ties have prepared comprehensive plans funding for State-level land acquisitions local tax base. and implemented programs to conserve valuable natural resources and enhance 51 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship public access while redeveloping their The Coastal and Estuarine Land Forest, East Branch Fish Creek, and the waterfronts or coast lines. $83 mil- Conservation Program (CELCP) was es- Adirondack Lakes project. These funds, lion in Stewardship funding from the tablished in 2002 to protect important administered by the United State Forest Environmental Protection Fund also has coastal and estuarine areas that have Service, are focused on conserving helped augment available funding to significant conservation, recreation, eco- forest resources for environmental and ensure that existing and newly acquired logical, historical, or aesthetic values, economic benefit and are used to aug- lands are properly cared for and opened or that are threatened by development. ment funding available from the State’s to public use and enjoyment. Since 2002, New York State has received Environmental Protection Fund. nearly $10 million through CELCP to The Bird Conservation Area Program fund important coastal land protection The following is an extensive list, (BCA) is modeled after the National projects, including the acquisition of 4 compiled regionally, of conserva- Audubon Society’s Important Bird Areas acres to extend the Hempstead Harbor tion successes from the priority proj- Program. The BCA program seeks to Shoreline Trail in North Hempstead ects listed in the 2002 Open Space provide a comprehensive, ecosystem (Nassau County), the acquisition of 35 Conservation Plan. It demonstrates the approach to conserving birds and their acres for habitat conservation on Lake value of a coordinated, integrated open habitats on state lands and waters, by Ontario in Parma (Monroe County), and space program that includes extensive integrating bird conservation interests the acquisition of 123 acres for habitat partnerships among various levels of in agency planning, management, and conservation on Montauk Point in East government, private landowners, con- research projects, within the context of Hampton (Suffolk County). servation and land preservation orga- agency missions. Subsequent to pas- nizations and interested citizens. These sage of the BCA program, the legisla- The State has secured more than partnerships have worked to conserve ture also authorized the State Natural $10 million in federal Forest Legacy an enduring outdoor legacy of which all Heritage Areas program to designate funding for a variety of forest land New Yorkers can be proud. Natural Heritage sites on state-owned conservation projects identified in the lands. To date, 48 BCAs have been Open Space Plan, including Sterling designated.

Figure 4.4 - 2006 Conservation Successes 52 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Region 1 Southampton and Quogue, the Peconic complex on Southold Bay in the Peconic land Trust and The Nature Conservancy. Pinelands Maritime Reserve. The Town In 2003, the OPRHP acquired 225 paid for the $2.25 million keystone acres and more than one mile of In July of 2005, OPRHP acquired 122 property using DEC’s federal grant, shoreline along the north shore of acres of oceanfront land on the bluffs Town funds and funds contributed by Long Island in the town of Jamesport. of Montauk Point in the Town of East The Nature Conservancy. Existing Town The former KeySpan site, now known Hampton for a new State Park. The and County land holdings in Pipe’s Cove as Jamesport State Park and Preserve property, known as Amsterdam Beach, area were used as land-value match for is part of 525 acres of open space includes 54 acres of sensitive wetlands DEC’s million dollar grant. that was protected for parkland and and maritime grasslands and is one agricultural use. Approximately 300 of the last remaining significant tracts On Earth Day 2004, DEC and the acres of land was sold by the Trust for of undeveloped land in Montauk. The Town of Brookhaven together protected Public Land for agricultural use by local property will become the eighth new 34 acres on the Carmans River in the farmers and is subject to a conserva- State Park to open on Long Island since Hamlet of Yaphank. The property, tion easement. The proceeds from the 1995. The property has over 1,288 known as Connecticut River Estates, had sale totaling $3.3 million will support feet of ocean frontage on the Montauk conditional final approval in place for a development and environmental inter- Peninsula. The $16.5 million acquisi- 25-lot subdivision. The Town bought six pretation at the park. The shorefront tion will be made by the OPRHP, Suffolk lots abutting its Camp Olympia property Park and Preserve encompasses both County and the Town of East Hampton. for $600,000 and DEC purchased the environmentally significant natural The State’s $4 million share of the remaining nineteen lots for $1.9 million. resources as well as areas for more purchase will be supported through Located in the Compatible Growth Area, traditional active recreation. Jamesport the Environmental Protection Fund. the property also fronts the Carmans marks the 7th State park on Long Island Additionally, the Town’s $7 million (a.k.a. Connecticut) River, a State- to be opened since 1996. share of the purchase price is supported designated Scenic and Recreational through a $1 million grant secured River and home to the largest naturally DEC added to its holdings on the by Congressman Timothy Bishop in reproducing brook trout population on western shore of Mattituck Creek in the 2004 through the federal Coastal and Long Island. Town of Southold. Since 2002, DEC has Estuarine Land Preservation Program. purchased three parcels, totaling 5.6 DEC purchased 60 acres of land acres. The former Petersen’s Marina is The old Bethpage Parkway right-of- in the Core Preservation Area of the the site for a new public boat launch way in Nassau and Suffolk Counties has Central Pine Barrens Preserve on Long facility, providing needed Long Island been re-designated as Trail View State Island adjacent to State and County pre- Sound Access to the general public. Park. The 488 acre linear park, which serve lands. The property, encompassing runs 7.4 miles north from Bethpage two separate parcels, is located in the In addition to the Long Island Access State Park to Cold Spring Harbor State Hamlet of Westhampton in the Town initiative, significant open space has Park, offers multi-use trails for hiking, of Southampton, Suffolk County. The been acquired that increases access cycling, birding and other trail-related purchases, 21.8 acres located on Route to the South Shore, protects environ- activities. 31 across from Gabreski Airport and mentally significant areas and expands 38.2 acres straddling Sunrise Highway recreational opportunities. Gardiner’s Island has been encum- east of Route 31, will consolidate public bered with a donated twenty-year ownership of dwarf pine plains and are DEC acquired 2.5 acres on the conservation easement, held by the prime habitat for the largest and most Shinnecock Bay in the Village of Town of East Hampton. The easement dense population of buck moths in New Southampton. The acquisition consoli- ensures that the 3,400 acre island filled York State. dates public ownership of back-barrier with virgin oak forest and threatened marsh important to Shinnecock Bay and endangered species will remain in Suffolk County and the Town of fish and shellfish stocks. The parcel an undeveloped state for at least the Brookhaven together purchased the was paid for, in part, with a $500,000 next twenty years. Foxlair-Yaphank property, 205 acres Coastal Wetlands Grant from the U.S. located primarily in the Core at the Fish and Wildlife Service. To date, In a cooperative venture, the Town of southern end of Suffolk County’s approximately 800 acres have been pro- Southold utilized a $1 million Coastal Warbler Woods. In July 2005, DEC, tected by the State, Suffolk County, the Wetland Grant awarded to DEC by U.S. Suffolk County, and The Nature Town of Southampton, the Villages of Fish & Wildlife Service to acquire a 47 Conservancy closed on a landmark deal acre parcel in the Pipe’s Cove wetland protecting the single largest privately 53 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship owned parcel remaining in the Core. Region 2 waterfront. The property offers dra- The WJF Property consists of 308 acres matic views of the Harlem River and the of industrially- zoned land in the glob- In September 2004 the State and the Highbridge Park bluffs. ally rare dwarf pine plains between City of New York announced more than Gabreski Airport and Sunrise Highway $220 million worth of improvements for Progress has been made with several in Westhampton. DEC and Suffolk Bronx Parks. The City Council approved Inner City/ Under served Community County each took title to 154 acres for a a Memorandum of Understanding Park properties. These areas include combined purchase price of about $7.4 (MOU) with the State that allows the densely populated urban areas with million. DEC completed six additional City to move forward with the construc- limited or no open space resources and acquisitions in the Core totaling 154.73 tion of a water filtration plant for the are representative of small parks, com- acres, including 90 acres in the dwarf Croton Water Supply System under the munity gardens and other open space pine plains. Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortland areas in need of protection. For exam- Park. As part of the agreement, more ple, the Gantry Plaza property, donated DEC, Suffolk County and Town of than $220 million generated from water to OPRHP, will provide access to East Southampton holdings within the and sewer revenue will be spent on River waterfront. The 5.3 acre prop- 1,200 acre Chardonnay Woods area improvements to Bronx Parks through erty features two gantry float bridges of Hampton Bays and East Quogue, 2009. The agreement represents a rare and four piers jutting into the river. together with the clustering of resi- opportunity to invest more than triple Additions to East River State Park made dential development, have successfully what would be spent on Bronx parks in 2006 unify the park by acquiring a preserved 667 acres of pine barren through 2009. The projects fall into five piece of roadway that transects the watershed forest, including deep drink- categories and include improving neigh- park. This nearly 10 acre site provides ing water recharge areas, glacial knoll borhood parks, renovating regional rec- active recreation and waterfront access and kettle topography, rare lepidoptera reation facilities, developing the Bronx in a community under served by open habitat, and red maple tupelo swamp. Greenway, improving and expanding space and is adjacent to an existing city access to the Bronx waterfront, building park. DEC, Nassau County and the Town and “greening” the borough. of Oyster Bay preserved 50 acres of the Legislation was signed that will 81 acre Underhill Property. In February In May 2003 a new segment of allow for a one-year moratorium on 2004, DEC acquired 25 acres for $7.5 Brooklyn Bridge Park was opened. The any development of wetlands in the million, Nassau County acquired 16.67 1.5 acre segment was converted from a mid-Island section of Staten Island to acres for $5 million, and the Town of parking lot into lush green parkland. give New York City additional time Oyster Bay acquired 8.33 acres for $2.5 to develop a program to protect the million. In addition, a conservation A $350,000 Environmental environmentally sensitive “Bluebelt” easement over an adjoining 15 acre Protection Fund (EPF) grant to the New area and to provide for effective parcel has been donated to the Nassau York Restoration Project NYRP will be storm-water management in the area. Land Trust, bringing total protected used for improvements to waterfront The “Bluebelt” program is a pioneer land to 65 acres. The new public land parkland in the Bronx. The grant will program to preserve streams, ponds, is comprised of mostly of rolling, grassy support the NYRP’s efforts, in partner- and other wetland areas so that these hills which will be managed as grass- ship with the New York City Department systems can, through natural means, land habitat, and rare kettle hole ponds of Parks and Recreation, to develop convey, store and filter storm water. that were formed by glaciers during and rehabilitate Bridge Park, located The program will allow the City to save the Ice Age. The parcel is located in adjacent to Robert Clemente State Park millions of dollars in construction costs the Oyster Bay Special Groundwater along the Harlem River in the South which would otherwise be spent on Protection Area (SPGA). Bronx. Bridge Park was designated as new sewers in southern Staten Island to parkland in 1995 but has never been keep pace with residential and commer- A transfer of jurisdiction from the developed. Owned by New York City cial development. Compared to sewers, New York State Office of Mental Health Parks, the 3.4 acre parcel is located at wetlands management has been deter- to OPRHP resulted in creation of the the base of the George Washington mined to be a more environmentally- new 52 acre Brentwood State Park, and Alexander Hamilton Bridges. The sensitive and cost-effective method located in the Oak Brush Plains SGPA in EPF award will support a rehabilitation of managing storm water runoff. The the Town of Islip. project which includes the creation of new law authorizes the New York pathways, barbecue and picnic areas, State Department of Environmental removal of invasive vegetation, and the Conservation to place a moratorium installation of fishing piers along the on issuing building permits in certain 54 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship designated wetlands in Richmond The State also announced $70 the ridge of Candle Hill and a 496 acre County for one year. The protected areas million in funding from the Lower conservation easement on the Wiccopee are bounded by Great Kills Park to the Manhattan Development Corporation Reservoir. South, the Staten Island transit line to for completion of the Tribeca section of the West, Sand Lane to the North and Hudson River Park into a vibrant com- The State purchased 291 acres in the Raritan Bay to the East. munity resource. Great Swamp, located in the Town of Patterson, Putnam County. The Great The State has invested more than Legislation was signed into law Swamp is one of the largest freshwater $4.3 million to acquire 119 acres of that preserves open space parkland on swamps in the State and the largest valuable wetlands in the Harbor Herons Roosevelt Island in New York City. The wetland of its type in southeastern New Complex on the west and north shores legislation designates four parkland York. It covers approximately 4,200 of Staten Island, including Goethal’s areas on Roosevelt Island – Lighthouse acres and stretches 20 miles across Bridge Pond and Old Place Creek. Park, Octagon Park, Blackwell Park and parts of Dutchess and Putnam counties. Southpoint Park – as statutory open The Great Swamp is an ecological trea- In May 2005, the Hudson River space areas. The legislation ensures that sure that is rich in biological diversity Park’s 3.2 acre Pier 40 Athletic Field was these park areas will be preserved and and provides an important source of opened. The new field is the culmination developed for park purposes, forever drinking water for Putnam County and of a joint governmental, philanthropic guaranteeing public access and appre- New York City, as well as outstanding and community effort to bring more ciation of their priceless views of the recreational and educational opportuni- athletic playing fields and public open Manhattan skyline. Southpoint Park, ties. A portion of the Swamp, including space to Manhattan and its waterfront. which will be protected from develop- the parcel to be acquired by the State, is Also in 2005, the State committed to ment by the new law, has been referred within the Croton River Drainage basin an additional $15 million in funding, $5 to by some developers as one of the and flows directly into the East Branch million in EPF and $10 million in Port most valuable properties in the world. of the Croton Reservoir, a New York City Authority of New York and New Jersey reservoir. The Great Swamp also anchors funding, for the Chelsea segment. New Region 3 the eastern portion of the New York York City will provide matching funds Highlands Resource Area. It contains for this segment Through a series of acquisitions vital habitat for avian and aquatic since 1995, Clarence Fahnestock State species and has been designated as an In May 2003, the opening was an- Park has more than doubled in size, Important Bird Area by Audubon New nounced of the Hudson River Park’s from 6,670 acres to 16,171 acres (over York in recognition of its importance Greenwich Village Segment, which 9,000 acres). This has been accom- for migratory and breeding birds. The stretches across more than nine and plished through fee simple acquisitions State has purchased the 291 acres from one-half acres of dry land and three and conservation easements ranging The Nature Conservancy using ap- piers, from Clarkson Street to Jane from 26 acres to several thousand proximately $1.8 million from the State Street. This first new section of the acres. These acquisitions have pro- Environmental Protection Fund. park, known as Segment 4, is linked tected wooded areas, panoramic vistas, to the rest of Hudson River Park, as geological features, significant habitats, Similar to Clarence Fahnestock well as the Battery, Battery Park City streams, shorelines and watersheds. The State Park, a series of acquisitions and Riverside Park along the Route 9A 1,390- acre Clear Lake Reservation was has resulted in over 860 acres being Greenway, which was constructed by protected through a conservation ease- added to Hudson Highlands State Park. the State Department of Transportation. ment that was coordinated with the Significant acquisitions included 150 The park will include sunning lawns, assistance of the Trust for Public Land acres of DMNA Camp Smith; nearly 300 a display fountain, two comfort sta- (TPL) and OSI. This parcel which was acres on the north side of County Route tions, a dog run, food concessions, and provided to OPRHP as a gift from OSI 10 that is key in providing a connec- magnificent display garden donated by limits future development and provides tion between Hudson Highlands and the Garden Club of America. The three public access to the trail network on Clarence Fahnestock State Parks; 645 piers include: Pier 45 which will feature the northern portion of the site. It will acres at Surprise Lake Camp and 100 a large, partially shaded lawn; Pier 46 continue to be operated as a Boy Scout acres that abuts the City of Beacon which will feature a passive recreation Camp. Other large acquisitions included reservoir inholdings and provides trail field; and Pier which will 51 feature a 143 acres near Roaring Brook Lake, connections and expansive views of the playground with a children’s ecology 700 acres adjacent to the Appalachian Hudson River. stream. National Scenic Trail, 501 acres along East Mountain Road, 261 acres along 55 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship The State has agreed to purchase the existing High Tor State Park and from the Fini Brothers Partnership for more than 250 acres of open space, contains a wide variety of natural and $826,000 and was funded by the EPF. known as the Baxtertown property, in cultural resources. The property boasts DEC manages the property as a re- the Town of Fishkill, Dutchess County. historically important vineyard activ- forestation area, which is utilized for The land abuts the State Department ity, a raptor breeding and feeding area, hunting, hiking, bird watching, nature of Environmental Conservation (DEC)- views of the Hudson Valley floor, and study and sustainable forestry. The state operated Stony Kill Farm Environmental views to High Tor. pays local taxes on the property. The Education Center and the Town of purchase also included a portion of the Fishkill’s public water supply well field Schunnemunk Mountain which was Shawangunk Ridge Trail. and contains wetlands, vernal pools, acquired in 2004 was New York’s 163rd and forests. Purchase of the property State Park. Located in the Orange Minnewaska State Park has been will help protect the Town’s public County towns of Cornwall, Woodbury expanded by 8,091 acres to protect water supply by ensuring this land is and Blooming Grove, the 2,466 acre the Shawangunk Mountains and its not developed. The land will be added property is nearly 1,700 feet in eleva- exemplary natural communities includ- to the Stony Kill Farm Environmental tion and extends more than 8 miles. ing the globally rare dwarf pine ridge Education Center and be open to public The mountain is covered by deciduous community. These acquisitions include access for passive recreation and ex- hardwoods, scrub and pitch pine, an un- 3,799 acres in Wawarsing known as pand the Center’s educational offerings. derstory of blueberry and large stands Sam’s Point, 1,228 acres along the of mountain laurel. OSI assisted in the north-facing slopes of the Shawangunk Lying midway between public acquisition of the site. Another 144 Ridge, 192 acres near Roundout Creek lands in Kent and the Great Swamp acres was gifted to enlarge the park to Valley, 290 acres on the western escarp- in Patterson, Putnam County, Wonder 2,610 acres. ment, 62 acres that provide access to Lake State Park is a critical link in the the Stony Kill Falls area, and the 2,518 Northern Putnam Greenway. OPRHP The State purchased 942 acres acre Awosting Reserve that protects the made acquisitions adding 28.6 acres of land encompassing five separate eastern slopes. in 2003, 54.5 acres in 2004 and 106.8 parcels, which expanded hiking and rec- acres in 2006 have expanded the park reational opportunities in the Catskills There have been significant acquisi- to 983.4 acres. These acquisitions pro- and protected critical natural resources tions west of the Hudson River that vide the opportunity to increase public along the Shawangunk Ridge and Trail have resulted in new and expanded access and complete missing segments in the Town of Mamakating in Sullivan State parks including Sterling Forest, of the extensive trail network. County. The acquisitions expands and Minnewaska, Schunnemunk Mountain, enhances the Shawangunk Ridge hiking High Tor and Bristol Beach State Parks. In December 2003, the State ac- trail, providing a link from the Bashakill quired the 617 acre Feldman/Roth Wildlife Management Area to the Sterling Forest State Park has now property, part of the Northern Putnam Wurtsboro Ridge State Forest and north- expanded to 18,915 acres making it one Greenway in the Town of Kent, Putnam east to the Shawangunk Ridge State of the largest state parks in New York. County. The property contains an excel- Forest. The ‘Gunks’ hold a special place The acquisition was to protect a major lent example of the oak forest typi- in the minds of hikers, rock climbers and source of drinking water for New Jersey cally found within the rugged Hudson nature lovers, a remarkable landscape and protects significant forests, lakes, Highlands. The property also contains which supports outstanding biodiversity, streams and other natural resources much of the 90 acre Waywayanda Lake. including eight rare natural communi- from development. In addition to The acquisition will create an approxi- ties, 27 rare plant and seven rare animal serving as a watershed for millions of mately 1,000 acre state forest devoted species. It also provides outstanding residents in New Jersey and New York, to sustainable forest management, recreational opportunities for the Sterling Forest and its habitats are vital recreation and watershed protection. 500,000 New Yorkers and visitors to the for the survival of many resident and The State will pay local property taxes area each year. The purchase price for migratory species, including the black on the parcel. $2.96 million in EPF funds the five properties was $937,700 and bear and a variety of hawks and song- were used to acquire the property. was paid for through the State EPF. birds, as well as many rare invertebrates and plants. OPRHP and PIPC are making prog- In 2003, the State purchased 510 ress in the Rockland County Highlands acres of undeveloped forest on the In April 2006, the donation of two area with the acquisition of 88 acres Shawangunk Ridge in the towns of parcels in Westchester and Putnam of the former High Tor Vineyard and Greenville and Deerpark, Orange Counties was announced, which created various tax parcels. The vineyard abuts County. The property was purchased the 436 acre Donald J. Trump State Park. 56 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Included are the 282 acre Indian Hill which was funded by the EPF. The The State worked with the environ- site located in the towns of Putnam parcel includes a portion of the ridge mental organization Scenic Hudson and Valley and Yorktown and the 154 acre to the northwest of Halcott Mountain its land trust to preserve more than French Hill site in Yorktown. The 282 that divides Condon Hollow from Turk 62 acres of open space in the Town acre Indian Hill is situated east of the Hollow. This addition to the Catskill of Red Hook, Dutchess County that Taconic State Parkway, in close proxim- Forest Preserve will help to further adjoins the existing Tivoli Bays Wildlife ity to both the Clarence Fahnestock and protect the wild forest character of Management Area and the Hudson Franklin Delano Roosevelt State Parks. the Halcott Mountain Wild Forest from River National Estuarine Research The new parkland is a mix of heavily neighboring development as well as Reserve. The parcel will further protect wooded lands, large open meadows, provide increased protection for the this critical habitat and provide addi- and a large wetland running north/ New York City watershed. The parcel tional public access to the Hudson River. south along the eastern boundary. will provide hunting, trapping, fishing, The waterfront portion of the property is French Hill is a heavily wooded 153 acre hiking, wildlife observation, snowshoe- adjacent to, and creates a preservation parcel and contains a centrally located ing, cross-country skiing and camping buffer zone for the Tivoli Bays section 20 acre state delineated wetland. This opportunities. of the Hudson River. Tivoli Bays Wildlife wetland is the origin of two head- Management Area is part of the Hudson water steams, French Hill Brook and In October 2005, the State purchased River National Estuarine Research Dogwood Creek. The entire property four properties totaling 403 acres of Reserve, which protects 4,800 acres of is located within the NYC Watershed land on Overlook Mountain in the coastal wetlands located along a 100 Area. French Hill got its name be- Catskill Park. The lands were added to mile stretch of the river. These areas are cause French General Rochambeau’s DEC’s Overlook Mountain Wild Forest prized natural laboratories for research troops camped in the vicinity before in the Catskill Forest Preserve. Funds and education and are vital areas for and after they helped the Americans from the Environmental Protection fish, reptiles, mammals and more than win a decisive battle in October Fund were used for the acquisition. DEC 150 species of birds, including bald 1781 against the British at Yorktown, was assisted in these land purchases eagles. The property Scenic Hudson and Virginia. It is part of the Washington- by the Open Space Institute and the the State are purchasing is character- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route, in- Woodstock Land Conservancy, two ized by upland forests that buffer the cluded in Heritage New York’s American non-profit conservation organizations Bay’s cattail marshes, tidal creeks and Revolutionary War Heritage Trail and the who have worked closely with the State pools. Hudson River Valley National Heritage to expand open space protection efforts Area. in the Catskills. All four of these parcels The state acquired nearly 200 are adjacent to existing Forest Preserve acres of open space known as Taxter Region 3/4 lands and were identified as possible Ridge Park Preserve in the Town of future acquisitions by the State in the Greenburgh, Westchester County. The State has acquired 337 acres in DEC’s Overlook Mountain Wild Forest This unique parcel is considered the the Town of Roxbury, Delaware County, Unit Management Plan. “Gateway to Westchester” and is the which has become part of Bearpen largest undeveloped tract of land in the State Forest. The parcel was acquired The 187 acre Peck Hollow parcel in County. It features stunning natural using $362,100 in EPF funding. The par- the Town of Lexington was added to rock ledges, woodlands, streams and cel will enlarge Bearpen State Forest to the Catskill Forest Preserve in December wetlands. The site links 400 acres of encompass 3,250 acres while protecting 2003. $197,000 in EPF monies was existing municipal parkland and another the 3,440-foot Roundtop Mountain and used for the acquisition. The parcel is 45 acres in the Town of Irvington. The a portion of the 3,380-foot Bloomberg within the NYC watershed and links property was acquired with the assis- Mountain. The parcel contains sweep- 197,000 acres of existing forest pre- tance of TPL and will be operated by the ing views of the Catskill Mountains serve. The purchase increases recre- Town of Greenburgh. and provides hiking, hunting, trapping, ational opportunities and consolidates wildlife observation, snowshoeing and state lands in the Preserve’s Westkill Since 1998, Rockefeller State Park camping opportunities. Wilderness Area. It offers camping, Preserve has expanded by 676 acres hiking, hunting, trapping, fishing and through gifts by the Rockefeller family, In 2006, the State purchased a 162 nature observation and will protect conservation easements and fee title. acre parcel in the Town of Lexingotn, the undeveloped shoulders of Mount This has included the 88-acre Rockwood Greene county, which was added to Sherrill and North Dome, Catskill High Hall property and approximately 588 Halcott Mountain Wild Forest in the Peaks. acres of other parcels that provide Catskill Park. The parcel cost $134,000, essential links in the equestrian trail 57 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship network and safeguard the character of Hudson River, Olana and the Rip Van In addition to establishing the public the approach to the park from the east. Winkle Bridge. The site is characterized lands, Scenic Hudson purchased the by diverse habitats, which include open development rights to the abutting 173 New York State acquired the Turkey fields, deep ravines, coves, hardwood acre Kilcer family farm. The conservation Point Multi-Mission property in the forests and tidal flats and wetlands. The easement allows for the farm to expand Town of Saugerties, Ulster County, parcel lies just 200 feet north of the and diversify its agricultural operation, through a surplus land transfer from Greene County Cohotate Preserve, and while ensuring that the property will the National Park Service. The no- will be managed by the Greene County always be available for farming. The cost Turkey Point acquisition was Soil and Water Conservation District easement also contains a public trail a key project of this initiative and (GCSWCD) under an agreement with that will connect to the public lands. Congresswoman Sue W. Kelly was the the State. Public access on the Kilcer farm will be catalyst to making the transfer a reality. limited to the designated trail. The 8.2 acres of woodland property at Four miles upriver in the Town of Turkey Point has been incorporated into Coxsackie, Greene County, Scenic In January 1997, the historic New the adjacent DEC Turkey Point Unique Hudson has acquired 123 acres at York City Watershed Memorandum of Area, a 133 acre parcel of forest and Four Mile Point, including a significant Agreement (“Watershed Agreement”) fields. The property also includes a 200- portion of Vosburgh Swamp. DEC and was signed, which cemented a partner- foot wharf on the Hudson River and Scenic Hudson are working to transfer ship among New York State, New York a navigational light. It is managed for this keystone property to the State City, federal government, environmental recreation, environmental and historic of New York as well. It is also antici- organizations, and the 80 Watershed interpretation, and Hudson River fishing pated that this parcel will be managed host communities. This landmark access. The property is a component of cooperatively with the GCSWCD. As agreement formed a new partnership the Hudson River Valley Greenway Trail demonstrated by its State designation to protect the drinking water supply and also a site for a designated Hudson as a significant coastal fish and wildlife for nine million New Yorkers, while River Greenway Water Trail currently habitat and significant tidal habitat, the ensuring the economic vitality of the under development. The partners have Vosburgh Swamp is an ecologically rich upstate Watershed communities. This worked closely with the Coast Guard area of freshwater wetlands and forest. innovative, cooperative watershed to develop historic displays of the rich Four Mile Point is comprised of rocky protection program is the first and only Coast Guard history in the area. The headlands, tidal flats, and beaches. of this magnitude in the entire Nation. Coast Guard maintains the Hudson The Watershed Agreement consists of a River navigational light on the wharf. In another series of acquisitions comprehensive, long-range watershed directly across the Hudson River from protection and water quality enhance- Projects in three separate areas will Vosburgh Swamp and Four Mile Point, ment program that consists of land permanently protect 550 acres of grass- two properties totaling 193 acres acquisition, watershed regulations, land, woodland, tidal flats and Hudson of land that buffer the DEC-owned and watershed protection and partner- River shoreline. The projects were Stockport Flats Estuarine Research ship programs. Implementing such a assembled by The Scenic Hudson Land Reserve site will be acquired by DEC program will ensure that New Yorkers Trust, which is working with the State, from Scenic Hudson, with the assis- continue to enjoy high-quality, afford- local governments and area land trusts tance of the Columbia County Land able drinking water long into the 21st to protect the properties and develop Conservancy (CCLC). The land, located century. access and recreational facilities. along Rod and Gun Club Road in the Town of Stockport, Columbia County, Given the success of this program, in DEC purchased 61 acres at Brandow has open fields, meadows, and wood- 2003, it was announced that the State Point in the Town of Athens, Greene lands with spectacular views of the would commit an additional $10 million County, for $879,300 using funding Hudson River and Catskill Mountains. towards land acquisition within the from the EPF. Brandow Point boasts These properties serve as important Croton Watershed to protect the New a half mile of Hudson River shore- habitat for grassland bird species. The York City drinking water supply. Since line in the scenic area of the Olana State is working with Scenic Hudson to then, the State has acquired a 291 acre State Historic Site, the historic home add the land to the State-administered parcel in the Town of Patterson, Putnam of Frederic Church, one of the most Research Reserve, which was es- County and conservation easements significant members of the Hudson tablished in 1982 to serve as a field on a 111 acre parcel in the Town of River School of Art. With direct access to laboratory for research and education Lewisboro, Westchester County and a the Hudson River, the property pro- on estuarine ecosystems. 370 acre parcel in the Town of Somers, vides stunning panoramic views of the Westchester County. Nearly 1,470 acres 58 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship of land have been acquired by the State of 3,010 acres has been protected and footpaths on the properties that for water quality protection purposes by Commission partners exceeding will further enhance the outdoor recre- within the Croton Watershed. the goal of expanding the size of the ational and educational opportunities Preserve by 3,000 acres. A formal for the ever-growing number of visitors In June 2006 the State announced protection plan is outlined in the 2002 that come to the Center each year. it will purchase 426 acres of land to be Albany Pine Bush Preserve Management added to the Harvey Mountain State Plan and Final Environmental Impact In 2007, OPRHP added 190 acres to Forest. The property, which consists of Statement, adopted by the Commission John Boyd Thacher State Park purchased two parcels in the Town of Austerlitz, in April 2002 to guide the future man- from the Open Space Institute for is part of the former homestead of agement and protection of the unique $874,000 supported through the EPF. American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay. Inland Pine Barrens habitat, home of Referred to as the Jeff Thomas property, One of the most popular writers in her the endangered Karner blue butterfly. it is adjacent to the northern border time, Edna St. Vincent Millay was a Since 1995, the State has invested more of Thacher State Park and fronts the major figure in 20th-century American than $12 million in land acquisition Helderberg Escarpment with views to literature and was the first American funds and $2.9 million to support the the north and east. The parcel includes woman poet to win the Pulitzer Prize. work of the Commission from the EPF “High Point,” reported to be the highest DEC is using the State’s Environmental and Bond Act. The Towns of Guilderland elevation along the escarpment, and Protection Fund to acquire 230 acres and Colonie, City of Albany and The will provide for trails to be extended, from the Edna St. Vincent Millay Society Nature Conservancy also have acquired most notably the Long Path, a 150 for $1.69 million and 196 acres from lands for inclusion in the Preserve. The mile trail that begins near the George the Millay Colony for the Arts for $1.42 acquisition of 11.5 acres of the State Washington Bridge in New Jersey. million. The acquisitions will improve Employees Federal Credit Union (SEFCU) public access to Harvey Mountain property located on New Karner Road in Extending north from John Boyd State Forest, with substantial new road Albany continues to preserve the unique Thacher State Park, 638 acres have been frontage on East Hill Road and State and fragile ecology of the Pine Bush acquired to protect the open space on Route 22. DEC was assisted in these and the existing two-story building has the top of the Helderberg Escarpment. land purchases by the Columbia Land been adapted to house the Albany Pine These additions to the Park contain roll- Conservancy. Bush Discovery Center. The Discovery ing to hilly terrain with wooded areas, Center, which opened to the public cleared fields and deep ravines. There In 2005, OPRHP purchased 255 acres in June 2007, will enable thousands are trail opportunities and good vistas. of woodlands, the Liebeskind Property of school children, families and other located in the Town of North East, visitors to learn about and enjoy this Betty and Wilbur Davis State Park is Dutchess County to expand Taconic magnificent resource. Funding for the a scenic 199 acre hilltop property in the State Park. The $830,000 acquisition, Discovery Center was made possible town of Westford donated to OPRHP. which runs along the Taconic Ridge on through a donation from Trustco Bank Two-thirds of the park is forested with a the New York/Connecticut state line, Corp NY of $1 million to create and mix of northern hardwoods and conifer increases the total size of the park endowment for the operation of the plantations. The remainder of the prop- to 6,054 acres. The new property is Discovery Center; OPRHP made three erty is open field that was once actively adjacent to the Rudd Pond Area of the awards totaling $350,000 towards the farmed. The park is near Cooperstown State Park and is a critical link in pro- design and retrofitting of the building; and Glimmerglass State Park and is tecting the Taconic Ridge and insuring and, the 2006-7 EPF provided $1.5 mil- used primarily as a day use area. the potential for an extension of the lion in funding. South Taconic Trail. It includes part of In December 2004, the family of the steep west escarpment. This parcel, The State acquired two proper- Robert V. Riddell donated to the State along with the 40 acre Jarvis property, ties adjacent to the Five Rivers 1,036 acres in Otsego County, in the furthers the effort to eliminate in-hold- Environmental Education Center Towns of Milford and Maryland, for the ings within the park. The State acquisi- totaling 57 acres through the use of new Robert V. Riddell State Park. DOT tion is being supported through the EPF. EPF monies in partnership with Five surplus lands were added to the Park in Rivers, Ltd., a local support group for January 2007 to expand the new park Region 4 the Center. This acquisition expands the to 1,343 acres. The park provides an Center property to 402 acres and pro- extensive woods road/hiking trail net- In the Albany Pine Bush Preserve, vides open space protection in an area work and access to Schenevus Creek, a administered by the Albany Pine experiencing accelerated development. popular trout fishing stream. Bush Preserve Commission, a total The State plans to develop new trails 59 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship The State also acquired 1,130 acres, the State’s Clean Water State Revolving nation’s 26th president. The Tahawus which is now General Jacob Morris Fund (SRF) and private funds. OSI is Club and the Village of Adirondac State Forest in the Town of Morris, and working closely with the State to add (also known as McIntyre) are part of 392 acres to expand State Forest land approximately 6,000 acres to the north- the Upper Works: Adirondack Iron and in the Town of Plainfield. Together, the ern portion of the property, immediately Steel Company, a 400 acre site on the three properties will open up new pub- adjacent to the High Peaks Wilderness National Register of Historic Places. lic recreational opportunities, protect Area, to the State Forest Preserve. water quality and natural resources In 2004, Saratoga Spa State Park and promote sustainable forestry in the Of the remaining 4,000 acres, ap- was expanded with the acquisition county. proximately 3,000 acres remains a of two properties totaling 345 acres working forest and several hundred in the Town of Malta and the City of Region 5 acres comprising the historic Village Saratoga Springs. The acquisitions of Adirondac will be managed as an increase the size of Saratoga Spa State In October 2004, a $320,000 grant historic district. Both the forest manage- Park, a National Historic Landmark, to from the Federal Land and Water ment area and the historic district will 2,545 acres and provide greater public Conservation Fund was made to the be protected by conservation easements recreational access along the north and Town of Clifton Park in Saratoga County, to be purchased by the State. The work- south banks of Kayaderosseras Creek. for the acquisition of 250 acres toward ing forest conservation easement re- The 239 acre Malta parcel is on the the creation of the Dwaas Kill Natural quires sustainable forestry, provides for south side of Kayaderosseras Creek and Area, one of the last undeveloped open public access and preserves the mineral north of Old Post Road and the 106 acre spaces in the region. The Dwaas Kill deposits known to exist on a portion of property in the City of Saratoga Springs Watershed is a critically important natu- the lands. During its ownership, OSI will is on the north side of the Creek and ral area and includes several diverse continue to pay property taxes on the east of Route 50. Improvements will be ecotypes for birds and other wildlife. parcel. made for canoe, paddling and fishing The 250 acres are approximately half access to the Creek. The purchase will of 500 acres known as the Dwaas Kill Originally settled in 1826 as the also provide further protections for Natural Area. The site is adjacent to the Village of Adirondac, the historic site environmentally sensitive wetlands. The local historic site, the Stone Viaduct, and retains many important structures, addition of these parcels will ensure the close to the Northway (I-87) Exit 10, including the McIntyre Works and other viability not only of the Kayaderosseras Ushers Road and an active rail line. The early blast furnaces, which illustrate the wetlands but the quality of adjacent property will be owned and managed evolution of iron smelting technology. upland forested areas. The wetlands are by the Town for public access includ- Also on the site are a dam and water critical to the protection of the water ing natural and cultural interpretation wheel system, several domestic foun- quality of the Creek which is a major and recreational use such as hiking and dations, and the community cemetery. tributary to Saratoga Lake. These parcels fishing. Industrial operations in the Village were also greatly enhance the protection abandoned in 1856, but a portion of the of the Kayaderosseras Creek corridor, An agreement was announced to property was redeveloped 20 years later which in turn contributes to the quality permanently preserve approximately into a sportsmen’s club, the Tahawus of the ecosystems along Geyser Creek, 10,000 acres in the heart of the High Club, the oldest such organization in the which also flows through the Park. Peaks region of the Adirondack Adirondacks. Mountains, including the headwaters of In December 2003, the preservation the Hudson River and the historic site In September 1901, then Vice of 1,310 acres of open space on Lake of the abandoned Village of Adirondac President Theodore Roosevelt was stay- George in the Town of Bolton, Warren in the Town of Newcomb, Essex County. ing at the McNaughton Cottage at the County was announced. The acquisition The preservation of these lands, which Tahawus Club when he received the of the Northwest Bay property will pro- includes the site of the former Tahawus news that President William McKinley tect valuable lands in the region, help- Club and the first iron ore mining opera- had been shot. Roosevelt immediately ing to enhance water quality in Lake tions in the Adirondacks, will protect embarked from the club on an historic George and critical habitat of the area. the upper Hudson River watershed and midnight carriage ride along the back The Northwest Bay property includes the “southern gateway” to the High roads of the Adirondacks to the North Pole Hill Pond, a pristine, spring-fed Peaks Wilderness Area. The Open Space Creek Railroad station. At the station, pond that drains into the Northwest Bay Institute (OSI) purchased the Tahawus Roosevelt received a telegram inform- of Lake George. The property is adjacent property for $8.5 million from NL ing him that President McKinley had to thousands of acres of Adirondack Industries using a loan it received from died. As a result, Roosevelt became the Forest Preserve lands, stretching north 60 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship to the Pharaoh Lake Wilderness Area, and a portion of Ellenberg Mountain. of Jackson, Washington County. The south across Tongue Mountain Range, The remaining 3,042 acres, located in McLenithan property is an ecologically and to the lake’s eastern shore to the Town of Dannemora, will become important parcel containing a number include Black Mountain and parts of State Forest land. Local property taxes of habitat types including a section of Washington County. The State pur- will continue to be paid on all of the the Batten Kill, grasslands, deciduous chased the parcel from The Lake George properties. The agreement provides full and mixed woodlands, and wetlands. Land Conservancy with funds from the public recreation rights to more than The northern boundary of the parcel EPF. Maintaining the intact woodland is 47,000 acres of lands and waters that consists of 2,800 feet of frontage on important to preserving Lake George’s are not under private lease agreement the Batten Kill - a river renowned for its pristine water quality. This land is the and have not previously been open to trout fishing and paddling opportunities. watershed of Northwest Bay Brook, one the public. Public recreational oppor- More than half of the 175 acre Eldridge of the largest streams that feed Lake tunities will include hiking, camping, Swamp is contained on the parcel and George. The woodlands and wetlands hunting, fishing, cross-country skiing is now protected. Several wetland types of Lake George act as natural filters and snowmobiling. Partial public rec- are represented in this large wetlands to catch impure nutrients before they reation rights, including opening more complex, which not only provide habitat reach the lake’s water. The most cost- than 44 miles of recreational corridors for a variety of wetland plants and effective method of preserving water for public motorized access, will be animals but also serves to protect the quality in Lake George is to protect the acquired on more than 56,000 acres of water quality of the Batten Kill. The natural lands surrounding the lake. Lyme Timber’s lands that are currently property will be named Eldridge Swamp leased to private hunting clubs. The State Forest and this forest designa- It was announced in early 2005 that agreement also permanently secures tion will allow for harvesting of timber, the State reached agreement with The public hiking trails on Lyon Mountain, mowing of grasslands and maintaining Nature Conservancy and Lyme Timber Owls Head, and the Norton Range. Lyme the scenic views. Company to ensure the protection of Timber is retaining the right to maintain 104,000 acres of Adirondack forestland private recreational leases, and no hunt- Interpretation of the actual events formerly owned by Domtar Industries, ing clubs on Lyme Timber’s land will be that occurred at the Bennington Inc. in the “Sable Highlands” region eliminated. Battlefield State Historic Site was of Clinton and Franklin counties. The greatly enhanced with the 145 acre agreement represents the third largest Since 2000, Domtar’s lands have acquisition of the Cottrell Farm. The land acquisition in State history. The been enrolled in the Forest Stewardship acquisition is important since it now Lyme Timber Company, a private timber Council (FSC) forest certification allows the telling of the full story of investment company headquartered in program, an independent entity that the Battle by protecting the earthworks Hanover, New Hampshire, has pur- certifies adherence to a comprehensive on the two hills that controlled the chased 84,448 acres of forestland from set of sustainable forestry requirements. route from Saratoga to Bennington. Domtar Industries and will continue The easement the State will acquire This includes the Tory Fort Hill site that harvesting timber on the property. New requires Lyme Timber to maintain FSC remains very much intact as it was in York State will acquire a working forest certification or another independently the 18th century. conservation easement on these lands audited certification system, assur- that will require sustainable forest ing that timber harvesting on the land The acquisition of the Susan B. management and timber harvesting, is conducted in a sustainable and Anthony House on State Route 29 in prohibit residential development and environmentally-sound manner. The the Village of Greenwich, Washington restrict subdivision, and create a bal- agreement protects habitat for a wide County preserves the house that was ance of public recreational access and array of mammals, such as moose, the adolescent home of the well-known continued traditional private recreation- black bear, and pine marten, as well as social reformer. Susan B. Anthony, later al leasing on the property. forest nesting birds such as warblers in life, became famous as an advocate and thrushes, and pristine streams that of women’s rights in the United States The Nature Conservancy purchased harbor native brook trout and other fish and also made significant contribu- 19,960 acres of the remaining Domtar species. It also ensures the conservation tions to the Abolition and Temperance property, which it will hold for ultimate of significant wetlands, high rocky sum- movements. transfer to the State. Of these lands, mits, and extensive northern hardwood 16,918 acres will be added to the and spruce-fir ecosystems. Region 5/6 State Forest Preserve including Lyon Mountain and its fire tower, the highest DEC purchased 512 acres of the In December 1998, an agreement peak in the northern region of the Park, McLenithan property in the Town was announced for the protection of 61 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship 139,000 acres in the Adirondacks. The affordable for smaller-scale, local timber development of the parcel and require agreement was part of a comprehen- operations in the future. TFG pays its sustainable forestry activities to protect sive transaction coordinated by The share of all local, school and county water quality and other natural resourc- Conservation Fund involving 300,000 taxes with the State paying the balance es. Existing camp leases on the property acres of Champion International of these taxes on the easement lands. will not be affected. The State will pay lands in New York, Vermont and New The State also pays full taxes on the property taxes on the easement. Hampshire. The New York land is in 29,000 acres it purchased. three non-contiguous blocks known On Earth Day 2004, the largest land as the Santa Clara, Tooley Pond and Protection of nearly 16,000 acres in conservation agreement in State his- Croghan tracts, covering portions of the heart of the Adirondack Park was tory was announced – an agreement 10 towns in St. Lawrence, Franklin, achieved through a working forest con- between the State and the International Herkimer, and Lewis counties. New servation easement on lands owned by Paper Company to preserve nearly York State and The Conservation Fund International Paper in the Town of Long 260,000 acres encompassing 9 counties worked on the agreement with a Lake, Hamilton County. The easement, and 34 towns within the Adirondack private timber management organiza- one of the largest ever donated to New Park. The State will purchase work- tion, The Forestland Group, LLC (TFG). York State, is a gift from International ing forest conservation easements on The Conservation Fund purchased Paper in honor of its former Chairman more than 255,000 acres, subject to all of Champion’s lands in New York and Chief Executive Officer, John local government approval, and will and simultaneously sold the land. Dillon. The working forest conservation purchase an additional 2,000 acres in TFG purchased 110,000 acres of easement consists of a total of 15,810 fee to provide new recreational oppor- Champion’s commercial timber land in acres, including two adjacent parcels tunities for residents and visitors to the the Adirondack Park, and 4,300 acres – the 2,166 acre Whitney Triangle, Adirondack Park, while supporting the outside the Park. The State then pur- and the 13,644 acre Sperry Grampus local economy through the continuation chased a working forest conservation tract – separated by Route 30. The of sustainable forestry. The lands consist easement on the 110,000 acres of TFG easement allowed DEC to work with of 21 separate tracts, spanning nine land in the Adirondack Park, making IP and Paul Smith’s College to develop counties within the Adirondack Park, the land available for hiking, hunting, International Paper John Dillon Park including Warren, Washington, Franklin, camping, nature observation, motorized containing wilderness style recreational Clinton, Hamilton, St. Lawrence, Essex, access and other outdoor recreational facilities for people with disabilities Saratoga and Herkimer. The properties activities. on Grampus and Handsome Lakes. The represent nearly all of IP’s Adirondack property is located immediately east of Park holdings, covering about 9 percent The State purchased 29,000 acres the William C. Whitney Wilderness Area of the Park’s privately-owned forest along the Deer, Grass, St. Regis and and south of the Horseshoe Lake Wild land. They include productive forest Oswetgatchie rivers for addition to the Forest; it abuts the 26,000 acres of land land, miles of rivers and stream cor- Adirondack Forest Preserve. The lands preserved under an agreement with ridors and a wealth of recreational contain more than 70 miles of river cor- The Nature Conservancy and was an- opportunities, including more than 250 ridors as well as ecologically sensitive nounced in January 2001 (IP Lakes). The miles of existing or potential hiking and wetlands and boreal forest. The State Sperry Grampus tract includes Sperry snowmobile trails. This agreement is paid $24.9 million for the land and Pond, Grampus Lake, Handsome Pond, one of the largest ever brokered within easements using Clean Water/Clean Air Mohegan Lake, and Moonshine Pond, the Northern Forest region of New York, Bond Act funds. The New York State DEC and is surrounded by forested hills, low Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine will develop Unit Management Plans mountains, and wetlands. The Whitney and was facilitated by The Conservation with public input to guide long-term Triangle parcel includes Bog Stream and Fund, an Arlington, Virginia-based non- public use of the land. DEC developed Buck Mountain. It is bounded on two profit conservation organization that a land management plan with TFG to sides by the Sabattis Circle Road, which works to protect America’s land and guide public recreational uses of the links visitors to Little Tupper Lake at the water legacy including wildlife habitat, land on which the State purchased William C. Whitney Wilderness Area. working landscapes and open space. an easement. The easement prohibits Both properties are currently heavily logging along the river corridors and forested and will be managed under the The easement will restrict subdivision adjacent to other environmentally terms of the easement for sustainable and further development on the prop- sensitive water bodies. Thirteen subdivi- forestry activities that help support the erty, provide public recreation rights sions, ranging in size from 2,500 acres regional economy. The working forest and require sustainable forestry opera- to 12,000 acres, were made on the land conservation easement will limit new tions that protect water quality and to be owned by TFG to make the land industrial, commercial or residential wildlife habitat to ensure the long term 62 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship maintenance of the forest resource. The River Corridor and the Adirondack Region 6/7 State will pay its proportionate share of Scenic Railway in the Town of Webb, local taxes on the easements it holds Herkimer County. The agreement trans- In 2003, the State acquired 970 acres within the Park. Also as part of the fers 333 acres to the Forest Preserve, of valuable habitat along the eastern agreement, the State will acquire full which includes 5 miles of shoreline shoreline of Lake Ontario on Point public recreation rights on about 84,000 along the Moose River. A working Peninsula in the Town of Lyme, Jefferson acres and partial public rights, includ- forest conservation easement on 512 County for $285,000 in EPF resources. ing the ability to maintain and build acres supports sustainable forestry and The Nature Conservancy assisted the hiking and snowmobile trails, on about outlines public recreation rights that State in the acquisition, which includes 171,000 acres. IP will retain owner- provide access to opportunities on an more than a half mile of undeveloped ship of these lands. The agreement was extensive network of trails, including a coastal sand and gravel barrier beach structured to preserve the rights of snowmobile trail that will help relocate and extensive wetlands. The property various private recreation club organiza- an existing trail off State Route 28. provides habitat for the endangered tions that currently lease large portions short-eared owl and black tern, as well of the property for hunting, fishing and In September, 2005, the State as Blanding’s turtles and northern har- other outdoor recreational activities, announced the approval of plans to riers, both listed as threatened species while expanding public recreational transfer more than 720 acres of New in New York. The project is part of the opportunities. York State Canal Corporation-owned Eastern Lake Ontario shoreline and lands in Oneida County to the Office Islands priority project area. Region 6 of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation to expand Delta Lake State Oswego County developed Sandy In March 2006, the State announced Park. Additionally, in May 2006, ap- Island Beach, which compliments State an agreement to preserve 1,800 acres proximately 900 acres of lands under- efforts to encourage public access of wilderness in the northwestern water at Delta Lake were added to the to the shore in appropriate locations Adirondacks, including 4.5 miles of transfer, for a total of 1,700 acres. The while protecting fragile dune ecosys- undeveloped shoreline on Lows Lake. lands, identified as surplus to the needs tems. OPRHP assumed administration Under the accord with the Adirondack of the Canal System, will more than of Sandy Island Beach in 2004 while Land Trust and The Nature Conservancy, double the size of Delta Lake State Park the transfer of property was finalized. the state bought 1,000 acres previously and provide new and expanded oppor- The transfer from Oswego County was owned by Sabattis Land Co. to become tunities for waterfront recreation in the completed in July 2006. Due to fiscal part of the state Forest Preserve, as well region. constraints and in jeopardy of perma- as a conservation easement protecting nently closing, the 13 acre scenic park 800 acres retained by the Sabattis Land Delta Lake State Park is located on a along Lake Ontario, also part of the Co. The state plans to acquire the land peninsula with views of Delta Lake and Eastern Ontario Dune and Wetland Area and easement using the Environmental offers camping, a boat launch, fishing, stretches a white sandy shoreline 17 Protection Fund. picnic areas, swimming, playgrounds, miles from Oswego to Jefferson County. ball fields, and hiking trails as well as It is the only significant freshwater dune The acquisitions will fill a gap in the cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, and site in the northeastern United States, network of historic canoe routes that ice fishing in the winter. State Parks has attracting and providing a unique are opening to the public for the first held a permit to operate and maintain habitat for several species of migra- time in more than a century, while leav- the park on approximately 350 acres tory birds and waterfowl to its sand ing the southern shoreline of Lows Lake of land currently owned by the Canal dunes, wetlands, woodlands, creeks, undeveloped and protecting wildlife. Corporation since 1962. The land trans- and ponds. The scenic property will The agreement will conserve habitat for fer agreement will allow State Parks to continue to offer premium waterside loons, bald eagles, waterfowl and other formally acquire those lands, as well as recreation for public use, a spectacular wildlife. The family-owned Sabattis Land an additional 370 adjacent acres of land view and unique natural resources. Co. had owned the land since 1962. above water and 900 acres underwater, Committing to further enhance the to expand and protect additional natu- park and its facilities for patrons of An agreement was made in ral resources near the park and connect all ages, General Electric with assis- June 2003 between the State, the to a network of local trails. tance of Sithe Energies, has provided Adirondack Nature Conservancy and $250,000 through the County Industrial the Northeastern Loggers Association to Development Agency for construction of protect the 840 acre Minnehaha Tract. the beach’s bathhouse. The tract includes lands in the Moose 63 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship After the acquisition by DEC of the importance of the area for water qual- Master Plan/Draft Environmental Impact 1,067 acre Wehle property in south- ity protection, outdoor recreation and Statement is near completion. western Jefferson County, the property scenic appreciation. The Finger Lakes was transferred to OPRHP for develop- Land Trust will transfer the property to In Spring 2005, Two Rivers State ment of a new state park, Robert Wehle the State. Park was created with the purchase State Park. The park has approximately of 474 acres in Tioga County and later 17,000 linear feet of shoreline with An April 2005 gift of 83 acres to expanded with the acquisition of 73 spectacular vistas of Lake Ontario. The OPRHP provides a buffer for Old Erie additional acres. The park is the first park offers trail, day use and hunting Canal State Park. Located in Onondaga State Park within the county. Located in opportunities along with the rental of County, the parcel protects the views- the Village of Waverly, north of the New the main house. Prior to Wehle family hed northward from upper elevations York-Pennsylvania border where the ownership the property was used by the of Poolsbrook Day Use Area and places Chemung River joins the Susquehanna US Army as a gunnery range before and a relatively large section of vulnerable River, the mix of open grass lands and during World War II. wetland in state ownership. forested areas makes the park an ideal location for a variety of day-use and Region 7 In a settlement with Niagara overnight recreational opportunities. Mohawk, the State will receive 2800 Progress has been made to protect acres of open space, once subjected to Region 7/8 the 17th century Seneca Village at sub-division and private development, Ganondagan State Historic Site. The pur- along the Salmon River in Oswego Cooperative efforts among the chase of 295 acres between 1998 and County. A nationally renowned Salmon state and federal governments and 2004 by OPRHP allowed the rejoining of and Steelhead fishery, home of the not-for-profit organizations work- Ganondagan’s village core and associ- Salmon River Fish Hatchery, the River ing with landowners have added to ated burial grounds on Boughton Hill to attracts tens of thousands of fishing the Northern Montezuma Wetlands, the Fort Hill granary site and provides enthusiasts every year making it the one of the premier waterfowl areas added protection to the viewshed of most intensively fished river in the in the North American flyway. The this significant historic property. The State. The property includes over 15 Nature Conservancy bought a 120 acquisition will allow the continuation miles of shoreline along the River and acre farm along the Seneca River and of an existing interpretive trail system the Redfield Reservoir with 19 parcels Erie Canal in the town of Montezuma on each site and will allow the develop- of land located on or near the Salmon using $230,000 from a federal North ment of an accessible trail opportunity River in the Towns of Albion, Redfield, American Wetlands Conservation Act to the Fort Hill area. Orwell, and Richland, and in the Villages grant. The property features 3,000 of Altmar and Pulaski. feet of frontage on the Seneca River. In 2006, Fair Haven Beach State Park The farmland on the property will be was expanded with the acquisition of Made possible in part by the sup- restored to wetlands to provide habitat 291 acres. This acquisition consists of port of local communities, the DEC now for migratory birds. The land will be Sterling Marsh, Springbrook Creek and will be able to protect this high quality transferred to the State for addition to a golf course. The site includes a signifi- watershed, including habitat to bald ea- the Montezuma Wildlife Management cant wetland that provides a staging gles, and ensure public recreational ac- Area. area for migratory water birds such as cess to the largest cold water tributary loons, grebes and a variety of ducks. to Lake Ontario, providing the largest TNC also purchased an 82 acre par- The golf course will allow the park to run of both stocked and natural salmon cel of forestland, wetlands and farm- expand the variety of recreational op- and trout to the lake. Future plans of land along Crusoe Lake in Savannah portunities it has to offer. the DEC also include the construction of adjacent to the site of the new envi- a hiking and fishing access trail system ronmental education center to be built In July 2005, the Finger Lakes Land along the banks of the River. in partnership with Audubon New Trust, acting on behalf of the State, York, the state program of the National acquired Carpenter’s Falls, a pictur- OPRHP is in the process of complet- Audubon Society. The property will be esque, 90-foot waterfall over which ing design, acquisition and develop- transferred to the State. Bear Swamp Creek, a major tributary ment of the Black Diamond Rail Trail in to Skaneateles Lake, flows. Carpenter’s the Cayuga Inlet Corridor. Since 2000, Region 8 Falls and the entire Bear Swamp Creek 70 acres have been acquired to develop corridor is an identified priority in the and protect the trail corridor. Planning A $200,000 EPF grant went to Open Space Plan in recognition of the for the Trail is in progress and The Draft the Town of Greece in June 2004 64 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship to acquire a 49 acre parcel that ex- hiking, canoeing, birdwatching, fishing, and animal species provide excellent tends the Braddock Bay State Wildlife and hunting. opportunities for educational and envi- Management Area. The parcel will link ronmental interpretive programs. the WMA to the 140–acre Frisbee Hill In June 2002, the State acquired 3.2 Park. Braddock Bay is identified by the miles of Public Fishing Rights on Cayuta Region 9 Audubon Society as an Important Bird Creek, in Chemung and Schuyler coun- Area because of its significance as a ties. The acquisition on Cotton-Hanlon In 2006, the State acquired the re- raptor, waterfowl and songbird flyway Lumber Corporation, was part of an maining 23.7 acres of the Cheney Farm and a habitat for several rare birds and ongoing effort to acquire 5.9 miles of on Chautauqua Lake with an additional fishes. It was in addition to a June 2003 public fishing access along the creek’s 2,246 feet of shoreline. The $3,391,500 purchase of 71.6 acres for $587,218 outstanding brown trout fishery. The purchase was funded by the EPF. DEC with EPF grants, in partnership with the Chemung Federation of Sportsmen will manage the Cheney Farm lakefront Town of Greece, the county, and the provided invaluable assistance to DEC parcels as a low-intensity access site Trust for Public Land. The State is plant- in identifying prospective properties and offering shoreline fishing. ing native grasses, trees, and shrubs to helping to create an overall strategy for provide additional bird habitat and the public fishing rights on Cayuta Creek. In an agreement with the State formation of nests structures to help The easements also allow DEC to main- and the Chautauqua Watershed foster the growth of native migratory tain the stream banks stability through Conservancy, Inc., $800,000 in EPF bird populations. The land is available tree and shrub planting. funds went to the purchase of the 18.6 for public fishing, hiking, birding, hunt- acre Stow Farm Lakeshore property, ing, cross-country skiing and other day- The State accepted a gift in February one of the few remaining undevel- use activities. Input on a management 2004 of 40 acres of wetland property oped parcels on Chautauqua Lake. The plan will be provided by a committee, along the Lake Ontario Shoreline in the Conservancy contributed $115,000 compromised by area homeowners, lo- Town of Huron. The waterfront property toward the acquisition from the Stow cal and State officials, sporting groups, is bordered by the State’s Lake Shore family and then turned it over to the and birding groups. Marshes Wildlife Management Area- State. The Ralph C. Sheldon Foundation, Beaver Creek Unit that provides critical Johnson Foundation and Arnold The Sonnenberg Gardens and habitat and unique recreational oppor- Holmberg Foundation of Jamestown Mansion, a Finger Lakes landmark in tunities. The transaction was facilitated with more than 300 individuals, busi- the city of Canandaigua, was acquired by The Nature Conservancy and includes nesses and organizations were involved in March 2006 as a State Historic Park. 1,200 feet of undeveloped shoreline in preserving this parcel. The Lake is The Queen Ann-style mansion welcomes providing access for angling, beach designated as a Statewide Important tens of thousands of visitors a year walking, birding, hunting and wildlife Bird Area. The purchase protects impor- and is recognized by the Smithsonian observation. tant fish and bird habitats along the Institution as having “one of the most lakeshore and culminates several years magnificent late Victorian gardens ever Nearly 89 acres of land were of work by the Chautauqua Watershed created in America”. Developed be- purchased by OPRHP in the Town of Conservancy and the DEC to preserve tween 1863 and 1923, the 50 acre es- Portage from the Nunda Rod and Gun this ecological sensitive portion of the tate is listed on the State and National Club. This land has been added to shoreline. Register of Historic Properties. Letchworth State Park to enhance and enlarge the open space attributes of $1.7 million in EPF grants were Three parcels, totaling 2,000 acres the park. It consists of second genera- used in Niagara and Erie Counties for along the south end of Honeoye Lake in tion growth mixed hardwoods, conifer recreation, historic preservation, and the Finger Lakes region were acquired plantations, a 5 acre pond and minor waterfront revitalization. In May 2004, from The Nature Conservancy using wetland features. $658,500 went to completing the de- $1.1 million in funds from the 1996 velopment of Lockport’s Historic Canal Clean Water/Clean Air Bond Act and Beechwood State Park, formally a Park, spurring growth of the Niagara the EPF. The lands acquired are a mix of Girl Scout Camp, acquired in 1999 by Region’s recreational facilities and wetlands, oak-hickory forests, and open OPRHP was expanded by 146 acres in contributing to long-term waterfront meadows. A new Wildlife Management November 2006. The 317-acre park is revitalization and historic preservation. Area will protect critical habitat for a located on the shores of Lake Ontario The acquisition will complete the devel- variety of plants, birds, mammals, and in the Town of Sodus, Wayne County. opment of the Lockport Historic Canal other wildlife that thrive in this wet- It’s diversity of natural communities, Park Project, establishing a public park lands ecosystem with opportunities for significant habitats and variety of plant and interpretive museum. In addition, 65 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Niagara County received $280,376 for that balances their economic and Since 1996, the Department of development of a Gateway Point and environmental resources. The establish- Agriculture and Markets has also restoration of the historic Carnegie Art ment of an Erie Canal Greenway would awarded $95 million in State funds to Center Library in North Tonawanda, strengthen local ties across the Canal local municipalities to purchase devel- rehabilitation of a pier and boat launch Corridor and protect and enhance its opment rights or conservation ease- in South Waterfront Park on the Niagara natural and cultural resources for future ments on eligible farms totaling over River, and for public access enhance- generations. 41,000 acres. To date, 95 conservation ments on the Niagara River in the easements on farms totaling over Village of Lewiston. The State has protected over 613,000 17,500 acres have been permanently acres under working forest conservation protected. An additional $23 million is The EPF grants in Erie county in- easements. These easements maintain included for this program in the State’s cluded: $350,000 to Buffalo to restore the economic vitality of forest lands 2006/2007 Budget. the former Delaware-Ashbury Church while allowing for public recreational for re-use as an entertainment venue; access to thousands of acres of privately Since 1995, DEC has purchased $87,423 to the Town of Lancaster to owned forest land. Any development more than 40 equivalent miles of Public acquire and preserve reaming parcels of those lands is also prevented with Fishing Rights covering more than 115 of the historic Warren Hull House and the exception of that associated with acres. Farmstead; $300,000 to the Town of continued timber production. Much of Evans to develop Sturgeon Point Bluffs the working forest conservation ease- Priority Projects Park on Lake Erie as a multi-use public ment acreage is included in a few large recreation area; $40,000 to the City of easements: Champion, International The open space planning process Tonawanda to construct a 640-linear Paper and Domtar/Sable Highlands. identifies projects, which deserve im- foot dock to accommodate increase Descriptions of these projects can be mediate conservation attention from boating in the Gateway Harbor and found in the sections for Regions 5 and DEC, OPRHP and their partners in land provide boater access to Longs Point 6. conservation. These projects have been Park, the Canalway Trail and downtown identified as a result of: businesses; and $12,500 to the Town of OPRHP has protected a total of •• An analysis by agency staffs of New Grand Island for the development of a over 30,000 acres to improve access, York State’s resources including master plan for the Bicentennial Park/ eliminate in-holdings and provide buf- hydrology, rare and endangered Scenic Woods. All projects are used fers to protect the resources as well as species, population and density, to reconnect local businesses to the to enhance recreational and cultural water supplies, existing State land historic waterway. opportunities at our existing State Parks and State Historic Sites. These were ownership patterns, recreational Multi-Region accomplished through fee acquisition and cultural resources preservation and gifts. Please note that many of needs; •• The recommendations of the Re- In May 2005, the State unveiled a these acres have already been described gional Advisory Committees; new vision to create “The Erie Canal previously in this chapter and may meet •• Recommendations of those testify- Greenway,” representing a new chapter the criteria for more than one priority ing at public hearings or providing in the future development of the Canal. project. written comments on the draft OSP; This new direction for the Canal will •• Geographic distribution across the restore, revitalize and afford greater The Department of Agriculture and State. protection of one of New York’s most Markets has awarded farmland protec- valuable resources and become a tion planning funds totaling over $2 The projects have also been reviewed central link in the long-term strategy of million to 51 counties and 45 farmland through the first three screens of the creating an Empire State Greenway. protection plans have been completed projects selection process identified in by their respective county governments the OSP. A potential Greenway designation and approved by the Commissioner of would incorporate a more regional Agriculture and Markets. Each county Taken together, the list of projects approach to land-use planning, tour- agricultural and farmland protec- represents the best current thinking ism, recreational trail development and tion board is eligible to receive up to regarding those places, which should other collaborative initiatives. The fun- $50,000 from the State to assist in the be conserved to achieve the goals of damental concept behind a Greenway development of such plans. the OSP and to protect the open space is to partner with communities and heritage of the people of New York assist them in local grassroots planning State. The priority projects, however, 66 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship only represent a small number of those • Staten Island Wet Woods {21} • Schoharie Valley Corridor {53} projects identified through the public • Upper Hudson River Waterfront {22} • Susquehanna River Valley Corridor input process. The selectivity in identify- {54} ing priority projects is required by fiscal Region 3 • Woodlawn Pine Barrens-Wetlands prudence and by the basic approach • Great Roundout Wetlands {23} Complex {55} of the OSP, which suggests the need to • Great Swamp {24} establish clear priorities for open space • Karst Aquifer Region {25} Region 5 conservation. • Long Island Sound Coastal Corridor • Adirondack Mountain Club Lands {26} {56} The priority projects are listed by DEC • Mongaup Valley Wildlife Manage- • Battenkill Watershed {57} regions and alphabetically and num- ment Area {27} • Big Cedar Swamp {58} bered sequentially; no priority should • Neversink Highlands {28} • Boeselager Forestry {59} be inferred by the listing order. Project • New York Highlands {29} • Domtar/Lyme Fee Lands {60} numbers have been revised; numbers • Northeastern Westchester Water- • Douglas Property {61} for projects which appear both on the shed and Biodiversity Lands {30} • Floodwood (Northern New Jersey 2002 list and on this list generally will • Plutarch/Black Creek Wetlands Council Boy Scout Camp) {62} be different. Some progress towards Complex {31} • Follensby Park {63} conservation has been accomplished • Rockland Riverfront Communities/ • Hudson River Projects {64} for many of these projects. A detailed Palisades Ridge {32} • Lake Champlain Watershed {65} description of each of the projects is • Schunnemunk Mountain/Moodna • Lake George Watershed {66} provided in the 2006 OSP. Creek/Woodcock Mountain {33} • International Paper Fee Lands {67} • Shawangunk Mountains {34} • National Lead/Tahawus {68} Region 1 • Turtle Conservation Sites {35} • Roden Property {69} • Atlantic Coast {1} • Wallkill Valley {36} • Saratoga County {70} • • Central Pine Barrens {2} Regions 3 & 4 Whitney Park {71} • Long Island Sound Coastal Area {3} Regions 5 & 6 • Long Island. South Shore Estuary • Catskill River and Road Corridors Reserve (SSER) {4} {37} • Bog River/Beaver River Headwater • Long Island. Trail and Greenway • Catskill Unfragmented Forest {38} Complex {72} System {5} • Hudson River Estuary/Greenway • May’s Pond Tract {73} • Peconic Pinelands Maritime Reserve Trail Corridor {39} • Northern Flow River Corridors {74} {6} • New York City Watershed Lands • Recreational Trail Linkages & Net- • Special Ground Water Protection {40} works {75} Areas (SGWPA) {7} • Taconic Ridge/Harlem Valley {41} • Region 6 • Black Creek Watershed {76} Region 2 Region 4 • Black River Corridor {77} • Bronx River Trailway {8} • Albany Pine Bush {42} • For Drum Conservation Partnership • Eastchester Bay Waterfront {9} • Black Creek Marsh/Vly Swamp {43} Priority Project {78} • Harbor Herons Wildlife Complex • Drowned Lands Swamp Watershed • Imman Gulf {79} {10} {44} • Massawepie Mire {80} • Harlem River Waterfront {11} • Five Rivers Environmental Educa- • Maumee Swamp {81} • Inner City/Underserved Community tion Center {45} • Moose River Corridor {82} Parks {12} • Franklin Vlaie Wildlife Management • Rome Sand Plains {83} • Jamaica Bay Protection Area {13} Area {46} • St. Lawrence River Islands, Shore- • Long Pond/Butler Wood {14} • Hand Hollow Conservation Area lines and Wetlands {84} • New York City Historic Preservation {47} • State Park Battlefields {85} Sites {15} • Helderberg Escarpment {48} Regions 6 & 7 • Northeastern Queens Shoreline {16} • Hoosick River Corridor {49} • Mohawk River Valley Corridor/ • Putnam Railroad {17} • Tug Hill Core Forests and Barge Canal {50} • Staten Island Bluebelt {18} Headwater Streams {86} • Staten Island Greenbelt {19} • Oomsdale Farm and Surrounding • Staten Island North Shore Green- Landscape {51} belt {20} • Rensselaer Plateau {52} 67 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Region 7 •• Northern Montezuma Wetlands •• Chautauqua Lake Access, Vistas, {104} Shore Lands & Tributaries {120} • Camillus Valley/Nine Mile Creek •• Ecological Corridors {121} {87} Region 8 •• Exceptional Forest Communities • Carpenter Falls/Bear Swamp Creek •• Catharine Valley Complex {105} {122} Corridor {88} •• Chemung River Greenbelt {106} •• Grassland Preservation and Resto- • Clark Reservation State Park {89} •• Hi Tor/Bristol Hills {107} ration {123} • Cortland County State Park {90} •• Indian Hills Golf Club {108} •• Indian Lakes {124} • Fair Haven Beach State Park {91} •• Jinnus Ponds {109} •• Lake Erie Tributary Gorges {125} •• Genny-Green Trail/Link Trail (92} •• Seneca Army Depot Conservation •• Niagara Escarpment {126} •• Minoa Lakes/Green Lakes State Area {110} •• Significant Wetlands {127} Park {93} •• Sonnenberg Gardens {111} •• Urban Wetlands {128} •• Nelson Swamp {94} •• Westbury Bog {112} •• North Shore of Oneida Lake {95} •• Western Finger Lakes: Conesus, Region 6, 7, 8 and 9 •• Old Erie Canal State Historic Park Hemlock, Canadice and Honeoye •• Great Lakes Shorelines and Niagara Trailhead Development, Buffer and {113} River {129} Historic Protection {96} •• Wolf Gully {114} •• Peter Scott Swamp {97} Multi-Region •• Salmon River Corridor {98} Regions 8 & 9 •• State Forest and Wildlife Manage- •• State Parks Greenbelt/Tompkins •• Genesee Greenway/Recreationway ment Area Protection {130} County {99} {115} •• New York State Canal System {131} •• Summerhill Fen and Forest Complex •• Tonawanda Creek Watershed {116} •• Working Forest Lands {132} {100} •• State Park and State Historic Site •• Two Rivers State Park {101} Region 9 Protection {133} Regions 7 & 8 •• Allegany River Watershed {117} •• Statewide Farmland Protection •• Buffalo/Niagara River Corridors {134} •• Emerald Necklace {102} {118} •• Long Distance Trail Corridors {135} •• Finger Lakes Shorelines and Wet- •• Cattaraugus Creek and Tributaries •• Statewide Small Projects {136} lands {103} {119} 1) Public Fishing Stream & River Access Projects 2) Waterway Access 3) Enhancement of Public Lands 4) Rare Habitats 5) Historic & Archeological Resources 6) Trail & Greenway Connections

Figure 4.5 - 2006 Priority Projects

68 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship New York’s CELCP priorities are pro- In 2008, the State received nearly $2 Coastal and tecting tidal and freshwater wetlands, million in CELCP funds for the acquisi- coastal floodplains, coastal erosion tion of approximately 36 acres on Pipes Estuarine hazard areas, significant coastal fish Coves on Long Island on the Peconic and wildlife habitats, wild and scenic Estuary, a federally designated estuary Land Conser- rivers, and lands suitable for providing of national significance. coastal-based recreation and water- vation Pro- related access. The CELCP plan also Through 2008, New York State has establishes New York’s priority coastal received nearly $11.8 million in federal gram and estuarine waters as the Long Island CELCP funds for land acquisition. marine district (Peconic Estuary, Long The Coastal and Estuarine Land Island Sound, and the Long Island South Actions Shore/Atlantic Ocean), the Hudson Conservation Program (CELCP) is a •• Utilize LWRPs, the State’s CELCP - Raritan Estuary, the Hudson River federal initiative established in 2002 to plan and the Open Space Conser- Estuary, the Great Lakes (Lake Erie and protect coastal and estuarine areas with vation Plan to identify important Lake Ontario), and the St. Lawrence significant conservation, recreation, eco- coastal and estuarine lands for River. logical, historical, or aesthetic values. protection. Priority is given to lands with signifi- •• Seek funding for protection of im- cant ecological value, those that can DOS works with coastal and inland waterfront communities throughout portant coastal and estuarine lands be effectively managed, and which are through CELCP, EPF, land trusts and threatened by imminent conversion. the state to prepare LWRPs, which can be used to identify potential CELCP municipal sources. In order to qualify for funds under projects through community-based this program, coastal states must plans. LWRPs also contain policies and develop a CELCP plan that provides recommendations related to resource, as assessment of priority conservation habitat and open space protection that needs and clear guidance for nominat- can be used to protect coastal and ing land conservation projects. State estuarine lands with significant conser- CELCP plans are developed and submit- vation, recreation, ecological, historical, ted by the state’s coastal management or aesthetic values. program in conjunction with other state or federal agencies involved in Goals coastal land acquisition, conservation, or management; any National Estuarine Protect coastal and estuarine lands Research Reserves in the state; and with significant conservation, recre- other interested parties. ation, ecological, historical, or aesthetic values. The Department of State, working closely with its state partners in open Accomplishments space protection - the Department of Environmental Conservation and the New York State’s CELCP plan was Office of Parks, Preservation and Historic prepared and adopted as part of the Preservation - developed a CELCP plan 2006 New York State Open Space that was included in the 2006 New York Conservation Plan. The plan was ap- State Open Space Conservation Plan. proved by NOAA in 2007. With completion of the expanded Open Space Conservation Plan that includes The Division of Coastal Resources the State’s CELCP plan, New York is submitted requests for funding in re- eligible to compete for National Oceanic sponse to the FY 2007, FY 2008 and FY and Atmospheric Administration funds 2009 CELCP Announcement of Federal for the acquisition of coastal and estua- Funding Opportunity for land acquisi- rine lands. tion projects.

69 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship agricultural production only insofar as Agricultural and Farmland Protection Farmland Pro- an economic and land use climate exists Program is to fund local initiatives that which encourages farmers to remain in are intended to maintain the eco- tection farming. nomic viability of the State’s agricultural industry and its supporting land base The State has two major programs The 30-year old Agricultural Districts and to protect the environmental and in place to prevent the conversion of Program, the first of its kind nationally, landscape preservation values associ- agricultural land to nonfarm uses. The has been endorsed and broadly adopted ated with agriculture. Article 25-AAA Agricultural Districts Program and the by landowners and local governments is a logical complement to other State Agricultural and Farmland Protection across the State. Since the beginning of statutes that address open space pres- Program are complementary approach- the Program, first administered by the ervation and authorize local govern- es to maintaining land in active agricul- DEC from 1972 to 1979 and, thereafter, ments to expend public funds to acquire tural production. The former relies on by the Department of Agriculture and interests or rights to real property for voluntary landowner initiative and mu- Markets, total land area within districts the preservation of open space includ- nicipal and state government coopera- has increased yearly. The number of dis- ing land used in agricultural production. tion to protect active farm operations tricts grew from 19 in 1972 to 295295 from the threats of conversion; the lat- in 2007and the total amount of land in State assistance payments for farm- ter actually seeks to preserve the land districts has also increased markedly, land protection projects may cover up base where the benefits and protections from 171,528 acres to over 8.5 million to 50% of the costs for counties and available through agricultural districting acres containing approximately 21,991 municipal governments to develop agri- may not be sufficient to overcome local farms during the same time period. The cultural and farmland protection plans, development pressure. The following number of districts has declined in re- and up to 75% of the costs for the pur- summarizes each of these major strate- cent years due to consolidation, but the chase of development rights (PDR) on gies which serve as the cornerstone of number of acres in districts continues to farms as implementation grants. Since the State’s farmland protection efforts. rise modestly. 1995, the Department has earmarked approximately $22 million in farmland Agricultural Districts The popularity of the Program is protection planning funds for 5252 attributable to its grassroots orientation counties, which have been completed Program and to the protections and economic by their respective county governments incentives extended to agricultural and approved by the Commissioner of New York’s Agricultural Districts Law enterprises within a district. These pro- Agriculture and Markets. Each county (Article 25-AA of the Agriculture and vide farmers with immediate economic agricultural and farmland protec- Markets Law) was enacted in 1971 to benefits in the form of real property tion board is eligible to receive up to protect and conserve the State’s agri- tax reduction as well as assurances $50,000 from the State to assist in the cultural resource base. The Agricultural that protections against public acquisi- development of such plans. Districts Program has its foundation in tions, nuisance suits, and unreasonably Article XIV of the State Constitution restrictive local ordinances are available Legislation enacted in 2005 autho- which concludes that it is the policy of if needed. rizes grants for the development of mu- the State “...to conserve and protect nicipal agricultural and farmland protec- its natural resources and scenic beauty tion plans. Municipal governments will and encourage the development and Agricultural and Farm- be eligible to receive up to $25,000 improvement of its agricultural lands land Protection Pro- from the State to assist in the develop- for the production of food and other gram ment of such plans. Additionally, as agricultural products.” The Constitution of 2007, counties are eligible for up to recognizes that agricultural lands are Article 25-AAA of the Agriculture $50,000 to update their plans after 10 a necessary and irreplaceable resource and Markets Law complements the years. that must be protected to assure eco- Agricultural Districts Law in that it nomic stability and growth within the authorizes the Commissioner to admin- Since 1996, the Department has agricultural industry. ister programs to assist counties and awarded over $116 million in State municipal governments in developing funds to counties and towns to pur- The Agricultural Districts Law agricultural and farmland protection chase development rights to protect a prescribes a locally-initiated program plans and to assist both county and mu- total of over 50,000 acres. To date, 125 involving both land owners and local nicipal governments in the implementa- projects totaling over 24,000 acres have governments. The Program is based on tion of such plans. The purpose of the been protected using these state funds. the principle that land will remain in 70 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship Pursuant to Article 25-AAA, the Understanding Biodi- Commissioner must give priority to pro- Steward- posed implementation projects that: versity Biodiversity is a shortened form of a) will preserve viable agricultural ship the term “biological diversity.” As de- land (defined as “land highly fined by the premier ecologist, Edward suitable for agricultural produc- O. Wilson, it is simply the variety of all tion and which will continue to be Natural Re- life on earth. There are several com- economically feasible for such use if ponents to this variety. First is species real property taxes, farm use restric- source Stew- diversity, or the sum of the variety of tions, and speculative activities all living organisms at the species level. are limited to levels approximating ardship and Within individual species or populations, those in commercial agricultural ar- there can also be a tremendous amount eas not influenced by the proximity Interpreta- of genetic diversity. This genetic of nonagricultural development”); tion diversity is essential to the process of b) are located in areas facing signifi- evolution by natural selection, because cant development pressure; and it provides the raw materials by which State lands provide habitat for an new species arise. Ecosystem diver- incredible diversity of plants, animals, sity is another element affecting total c) serve as a buffer for a significant and ecosystems, many of which are rare natural public resource containing biodiversity. An ecosystem is comprised or endangered. Proper stewardship of a geographical location, its physical important ecosystem or habitat of these natural resources require an characteristics. features and the organisms that survive understanding of biodiversity, identi- and interact there. fication and protection of important The Agricultural Districts and plant and animal habitats; restoration Agricultural and Farmland Protection Loss of habitat, loss of species in a of degraded ecosystems and enhance- community, or pollution changing physi- Programs are critical components of the ment of freshwater and marine habitats; State’s overall land protection and open cal and chemical processes can result in control of existing invasive species and ecological simplification. Such simplifi- space programs. Farmland protects prevention of new introductions; and valuable open space and associated cation means a reduction in the number preparation for the long-term ecological and complexity of interrelationships intrinsic benefits and supports the many impacts of climate change and sea level farm businesses across the state. It between organisms and their environ- rise. In order to expand the public’s ments. This simplification often results contributes to scenic vistas and pro- awareness, develop an environmental vides recreational opportunities includ- in complex, insidious changes, further ethic and support stewardship initia- reducing the number of species and ing hunting, fishing and trail activities. tives, there is a need for enhanced Farms help to preserve the State and variety among individuals. Scholars be- natural resource interpretation and edu- lieve that we are currently experiencing local heritage while providing educa- cation programming. Therefore, proper tional and interpretive opportunities. extinction rates rivaling or exceeding stewardship of these natural resources the rates of the prehistoric mass extinc- The farming industry also contributes to is achieved through: the economy by supporting agro- and tions. Mass destruction attributable to eco-tourism. They will continue to play •• Understanding biodiversity our own species is apparently unique an important role as the State continues •• Inventory and identification of eco- in the earth’s history. Biodiversity loss to expand its goals for protection the logical communities and habitats. does not just mean that certain spe- rural character and associated open •• Designation of important communi- cies are going extinct. As population space across its many regions. ties and habitats. sizes and the numbers of populations •• Management of communities and decrease, genetic diversity is lost as habitats. well. The net result may be that major •• Regulations for the protection of ecosystems may become imbalanced communities and habitats. and crash. •• Interpretation and education of ecological systems and their impor- Research is essential to under- tance. standing biodiversity. The Biodiversity Research Institute, described in Chapter 7, is the state’s primary program that advances biodiversity research, through 71 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship a partnership with scientific and natural species and communities are found. online at http://www.dec.ny.gov/ resource management agencies and or- The database also includes detailed animals/38801.html. This interactive ganizations. Biodiversity and ecosystem information on the relative rareness of mapping application shows the general research is also carried out by educa- each species and community, the quality areas where rare animals, rare plants, tional institutions and other entities of their occurrences, and descriptions and rare and significant natural com- such as the Cary Institute for Ecosystem of sites. The information is used by munities have been documented by the Studies. public agencies, the environmental NYNHP. The Environmental Resource conservation community, developers, Mapper also displays locations of New and others to aid in land-use decisions. York regulated freshwater wetlands Inventory The information is used for prioritizing and of protected streams, rivers, and those species and communities in need lakes. These maps are intended as one and Identifi- of protection and for guiding land-use source of information for landowners, and land-management decisions where land managers, citizens, local officials, cation these species and communities exist. and project sponsors engaged in land use decision making, conservation, or In order to protect natural resources Ecological Communities of New York environmental assessment. and biodiversity, it is critical to know State, published by the NYNHP in 1990, what exists and requires protection. classified and described ecological Numerous other entities and pro- communities (such as forests, wetlands, grams within the state provide ways The NY Natural Heritage Program and other habitat types) representing to identify important natural resources. (NHP) is a partnership between NYS the full array of biological diversity in Estuary programs, the State Museum DEC and The Nature Conservancy (TNC). the state. Information for the report (under State Education), universities, Its mission is to enable and enhance was provided by NYNHP/DEC staff, field and not-for-profit research bodies such conservation of rare animals, rare plants biologists and other state agencies such as Hudsonia are just a few of the ways and significant natural communities as the State Museum’s Biological Survey in which to approach this important (which are different types of forests, (Reschke 1990.) The report quickly step. Hudsonia, for instance, developed wetlands, grasslands, etc.). THE NY NHP became the primary source for commu- a Biodiversity Assessment Manual for accomplishes this mission through field nity classification in the state. Despite the Hudson River Estuary Corridor. The inventories, scientific analyses, and New the prevalence of human land use in Manual is distributed free of charge to York’s most comprehensive database the northeast, Ecological Communities municipal conservation commissions, on the status and location of rare spe- of New York State remains the only clas- land trusts, and public libraries through- cies and natural communities (NY NHP, sification that includes a comprehensive out the region, and a training program 2007). The NY NHP delivers the highest treatment of cultural communities instructs local agencies and organiza- quality information for natural resource along with the natural types. This allows tions in using the Manual to identify planning, protection and management. users of this classification to describe the biodiversity resources at greatest NYNHP was established in 1985 and and map nearly any ecological commu- risk and to help establish policies and is a contract unit housed within DEC’s nity encountered in the state. A draft practices for biodiversity protection Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine revised and expanded edition (Edinger (Hudsonia, 2008). Similar training can Resources. The program is staffed by et.al. 2002) is available at http://www. be extended around the state to provide more than 20 scientists and specialists dec.ny.gov/animals/29392.html. municipalities and managers with the with expertise in ecology, zoology, bot- tools needed to identify and protect any, information management, environ- The NYNHP has published on- biodiversity resources. mental review and geographic informa- line comprehensive fact sheets tion systems. It is partially supported by (“Conservation Guides”) about indi- state taxpayer voluntary contributions vidual rare species and natural com- Designation to the Return a Gift to Wildlife program munity types designed to help land (DEC 2007). managers, decision-makers, planners, One tool to enhance protection scientists, consultants, students, and the of biodiversity resources is designa- Currently, the NY NHP monitors 174 interested public better understand the tion of special areas or species to natural community types, 737 rare plant biodiversity that characterizes New York increase the public’s awareness for species, 431 rare animal species, and (NYNHP 2007) the need for management and protec- 6 types of animal concentration areas tion. DOS’s Significant Coastal Fish and across New York, and keeps track of DEC has also provided a new Wildlife Habitats, designation of Wild, more than 11,700 locations where these Environmental Resource Mapper Scenic and Recreational Rivers, and 72 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship establishment of greenways are just a in 2002. Modeled in part after the additional designations will be forth- few examples of designation programs. Bird Conservation Areas program, the coming in the ensuing years. Two relatively new designation pro- purpose of the Natural Heritage Areas grams are highlighted in this section. program is to heighten awareness of state-owned land that supports im- Management Bird Conservation portant natural heritage resources and Areas to better ensure stewardship of those Management actions required to pro- areas compatible with the long-term tect and perpetuate ecological systems Legislation establishing the New conservation of these resources. occur on a statewide level down to a York State Bird Conservation Area site specific area. Such actions are de- (BCA) Program was enacted by the Sites that are eligible for designation scribed throughout SCORP, and encom- State legislature and signed into law on as a NHA must meet one or more of the pass such programs as State Wildlife September 5, 1997. The BCA program is following criteria: provide habitat for Grants, estuary programs, Biodiversity the first of its kind in the United States endangered or threatened species (as Research Institute grants, OPRHP and is modeled after the National defined in ECL §11-0535, for animals resource protection projects and BCA Audubon Society’s Important Bird Areas and ECL §9-1503 for plants) ; provide Management Guidance Summaries. Two Program, which recognizes special bird habitat for species designated as rare new state programs in particular have habitats on both private and public by the NY Natural Heritage program, or been instituted since the last SCORP lands across the country. support a significant ecological com- and are described further in this section. munity. Sites may be designated by the This program applies criteria for DEC commissioner, or by any other state Ecosystem-based designating BCAs to state-owned lands agency owning land eligible for desig- Management and waters and seeks to “safeguard nation, subject to the commissioner’s approval. and enhance” bird populations and Ecosystem-based management their habitats in these areas. The BCA OPRHP designated Moreau Lakes (EBM) is an integrated, adaptive ap- program seeks to provide a comprehen- proach to managing human activities sive, ecosystem approach to conserving State Park as the first NHA in 2006 as part of its master planning process. In to ensure the coexistence of healthy, birds and their habitats by integrating fully functioning ecosystems and hu- bird conservation interests into agency 2007, DEC designated its first NHA at Tivoli Bays Wildlife Management Area man communities. The goal of EBM is planning, management, and research to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, projects, within the context of agency in the Hudson Valley. It is expected that missions.

To date, New York State has designated 49 BCAs in New York State. Sixteen BCAs have been designated on State parkland including the latest addition, Moreau Lake. Thirty-two have been designated on lands owned by DEC, including latest additions Carlton Hill, Peconic River Headwaters, Lake Shore Marshes, Three Rivers and Keaney Swamp. The NYS Canal Corporation also now boasts a designated BCA at Vischer Ferry. Additional areas are continually being prepared for designation by state agencies. Natural Heritage Areas

Legislation establishing Natural Heritage Areas (NHA) was enacted Figure 4.6 - New York State Bird Conservation Areas 73 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship productive and resilient condition so working to integrate EBM principles “rock snot”)” in certain locations of the that it can provide the services humans into its many diverse programs and state including a section of the Batten want and need. An ecosystem is the regional operations. OPRHP is develop- Kill, a fabled trout stream in Washington dynamic complex of plants, animals, ing guidelines to ensure that activities, County. The algae can wreck trout microbes and physical environmental programs and goals related to coastal habitat by harming the bottom-dwelling features that interact with one another. ecosystems and their management are organisms on which fish feed (DEC Ecosystems come in many sizes with aligned with ecosystem-based manage- 2007). smaller ones embedded within larger ment. This SCORP demonstrates this ones. Ecosystems provide many services effort. Refer also to sustainability and In recent years, thousands of migra- such as habitat and food. ecosystem-based management policies tory birds that stop at Lake Ontario and strategies identified in Chapter 2. and Lake Erie have died after consum- The Ocean and Great Lakes ing two particular invasive species Ecosystem Conservation Act, described Invasive Species (quagga mussels and a fish called the in greater detail in Chapter 7 under DOS Round Goby) that helped spread type programs, calls for the integration and By federal Executive Order and by E botulism in the Great Lakes. Ballast- coordination of EBM with existing laws NY state law, an invasive species is water discharge from ocean-going and programs. EBM would evolve the a species that is: 1) nonnative to the vessels is a likely suspect in the spread current regulatory system and gover- ecosystem under consideration, and; 2) of the Round Goby, the mussels and nance structure which is largely sector- whose introduction causes or is likely viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) a based, (e.g. air, water, transportation, to cause economic or environmental fatal fish disease that has been found in agriculture) and sometimes conflicted harm or harm to human health. In the the Great Lakes and – just last summer (independent regulatory and economic latter case, the harm must significantly – in several smaller New York lakes and growth goals), toward a system which outweigh any benefits. (NYS ISTF, 2005) ponds. As part of a multi-state lawsuit, will: lead to decisions based on a the Commissioner of DEC called on holistic understanding of ecosystems; Invasive species are a form of federal officials to force ocean-going be adaptive and responsive to change; biological pollution. As a threat to our ships to clean out their ballasts before promote coordination and cooperation biodiversity, they have been judged entering the nation’s waterways (DEC among sectors; balance competing uses; second only to habitat loss. Invasive 2007). and inspire compromise (DOS, 2007). species come from all around the world; the rate of invasion is increasing along Invasive species have also spread to EBM is different from current man- with the increase in international trade forests. DEC has been combating the agement approaches that focus on a that accompanies globalization. Sirex wood wasp, which spreads a fun- particular issue or on a single ecological gus that can devastate trees, especially component such as a single endan- Invasive species have caused many red and white pines. Also, foresters are gered species or isolated water quality problems in the past, are causing preparing for the possible emergence parameters. By focusing on interacting problems now, and pose threats to our of the Emerald Ash Borer, a tree eating systems, EBM requires participation of future: our ecosystems, including natu- beetle that has been spreading east many state agencies and requires the ral systems and managed forests; our from the Midwest and has recently ap- integration of knowledge from individu- food supply, including not only agricul- peared in Pennsylvania (DEC 2007). als with local experience as well as ture but also harvested wildlife, fish and experts in biological, social and eco- shellfish; our built environments, includ- An example of an invasive species nomic fields. EBM is a tool that can cut ing landscaping, infrastructure, industry, and the degree of impacts on the envi- across programmatic and geographic gardens, and pets. Invasive species have ronment, kudzu (Pueraria montana) is a jurisdictions with the components of implications, too, for recreation and for legume that has become highly invasive EBM providing a language that allows human health. in the U.S., and is known to fix nitrogen for improved communication between in its native range. Kudzu’s tendency citizens, scientists, the private sector Some of the more well-known to form dense stands and its extensive and government officials (DOS, 2007). invasive species in New York are zebra coverage in the southern U.S. may in- mussels, milfoil, chestnut blight and crease rates of nitrogen cycling and ac- Each Agency is charged by the Act to the Asian Long Horned Beetle, and cumulation in soils, potentially leading integrate and coordinate EBM practices new ones are being found at a rapid to changes in community composition, into their programs to advance the rate (DEC 2007). Last summer, DEC soil acidification, and increased fluxes policy and principles of the Act (refer confirmed the presence of the algae of nitrogen gases and leached nitrate to Chapter 7 under DOS). OPRHP is Didymo (Didymosphenia geminata or to neighboring ecosystems. Preliminary 74 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship results of a study (Hickman and Lerdau the development of a master plan, unit to anyone interested in getting involved 2006) suggest striking effects of kudzu management plan, or more specific and includes federal, State, and local invasion on ecosystem processes, with invasive species management plan. government agencies, non-governmen- large increases in nitrogen-cycling pa- tal organizations, universities, private rameters occurring in the invaded sites. As described more fully in Chapter firms and individuals (PCA APWG 2007). Initial findings show that nitric oxide 7 (under DEC), a State Invasive Species fluxes from soil in invaded areas are Task Force produced a report with TNC’s Global Invasive Species twice those from uninvaded patches. recommendations to address invasive Initiative – a network of Conservancy The excess nitrogen may make it easier species. Since the Invasive Species Task scientists and specialists focused on for other fast-growing invasive plants Force first convened in 2004, at least invasive species – provides worldwide to take over, and rains may wash excess eleven new organisms have invaded leadership by catalyzing high impact nutrients into rivers, causing algal New York. A new Invasive Species partnerships, developing policy strate- blooms that deplete waters of oxygen Council (ISC), a permanent body within gies and leading research, science and and lead to fish kills. As soil nitrogen state government, was established in innovation about invasive species and levels rise, so will emissions of nitric law in 2007. EPF resources have been conservation. TNC applies an ap- oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Hickman used to deliver invasive species pro- proach to prevent invasions, provide has confirmed that kudzu causes small grams primarily through partners. In science-based solutions, and eradicate increases in emissions of nitrogen 2006-07, $3.25 million, and in 2007- invasive species when populations dioxide, which is 300 times more potent 08, $5 million have been provided for are still small. An “adaptive manage- a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide agency action, contracts and grants ment” approach sets realistic targets (Cabreza 2007). Since nitrogen dioxide to implement the recommendations. for control, identifies the best response, readily converts to ozone in the pres- Funding has been or will soon be and evaluates how effective the efforts ence of sunlight, it could also lead to provided to advance planning, data- have been once implemented. Stringent spikes in low-level ozone. Kudzu is cur- base, research, eradication projects, guidelines are followed to reduce any rently found in Long Island, New York and Partnerships for Regional Invasive potential side effects of control efforts. City, and Albany County (New York Flora Species Management (PRISMs) to en- Minimizing risk to the native species Association 2005). sure prevention and rapid response to and ecosystems being protected must new invasives. always be a priority when selecting a Recreational impacts of invasive control method (TNC 2008). In NYS, TNC species include visual impacts such as A number of other partnerships has taken an active leadership role to when common reed (Phragmites aus- promote the management of inva- assist in formation of PRISMs and to tralus) grows so tall along the shore- sive species. The Plant Conservation assure the principles of the global initia- line as to obstruct views, and physical Alliance (PCA) is a consortium of ten tive are being applied. impacts such as Eurasian watermilfoil federal government member agencies (Myriophyllum spicatum) obstructing and over 260 non-federal cooperators boat access or swimming. In the lat- representing various disciplines within Regulation ter case, at least one death has been the conservation field (PCA 2007). attributed to milfoil (Cabreza 2007). The PCA’s Alien Plant Working Group Regulations are an important tool Other health and safety impacts imped- works to promote the conservation and utilized in the protection and manage- ing recreation use are also caused by restoration of native plants and natural ment of the natural resources including certain invasive species, such as Giant ecosystems by preventing the use and fish and wildlife, lands and forests, park- hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) introduction of invasive species and by land, water quality (fresh and saltwa- that may increase sensitivity to sunlight removing invasive plants from natural ter), and air quality. Freshwater and causing painful, burning blisters similar areas. The APWG is addressing these tidal wetland regulations, for instance, to severe skin burns that may last for goals by gathering information on in- provide protection for these resources months. vasive species that affect natural areas as well as the plant and animal spe- in the US; sharing this information with cies that rely on them. Protecting Management of a threatened or the public, land managers, scientists, water quality through SPEDES permits endangered species or unique habitat researchers and policy makers; support- not only protects the aquatic habitat may occur at a site, regional, or watering regional and local invasive plant but also the quality of the recreational shed level. The development of natural management efforts; and forming part- experience. resource stewardship/management nerships from the local to international plans will identify management actions. levels (PCA APWG 2006). Participation Regulations controlling bait fish Actions can also be identified through in this Weeds Gone Wild project is open and other species-specific regulations 75 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship will help reduce the spread of invasive OPRHP have often worked in conjunc- the State. The Bureau of Environmental species. Under the state law establish- tion with the Adirondack Park Agency Education operates four Environmental ing the ISC, the council will recommend and the State Education Department in Education Centers (EECs): Five a four-tiered system for classifying planning and implementing cooperative Rivers EEC in Delmar; Rogers EEC in invasive species, with the most harmful education and interpretive endeavors. Sherburne; Stony Kill EEC in Wappingers species made illegal to possess without A renewed and expanded cooperative Falls and Reinstein Woods Nature a permit. The regulations need to be effort will be essential to enhancing Preserve and EEC in Cheektowaga. The done very carefully with all the parties, our natural resource interpretation and Bureau is currently developing a Catskill especially the business community, education programming. The goal of Interpretive Center in Mt. Temper. involved. A 2010 deadline will not stop such enhanced programming is to help DEC from issuing emergency regulations create an environmental ethic and ap- EECs offer a variety of personal and for threats that have to be addressed preciation for the natural world among non-personal service activities. Staff- immediately. Such rules already have visitors to our parks and other open conducted interpretive and education been put into place for viral hemorrhag- spaces, particularly among children and services include guided walks, slide- ic septicemia, a fatal disorder of fish urban residents. illustrated lectures, workshops, curric- that has spread into western upstate ulum-based lessons, and professional from the Great Lakes; chronic wasting Facilities training and continuing education disease in whitetail deer; and Didymo seminars in both on-site and off-site discussed earlier. OPRHP and DEC maintain nature contexts. Other services include audio centers and interpretation and educa- visual programs, exhibits, interpretive tion facilities and environmental camps publications and self-guided interpre- Interpreta- throughout the state. These centers are tive trails. dedicated to developing an awareness tion/ Edu- of the value and beauty of natural areas The Bureau of Environmental and knowledge of the habitats and Education also operates three conserva- species. tion education camps: for youths aged cation Pro- 12-14 at Camp Colby in Saranac Lake, grams OPRHP administers several outdoor Camp DeBruce in Livingston Manor, and education centers, many of which are Camp Rushford in Caneadea. The summer of 1998 marked the opening of a Educating the public is vital for listed here, dedicated to developing new camp at Pack Forest in the south- the protection of natural resources. an awareness of the value and beauty ern Adirondacks. Here DEC offers week Education provides a better understand- of natural areas and knowledge of the long ecology workshops for teens who ing of the complexity of ecosystems habits and worth of creatures, along are15-17 years old. Throughout July and their interrelationships with people with unique museums that chronicle and August, campers enjoy week-long and their actions. This understanding the historic and cultural resources of an residential outdoor education program- will also lead to increased support for area. The Theodore Roosevelt Nature ming focusing on natural resources and protection and management. Center at Jones Beach State Park and the Emma Treadwell Thacher Nature environmental conservation. Center at Thompson’s Lake State Park Programs are two relatively new nature centers that evolved through public/private Environmental educators prepare partnerships. Similar types of facilities and carry out educational and inter- exist at the Taconic Outdoor Education pretive programs related to natural Center’s residential program as well as resource and environmental quality its day program at Clarence Fahnestock management. They prepare multi- State Park and Minna Anthony Common media and written material, conduct Nature Center at Wellesley Island guided programs for a variety of public State Park. Other similar programs are audiences and school groups and con- provided at museums at Bear Mountain, duct training and teacher education Allegany, Niagara Reservation and workshops. Professional educators Gilbert Lake State Parks. are sometimes assisted by seasonal staff and members of the Student DEC operates a number of interpreta- Conservation Association. DEC and tion and education facilities throughout 76 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship State Preservation and federal preservation programs Cultural Re- authorized by the New York State Historical Information Historic Preservation Act (1980) and source Stew- Network Exchange the National Historic Preservation Act (SPHINX) (1966 as amended). Each of these laws ardship and authorizes the agency to conduct a This newly revamped system tracks range of program initiatives designed Interpreta- survey data on more than 250,000 to protect and enhance privately owned properties in the state. Users can seek historic properties as well as resources tion out information regarding historic re- not specifically under the management sources within specific municipalities. of OPRHP.

Existing Resources/In- Document Imaging The mission of FSB is to advocate ventories Program the preservation of New York’s cultural heritage through the identification, New York State possesses extensive The State and National Registers evaluation, registration, and protection archeological and historic resources. It of Historic Places Document Imaging of its significant buildings, structures, is important that these cultural re- program provides access to scanned objects, places, and landscapes. This is sources are identified, protected and images of New York’s nomination supported by the following goals: interpreted for current and future gen- documents and other related materials. erations. The benefits of preserving the •• To promote the use, reuse, and con- Users of the system can take advantage past can enhance today’s quality of life servation of significant properties of a powerful search program that and function as economic generators. for the pleasure, education, inspira- can sort these nomination files based tion, welfare, recreation, prosperity, on a variety of information including New York’s State Historic and enrichment of the public. Location, National Register Criteria, Preservation Office (SHPO) within •• To protect, enhance, and preserve Architectural Styles, Building Materials OPRHP helps communities identify, those resources which are signifi- and Areas of Significance. evaluate, preserve, and revitalize their cant to New York’s diverse history historic, archeological, and cultural and culture. resources. The SHPO administers pro- The Geographic •• To foster pride in our collective heri- grams authorized by both the National Information System tage by education and advocacy, in Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and for Archeology and active partnership with public and the New York State Historic Preservation National Register private organizations, schools, and Act of 1980. These programs, includ- institutions. ing the Statewide Historic Resources •• To coordinate state and federal Begun in 1989 this system provides a preservation programs through con- Survey, the New York State and National map depicting the approximate bound- Registers of Historic Places, the federal sultation with individuals, organiza- aries of each of the New York’s State tions, and governmental agencies. historic rehabilitation tax credit, the and National Register properties and Certified Local Government program, districts. A second overlay depicts the The New York SHPO has earned the state historic preservation grants general boundary of the state’s known national recognition as an outstand- program, state and federal environmen- archeological areas. The user can simply ing and progressive program. FSB is tal review, and a wide range of techni- select a county and town and then committed to fulfilling its mission to cal assistance, are provided through a zoom into the map of the community to advocate for preservation while meet- network of teams assigned to territories find the location of a listed property or ing the broad needs of the public for across the state. The SHPO works with known areas of archeological sensitivity. preservation services and programs. governments, the public, and educa- (All archeological sites are protected by tional and not-for-profit organizations a buffer zone) The framework for New York State’s to raise historic preservation awareness, preservation program involves four to instill in New Yorkers a sense of pride Management and Re- basic activities: identification, evalu- in the state’s unique history and to ation, protection, and incentives. The encourage heritage tourism and com- source Protection corresponding programs are: munity revitalization. The Field Services Bureau (FSB), act- •• Cultural Resource Survey (identifi- ing as the State Historic Preservation cation and evaluation) Office (SHPO), administers state 77 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship •• Data collected on over 257,500 Interpretive Programs by its sites and parks, is immeasurably properties since the beginning of advanced. Comprehensive preservation the program in 1969 The oversight and technical ser- and interpretive services are provided •• State and Natural Register of His- vices for the 35 State Historic Sites are by nine bureau units. toric Places (designation) provided by OPRHP’s Bureau of Historic •• More than 85,000 structures, build- Sites. It provides specialized techni- Archeology – Conduct excavations and ings, sites, and other features listed cal services (i.e. services impractical to analysis of archeological resources •• Protection (project review) decentralize or not readily available at State historic sites in order to •• 6,500+ reviews conducted annually for other sources) which are necessary preserve the cultural record, inter- •• Historic Preservation Tax Credits for the professional management of a pret archeological evidence to the (incentives) statewide historic site system. These public, and manage a collection of •• Since 1976 has leveraged more services include archeology survey and over one million State historic site than $3 billion of investment in resource management, historic and archeological artifacts. rehabilitation and reusing NYS landscape architecture, engineering, historic structures exhibit design and fabrication, historic Building and Landscape Conservation •• Historic Preservation Grants (incen- research and interpretation, collection – Provide sites and parks with a tives) management, curation and conserva- full range of technical advice and •• 50% matching grants under the tion, and protective services. assistance necessary to preserve EPF and Bond Act awarded to 249 historic structures and cultural projects ($27.5 million) since 1995 Friends groups play an important landscapes, including: materials re- •• Over 100 grants to owners under part in the operation and maintenance search and contract specifications; the Barn Restoration and Preserva- of historic sites. At the present time, project compliance with state and tion Program there are 15 not-for profit organiza- federal preservation law; resource •• Certified Local Governments (incen- tions, chartered by the New York State documentation, evaluation and tives) Board of Regents and recognized by planning (e.g. historic structures •• 57 participating communities OPRHP as “friends groups” of the State and cultural landscape reports); •• A newsletter for member communi- historic sites. (Note: This is exclusive and, staff training. ties of the nine sites, which are regarded •• An active listserv for member com- as “affiliates” and are administered Collections Management – Create and munities by local organizations via cooperative maintain automated records for •• Outreach (education and technical agreements with OPRHP.) Site specific OPRHP’s historic, archival and assistance) in nature, these friends groups provide artistic collections including inven- •• Continued individual efforts (meet- volunteer and monetary support for a tories, collection acquisition and ings, letters, phone calls, site visits) wide range of site programs and activi- storage, and loan management. •• Produced and distributed program ties, ranging from landscape restora- Conservation – With expertise in eight brochures tion to collection acquisition, from different disciplines (e.g. paper, •• Produced and distributed the news- office support to equipment purchase, paintings, furniture, textiles) exam- letter, The Preservationist from special event sponsorship to ine and undertake the treatment •• Produced and distributed a video research and publication. Collectively, of historic and artistic collections, promoting the registers program the friends groups represent over 5,000 conduct surveys of environmental and community revitalization members who volunteer well over conditions at sites and parks, and 20,000 hours annually. Each of these programs are managed advise and train staff, interns and according to state and federal law regu- The Bureau of Historic Sites was volunteers on the proper care and lations and standards and with excep- handling of museum collections. tion of the State grants program, each is established in 1972 to provide technical support and program assistance to monitored by the National Park Service Curatorial Services – Undertake re- OPRHP’s State historic sites. Today the which matches the State’s contribution search into historic collections and Bureau not only serves the needs of the to these external programs. The Bureau social and cultural history neces- 35 State Historic Sites, it also serves responds to a large demand by private sary to furnish historic houses, dozens of State parks which have citizens, government officials, consul- support and curate orientation significant cultural and historic re- tants, and institutions for assistance and and thematic exhibits, interpret sources. With support from the Bureau, access to the full range of preservation site collections, create authentic the public’s understanding of the rich concerns and initiatives. period reproductions, and produce history of the State, as represented 78 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship publications and scholarly reports tions through properties preserved (e.g. historic furnishings reports). and managed in the public trust and designated as New York State Exhibit Design and Fabrication — Historic Sites because of their Collaborate with other Bureau associations with persons, places units and facility staff to create or events, of state and national exhibits for State historic site and importance; and to develop the park visitor centers, nature centers educational potential of these sites and museums, and create comput- to foster public awareness, under- er-assisted designs for publications standing, and appreciation of New and related graphics. York State’s heritage; • To advise other bureaus and re- Interpretive Services – Work with gions within OPRHP on the preser- other units and facility staff to vation and interpretation of historic produce a wide variety of interpre- resources within their jurisdiction; tive materials, including: exhibit and, scripts, on-site and school outreach •• To advise and educate individu- program materials, promotional als, organizations, and other state and educational brochures, visitor agencies on the preservation and surveys and audience research, and interpretation of historic resources signage. related to national, state and local history. Protective Services – provide sites and parks with technical assistance, system designs and training necessary to protect historic resources from fire, theft and natural disasters.

Research – Undertake primary and secondary research necessary to create interpretive materials and exhibits, planning studies and publications.

In addition to the above-mentioned services, the Bureau works with Albany office and regional staff to foster the formation of nonprofit friends organizations and other partnerships to support the preservation, development and public use of OPRHP’s facilities. The Bureau also provides collections care and conservation services, on a contrac- tual basis, to other state and federal agencies which have responsibility for cultural property.

Generally, the Bureau’s primary mission is public service through preservation and education. More specifically, the Bureau aspires: • To interpret the history of New York State for present and future genera- 79 Land Conservation and Resource Stewardship

80 Creating Connections Chapter 5 - Creating Connections Be- yond Parks and Open Spaces

New York’s landscape is comprised protection and connections by the stones and can provide refuge and/or of a large patchwork of protected parks, general public. linkages when connections between greenways, trails and open spaces. larger natural areas are not feasible. For Landscapes and buffer lands that sur- example, large isolated parks, in their round these important open spaces Protect- vastness, hold a larger proportion of need to be protected from encroaching wildlife than smaller parks. But large, development and incompatible uses. ing Con- isolated parks may become islands of Development of “connections” among refuge for many species (Robinson and these areas is critical to allow people Quinn, 1992; Robinson et al., 1992). and wildlife to move across these land- nections to In particular, the persistence of a rare scapes. Local communities must con- or endemic species may be dependent sider parks, trails and historic preserva- Protect Our upon interactions between neighbor- tion as essential elements of community ing populations. The effects of isolation infrastructure. The must also advance Natural Re- are further exacerbated in species with recreation and open space projects in limited motility, such as freshwater mus- and around urban centers in order to sels and salamanders. When adjacent meet the needs of underserved popula- sources land uses are incompatible or thwart tions and “Smart Growth” principles. movement between populations, the Biodiversity is the variety of plants, persistence of that species may be jeop- animals and ecological communities ardized. In small isolated parks, land found across the landscape as discussed area is even more of a limiting factor Protection in Chapter 4. A key factor in biodiversity since essential habitat and resources protection and enhancement is main- may only be present in the park itself. of Existing taining connectivity between natural In this case surrounding land uses areas. Scientific studies have shown are extremely important especially in the importance of securing connections Protected those parks that have endemic popula- at both small and large scales for the tions. Without influx from neighboring protection of biodiversity and ecosystem populations and presence of essential Lands processes (Noss, 1983; Noss, 1991b; habitat, the species could very well be Soule, 1991b). Protecting large swaths There are over 4 million acres of extirpated from a particular area. By of natural areas are critical in provid- state open space areas with thousands protecting connections between natural ing a variety of natural habitat types of miles of boundaries throughout the areas at both scales, there is a greater which are needed to support healthy state. Their primary focus is on the opportunity to maintain genetic vari- and viable populations of plant and protection of important recreational, ability and prevent local extirpations, animal species. In addition, connectivity natural or cultural resources. However, thus allowing species’ persistence and is protected and maintained throughout assuring this protection goes beyond viability over time (Meffe et al., 1997). the borders. Habitats, watersheds, these large, contiguous blocks of natural habitat. Preserving connectivity at viewsheds and quality of experiences A number of factors threaten connec- this larger scale is particularly important are not limited by man made bound- tivity; habitat loss and habitat fragmen- because it facilitates the resurgence of aries. Therefore, sound land use of tation are the two largest contributors biodiversity following natural distur- adjacent areas is important to ensure to connectivity loss. Loss of natural bances such as floods, droughts, fires the quality of the resource. Although habitat through land use change is the and blown-downs. state agencies, local governments and single, most significant threat to wildlife non-for-profit organizations can protect in the United States (Wilcove et al., Protecting small-scale connections is some areas through acquisitions and 2000). Habitat loss occurs when land is equally important as these connections easements, the solution is broader in converted or cleared for uses that are are often needed to allow for the move- scope. This includes an awareness incompatible with natural resource pro- ment of species between habitats. Small and understanding of the need for tection. Statistical surveys have shown patches of natural land act as stepping 81 Creating Connections that in the United States between 1997 edge also facilitates the introduction of a consortium of conservation organiza- and 2001 land development (which non-native species. These non-native tions to identify such maximum benefit includes infrastructure, housing, com- species compete with native species for corridors in the Adirondacks (Frisch, mercial and industrial use) claimed limited resources, and in some cases 2007). However, it is important to note an average of 2.2 million acres each prey upon native species. They can also that corridor sizes are variable and are year (Natural Resources Conservation reduce diversity by colonizing an area dependent upon the species, habitats Service, 2000). Studies have also shown thus leading to potentially substantial and landscapes they seek to protect. that natural vegetation remains on just changes in system dynamics. 42% of the total land area in the United Buffer zones, defined as areas adja- States (Bryer et al., 2000). While this Ultimately, the severity of impact cent to protected lands with resource estimate is alarming in itself, it does on species viability and ecosystem protection provisions, are commonly not indicate the land’s ownership, the functionally depends on the type and used to augment conservation goals or quality of the vegetation, the extent of intensity of human activity. Sometimes cushion detrimental effects caused by impact from invasive non native spe- these impacts can be mitigated by land adjacent, incompatible land practices cies, and pressures from adjacent land protection strategies. These strategies (Sayer, 1991). The most effective buffers uses. Additionally, vegetation removal, may lead to active or passive conserva- contain undeveloped land with native chemical and nutrient inputs, and tion management of the potentially vegetation. Uses of these areas are noise, motion and light disturbance can affected natural resources. often limited to passive activities that further degrade ecosystems essentially are compatible with conservation objec- rendering habitat dysfunctional for the Ways to Protect and tives. Buffer areas are most commonly viability and persistence of native plants Enhance Connectivity used to protect riparian shorelines, and animals over time. wetlands, and vernal pools. However, Two tools commonly used to pro- there is no prescribed buffer size that Habitat loss is closely followed by tect and enhance connectivity are the can be applied to all situations. Similar habitat fragmentation as a threat to creation of corridors and protection of to corridors, buffer sizes are often vari- species viability. With fragmentation, buffer zones. This is often accomplished able and dependent upon the species, habitat is broken into smaller and often directly through public or private land habitats, and ecosystems at risk. For times isolated patches thereby restrict- purchases, through land donations, or example, a minimum of 80 feet may ing or altering the movement of species indirectly by the creation of conserva- help in removing pollutants from run-off and populations. Requirements for tion easements or the implementation (Kennedy et al., 2003), while a minimum movement differ by species. Some re- of environmentally sensitive guidelines buffer of 750 feet is needed to protect quire daily movements while others re- for land use. critical terrestrial habitat for vernal pool quire seasonal and lifetime movements. breeding species (Calhoun and Klemens, For example, there are species of turtles, To maintain biodiversity and eco- 2002). Land buffers as large as 535 feet such as the wood turtle, that nest in ter- system functions in both the short and may be needed to protect the long-term restrial habitats and then overwinter in long-term it is necessary to maintain heath of the ecosystem (Howard, 2004). streams. Most plants and trees require habitat connectivity so that species can Therefore, site specific information is connections for their pollen, seed, cone, continue to move across the landscape. needed in determining the size of buffer or fruit dispersal (Damschen et al., Human development and activities needed to protect the natural resources 2006). Habitat fragmentation affects often disrupt these movements by present. not only the movement of plants and fragmenting habitats, thus restricting animals, but also the natural processes natural movements throughout the Both corridors and buffers are key critical to completing plant and animal landscape. Corridors, which are de- components in creating a network life cycles. Periodic flooding is essential scribed as man-made or natural linear of conservation lands because they for the successful reproduction of cer- strips of land connecting two habitat increase the total amount of protected tain species and/or maintaining suitable types, can be an effective means of pro- land area needed for the satisfactory plant and animal habitat. Networks viding connectivity. Examples of natural persistence of species, populations, of roads or areas containing large corridors include river and stream habitats and communities. A conserva- amounts of impervious surface can im- corridors, while man-made corridors tion network can be defined as a system pede the natural flow and movement of can include unpaved trails and right- of land (and water) managed solely for water across the landscape, thus alter- of-ways. Corridors providing maximum conserving the representative ecologi- ing the functionality of natural systems. benefits will encompass broad tracts of cal qualities of that region (Defenders Reduction in large unfragmented or land containing a variety of habitats. of Wildlife, 2005). At national, regional, core habitat and an increase in habitat Currently attempts are being made by and local levels developing conservation 82 Creating Connections networks is an important strategy in But the potential for biodiversity pro- and ecosystems. Biodiversity protection protecting and sustaining biological tection through parkland designations and recreation use can be compatible diversity over the long-term. These and management is severely limited as but they need to be carefully melded networks may have similar or different natural connections within the land- together. At times park attendance can uses but the focus of their management scape diminish. Historically many parks even be driven by the unique biodi- is for natural resource preservation. were acquired in relatively small chunks versity it holds. However some types Sub-units of a network collectively hold and for a variety of reasons, ranging of recreation may actually consume their own unique characteristics, yet the from protecting open space and scenic habitat and contribute to habitat properties governing these relationships vistas to providing recreational oppor- fragmentation. are consistent across networks. Size and tunities. Protection of biodiversity may location of the subunits, in addition to not even have been the driving force Recreational activities, if not properly the total size of the network, also con- behind such designations. As a result, located or managed, can lead to natural tributes to the behavior of the network some of these smaller areas that are resource degradation and can ulti- (Detours et al., 1994). It is important now scattered across the landscape mately result in the decline of visitation also to provide specific attention to the with little or no natural linkages to one rates. Impacts by recreational use can individual parameters influencing net- another have become more like islands disrupt the valuable benefits provided works. This enables us to discover and of refuge rather than viable, functioning by healthy ecosystems and lead to a examine concepts that contribute to the ecosystems. reduction of benefits to people and/or viability of entire networks. This strat- increased costs associated with facility egy of applying protective measures Clearly more connections are construction to mimic the benefits pro- in cooperative and compatible ways, required. Because resources for acquisi- vided by natural systems. But because results in the continuity of habitats and tion and other protection mechanisms parks can play such an important role resources and ultimately the preserva- are limited, areas that will serve as in both environmental conservation and tion of ecosystem functionality which is corridors or buffers should be selected human well being, there is a constant the essence of biological conservation. using a sound, scientific basis. It is need to strike a balance between the likely that these areas will contain the two. Without establishing an accept- Parks, Connections greatest biodiversity value and will have able equilibrium, goals for neither will and Biodiversity Con- the highest potential for biodiversity be achieved and visitors will no longer conservation improvements. Although it be able to enjoy the resources that we servation may not be possible to completely pro- strive to protect. The key is in recogniz- tect a corridor or buffer area all at once, ing the potential for conflicts between Parks and other natural areas are the identification and protection of high recreation use and resource protection clearly important to the conservation of biodiversity nodes or “hot spots” can and to take steps to minimize, if not biodiversity. Without such designated serve as a starting point for eventual eliminate, such conflicts. areas plants, animals, habitats and corridor designation. Plans already in entire ecosystems would eventually be place, such as the New York State Open Striking a balance between natural eliminated by habitat destruction and Space Plan (2006) and the Hudson River resource protection and recreational fragmentation. At a minimum, these Estuary Action Plan (2005), serve as use can be achieved through environ- protected natural areas provide impor- good models for addressing the need mental education and environmental tant areas of refuge. However it should for biodiversity protection through planning. Environmental education can not be surprising that many such areas acquisitions and connections. be viewed as a connector of a different also serve as home to a high diversity kind because it connects people with of plant and animal life. This point Connectivity evaluations can and a better understanding of the beauty is driven home by recent biological should be based on the potential for and value of our biological diversity. surveys that found New York State Park contribution to biological conserva- Environmental education also raises the lands hold 21% of the state-listed ani- tion. Such evaluations can be based public’s awareness of environmental is- mal populations, 21% of the state-listed on biodiversity alone or in combina- sues such as habitat loss and fragmen- plant populations, and 20% of the glob- tion with connections that also move tation. As a result the public becomes ally rare (G1-G3) species and significant people between and along natural aware that they are stakeholders in natural communities found on NY State areas. Fostering open space connec- environmental protection. Education is public lands (New York Natural Heritage tions for people via the greenways, a means of empowering the public with Program, 2005). trail corridors and right-of-ways may a greater role and involvement in en- or may not provide a viable connection vironmental protection. Environmental for the protection of species, habitats, planning is equally important to the 83 Creating Connections use and protection of natural resources. Those parks with similar ecological and geological characteristics often contain similar habitat-dependent species and have similar recreational uses. Sensitive management, incorporating the needs and requirements of biodiversity, can be identified within master plans or other types of recreation plans. As such, the development and implementation of statewide management plans, like the Open Space Plan and the State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, are imperative in assuring that high use areas are located away from sensitive natural areas.

84 Creating Connections Trails

New York’s natural and cultural resources provide for a broad range of land and water based trails that offer multiple recreational experiences. They range from hiking the gorge at Niagara Falls, cross-country skiing at Allegany State Park, biking along the Finger Lakes, and snowmobiling in the Tug Hill, climbing the high peaks in the Adirondacks, horseback riding in the Hudson Valley, bicycling along the Erie Canal on the Canalway Trail or walking the beaches on Long Island. Each region of the State offers a unique setting and different opportunities. Vision

The vision for trails in New York Figure 5.1 - The New York State Water Trail System State is to have a statewide network of interconnecting shared and single use the same start and end point. It may greenway. The term trail has evolved to trails that connect parks, open spaces, accommodate single or shared use; allow include routes on existing transporta- historic sites, communities, business non-motorized and/or motorized uses; be tion systems that link points of a specific districts, and residential areas to allow open for a single season or year round; be theme usually of a historical, cultural or people and wildlife to move across narrow or wide; in an urban and/or rural scenic in nature. These types of trails are New York’s landscapes. This would area; and comprised of various types of commonly referred to as heritage trails or be accomplished through a system of surfaces. It may be a stand-alone entity corridors and are addressed later in this federal, state and local trails and part- or part of a broader corridor such as a chapter. nerships with not-for-profit groups and private landowners. Support facilities would be provided for trail users and to enhance the local economy. The trail system would promote the health and well being of the users, enhance the economy, provide alternative means of transportation, reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and benefit the quality life in general. Trail Defini- tion A trail in its simplest form is a linear corridor, on land or water, which provides access for recreation and transportation as well as related outdoor education and sport activities. A trail may link two or Figure 5.2 - The Long Island Parkway System more points or be a looped system with 85 Creating Connections Types of Trails

There is a broad spectrum of trails that support a variety of trail activities. Each trail activity may be supported by various types of trails that provide different recreational trail experiences. This may reflect the level of difficulty, size and type of group (e.g., individual versus family), type of desired experience or geographic location. The range of activities associated with trails includes: •• Walking •• Hiking •• Jogging/Running •• Cycling (Biking) •• Mountain Biking Figure 5.3 - Montauk Point Parkway System •• In-line Skating (roller blading) •• Nature Study •• Horseback Riding •• ATV Trail Riding •• Trail Biking •• Boating/Canoeing/Kayaking •• Cross-Country Skiing •• Snowmobiling •• Snowshoeing These activities represent only a sam- pling of types of trail activities. There are others that currently exist and ones yet to be developed. Terminology

As trails have evolved over time, so has the terminology. In some cases, the same term can mean different things to different people. It is helpful to have a set of terms that are consistent for all user groups. This provides a common baseline and helps to avoid misun- derstanding and potential conflicts. A listing of the definitions for the vari- Figure 5.4 - Niagara Parkway System ous types of trails and trail elements is provided in Appendix D.

86 Creating Connections

local systems. These trail systems have potential or existing interconnections along very long stretches of open space or transportation systems (abandoned or active).

Long distance trails include federally designated trails such as the Appalachian National Scenic Trail (AT), North Country National Scenic Trail (NCNST), Upper Delaware National Scenic and Recreation River and the Seaway Trail All American Byway. Trails of statewide significance include but not are limited to the following: the Long Path, Finger Lakes Trail, Long Island Greenbelt, Harlem Valley Rail- Trail, Canalway Trail, Hudson River Valley Greenway Trail System, Hudson River Greenway Water Trail, Genesee Figure 5.5 - Lake Ontario Parkway System Valley Greenway, the Pony Express Trail means to share information at all levels and the statewide Snowmobile Trail Existing Sys- of government. Figures 5.1 to 5.8 iden- System. tify the existing statewide trail systems. tems The long distance linear systems tra- To achieve the vision, the statewide verse many political divisions, communities, ecological habitats and adjacent There are estimated to be over trail system would be comprised of residential properties. As development 16,000 miles of trails in New York State primary, secondary and stand-alone increases, the ability to create linear with new trails constantly being de- trails. Each type of trail is veloped. They range from short nature important even though its trails to the 4,600 mile North Country purpose and function may National Scenic Trail. A comprehensive differ. inventory effort is underway to identify all the major trails within the State and Primary Trails all the trails within State Parks. The inventory will include such information The primary system as owner, maintainer, location, physical is comprised of trails of attributes, allowable use and accessibil- national, statewide or ity. Exclusive of the 11,000 miles of the regional significance. state funded snowmobile trail system, These are considered long nearly 10,000 miles of trails have been distance trails that have identified generally been developed over the years by inter- The opportunity now exists to use governmental initiatives Geographic Information System (GIS) and efforts by paid and technology as a tool for inventory volunteer trail organiza- and planning of a comprehensive trail tions. The long distance system. As part of the inventory effort, trail system forms a a systematic process is underway to framework for other locate all the trails within State Parks governmental planning using Global Positioning System (GPS) initiatives, as well as sup- units. Many counties have also mapped port for efforts of munici- their trail system in GIS. The New York palities and volunteers to Figure 5.6 - Palisades Parkway System State GIS Clearinghouse provides the develop inter-connective 87 Creating Connections political boundaries. They provide linkages to support services, attractions, and communities from the primary trail system. Secondary trails are particularly important in the encouragement of physical activity for good health. Studies have shown that people who live near short or connecting trails spend more time being physically active than their counterparts who do not live near trails. Partnerships around secondary trails are equally as important.

Secondary trails include trails within parks or open space areas that connect to a primary trail. An example would be the vast trail system within Allegany State Park that connects to the Finger Lakes Trail or the extensive secondary trail system that supports the statewide snowmobile trail system. Figure 5.7 - Primary Long Distance Trails corridors becomes more difficult. Joint Secondary Trails Stand-Alone Trails and adaptive reuse of existing corridors provides some of the best opportuni- A secondary trail system ideally con- Stand-alone trails are trails of local ties. These include river corridors, canal nects to a primary trail system. In many significance that do not connect to a systems (existing and abandoned), instances, the connection between a primary trail system. They are generally abandoned railroad rights-of-way, utility secondary and a primary trail does not loop trails, trails that connect to points corridors and parkways. It is important exist but is planned. Secondary trails of interest or provide short connections to develop partnerships or acquire such are generally shorter in length than between parks, open spaces, historic corridors as they become available; primary trails and transverse fewer sites, and/or communities or elements once the linear system is segmented it is more difficult to develop a contiguous trail. Figure 5.1 identifies the existing water trail system and Figures 5.2 through 5.5 show the existing parkway system.

Many long distance trail systems have evolved through the hard work of trail users who develop partnerships with local landowners. This has been the case with the hiking and snowmobile trails systems, in particular. Nearly 85% of the statewide snowmobile system is on private land. These partnerships are critical in maintaining existing trails and developing new trails. To ensure the continuation and expansion of these partnerships, it is equally important that the General Obligations Law be amended to expand the level of protection for landowners who allow Figure 5.8 - Snowmobile Corridor Trails trail activities. 88 Creating Connections of a community (residence, school, busi- perception of trail users and trail •• Conduct routine monitoring and ness). There may be a system of stand- conditions. patrolling. alone trails within a park or other open •• If overuse is occurring: •• Encourage use of the trail system. space. Although there may be a major •• Limit / control parking at trail •• Coordinate with local law enforce- element of the facility or local com- heads. ment officials. munity, they are not of regional signifi- •• Limit access points. •• Use law enforcement as the last cance. In most cases, they exist within •• Modify design standards (trail resort. a single political boundary or facility. width, surface treatment, etc.). These trails also provide an opportunity •• Limit group size. Conflict between User Groups for safe outdoor recreation to increase •• Allow use through permits. Conflicts between user groups can health and reduce the incidence of •• If multiple use, allow specific occur on shared or multiple use trails. disease. trail uses at specified time (tem- User conflicts occur when one user poral distribution). group or individual objects to another •• Evaluate impact on surrounding user group or individual on the same environment. Statewide trail. Conflicts are often related to activ- •• Identify and encourage use of ity style (i.e. mode of travel), focus of alternative locations for similar Trails Plan the trip and expectations, attitude and types of trails experience – dis- beliefs toward the environment, and persion of use. The existing Statewide Trails Plan the level of tolerance for others (FHWA, was adopted in 1994. An effort is cur- Illegal Use 1994). rently underway to update the Plan. •• Consider the needs and demands of This is being supported by surveys con- Illegal use of a trail occurs when the various user groups early in the ducted as a part of the SCORP update the trail is used in a manner other than planning process. process, additional trail specific survey its intended purpose. This can have a •• Listen and understand trail user efforts, the development of a compre- negative impact for those users who concerns. hensive trails inventory and out-reach are properly utilizing the trail as well •• Develop trail friends groups that to the various trail organizations and as adversely impacting the trail and include trail users and residents. interest groups. The updated plan will environmental resources. Illegal uses •• Foster communication among the provide statewide policy direction; roles may involve the same or different type various groups. and responsibilities; identification of of trail activity. issues and strategies; and a framework •• Educate the users to trail etiquette. for the statewide system of trails and •• Establish clearly defined rules and •• Consider alternatives that can meet greenways. regulations. user needs and avoid conflicts. •• Communicate the rules and regula- •• Modify the trail design standards, if The following is a summary of the tions through signage, brochures, needed. social issues identified: and news releases so users and •• Focus the user groups’ energies on landowners are aware of what is issues/conditions that benefit all. Overuse and is not allow on the trail. •• Install appropriate signage – easy Conflicts between Trails are developed based on design to understand, symbols, rules of the Landowners and Users standards and the type of experience road, multi-lingual (as needed). Conflicts between land owners and desired. Although the level of use may •• Educate the public – intended expe- users can occur when users utilize be within design standards, it may rience, environmental significance, private property without permission or exceed the level for the desired experi- potential safety and environmental engage in a trail activity that directly ence. This can occur on any trail from impacts. or indirectly impacts the environment primitive trails to trails within urban •• Foster community involvement and of the land owners in the vicinity of the areas. The perception of overuse, how- sense of ownership. trail. This can take the form of physical ever, can vary from user to user. •• Develop trail friends groups comprised of trails organizations and impacts to the property, visual intru- •• Design trails based on the desired residents. sions or noise impacts. experience, environmental condi- •• Communicate with the illegal users. •• Include all stakeholders in the plan- tions and type of trail users. •• Provide alternatives (locations) ning process. •• Develop and implement a monitor- that provide for trail opportunities •• Provide informational signage at ing program to assess level of use, desired by illegal users. the trail head and along the trail. 89 Creating Connections •• Reach out to adjacent landowners level of security and maintenance that – encourage participation in trail occurs on the trail. Trail Guide- friends groups. •• Develop and implement a mainte- •• Identify a contact person to address nance plan. lines concerns to. •• Cultivate a carry-in carry-out ethic. •• Close social trails that lead to •• Utilize volunteer trail adopters Trail guidelines provide guidance in private property. or friends group to periodically design, construction and maintenance. • Be clear with landowners about the remove litter and dumping. Table 5.1 provides a listing of guide- level and nature of enforcement •• Install gates or other means to lines for various types of trails. These that the agency/community can control trail access to prevent mo- should be used as a starting point and provide. Do not promise what can- tor vehicles from accessing the trail modified, as necessary, to address the not be delivered. to dump. natural characteristics of the resource Personal Safety •• Encourage community “buy in / and specific needs. For instance, the ownership” to the trail. snowmobile guidelines provide general statewide guidance and would be modi- Concerns for personal safety ema- •• Periodically check and post the fied for the conditions within the State nates from fears of assault, robberies boundary. lands of the Adirondack Park. and other personal crimes, especially •• Institute penalties and follow through with convictions to disin areas where trails are in remote Additionally, the following Best courage dumping. areas and away from populated areas. Management Practices should always Law enforcement agencies also have Trail Vandalism be considered when designing, con- concerns about responding to trespass, structing and maintaining any types of vandalism and other personal crimes Vandalism results from the lack of trails: on trails. Trails can cross jurisdictional ownership the user has for a trail as boundaries involving more than one lo- •• Locate trails to minimize necessary well as from inadequate maintenance cal police force. Also incidents on trails cut and fill; and monitoring. It can range from de- are not always in locations that are •• Wherever possible, lay out trails struction of the trail surface, illegal use, easily accessible to emergency service on existing old roads or clear, or to stealing or defacing signs. Vandalism vehicles. partially cleared areas; can occur on any trail at any time but is •• Locate trails away from streams, •• Provide information (i.e. maps, trail most often seen on trails that have low wetlands, and unstable slopes conditions, access points, mileage, use and are infrequently monitored. wherever possible; etc.) at the trailheads and point of •• Design trails and associated •• Use proper drainage devices such reference along the trail (i.e. mile elements to discourage or resist as water bars and broad-based markers). vandalism. dips; •• Maintain trails and parking areas in •• Increase ownership of the trail •• Locate trails to minimize grade; a clean and inviting manner. within the community. •• Use stream crossings with low, •• Parking areas should be visible to •• Encourage more use of the trail. stable banks, firm stream bottom the general public. •• Maintain the trail conditions. and gentle approach slopes; •• Monitor trail use and have routine •• Repair vandalized property quickly. •• Construct stream crossings at right patrols. •• Increase monitoring and patrols in angles to the stream; •• Educate the trails user in ways to problem areas. •• Limit stream crossing construction improve personal safety (i.e. being •• Post emergency numbers at the to periods of low or normal flow; familiar with the area, aware of trail head. •• Use stream bank stabilizing weather conditions, participating •• Publicize arrests and court results structures made of natural materi- with friends, letting others know to send a message that perpetra- als when feasible such as rock or where you are going and when you tors will be arrested and pros- wooden timbers; expect to return, etc.). ecuted. •• Use natural materials when feasible Littering/Dumping to blend the structure into the natural surroundings. The appearance of the trail can influence a person’s willingness to use a trail. Littering and dumping send mes- sages about the types of users and the 90 Creating Connections

Table 5.1 - Trail Guidelines

Corridor Turning Users / Trail Type Vertical Clearance Clearance Treadway Width Surfacing Materials Trail Length Sight Distance Slope Radius Mile Min. -5 mi. 0-5% Max: loop (1.5-2 Min. of 50 ft. 5-10% sus- Smooth pavement, hrs.) 15-25 up to 100 ft. tained 15% 8-14 ft. Biking Class 1 8-10 feet 5-6 ft. (1 Lane) 2-3 ft. (1 Lane) 6-8 asphalt, concrete, mi. of linear on downhill shorter than depend- 40 (Path) 8-10 ft. (2 Lane) ft. (2 Lane) crushed stone, clay or or loop curves or road 50 yd. Out ing upon stabilized earth. trails (day crossings slope of speed. trip) 2-4% Over all grade not Min.-5 mi. to exceed Firm natural surface loop (1.5-2 Min. of 100 ft. 10%. Novice/ Mountain Novice -36 in. with some obstacles hrs.) 15-25 up to 150 ft. Climbing Intermed Biking 8-10 feet 1.5-6 ft. (1 Lane) Intermediate -24 such as roots, grade mi. of linear on downhill turns not iate -8 ft. 10 in. Expert -6-12 in. dips or rocks or loop curves or road to exceed min. Expert trails (day crossings 7-12% Out -6 ft. min. trip) slope of 3-5% 0-5% Max. -10% Avoid sharp sustained turns. Never Snow with underly- 15-25% locate a ing bare soil, rocks 0.5 -3 mi. Down hill runs, shorter turn at the Cross-Country 8-10 feet above 8 ft. (1 Lane) 10- 4-6 ft. (1 Lane) 7-8 or wood Out sloped, loops up stream or road than 50 yds. base of a Skiing snow depth (10- 12 ft. (2 Lane) ft. (2 Lane) 8-10 ft. chips, underlying to 4-8 mi. crossings -50 ft. 25-40% down- 5-30 12 ft. in summer) (up and down hill) material. Can be ( 2-4 hour otherwise not shorter hill run. groomed or un- trip) critical than 50 yds. Min.-50 ft. groomed experts only Preferred Out slope -100 ft. -0-2% 0-5% Max. Bare soil, rocks, stone -15% Hiking (devel- dust or wood chips. 0.25-5 Not critical, sustained oped, interpre- May have hardened mi.(1/2 day) barriers on 40%+ tive, group or 8-10 feet. 4-8 ft. 4-6 ft. surface (concrete, as- 5-15 mi. reverse curves shorter than N/A 0-30 connector) phalt or boardwalks) (full day) may be used. 50 yds. Out in high use areas. slope -4% max. 1-5% Max. Bare soil, rocks, Min. -5 mi. -15% sus- Hiking gravel, wood hard- 5-15 mi. tained40- (primitive, back 8-10 feet. 4-6 ft. 18-30 in ened surface for wet (full day) Not critical 50% N/A 1-5 packing) areas. 15-25+ shorter than (multi day) 50 yds. Soils having a large percentage of rocks, clay and/or organic Not critical matter. Void of rocks but avoid football sized or larg- 0-10% sharp turns er. Little treadway de- Min -5 mi. Not critical Max. -10% on steep velopment required if (11.5 hrs.) unless 2-way sustained slopes Horse 10-12 feet. 5-6 ft (1 Lane) 18-30 in. (1 Lane) soils are appropriate. 15-25 mi. traffic. 50-100 20% or using 5-15 Problem areas, water of looped ft. 100-200 ft. shorter switch- control measures may trails (full at motorized than 50 yds. backs be installed Brush and day) road crossings Outslope (30 in. if saplings should be cut -4% max. they are flush or below ground necessary) level. Remove dead or leaning trees. 0-5% Max. Snow with underly- -10% ing bare soil, rocks 0.3 mi. sustained 8-10 feet above 8 ft. (1 Lane) 10- 4-6 ft. (1 Lane) 7-8 or wood chips. loops mi. 15-25% Snowshoe snow depth (10- 12 ft. (2 Lane) ft. (2 Lane) 8-10 ft. Outsloped underlying (2-4 hr.4-8 N/A shorter than N/A 5-30 12 ft. in summer) up and down hill material. No grooming trips) 50 yds. for is needed. experienced snowshoers 10-15% Groomed snow Max -25% 8-12 feet above 14-16ft.1A16ft.- 1A -12 ft. 1B -8-12 Groomed snow Min 50 ft. 100 sustained Min-50 ft. Snowmobile snow depth (10 141B12ft.-8C8ft. ft. C -4-8 ft. 4 ft. Groomed snow 5-50 mi. + ft. 40% 100 ft. 15 -12 ft. in summer) min.D min.-D Ungroomed snow shorter than 50 yds.

Table 5.1 - Trail Guidelines (Continued).

91 Creating Connections

Vertical Corridor Treadway Sight Turning Users/ Trail Type Surfacing Materials Trail Length Slope Clearance Clearance Width Distance Radius Mile Smooth, no rocks over 3” Max-20% ATV -novice 6 ft 10 ft 6 ft diameter, tread plane flat, wet 20-40 mi 100+ ft Min-20 ft 25 over 200 ft crossings 6” deep,10’ long Some rough sections, no rocks over 5” diameter, tread plane Max-25% ATV - Intermediate 6 ft 9 ft 5 ft 30-60 mi 50+ ft Min-10 ft 15 5%, wet crossings 10” deep, over 300 ft 10’ long Some very rough sections, no rocks over 10” diameter, tread M ax-35% ATV – expert 5 ft 8 ft 4.5 ft 30-80 mi 20+ ft Min-5 ft 10 plane 10%, wet crossings, 18” over 500 ft deep, 10’ long

Smooth, no rocks over 3” diam- Trailbike – novice 8 ft 8 ft 4 ft 20-40 mi 100+ ft Max-15% Min-15 ft 20 eter, avoid loose material

Some rough sections, no rocks Trailbike-intermediate 8 ft 6 ft 2 over 6” diameter, loose mate- 30-60 mi 50+ ft Max-30% Min-10 ft 15 rial, logs less than 6” diameter Trailbike-expert Very rough sections, no rocks 8 ft 4 ft 1 ft 30-80 mi 20+ ft Max-50% Min-5ft 10 over 12” diameter Soils having a large percentage of rocks, clay and organic 2-30 mi (20 matter. Including (obstacles) mi easy to 2 Not critical, 4-Wheel Drive rated ruts, hill climbs, ledges, and Not critical, 12-14 ft (1 8-10 ft (1 mi hard) A but avoid from Class 1* (easiest) rocks foot ball size and larger, unless on lane) lane) 2-mile Class sharp turns to 4 (most difficult). 8-10 ft In problem areas, water control multi-use 0-40% 5-15 19-24 ft (2 15-20 ft (2 4 trail can on steep Half-day ride (~4 hrs) measures may be installed. trail (50- lane) lane) provide a slopes. (25 Full-day ride (~6 hrs) Class 1* - obstacles to 8” 100 ft) full-day of ft avg) Class 2 – obstacles 12”-16” trail riding. Class 3 – obstacles 18”-24” Class 4 – obstacles 24”+ * See Table 5.1a for descriptions Table 5.1a - 4-Wheel Drive Vehicle Class Requirements

Only general safety requirements. Recommended: disconnected sway bar. Class 1: Stock vehicles

Class 2: Disconnected sway bar. Recommended: aggressive tread tire.

Disconnected sway bar, 30” or larger aggressive tread. Recommended: winch Class 3: and locker Disconnected sway bar, 32” or larger aggressive tread, minimum one locker, Class 4: winch. Recommended: both front and rear lockers (Note: vehicle size restrictions generally – 80” width, 105” wheelbase)

Trail Accessibility

92 Creating Connections

New trails and existing trails that Passing Space - Where the clear tread leading to the resting interval, and require maintenance/repair should be width of the trail is less than 60 have a slope not exceeding 1:20 in designed or modified to maximize the inches (1525 mm), passing spaces any direction. opportunity to improve accessibility for shall be provided at intervals of persons with disabilities. Universally 1000 feet (300 m) maximum. Edge Protection - Where edge protec- accessible trails not only provide oppor- Passing spaces shall be either 60 tion is provided along a trail, the tunities for persons with disabilities, but inches (1525 mm) minimum by 60 edge protection shall have a height also for seniors and persons with other inches (1525 mm) minimum space, of 3 inches (75 mm) minimum. mobility impairments. Proposed acces- or an intersection of two walking sibility guidelines that include trails surfaces which provide a T-shaped Signs - Newly constructed and altered have been developed by the Regulatory space provided that the arms and trails and trail segments that are Negotiation Committee on Accessibility stem of the T-shaped extend at accessible shall be designated Guidelines for Outdoor Developed least 48 inches (1220 mm) beyond with a symbol at the trail head Areas. A broader discussion on the the intersection. and all designated access points. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Signs identifying accessible trail (ADA) is provided in Chapter IV. Slopes - Slopes shall comply with the segments shall include the total following: distance of the accessible segment The proposed accessibility guidelines and the location of the first point are for newly constructed and altered Cross Slopes - The cross slope shall not of departure from the technical trails connected to accessible trails or exceed 1:20 maximum. provisions. designated trailheads. There are some departures from the technical provisions Running Slope - Running slope of trail that are permitted. A detailed explana- segments shall comply with one or Roles and Re- tion of the guidelines, exceptions to the more of the provisions of this sec- categories and departures can be found tion. No more than 30 percent of sponsibilities on the Access Board’s website at www. the total trail length shall exceed a access-board.gov. The following is an running slope of 1:12. The trails in New York include abbreviated listing of the proposed trail national, state, regional and local guidelines without the exceptions: Running slope shall be 1:20 or less trails. They occur on public and private for any distance. property and are developed and main- Surface - The trail surface shall be firm tained by the public and private sector. Running slope shall be 1:12 and stable. Through cooperative efforts by both maximum for 200 feet (61 m) these sectors, statewide and regional maximum. Resting intervals shall Clear Tread Width - The clear tread trail systems have evolved. Their larger be provided at distances no greater width of the trail shall be 36 inches systems provide links to local or second- than 200 feet (61 m) apart. (915 mm) minimum. ary trails. In many cases, national and State designated trails provide the Running slope shall be 1:10 Openings - Openings in trail surfaces foundation for a primary trail system. maximum for 30 feet (9150 mm) shall be of a size that does not Such is the case with the Appalachian maximum. Resting intervals shall permit passage of a 1/2 inch (13 National Scenic Trail, Lake Champlain be provided at distances no greater mm) diameter sphere. Elongated Bikeway, Canalway Trail and Statewide than 30 feet (9150 mm) apart. openings shall be placed so that Snowmobile System that link to local the long dimension is perpendicu- trail systems. lar or diagonal to the dominant Running slope shall be 1:8 maximum for 10 feet (3050 mm) direction of travel. Trail systems are acquired, de- maximum. Resting intervals shall veloped, maintained and promoted be provided at distances no greater Protruding Objects - Protruding objects through a variety of relationships than 10 feet (3050 mm) apart. on trails shall have 80 inches (2030 among units of government, organiza- mm) minimum clear head room. Resting Intervals - Resting intervals tions and individuals. There is no single set of roles and responsibilities for Tread Obstacles - Where tread obstacles shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) all trails. In many cases, a single trail exist, they shall not exceed 2 minimum in length, shall have may consist of various trail segments inches (50 mm) high maximum. a width at least as wide as the widest portion of the trail segment that have been acquired and developed by different units of government 93 Creating Connections utilizing different methods. The trail not-for-profit groups and trail organiza- fair and equitable system to distribute may be maintained by the land owner tions is provided through NPS’s Rivers, funds. or through an agreement with another Trails and Conservation Assistance unit of government or trail organization. Program. Additional assistance is Technical Assistance: State Agencies A good example of this is the Canalway provided through design, construction provide technical assistance in the form Trail. To the public it is perceived as a and maintenance manuals produced by of standards and guidelines, technical single trail when in fact many agencies various federal agencies. information, grant assistance and, to a and levels of government each have limited extent, training. DOS, as part responsibilities for various segments State of its LWRP planning process, provides of the trail. Although there is some communities with planning assistance. overlapping of roles and responsibili- Provider: The State has a dual role Regional programs such as the Tug ties, there are some general distinctions in providing trails on state-owned Hill Commission and the Hudson River among the various providers and main- lands and in developing statewide and Valley Greenway provide additional tainers of New York State’s trails. regional trail systems. Many trail op- assistance. portunities exist within the open space Federal resources managed by OPRHP and DEC. Local Government Over 1,350 miles of trail are maintained Provider: The US Fish and Wildlife within the 167 State parks, 35 historic Provider: Many counties, towns, vil- Service (USFWS) and the National Park sites and 9 trail corridors administered lages and cities have developed trails Service (NPS) are the primary federal by OPRHP. DEC manages more than that link open spaces, parks, schools agencies in New York State with land 2,000 miles of recreation trails on and/or residential and business areas holdings that provide trail opportunities. nearly four million acres of land state- within their communities. Some of the This includes the Appalachian National wide. In addition, the DOT has signed trails are segments of or connect to Scenic Trail (AT), Upper Delaware Scenic 1,200 miles of bicycle routes along the broader systems that extend beyond the and Recreational River, the North State’s road system. unit of government’s boundaries. Trail Country National Scenic Trail, and the lengths and activities vary. In many numerous trails within national parks, Operations/Maintenance: Trails on cases a municipal government will enter seashores, wildlife, and recreation areas. lands administered by OPRHP and DEC into a partnership to develop a trail are maintained by park personnel, on linear corridors owned by a state Operations / Maintenance: The fed- friends groups, volunteers or through agency. Local governmental support is eral agencies manage the trails within formal agreements with trail organiza- critical in the development of regional their facilities. However, management tions. DEC’s Adopt-a-Natural Resource and statewide systems and determi- of long distance trails such as the AT (AANR) Stewardship Program is an nation of the types of allowable trail is accomplished through an agree- example of the success of local munici- activities. Local municipalities often de- ment with state agencies and trail pal volunteer services used to establish velop formal community trail plans that organizations. and maintain access to trails. Volunteer include references to regional nodes or recognition is given with the placement corridors and encourage or mandate Funding: Various federal grant pro- of appropriate signs on or near the ad- that developers design trail systems grams are available for acquisition and opted trail. Other forms of recognition, within new community complexes. development. Most are administered including but not limited to certificates, by a state agency such as the Land press releases, and newsletters may be Operations/Maintenance: Local gov- and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) provided. ernment involvement is important in the and Recreation Trails Program through operations and maintenance of local, OPRHP, and SAFETEA-LU through the Funding: The state agencies, such as regional and statewide trail systems. DOT. Almost all the grants require a OPRHP, DOS and DOT, administer vari- Agreements are commonly developed local match of funds received. Although ous federal and state funds for trail-re- with counties, municipalities and not- the NPS Rivers and Trails Program does lated projects. This includes EPF, LWCF for-profit organizations to manage the not direct or fund projects, it can assist Grants, Snowmobile Grants, Recreation segment of a regional or statewide trail citizens and community leaders who Trail Program (RTP) Grants, EPF- LWRP system that is within their boundaries. have decided to conserve close-to-home Grants, Hudson River Valley Greenway Local law enforcement, in particular, is landscapes and get them started. Grants, SAFETEA-LU Grants and Scenic critical in maintaining safe and enjoy- Byway Grants. It is the responsibility of able trail systems. Technical Assistance: Technical as- the administering agency to establish a sistance to state and local agencies, 94 Creating Connections

Funding: County and municipal Funding: The private sector has the •• The EPF, funded at $225 million a governments can provide funding ability to directly raise funds for proj- year, now contributes more than through their own budgets and bond ects, apply for various grants, assist $50 million annually to the conser- acts, seek funding through various state with negotiations and direct funding, vation of priority projects identified and federal grant programs, or function provide in-kind and monetary match for within the Open Space Conserva- as a pass through for grants to local grants, and donate land and resources. tion Plan. organizations. In some cases, not-for-profits are able to •• $224 million have been received move faster than a governmental body from the LWCF to be utilized for Technical Assistance: Technical assis- to advance a project, such as an acqui- state and municipal recreation tance among counties and municipali- sition of a piece of land which would projects. ties varies considerably. otherwise be lost. They also have the •• $12.7 million through the Recre- ability to advocate for funding, legisla- ation Trails Program (from 1993 Private / Not-for-Prof- tion and other support. and 1996-2007) has funded 247 it / Trail Organizations trail projects statewide. Technical Assistance: Not-for-profit •• 260 miles of trail exist along the Provider: A percentage of trails in and trail organizations play an impor- Canalway Trail. the State are on private lands and lands tant role in providing technical assis- •• 675 miles of riverside community owned by land trusts or other not- tance and disseminating information trails, bike routes and water trails for-profit organizations. For example, about various aspects of development, exist within the Hudson River Valley approximately 85% of the snowmobile including acquisition, design, construc- Greenway Trail System. trails are on private lands. These trails tion, maintenance, and management. •• Four heritage trails have been are the result of the efforts of various This is accomplished through train- developed and the development of trail organizations to facilitate agree- ing manuals, workshops, conferences, two more is underway. ments with landowners. Not-for-profit inventories, informational brochures, •• Legislative bills have been proposed and trail organizations play an impor- and maps. to strengthen the General Obliga- tant role in advocating for land acquisition Law. tion and development of trails. Such is •• The snowmobile fund supports the the case with the acquisition of Sterling Implementa- maintenance and development of Forest® State Park and the Genesee 11,000 miles of snowmobile trails Valley Greenway. As part of their role, tion statewide. not-for-profit organizations are lobby- Actions ing the legislature and decision makers There are a number of issues and to raise funds and create a vision for a needs relative to trails in New York •• Continue to fully fund the EPF. statewide trail system. The private sec- State. The following list summarizes •• Provide for a separate funding cat- tor is also critical in providing support accomplishments over the past 5 years egory within the EPF for trails. and facilities, such as lodging, food and and outlines the goals and actions for •• Encourage the federal and state other amenities. the next 5 years. In order to work to- governments to increase funding wards the statewide trails vision, a va- for outdoor recreation. Operations/Maintenance: Not-for- riety of local, state and federal agencies •• Work towards the reauthorization profit and trail organizations maintain in partnership with one another, trails of the LWCF. trails on lands they own, on privately user groups, academic institutions and/ •• Work towards continued and held lands via an agreement with the or the private sector will be responsible increased funding of motorized owners, and on various public lands. for carrying out these goals and actions. and non-motorized trails projects, Maintenance agreements range from scenic roads and other eligible formal agreements, such as manage- Goal trail and historic transportation ment of the AT to informal assistance projects through the Transportation from friends groups, such as the Green Encourage federal and state funding Enhancements, Recreational Trails Lakes Friends Group; and individual and program initiatives that enhance Programs and other funding pro- volunteer efforts. An Adopt-A-Trail trail and other recreation opportunities grams provided through the federal program provides a formal means of for the public. transportation bill. establishing partnerships between state •• Give priority to projects through agencies and local governmental enti- Accomplishments the grant rating systems to reflect ties and trail organizations for mainte- specific needs such as the need for nance of specific trails. the acquisition and development 95 Creating Connections of new trails and the protection of Accomplishments •• Update the Statewide Trails Plan existing trails within areas experi- every 5 years. encing rapid growth. •• OPRHP has initiated the Statewide •• Encourage public involvement in •• Support and recognize the efforts Trails Plan updating process. the planning and development of of adopt-a-trail programs, friends •• An Empire State Trails booklet has trails. groups and volunteers and expand been produced that identifies trail •• Secure the public use of trails their involvement in the mainte- opportunities on OPRHP and DEC through the purchase in fee title nance, management and develop- lands and highlights selected trails or easements by state and local ment of trail resources. throughout the State. governments of trail corridors. •• Create and distribute educational •• A statewide snowmobile trails map •• Encourage the use of easements to materials for landowners concerned is now produced every 2 years. maximize available funds. about liability and trespassing. •• The snowmobile plan for the Ad- •• Continue efforts through con- irondack Park has been completed. Goal stituency groups to strengthen, as •• Comprehensive trail plans are being needed, provisions of the General prepared for Sterling Forest®, Trail Strengthen stewardship of the State’s Obligations Law, to protect land- View State Parks. trails systems. owners who allow responsible pub- •• Trails are being planned along the lic recreational use of their lands. Robert Moses, Palisades, Bethpage Accomplishments and Ocean Parkways. •• Update liability statutes to estab- •• Formal agreements exist with trail •• Trail organizations are being in- lish hold-harmless mechanisms, organizations to maintain various cluded within the master planning whereby the State underwrites a trail systems such as the Finger process of State parks and the unit landowner’s defense against per- Lakes Trail, North Country National management planning initiative for sonal injury suits and assumes costs Scenic Trail, Long Path, AT and vari- DEC lands. for property damage and littering ous trail systems within OPRHP and •• 300,000 acres in fee title and from public use. DEC lands. easements have been acquired by •• Provide incentives for landowners •• Friends groups have been formed to OPRHP and DEC that provide trail who allow responsible public use of assist with trail planning, develop- opportunities. their lands. ment, and maintenance at various •• Sharing of GIS data has expanded •• Strengthen enforcement of trespass, state parks such as Grafton Lakes the ability to obtain geographic littering and dumping laws. State Park. information on trail corridors. •• Encourage the acquisition of trail •• A Snowmobile Trail Management •• Planning and development is con- corridors through willing sellers. Manual has been produced. tinuing for the NCNST through the •• Support user based fee initiatives •• Over 11,000 miles of snowmobile Adirondack Park. for snowmobile trails. trails have been established and are •• OPRHP has begun the development •• Create regional advisory groups maintained using state funds. of a statewide trail inventory that comprised of local governments, •• DEC’s Adopt-a-Natural Resource will store data on local, regional, trail interest groups and other (AANR) program has involved statewide and interstate (long interested parties to coordinate numerous individuals, groups, and distance) trails. and promote the development of organizations in a variety of stew- •• OPRHP has started collecting data regional trail systems. ardship activities across the State. using Global Positioning System •• Annually convene an interagency A number of projects have been (GPS) units on trails within the working group to provide input on advanced through DEC’s AANR State Park System. trail planning for New York State program. •• OPRHP is in the process of updating and coordinate trail development, •• 296 miles of Hudson River Valley their rails-to-trails inventory. operation, maintenance and promo- Greenway Walking trails have been •• OPRHP has conducted a trails tion across al applicable state and designated. survey of trail maintainers, lo- federal government entities. •• The Canalway Trails Association cal municipalities and State Park New York (CTANY), a voluntary Goal managers. organization dedicated to the com- Strengthen the State Trails Planning Actions pletion and proper maintenance of and Development Program. the Canalway Trail, was established. •• Continue to develop and maintain CTANY acts as a coordination and a statewide inventory of trails and communication group for Canalway recreationways. Trail stakeholders, including State 96 Creating Connections agencies, local municipalities, civic Accomplishments •• The Canal Corporation published organizations, individual volunteers the 3rd edition of the “The Cruising and trail users. In cooperation with •• Interagency efforts have been or Guide to the NYS Canal System”. the Canal Corporation, CTANY also are underway for various trail proj- •• OPRHP and Parks and Trails New organizes and guides the Canalway ects and planning processes that York collaborated on and conducted Trail Adopt-A-Trail program. involve trails such as: the Sterling a survey of trails organizations that •• A draft State Park System Trail Sign- Forest®, Bethpage and Allegany maintain publicly accessible trails to ing Manual is being prepared that State Parks Comprehensive Trails help identify trail issues that need provides guidance to State Park Plans and trail development along to be addressed in the Statewide managers on how to properly mark the parkways. Trails Plan update. and sign trails within State Park •• A bi-state and international bike- •• The Governor issued a proclama- facilities. way has been developed along the tion identifying the annual National shores of Lake Champlain. Trails Day as the New York State’s Actions •• The Niagara River Greenway Plan Trails Day. has been completed and adopted. •• Assess the trail conditions on public Actions lands and develop a comprehen- Actions sive program for management and •• Improve recreation user education protection. •• Integrate trails into the regional, programs that focus on appropriate •• Support and recognize the efforts state and local planning processes, trail etiquette, use and mainte- of adopt-a-trail programs, friends including zoning. nance. groups and volunteers and expand •• Establish a federal and state •• Maintain the New York State Trails their involvement in the mainte- interagency forum and encourage Council to function as a forum to nance, management and develop- interagency efforts in trail planning discuss trail related issues. ment of trail resources. and development. •• Promote trail etiquette on trail •• Foster partnerships or friends •• Improve intermodal transportation systems, support facilities, and user groups to help promote and main- facilities to support trail user needs groups. tain local trail systems. and improve accessibility. •• Promote trail use as a health •• Encourage trail users to join trail •• Encourage partnership agreements benefit. organizations and friends groups. between trail user groups, private •• Develop and disseminate a direc- •• Develop a “Trail Management and not-for-profit organizations, tory of trail organizations. Manual” that incorporates policies, and land management agencies to •• Encourage growth of the New York guidelines and standards for the enhance or develop new trail op- State Trails Coalition. portunities. planning, construction, operation Goal and maintenance of trail systems. Goal •• Improve trail information and Advance the development of a signage to include accessibility Strengthen communication and co- information and multiple language statewide system of interconnected operation among all types of trail users trails and greenways and provide access text. and providers. •• Finalize the State Park Trail Signing to them. Manual. •• Develop a unified Adopt-a-Trail Pro- Accomplishments Accomplishments gram that applies to OPRHP, DEC •• The New York State Trails Council •• Various trail initiatives are being and Canal Corporation. has been expanded to include more advanced to link communities and Goal trail activities; produced a brochure; trails such as: bikeways along the continues to be a forum to discuss Robert Moses, Bethpage, Lake major trail issues and take appro- Ontario, Palisades, and Ocean Encourage coordination of trail priate action; and functions as the planning and development across lines Parkways; the Black Diamond trails organization for the Recre- Trail; the Catharine Valley Trail; the of political jurisdictions, agencies and ation Trails Program. levels of the government. Black River Trail; the Hudson River •• Parks and Trails New York hosted Valley Greenway Trail System; the its third Statewide Greenways and Hudson River Greenway Water Trail; Community Trails Conference and the Genesee Valley Greenway; the published the 2nd edition of “Cy- Canalway Trail; and, the Harlem cling the Erie Canal Guidebook”. Valley Rail Trail. 97 Creating Connections Actions trails and make trail information •• Conduct economic impact study more accessible to the public. of trails and establish a model for •• Support trailway connections •• The International Mountain Biking other trail managers to use. between urban and town centers, Association’s (IMBA) Trail Care rural communities and places Crew, conducted a series of trail Goal where people work or recreate. building workshops for State Park Include information about health and DEC staff that develop and Increase public awareness of New improvement when advocating for maintain trails on state land. York State’s trails and greenway cor- trail connections to town and urban •• The State’s Natural Heritage Da- ridors and their economic, social, health, centers. tabase has expanded during trail educational and environmental benefits. •• Revise the Statewide Trails Plan. planning and design. •• Assess the use of abandoned •• A series of trail maps using GPS Accomplishments railroad lines in developing regional data is being developed for State •• National Trails Day/New York State and statewide trail systems. Parks. Trails Day events were held across •• Enhance trail connections and •• A literature review has been con- the State. access to parks, historic sites, ducted on the economic impacts of •• An Empire State Trails booklet greenways, water routes, interpre- trails. was produced that identified trail tive centers and other natural and opportunities on OPRHP and DEC cultural resources. Include health Actions lands and highlights selected long benefits when promulgating actions •• Utilize technologies such as GIS distance trails. that will increase access. and GPS to improve the gather- •• Official map and guide brochures •• Encourage the development of ing, analysis, and dissemination of have been produced for public community trails and their linkage geospatial data. lands in the Adirondack and Catskill to the statewide systems. •• Monitor trends in trail activities Parks. •• Identify and coordinate linkages to through surveys, registrations, sales •• OPRHP has begun development long-distance land and water based figures, and the experiences of of a Statewide Trails Inventory data- trail systems in the State. other states. base that will ultimately be used by •• Assess the potential use of parkway •• Establish a clearinghouse for maps, the public to access trail informa- greenbelts, rail roads, utility rights- plans, design standards and other tion. of-way, canals and other transpor- trails information, highlighting the tation systems in the development statewide land and water trailway Actions of shared use trails. system and neighboring states. •• Promote trail benefits and educate •• Ensure maintenance of critical •• Develop case studies on innova- transportation systems that are part user groups to strengthen support tions and model demonstration for trail development and mainte- of a trail system, i.e. road shoulders projects. and sidewalks. nance. •• Sponsor workshops and education- •• Continue to develop and maintain Goal al programs on trail liability, acces- a statewide inventory of trails and sibility for people with disabilities, recreationways. Conduct research and education to trail design standards, maintenance •• Compile a bibliography on trails improve the quality of user experiences and similar topics. Include health within New York State. and enhance resource protection. benefits of increased exercise as •• Foster citizen participation in part of these workshops. National Trails Day/New York State Accomplishments •• Seek innovative solutions to foster Trails Day activities or other events multiple uses of trails. which encourage recognition and •• GIS and Global Positioning System •• Collect, analyze and interpret data publicity of trails and trail projects (GPS) units are being utilized by related to the primary and second- throughout the State. state agencies, trail organizations ary economic benefits of trails. •• Develop articles and multimedia and volunteers collect better quality •• Continue the development of State presentations on trail benefits and trail data such as location, surface Park trail maps utilizing GPS data. opportunities for local media and material and trail/road intersec- •• Establish a standardized trail count civic organizations. tions. Geographic Information Sys- protocol that can be applied to •• Recognize opportunities for vol- tems (GIS) are being used to map multiuse trails throughout the state. unteers to initiate and participate

98 Creating Connections on trail projects and reward their Actions It passes through scenic wood- accomplishments. lands, river and stream valleys, rolling •• Foster trails as an economic asset •• Conduct assessments of trails for farmlands, steep gorges, and historic to the State and local communities, accessibility. villages. As with most of these efforts, enhancing tourism. •• Improve current trail systems to development of the Genesee Valley •• Promote trails in statewide and increase accessibility. Greenway is being accomplished by regional tourism campaigns. •• Encourage partnerships and con- local citizens, user groups, governments, •• Develop a designated Trails website tinue education to improve trail and businesses working in partnership that includes information on the accessibility. to create a resource that will: statewide system of trails on the •• Direct efforts to prioritize assess- •• preserve a corridor of significant OPRHP’s website. ments in areas of the state where natural and historic features •• Create a system of signage for trails there is either an accessibility- •• link local and state parks, cultural along highways and state roads in expectant population or a variety of attractions, historic sites, quaint partnership with NYS DOT. hiking opportunities accompanied by a lack of accessible trails. villages, and major educational Goal •• Provide more information about the institutions and state trail systems condition of trails at trailheads and •• provide year-round educational, Provide and improve trail systems for through maps/brochures for users recreational, environmental, and persons with disabilities. to make appropriated decisions. economic benefits for the region •• Conduct “train the trainer” work- •• complement regional efforts to Accomplishments shops so that more UTAP training improve water quality, increase can be offered statewide. tourism, and ensure natural, historic •• Proposed accessibility guidelines for and cultural resource protection trails have been developed. •• Access Coordinators have been Greenways The concept of a Genesee Valley designated to educate staff on the Greenway was introduced to the region trail guidelines and accessibility Greenways represent a broad spec- by the New York Parks and Conservation requirements. trum of connectors for people and wild- Association (NYPCA) (now Parks and •• Staff from DEC and OPRHP have life ranging from Genesee Greenway Trails New York (PTNY)) in 1991 after participated in Universal Trail As- to the Hudson River Valley Greenway. Association personnel first established sessment Process (UTAP) training Each greenway has a unique set of a positive level of interest among lo- and support training programs to parameters, objectives and administra- cal government officials, user groups, encourage the use of this process tive structure. Therefore, each greenway environmentalists, and the business to identify access opportunities. is self defining with an overall objective community. Under the direction of a •• DEC has constructed new accessible of connecting people and places for a 40-member steering committee and an trails at locations across the state, better quality of life. NYPCA Local Coordinator, individual including Little Pond Campground sections of the Greenway Trail were in the Catskills, Stony Kill Environ- opened for public recreational use mental Education Center, Lampson Genesee beginning in 1992. The Friends of the Falls in the western Adirondacks Genesee Valley Greenway, Inc. grew and Nelson Swamp in Central New Valley out of the interest and enthusiasm for York. the project generated by the initial trail •• OPRHP is developing new trailhead Greenway development efforts. signs that provide information to the user about trail conditions, The Greenway is owned by the City The Genesee Valley Greenway is a of Rochester, OPRHP and DEC. The elevation changes, slopes, surfaces, linear corridor that follows the path etc, so that users of all abilities can Friends Group, in cooperation with the of the former Genesee Valley Canal City, OPRHP and DEC are responsible make informed decisions about trail (1840-1878) and Pennsylvania Railroad, use. for management and maintenance Rochester Branch (1882-1963), pass- of the trail and support facilities. The •• Parks and Trails New York has hosting through five counties (Monroe, ed three Universal Trails Assessment Friends Group assists in marketing Livingston, Wyoming, Allegany, and the Greenway and securing volun- Process (UTAP) training programs, Cattaraugus), seventeen townships, training 50 individuals so far. teers. A partnership agreement exists and several villages. Presently, there are between the Friends of the Genesee 60 of its 90 miles that are open To the Valley Greenway, DEC and OPRHP. This public. 99 Creating Connections agreement outlines the responsibilities •• Provide a safe, alternative historic, cultural and recreational of the three “Partners” in the manage- transportation route between resources while encouraging compatible ment and operation of the Greenway and within communities economic development and maintaining outside of the City of Rochester. The City •• Community Involvement the tradition of home rule for land use operates and maintains its portion of •• Stimulate economic develop- decision-making. Through voluntary the Greenway trail. ment through promotion of participation in the Greenway, com- tourism and Greenway trail- munities in the Hudson River Valley can The management and operation related businesses receive technical assistance and funding of the remainder of the Greenway is •• Encourage and coordinate infor local land use planning and imple- guided by a Draft Management Plan dividual, group, and business mentation projects, trail development, developed by the “Partners”. This contributions to Greenway and heritage promotion that support management plan developed a vision development and enhance- the goals of the Greenway program. and series of management goals for the ment Greenway. •• Alternative Transportation The Hudson River Valley Greenway •• Provide a safe, alternative Act of 1991 creates a process for Vision transportation route between voluntary regional cooperation among and within communities 320 communities within the Greenway The Genesee Valley Greenway is a •• Link with other regional trail area, which includes the counties of natural and historic transportation cor- systems Saratoga, Washington, Rensselaer, ridor that will be preserved for and used •• Link with other transportation Albany, Greene (outside the Catskill by the public. systems Preserve), Columbia, Ulster, Dutchess, •• Staffing and Support Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Westchester Management Goals •• Provide staffing for develop- and the waterfronts of The Bronx and ment, operation and mainte- Manhattan. The Act specifies five •• Public Use nance of the Greenway Greenway Criteria through which this •• Provide the public with recre- •• Establish operating budgets goal can be achieved. The five criteria ational experiences (opportuni- in DEC and OPRHP include: natural and cultural resource ties for walking, hiking, jogging, •• Establish capital funding protection; regional planning; eco- bicycling, horseback riding, within each agency’s capital nomic development; public access; and, nature observation, snow shoe- plan as appropriate heritage and environmental education. ing, cross country skiing, and •• FOGVG will seek additional The Greenway works with local and snowmobiling) involving the funding in support of the county governments to enhance local natural and historic character of Greenway land use planning pertaining to the five the Greenway corridor Greenway criteria, create a voluntary •• Increase access to and encour- regional planning compact, promote the age recreational use of the Hudson Hudson River Valley as a single tourism Genesee River destination area, assist in the preser- •• Provide access to other public River Valley vation of agriculture and, work with resources communities to strengthen state agency •• Interpret the local and natural Greenway cooperation with local governments. history of the Greenway corridor •• Community Resource Protection The Hudson River Valley Greenway The Greenway is also charged with •• Protect, preserve, promote, and is an innovative state-sponsored, vol- developing the Hudson River Greenway link canal and other historic untary program created to facilitate Trail System from the Adirondack Park and cultural resources along the the development of a regional strat- in northern Saratoga County, and Lake Greenway corridor egy for preserving scenic, natural, Champlain in Washington County to •• Protect, preserve and enhance natural resources and maintain Table 5.2 - Hudson River Valley Greenway Trail System habitat linkages in the Green- way corridor Riverside Trails: 251.6 miles •• Provide public outreach pro- Countryside Corridors/Connector Trails: 54.7 miles grams and educational oppor- NYS Bike Route 9: 147.0 miles tunities Hudson River Greenway Water Trail: 256.0 miles Hudson River Valley Greenway Trail System Total: 709.3 miles 100 Creating Connections

Manhattan. The trail system includes connections between these important private corporations, not-for-profit a water trail, a bicycling trail and a resources while giving rise to economic organizations, and private property walking trail, The Greenway supports opportunities for the region. This Vision owners to advance and comple- community trail initiatives in the devel- Statement has guided the development the purposes of the Greenway opment of a regional trail system. The ment of the Niagara River Greenway, a •• recommending how portions of Greenway offers an annual competitive regional planning initiative established the Greenway would be managed small grant program to fund trail proj- by state legislation in September 2004. including a plan for ongoing opera- ects including trail planning and design, The legislation defines the Greenway tion and maintenance that would trail construction and rehabilitation and as a linear system of state and local make the Greenway self-supporting trail interpretation and education. The parks and conservation areas linked by The Niagara River Greenway Plan, goal of this grant program is to help a network of multi use trails within the adopted in April 2007, establishes local trail groups and municipalities established greenway area in Erie and a Greenway boundary that follows implement community trail systems and Niagara counties. The stated purpose municipal lines, emphasizing a regional develop new segments of the Greenway of the Greenway is to enhance water- approach that focuses on the concept Trail. front access and complement economic of a Greenway as an organizational revitalization of the communities along structure for economic development There are currently 709.3 miles of the river. and tourism. The Plan establishes the various types of trail that comprise the foundation that guides collective deci- Greenway Trail System (See Table 5.2). The Niagara River Greenway sion-making for the Greenway, so that Commission was charged by the all stakeholders will have a sense of In April 2001 the Hudson River Valley Legislature with developing a plan that how their specific actions contribute to Greenway was awarded $1 million includes: to develop a Hudson River Greenway the whole. The vision for the Greenway •• an inventory of existing parks and Water Trail stretching from the will become a reality through hundreds other lands under the jurisdiction Adirondack Park in the Town of Hadley, of incremental steps and individual of state agencies, public corpora- Saratoga County and from Whitehall, actions. The Plan identifies criteria for tions and municipalities which may Washington County to Battery Park in evaluating and forming projects and contribute to the purposes of the Manhattan (256 miles). The Hudson activities within the Greenway in an Greenway River Greenway Water Trail has estab- effort to guide project development •• identifying other lands that through lished canoe/kayak access points at and design. The criteria will help spon- acquisition, dedication or rede- least every 10 miles on each bank of the sors determine if a project submitted velopment may contribute to the Hudson River. Campsites will be estab- to the Commission contributes to the purposes of the Greenway lished at least every 15 miles along the Greenway and is consistent with the •• identifying existing plans and Hudson River. The Water Trail includes principles, priorities, focus area and eco- plans under development that can on site interpretive centers and kiosks, nomic vitality as set forth in the Plan. contribute to the purposes of the parking and restroom facilities, potable Projects may be eligible for funding Greenway water, and information on local and through various State and Federal pro- •• considering how the region’s indus- historical and cultural attractions de- grams, as well as private foundations. trial heritage can be celebrated and pending upon the specific site location. reflected along the Greenway Five high-priority system-wide con- Currently some 86sites are designated •• recommending how the Greenway cepts that will help promote implemen- as part of the Hudson River Greenway could be linked to upland and tation of the Niagara River Greenway Water Trail. interior communities in order to are identified as: promote linkages to the river •• Gateway Identification •• considering how existing and •• Accessing, Experiencing and Con- Niagara River proposed economic development necting to the River activities in proximity to the Green- •• Protecting, Preserving , and Restor- Greenway way can support and complement ing Important Ecological Features the Greenway •• Linking Special Places and Destina- The Niagara River Greenway is a •• identifying ways for the Com- tions world-class corridor of places, parks mission to work cooperatively •• Heritage Tourism and Economic and landscapes that celebrates and with municipal, state and federal Revitalization interprets our unique natural, cultural, agencies, the province of Ontario recreational, and scenic and heritage and nation of Canada, public and resources and provides access to and 101 Creating Connections East Coast Greenway

The East Coast Greenway is the nation’s first long-distance urban trail system; a city-to-city transportation corridor for cyclists, hikers, and other non-motorized users. By connecting existing and planned trails, a continuous, safe, green route 3,000 miles long is being formed linking Calais, Maine at the Canadian border with Key West, Florida. It incorporates waterfront esplanades, park paths, abandoned railroad corridors, canal towpaths, and highway corridors, and in many areas it temporarily follows streets and roads to link these completed trail sections together. (ECGA, 2008)

When completed, the East Coast Greenway in New York will follow two separate routes, (Eastern & Western) which both end in downtown Manhattan. The route uses New York’s Waterway ferry service to connect to the New Jersey section of the Greenway. The two routes are in various stages of completion using completed trail sections of the New York City Greenway System, Parkway trails, Westchester County Trail System and on-road sections.

102 Sustainability Chapter 6 - Sustainability

Human consumption of natural The burning of fossil fuels such as fuel and adopts more resource efficient resources is depleting and degrading coal, oil and gas, for energy, transporta- technologies earlier in the century. many resources faster than Earth’s tion, heating and cooling of buildings, natural systems can replenish them. and for manufacturing, have resulted Most scientists conclude that Sustainability is an approach that pro- in an increase in the levels of carbon emissions must be reduced by 75-80 tects the natural systems of the planet dioxide and other GHGs. In the last percent below current levels by 2050 to while achieving economic prosperity, 100 years humans have increased CO2 reduce the substantial adverse impacts protecting the public health and social levels from the pre-industrial con- of global climate change on natural well-being. centrations by more than 35 percent systems. To put the Northeast region -280 parts per million to 380 parts on track to achieving this goal, NECIA By preserving and protecting ecosys- per million. In 2004, human activities indicated that a concerted, sustained tems and natural systems, sustainability released over 8 billion tons of carbon effort to reduce emissions by just over 3 is the capability of equitably meeting dioxide into the atmosphere. Millions of percent per year on average by 2030 is vital needs of the present without compounds of methane are also produced necessary. promising the ability of future genera- by decomposition in landfills. Use of tions to meet their needs. Sustainability nitrogen-based fertilizers and other soil requires the equitable distribution of management practices also contribute Impacts to resources and the empowerment of to the release of nitrous oxide into the individuals to participate in decisions atmosphere. (Riebeek, 2007) the Northeast that affect their lives. Climate change is considered the Changes consistent with climate most pressing environmental problem change, such as rising temperatures, de- Climate of this century. Many scientists have creasing snow cover and earlier arrival concluded that the earth’s atmosphere of spring are already being experienced Change is warming due to increased concentra- in the Northeast. tions of GHGs. The Intergovernmental When energy from the sun reaches Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states Temperature and pre- earth, roughly 30 percent of it is re- that climate change, associated with the cipitation flected back into space. The remaining increased levels of GHGs in the atmo- 70 percent is absorbed by the land, air, sphere is “unequivocal” and may bring Since 1970 average temperatures and oceans, heating our planet’s surface abrupt and irreversible impacts to the in the Northeast have increased 1.5 and atmosphere and making life on earth’s natural systems which support degrees Fahrenheit (º F) with winter earth possible. As earth’s surface warms, life on earth. temperatures warming 4ºF from 1970- it emits thermal radiation, or infrared 2000 (NECIA, 2007). heat, much of which travels directly out A recent collaborative effort between to space allowing earth to cool. Heat- the Union of Concerned Scientists and Unlike many regions of the world, trapping gases such as carbon dioxide, a team of independent experts – the winter precipitation in the Northeast is nitrous oxide and methane, called Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment projected to increase 20 to 30 percent, greenhouses gases (GHGs), naturally (NECIA) team published “Confronting but this precipitation may just be rain – occur in the atmosphere. Some of Climate Change in the Northeast: not snow. If the lower emissions targets the outgoing thermal radiation is re- Science, Impacts and Solutions” (NECIA, can be met the Adirondack region will absorbed by these GHGs and is re-radi- 2007). The report looked at two emis- be able to retain roughly three-quarters ated back toward earth’s surface. This sion scenarios – a high emissions of its snow season. Under the higher is known as the Greenhouse effect. If scenario – where use of fossil fuels and emission scenario the Adirondack re- there were not GHGs in the atmosphere, resulting emissions continued to grow gion snow season could be cut in half. Earth’s average surface temperature rapidly and emission reducing technolo- would be a very chilly 0° F instead of gies are not introduced until late in the Due to rising summer temperatures the comfortable 59° F that it averages century and a lower emissions scenario and higher rates of evapotranspiration, today. whereby society relies less on fossil the frequency of short-term droughts is 103 Sustainability projected to increase. Historically the have the climate of Washington, D.C., by century New York City could have ap- Catskills and Adirondack regions have 2050 and the climate of Richmond, VA proximately 25 days over 100 º F, with such droughts every two to three years. or Atlanta, GA by the end of the century only seven if emissions reduction tar- Under the higher emissions scenario, by (Adirondack Museum, 2007). gets can be met under the lower emis- the end of this century these droughts sions scenario. An increase in extremely are expected to occur annually. It is not unlikely for New Yorkers to hot days is expected to worsen air qual- see an increasing number of extremely ity, resulting in increases in associated As the current rate of warming hot days. For example under the higher respiratory diseases and conditions. accelerates, Albany, NY is predicted to emissions s scenario, by the end of the Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding

Over the last 100 years melting ice caps has caused a sea level rise of 7 inches. Under the higher emission scenario, by the end of the century global sea level is expected rise between an additional 10 inches to two feet. If recommended emission reduction targets are met sea level is still projected to rise between 7 and 14 inches (UCS, 2007).

There have been an increasing number of heavy and damaging rainfall events in recent years. The severity and frequency of heavy rainfall events is expect to increase, resulting in significant negative impacts to 1) infrastructure, such as roads, trailways and buildings, and 2) natural systems, such as stream corridors and wetlands. Under the higher emissions scenario, floods in New York City that are currently antici- Upstate New York NYC- Tri-State Region pated to occur every 100 years will be Source: “Confronting Climate Change in the US Northeast: Science, Impacts and anticipated to occur every 10 years. Solutions”; Northeast Climate Impacts assessment Synthesis Team; July 2007. Figure 6.1 - Migrating State Climates In addition to coastal homes and business being threatened, sea level

Source: “Confronting Climate change in the US Northeast: Science, Impacts and Solutions”; Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment Synthesis Team; July 2007. Figure 6.2 - Temperature Change in our Cities 104 Sustainability rise can adversely affect the delicate Management objectives and prac- prepare for changes that may occur to life of the ecologically rich Long Island tices for both managed and natural participation in recreational activities. salt marshes and Hudson River estuary landscapes will have to be reevaluated. which act as feeding grounds for migra- Ensuring environmental sustainability tory waterfowl and other birds and a will become more urgent because the Strategies nursery for many fish species. deterioration of life support systems imposes a time limit. The future de- for Enhancing Ecosystems and Biodi- pends on the ability to sustain healthy versity natural systems and restore those that Sustainability are degraded. All species rely on the continuation The growing concern about climate of environmental conditions to which Impact on Recreation change has resulted in a new move- they are adapted. Climate change and Recreation Facili- ment towards the adoption of policies, will impact ecosystems- the dynamic ties practices and procedures that reduce complex of plants, animals, microbes the use of fossil fuels thus reducing and physical characteristics that interact Global climate change and the GHG emissions. This effort must com- with each other. Ecosystems are critical resulting effects on the environment prehensively promote the use of renew- for sustaining life on earth and provide impact recreation. able and energy efficient technologies, many services such as erosion control, environmental and energy efficient water purification, recreation, habitat The anticipated sea level rise, building design, waste reduction and and marketable products such as sea- increased coastal flooding, loss of wet- recycling, fuel efficient vehicles, water food and forest products. lands, erosion and shoreline change will conservation and chemical use reduc- require adaptations by waterfront park tion. It must also address the procure- With the warming that accompa- managers and users. A rise in sea levels, ment of environmentally preferable nies climate change, the distribution of will impact beach related activities and products as well as undertaking carbon terrestrial ecosystems will change as support facilities. sequestration strategies, like tree plants and animals follow the shifting planting and forest conservation, to climate. In NY many of the deciduous New facilities being considered off-set our remaining carbon emissions. tree species, such as maples, will shift will need to take into account these The extent of the change and thus the northwards; this will have an effect changing situations within their design choices made today will determine the on the maple syrup and other timber and location. Recreational activities climate our children and grandchildren industries in the state. Other farming associated with natural resources such inherit, and shape the consequences for crops will see changes in the length of as fishing, bird watching and the study their economy, environment, and quality the growing season. of nature will be affected as the habitat of life (Riebeek, 2007; UCS, 2007). that supports these activities changes. Biodiversity will be affected as plants Warmer winters with less snow will The sustainability movement has and animals that can’t migrate fast impact winter activities such a skiing, become somewhat synonymous with enough will face dwindling numbers snowmobiling, sledding and ice fishing. the desire to be “green.” In today’s and extinction (Riebeek, 2007). Climate Managers of historic sites will also need market one will find the ability to pur- change will also trigger the expansion to evaluate the impacts that climate chase “green” power, “green” furniture, of invasive species into wider ranges, change and associated impacts may “green” flooring “green” vehicles and as changes in species composition have on the environmental setting, design, renovate and build “green”. is often associated with changes in especially historic landscapes. The growing awareness of society’s temperatures and precipitation. Shorter consumption of fossil fuels and the milder winters will fail to kill insects, Climatic changes will also impact continued escalation of energy prices increasing the risk of infestations, pos- how people recreate and their fre- is expanding the use and development sibly leading to a need for additional quency of participation. Summer of “green” technology and creating a chemical pesticide use. This, along with recreational activities will have a longer ”green” market. The “green” movement documentation showing that seasonal season as the climate warms, while will ensure environmental sustain- events such as egg laying and flowering shorter winters will curtail opportuni- ability or the long term maintenance of plants have been occurring 2-3 days ties for winter recreational activities. of valued environmental resources that earlier in each decade in the Northeast, These changes will impact operations of support life systems. This transition to shows that the climate has warmed and park and recreational facilities. Planning sustainable practices is urgent because additional changes are expected. by facilities will need to take place to 105 Sustainability the deterioration of global life support mitigation of the amount of GHGs and The mandate to purchase renewable systems is already occurring. the effects of global climate change. power can be meet in the following Through policy, research, education, ways: As a major emitter of GHGs, and as incentives, and innovative relationships •• on-site generation of all renewable a global leader in technology, innova- with industry, government can play a power requirements; tion and finance, NECIA indicates that central role in building a green future. •• a mix of on-site generation and the Northeast is well positioned to drive open-market electricity procure- national and international progress in Green Energy- ment to meet the renewable power reducing emissions and ensuring the requirements; or environmental sustainability of the (Renewable and Energy efficient •• the purchase of all renewable- region’s recreation, manufacturing, technologies) power requirements from the open transportation and natural systems. market. Energy is one of the most urgent Executive Order 111 (EO. 111), is- technological subject areas, one that Renewable energy sources can sued in 2001, “Green and Clean” State includes the development of alterna- include: Buildings and Vehicles is the most tive fuels and renewable methods of •• Solar: Solar energy comes either aggressive and comprehensive directive generating energy as well as methods directly or indirectly from the sun. issued in NYS to address energy use of reducing energy use and increasing Sunlight, or solar energy, can be and environmental issues through state energy efficiency. For its energy needs, used directly for heating and light- government procurement standards and the United States currently relies heavily ing buildings, generating electricity, design practices. EO.111 mandated that on fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, and heating water, solar cooling, and a all state agencies reduce energy usage, natural gas), which are nonrenewable, variety of other uses. Also referred follow green building standards during environmentally damaging and draw on to as photovoltaic. new construction or substantial renova- dwindling resources. •• Wind: Energy from wind is captured tion projects, procure energy-efficient using wind turbines. This heavy reliance on nonrenewable products, purchase power from renew- •• Biomass: The organic matter that energy is not sustainable because fossil able sources, and procure clean-fuel makes up plants is known as bio- fuel use affects the ability of future vehicles. The Executive Order includes mass. Biomass can be used to pro- generations to use those resources. specific target quantities and dates for duce electricity. The use of biomass Their use also results in the emissions each item. To assist State agencies in for any of these purposes is called of GHGs which are affecting earth’s cli- developing detailed implementation biomass energy. mate and resulting in negative impacts plans and to help direct future projects, •• Hydrogen: Hydrogen is the most on natural systems which support life guidelines were developed in 2004 by abundant element on the earth. But on earth. In contrast, renewable energy the New York State Energy, Research it doesn’t occur naturally as a gas; resources are constantly replenished. and Development Authority (NYSERDA). it is always combined with other The use of renewable forms of energy elements, such as with oxygen to helps to reduce concentrations of GHGs Other State policies and Executive make water. Once separated from in the atmosphere and contributes to Orders promote energy conservation, another element, hydrogen can be more stable local economies by reduc- the use of renewable energy, recycling burned as a fuel or converted into ing dependence on energy sources with and the use of green cleaning products. electricity. an uncertain future. The overarching goals of the Agency’s •• Geothermal: Energy stored within sustainability initiative are to reduce the earth has a variety of uses, EO. No. 111 mandated that State greenhouse gas emissions by reduc- including electric power produc- entities purchase a significant por- ing the use of fossil fuels, reducing our tion and the heating and cooling of tion of their electric power from clean, energy demand, increase the use of buildings. renewable generating sources. By clean renewable energy sources, while •• Ocean: earth’s oceans can produce 2005 10 percent of the overall annual reducing waste, water use and the use thermal energy from the sun’s heat electric energy requirements of build- of toxic chemicals. and mechanical energy from the ings owned, leased or operated by State tides and waves. agencies must be met by clean, renew- •• Hydropower: Flowing water creates Green Technology able generating sources, increasing to energy that can be captured and 20 percent by 2010. “Green technology” is the applica- turned into electricity. This is called tion of science to conserve natural re- hydroelectric power or hydropower. sources and the environment, including 106 Sustainability Alternative-Fueled to sustainability by recognizing per- The American Society of Landscape formance in five key areas of human Architects recently released ”The Vehicles & Energy Star and environmental health: sustainable Preliminary Report on the Standards Equipment site development, water conservation, and Guidelines for Sustainable Sites”, energy efficiency, materials selection, highlighting the many ways to enhance With the transportation sector ac- and indoor environmental quality. To how sites can be designed to protect counting for more than a third of New achieve LEED certification, a building and enhance the ability of landscapes to York’s energy usage it is essential that project must meet certain prerequisites provide services such as climate regula- the state continue its efforts to obtain and earn credits within each category. tion, clean air and water, and improved vehicles and equipment that are energy Depending on the number of credits quality of life (ASLA, 2007). efficient, use clean renewable fuels and earned a building can be classified as are practical for operations. Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum, This Purchasing - comprehensive approach is the reason EO. 111 mandated that by 2005 LEED certified buildings have reduced (The procurement of environmentally at least 50 percent of new light-duty operating costs, provided for healthier preferable products) vehicles acquired by state agencies and more productive occupants, and Green purchasing involves the search be alternative-fueled vehicles, and by conserved natural resources. (USGBC, for and procurement of products whose 2010, 100 percent of all new light-duty 2007) vehicles shall be alternative-fueled manufacturing, contents and disposal vehicles. Zero-energy buildings, buildings have the smallest possible impact on that produce as much energy as they the environment. Such products can be Also under EO 111 State agencies consume, represent the cutting edge of made from recycled instead of virgin are mandated to select ENERGY STAR® environmentally responsible construc- resources and eliminate or reduce the energy-efficient products when action. These buildings, which require use of toxic materials. Environmentally quiring new energy-using products or state-of-the-art energy efficient con- Preferable Purchasing (EPP) is a federal replacing existing equipment. struction and renewable energy systems program that encourages and assists such as solar and wind, are challenging agencies in the purchase of products or Buildings - to design and build but can offer com- services that have a lesser or reduced fort and amenities while reducing the effect on human health and the envi- (Environmental and energy efficient ronment when compared with compet- building design) building’s impact on the environment. (NESEA, 2007) ing products or services that serve the same purpose. Purchasing products with Buildings consume more energy recycled content is crucial to sustaining than any other sector of our economy Landscaping recycling markets and aids in the devel- – including transportation and industry. opment of technology that conserves More efficient use of energy, environ- Landscaping is the alteration of the resources and prevents waste. mental, and human resources in design natural landscape for the benefit of and construction of buildings make people by changing the physical and sense. Building “green”, in either new biological composition and character Chemical Use construction or when renovating, can of the land and by building structures Reduction be cost effective. NYSERDA indicates and amenities. Architects, landscape that a one-time investment premium of architects, designers and facility manag- Green chemistry involves the inven- less than 1% of first costs can increase ers must eliminate or minimize impacts tion, design, and application of chemical energy efficiency over standard building of landscaping on soil, water, vegetation products and processes to reduce or to code practices by 20-30%. and human health. “Green landscap- eliminate the use and generation of tox- ing” minimizes the impacts to the natu- ic substances. Chemicals and synthetic The Leadership in Energy and ral landscape by eliminating or reducing substances that do not easily break Environmental Design (LEED) Green the use of fossil fuels and chemical down are increasing in society, produc- Building Rating System™ is the nation- inputs and maximizes the use of natural ing increased toxicity in ecosystems, ally accepted benchmark for the design, features. Water conservation measures water supplies, soil, food, the built envi- construction, and operation of green should keep water on-site through use ronment, and human health. Pesticides, buildings, giving building owners and of green roofs, rain gardens and rainwa- herbicides, insecticides and synthetic operators the tools they needed to ter for on-site irrigation. Planting should fertilizers accumulate in natural systems improve a buildings’ performance. LEED reflect and preserve native species. and in humans. The use of toxic chemi- promotes a whole-building approach cals and synthetic compounds should 107 Sustainability be reduced or eliminated in construc- floor), and understory growth, as well Energy Research and Development tion and building materials, operations, as trees. Forest soil carbon is a large, Authority (NYSERDA), NYS Department products, and services. stable pool, accounting for about half of of Environmental Conservation (DEC), total forest carbon NYS Office of General Services (OGS), Reduce, Reuse, Recy- the Dormitory Authority of NYS cle, Rebuy Scientists are investigating trying to (DASNY), New York Power Authority artificially sequester carbon by injecting (NYPA), Long Island Power Authority Reducing the production, amount, carbon dioxide deep below the earth’s (LIPA), Niagara Frontier Transit Authority and toxicity of waste is the first and surface. While extracting CO2 and stor- and Western New York Clean Cities, most important step toward efficient ing it underground has been suggested Office of the State Comptroller, Empire materials use. Reuse of products as one potential long-term measure for State Development Corporation, NYS prolongs the useful life of materials, addressing climate change, it has not Department of Transportation and NY delaying final disposal or recycling. yet been proven or shown to work on a Environmental Facilities Corporation. Recycling is the segregation, collection, large scale. Other partners in green technology storage, and removal of recyclable or include companies such as American There are many options to offset compostable materials from the waste Honda, Daimler Chrysler, Ford GHG emissions, and carbon sequestra- stream. Recycling minimizes waste Motor Company, Homeland Energy, tion is just one potential tool. generation by recovering and reprocess- Hydrogenics, John Deere, Jacobsen, ing usable products that might other- Praxair, Toro and Toyota. wise be disposed of. Creating products from recycled materials saves energy Sustainability Accomplishments and resources, and can often generate revenue. Buying products with recycled at OPRHP Clean Fuels content completes the recycling loop, •• Compressed natural gas (CNG) trol- sustaining recycling markets and con- As climate change and global warm- leys and vans serves valuable natural resources. ing continues to emerge as the central environmental issue of our time OPRHP •• Bi-fuel CNG trucks Carbon Sequestration must be a leader in demonstrating •• Electric vehicles in the Thousand “green technologies.” Parks are ideally Islands Region poised to showcase how sustainability •• Two compressed natural gas fueling Carbon is captured, or sequestered, stations when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be taught, planned for, implemented, and demonstrated. Parks are places •• 650 electric, zero emission vehicles is converted into carbon compounds •• Increased fleet of electric utility that are held in pools, stores or reser- of natural beauty and environmental integrity that have been afforded vehicles from 3 to 35 voirs on land or in water. These pools •• Ordered over 160,000 gallons of can be in the form of living plants protection for generations to come. By planning for sustainability, parks can biodiesel (such as trees, which are roughly 50% •• Will operate a fleet of Biodiesel 100 carbon), products (such as lumber), or fulfill that vision as well as provide a medium for educating the public about (B100) heavy mowing equipment other living organisms on land or in wa- during the summer of 2008 ter (such as soil and water microorgan- ways that everyone can participate in sustainable practices. When everyone •• Integration of a hydrogen fuel cell isms). A carbon sink occurs when more system into a Toro Workman utility carbon dioxide is held in pools than is does their part to protect earth’s natural systems from continuing degradation, vehicle, used for turf care and facil- released into the atmosphere. The ocean ity maintenance is the world’s largest carbon sink. then parks truly will be places of beauty and integrity for many generations. •• 7 gas-electric hybrid vehicles •• 65% of the light-duty fleet is alter- When forests accumulate and hold nate fuel. carbon, they act as carbon sinks. When OPRHP is advancing a new agency- forests are disturbed through harvest or wide sustainability initiative to comple- OPRHP has in use over 1000 clean conversion to other land uses, they are ment the State Parks’ existing “Green fuel vehicles statewide. Many of the a source of carbon emissions. Forests Program”. OPRHP is working with over clean fuel vehicles have replaced account for the second largest source 20 agencies, organizations and busi- gasoline and diesel vehicles allowing of carbon dioxide emissions globally nesses as partners in green solutions. OPRHP to make significant reductions in but are also the most promising carbon Some partners include: U.S. Department emissions. sink. Forests store carbon in virtually of Energy (DOE), U.S. Environmental all their components: soils, litter (forest Protection Agency (EPA), New York State 108 Sustainability Energy Efficient replacement, and maintenance costs. •• low-flow toilets/waterless Lower wattage lamps were used to urinals Equipment decrease energy and maintenance •• ozone-friendly refrigerants in costs while providing a higher level of the kitchen Over 500 old appliances, including controlled lighting. Precision parabolic •• native greenery that needs less refrigerators, freezers, ovens, micro- reflectors allow the light to be directed watering waves, and heaters, have been replaced with greater accuracy reducing light •• a cistern to collect rainwater with new Energy Star rated appliances pollution due to extraneous glare. from the roof that are more efficient and use less •• construction materials of at electricity. It is the policy of Parks to least 20 percent recycled mate- purchase only Energy Star rated electri- Other ‘Green’ rials. cal appliances. Initiatives •• a roof coated in white reflec- Niagara Falls State Park has become In addition to addressing emissions tive materials to reduce cooling a “green” showcase to improve air and energy issues, OPRHP has also used needs quality, and a center for alternate fuel green technology in park buildings. •• a waste recycling program technology. With a diverse fleet of more •• Creation of a Green Design Com- than 90 alternate fuel vehicles, includ- Green Energy mittee to develop green standards for small buildings ing CNG trolleys that transport more •• Geothermal heating and cooling than a quarter-million patrons annually system using Hessian Lake at the Water Conservation and electric, hybrid, and biodiesel ve- Bear Mountain Inn at Bear Moun- hicles, the Park has reduced its gasoline •• Waterless urinals are used through- tain State Park out the State Parks system- with and diesel use by over 35,000 gallons •• Geothermal heating and cooling annually. This results in a reduction in 20-25 in the Taconic Region system at Jones Beach Nature •• Composting Toilets are being widely nitrogen oxide of over 800 lbs, a reduc- Center tion in carbon monoxide of over 11,700 used throughout the State Parks •• Photovoltaic roof slate system to system – some with solar powered lbs, and a reduction of over 195,000 lbs provide solar-generated electricity of carbon dioxide. The CNG fueling sta- fans to Jones Beach Nature Center •• Permeable paving (Eco-stone paver) tion at Niagara Falls State Park is one of •• Solar lighting at the Rockefeller the largest on the East Coast. used at Annsville Creek Paddlesport Sate Park Preserve parking area Center parking area in Hudson •• Two remote solar lighting systems The proposed Niagara Falls State Highlands State Park. in the Allegany Region Park Hydro to Hydrogen Project, which •• photovoltaic system used at Ben- Recycled/Re-used building will be one of the largest hydrogen nington Battlefield State Historic materials demonstration projects in the world, is Site to run the well field being developed by OPRHP in partner- •• Sterling Forest State Park - Recycled ship with NYPA, NYSERDA, the Niagara Buildings- lumber - milled timber at local Frontier Transit Authority, Western sawmill (Leadership in Energy and New York Clean Cities and others. This •• Fort Montgomery State Historic Site Environmental Design (LEED) Projects) unique project will use the Niagara – two sets of counter tops made River to supply both the hydroelectric •• Mills-Norrie State Park, Staatsburg from recycled paper. power and water necessary to create School Renovation •• Saratoga Spa State Park - material hydrogen to power vehicles and equip- The old school building is being ren- used for new Saratoga Performing ment in the Park. In essence, the Park ovated to provide new administra- Arts Center (SPAC) exterior includes will use its own resources to power the tion offices for the Taconic Region. recycled paper as a substrate. equipment necessary to maintain it. The This is the first building renovation Moving Forward hydrogen created will be the “greenest” that OPRHP will be renovating as part of the U.S. Green Building form of hydrogen in the world. To more broadly and effectively ad- Council’s LEED program. Elements dress climate change, energy issues and In addition, OPRHP worked with of green design can include: resulting impacts on natural systems, NYPA to install new energy efficient •• energy-efficient geothermal OPRHP has identified sustainability and higher quality rapids lighting at heating and cooling as one of the Agency’s Priorities and Niagara Falls State Park. The $250,000 •• paints and carpets that emit Initiatives for FY2007-08. OPRHP has project will produce savings in excess fewer unhealthy fumes hired a ‘Sustainability Coordinator to of $60,000 per year in electricity, bulb 109 Sustainability lead this effort and is one of the first •• energy efficiency and sustainability State agencies to do so. The initiative public outreach and education to will reach out and involve the programs Parks millions of visitors and operations of the Albany Office, Working with Executive and Regional eleven regional offices, and 211 State management staff, Albany-based Parks and Historic Sites. Bureau Directors, park and historic site managers OPRHP is currently under- OPRHP will develop a comprehensive taking an agency-wide assessment of Sustainability Plan that will identify agency activities that support sustain- specific sustainability goals to help re- ability. This includes a survey of OPRHP duce OPRHP reliance on fossil fuels and facilities that will provide a compre- reduce GHG emissions that at a mini- hensive assessment of all sustainable mum meet state mandates and ensure activities that are currently occurring at the sustainability of natural systems. parks. With a designated Sustainability The plan will identify the specific strate- Coordinator, OPRHP has stepped up gies and actions necessary for achieving its efforts in working with other state those goals. agencies, the vendor community, Strategies may include, but are not elected and other public officials, fed- limited to: eral agency representatives, leaders of non-profit and advocacy organization •• energy efficiency retrofits at exist- and the general public on increasing ing facilities (i.e. re-lamping with sustainability of the Agency. compact fluorescents) •• use of small scale on-site renewable energy systems such as wind, solar and geothermal •• purchase of additional renewable energy credits •• continued expansion of the clean fuel vehicle fleet •• LEED certification for any new construction of a building over a certain size •• green building design standards for small park buildings (.i.e. bath- houses) •• energy saving through waste reduction •• enhanced recycling efforts •• a comprehensive effort to reduce the amount of lawn maintained •• Energy Star rated equipment up- grades •• green product procurement policy •• water conservation efforts •• chemical use reduction minimizing the use of pesticides, herbicides, and other chemical applications in State Parks facilities •• carbon sequestration strategies such as forest conservation and tree planting

110 Statewide Programs Chapter 7 - Statewide Programs

New York State provides a variety of opportunities increased resulting in accessible to persons with disabilities recreation experiences, ranging from an overall economic benefit to the are no longer the exception but are the playgrounds of New York City to the communities. integrated within the design of new and wilderness areas of the Adirondacks. rehabilitated facilities. This is a dynamic system comprised Associated with land and water of “people”, “resources”, and “recre- resources are the wildlife and fisheries This chapter will explore various ation”. Each element has an influence resources that enhance and provide agency programs and initiatives that on the other two. For instance, the recreational opportunities. Wildlife have an impact on or are impacted by composition of the population will im- focuses on both game and nongame the quality of the recreational and open pact the need for recreation, the quality species and is less location-specific space resources or experiences they of the resource will determine the avail- when compared to other recreation provide. This will include programs ability of recreation opportunities and resources; as a result, stewardship of traditionally associated with recreation the type and extent of recreation can wildlife crosses geographic and politi- and others that may not be readily affect resource quality and the quality cal boundaries. Fisheries management apparent. Additional relevant programs of life for people. For Example, the im- is similar to wildlife except it is more are discussed elsewhere in the plan. proved water quality of a lake or river, location-specific and closely associated will provide recreational opportunities, with water quality and access. The following table identifies federal that will influence where people, live, and state agencies and their involve- work and play. Therefore, recreation In addition to the land and water ment with six broad program areas. opportunities, open space and resources resources, cultural resources help define These program areas are further defined are all influenced by, and a factor to the character of the State and our past. within the chapter by agency. In various be considered, within various agency New York has a rich and diverse array cases, there is overlap among agency programs and initiatives. of cultural resources and it is becoming programs that are guided by an inter- more important to relate several historic agency task force within a resource area. As such, the program will be described under the primary adminis- People trating agency or may be applicable statewide. Resources Recreation

Figure 7.1 - People, Resources and Recreation

New York State’s vast number of sites together, whether through a trail lakes, rivers and streams and oceanfront or corridor. These heritage corridors are provide recreation resources that con- able to tell a more complete and valu- tinue to be major destination locations. able story of past events and honor the Participation in water related activities history of the State. is often constrained by limited public access and unsuitable water quality. Recreation and open space play a The State has initiated many programs vital role in maintaining the mental to help improve water quality and and physical health of our citizens as increase access to the major waterbod- well as supporting the economy of the ies such as the Great Lakes, Hudson State. This is apparent by the level of River, Long Island Sound, the Peconic participation in recreation activities and Hudson River Estuaries, and Lake and sporting events. There is also an Champlain. The quality of life in these increasing awareness of the needs of areas has improved and recreational all the populations. Facilities that are 111 Statewide Programs Table 7.1 - State and Federal Program Areas Grants Planning Resource Programs Resources Recreation Management Land/ Natural

Agency Cultural Resources OPRHP x x x x x x DEC x x x x x x DOS x x DOT x x x Canals x x x x x Museum x x x ORDA x x DOH x x OFA x Army Corps x x x x EPA x x x NPS x x x x x x NOAA x x x

Planning – The Agency develops and/ Cultural Resources – The agency is re- Grants – The agency administers grant or coordinates recreation plans sponsible for procuring, preserving programs that support, enhance or for its own facilities or provides and interpreting cultural resources. directly relate to recreation, natu- technical assistance in planning to ral, and cultural resources. other agencies, local governments, Recreational Resources – The agency is organizations or individuals. responsible for operating or maintaining recreational facilities. Land/Natural Resource Management – The agency owns and actively Programs – The agency coordinates and manages land and natural resourc- oversees programs that influence es for a recreation or open space or impact recreation opportunities, purpose. activities or facilities.

112 Statewide Programs Revenue projections for 2008 are $4.2 enforcement field and toward achieving Office of million. The majority of this revenue an effective snowmobile law enforce- is returned to local areas as grants-in- ment program across NYS. OPRHP of- aid for snowmobile trail development/ fers up to 50% reimbursement for costs Parks, Rec- maintenance, trail insurance, and law incurred by municipal police agencies enforcement. Control and supervision of in the enforcement of snowmobile rules reation and the Statewide Snowmobile Program is and regulations. Funding is provided coordinated by a legislated three person from state snowmobile registration fees. Historic staff. Snowmobile Safety It is the goal of the Snowmobile Education Courses Preserva- Unit to promote the maintenance of a safe and enjoyable statewide snowmo- Anyone who is at least 18 years old tion bile trail system that works in harmony may operate a snowmobile in New with the state’s natural resources while York State without any other qualifica- promoting economic development and tion except as defined by state and NYS Snowmo- tourism. local laws regulating that operation. However, it is recommended that all bile Program Snowmobile Trail operators complete a recognized snow- Grants mobile safety course. The New York State Snowmobile Program was legislated in response County, Town, City, or Village govern- Youth ages 14 through 17 years to the public’s demand for places to ments, as local sponsors, are eligible old may operate a snowmobile without ride snowmobiles. In 1985, the State for snowmobile trail grants within their adult or other supervision if they have Legislature mandated that the New York boundaries. The local governments can completed a snowmobile safety train- State Office of Parks and Recreation sub-contract with snowmobile clubs ing course recognized by the State of (OPRHP) be given the responsibil- or organizations for the maintenance New York and have their snowmobile ity to plan for the development and of the trails. There are over fifty-five safety certificate in their possession. oversight of a statewide snowmobile local governments and more than two Youth ages 10 through 13 may oper- program. The planning, development, hundred snowmobile clubs that partici- ate a snowmobile, on lands which maintenance and administration of the pate in this program. There are approxi- snowmobiling is allowed, if they have program were to be funded from the mately 11,000 miles of funded trails completed a snowmobile safety training snowmobile registration fees collected currently in the program. Trail mileage course recognized by the State of New annually. Snowmobile registration is reviewed and adjusted annually the York and are accompanied by (within is a two tier process. With the excep- Snowmobile Unit in coordination with 500 feet of) a person who is at least tion of the first ten dollars collected, the local sponsors to encourage safety, 18 years of age. The law requires that the registration fees are $100.00 for tourism and utilization. youth age 10 through 13 have their non-members of a New York State snowmobile safety certificate in their Snowmobile Association (NYSSA) snow- Law Enforcement Pro- possession while operating a snowmo- mobile club, or $45.00 if the registrant gram bile. Children less than 10 years old or is a Club member. The fees are depos- under age 14 without a safety certifi- ited into a Special Revenue Account, OPRHP is the lead enforcement cate may operate a snowmobile only on exclusively used to support snowmobil- agency that conducts an annual train- lands owned or leased by their parent ing in New York State. Financial support ing program for all Snowmobile Law or guardian. is provided to local government enti- Enforcement officers from state, county, ties for Snowmobile Trail Grants, Law and local agencies. The five day school Throughout New York State hundreds Enforcement training, Safety Education, covers snowmobile law, patrol proce- of active volunteer instructors, certi- Special Event Permits, Accident dure, accident investigation, field opera- fied by OPRHP, offer snowmobile safety Reporting, Publications, Grooming tions, and ice rescue training. Training courses. Individuals interested in taking Education, Trail Liability Insurance consists of both classroom instruction a course should visit www.nysparks. and Signage Guidelines. Revenues and field exercise situations. The course com during the fall and winter in order from the trail program have increased is held each year in January. The quality to see a listing of safety courses being from approximately $179,000 (late of training received is relevant to each offered throughout New York State. 1980s) to more than $6 million (2005). 113 Statewide Programs Snowmobile Trail Operators Taught Mapping The Snowmobile Unit approves all 7000 funded trails included in the statewide 6000 snowmobile trail system. Using USGS quadrangle maps, Local Sponsors de- 5000 lineate changes and/or updates to their 4000 trail system. Trail mileage adjustments 3000 are made, by the Snowmobile Unit, based on safety, utilization, tourism Students 2000 development while maintaining natural 1000 resource protection and community 0 support.

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Snowmobile Publica- 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 tions Year A Statewide Snowmobile Corridor trail map is published on a two to three Figure 7.2 - Snowmobile Operators Taught year cycle. The map is intended to Snowmobile Special Snowmobile Accident show areas around the state where the Events Reports funded trails are located. Local sponsors are encouraged to publish their A “special event” is an organized The operator of any snowmobile own maps containing greater trail detail rally, race, exhibition, or demonstration involved in any accident resulting in as well as tourism information and busi- of limited duration which is conducted injuries to or death of any person, or ness locations. according to a prearranged schedule in which property damage exceeds the Safety education publications are and in which general public interest is amount of $1000 dollars is sustained, created for use by instructors and/or manifested. must report such accident to an appro- students participating in the New York priate law enforcement agency. That State Snowmobile Safety Course. The The sponsor of a snowmobile special agency will in turn submit to OPRHP the primary trail safety publication is the event must secure a permit from the original snowmobile accident report. Trail Signing Handbook. The Handbook Snowmobile Unit. This permit must be OPRHP compiles the accident reports insures consistent and uniform trail secured at least 15 days prior to the into a yearly statistical report containing signage statewide to provide snow- snowmobile special event. Appropriate such information as: total accidents, to- mobilers with trail use confidence. law enforcement must be notified of tal injuries, fatalities, location, collision Publications available to the public via the event and written permission from with, primary cause, age of operator, the Snowmobile Unit include the snow- the landowner must also be secured. engine displacement, and helmet worn. It is the responsibility of the person in mobile guide, snowmobile trail manual, charge and the sponsor of the event to Unsafe speed and operator error and the snowmobile trail grooming provide for the care and safety of the are the primary causes of snowmobile manual. participants and spectators. There is a accidents. Most accidents continue to fee of $15.00 for securing the snowmo- be collisions with fixed objects. While Groomer Training bile special event permit. Applications we believe that all of the fatal accidents are available through the Snowmobile and most of the injury accidents are The Snowmobile Unit offers a Unit. reported, it is likely that there are many Groomer Operator Training Program. other accidents that go unreported. The grooming training includes technical information and advice in the art of grooming snowmobile trails. Through

114 Statewide Programs the cooperation of OPRHP and NYSSA, Heritage Areas and Today, thirty years after the initial many groomer operators have attended legislation, there is an active system grooming workshops held in various Corridors consisting of seventeen Heritage Areas locations around the state. and two Heritage Corridors. The system In March 1977, the New York State remains the oldest, and one of the larg- Legislature required OPRHP to prepare est, statewide heritage systems in the Trail Inspection Pro- a plan for a statewide system of Urban country. Interest continues for inclusion gram Cultural Parks (UCPs) that would foster of other areas within the Heritage Area “the beneficial enjoyment and revital- System. The system has grown from the A trail inspection program was ization of urban areas through preserva- initial thirteen Urban Cultural Parks, en- established in 1994 to monitor Trail tion, interpretation, development and compassing twenty-seven communities, Signing Handbook guideline compliance recreational use of cultural, historic, to seventeen Heritage Areas and two throughout the statewide trail system. natural and architectural resources…” Heritage Corridors in 2007, encompass- As the trail system mileage grew so In launching the planning process for ing over four hundred municipalities did a need to expand the inspection UCPs, New York became the first state (Figure 7.3). program. In 2004, the Snowmobile Unit in the nation to undertake the develop- formed a partnership with NYSSA to es- ment of a system of parks that focused A Heritage Area includes the historic, tablish a more efficient inspection sys- on the use of significant historical, natural and cultural resources and tem. The partnership identified a need cultural, and recreational resources to activities that tell the story of a region’s to develop a volunteer trail advisor achieve community revitalization. program to insure that trail signage was past and provide an identity for the present and future. The resources of a adequate and consistent. A training The New York State Legislature heritage area - main streets, neighbor- program was designed and has been recognized the merit of the program hoods, public building, parks, factories, greatly improved the past three years. in 1994 when they amended the landscapes – tell the story of how an Training sessions for the volunteer original Urban Cultural Park legislation area developed and why it is unique. trail advisors are held across the state to add regional heritage areas, and The activities of a heritage area – festi- annually. There are currently over 190 renamed the system the New York State vals, special events, and regular com- qualified trail advisors. Verifying trail Heritage Area System. The Heritage munity life – reflect what was and is signage placement accuracy remains Area Program applies the same Urban important in citizens’ everyday lives. as a priority for advisors. Trail advisors Cultural Park concept to additional, Together these resources and activities when called upon gather information non-urban parts of the State. regarding complaints, safety concerns, create a “sense of place” and make and accident sites. Trail advisor inspections are made when requested by the Snowmobile Unit. Heritage Pro- grams

New York State has a rich and varied cultural heritage. There are many sites to be interpreted and stories to be told. The importance of our heritage is being recognized on the federal, state and local levels through preservation, interpretation, designation and programming. There is also a link between preserving our heritage, revitalizing communities, and tourism that can benefit all citizens of New York.

Figure 7.3 - New York State Heritage Area System 115 Statewide Programs a heritage area a special place to live The UCP/Heritage Area Program management firms to operate the and visit. The term heritage corridor is has received funding from a variety Brown’s Race complex. The City is used to describe a heritage area that is of sources over the years to carry out pursuing ongoing revitalization of organized around and focused on one its program goals. The majority of this this area. linear resource such as a river, canal, or funding has been distributed to the lo- •• The Kingston Visitor Center in the coastline. cal heritage areas. Program grants from Rondout district opened in 1992 as 1986 to 2000 totaling $28.8 million the anchor project of the revitaliza- The cornerstone of the Heritage Area have generated nearly $100 million in tion efforts in this historic water- Program is a state, local and private local matching investment, substantiat- front district. The City’s commit- sector partnership focused around four ing the claim that a modest amount of ment to invest its $530,000 EQBA program goals: funding from the State has had a signif- grant in this district and operate •• preservation of natural and historic icant economic impact. If state funding its visitor center here for 23 years, resources; continues in the future, the economic provided the critical financial link •• recreational use of these resources; impact to these special communities in for a private developer to develop •• education about local and regional the State will continue to grow. and lease several nearby proper- heritage; ties. Private investments of over $5 A few specific examples of the eco- •• economic revitalization through million, plus public investment in nomic impact of Heritage Area grants public and private investment. waterfront dockage and infrastruc- include the following: ture, have transformed this district In these partnerships, the State •• The Heritage Areas Visitor Center into a vibrant part of the city. provides technical assistance, financial grant in Seneca Falls spurred a incentives through matching grants, Many of the heritage areas have village/private sector partnership and a heightened level of coordina- visitor centers that provide a community which brought about the renovation among state agencies through the meeting place and point of pride for tion of the historic, fire‑gutted New York State Heritage Area Advisory residents, and provide orientation and Partridge Building for use as a Council. The Council is an advisory motivation for visitors to go out and Visitor Center/retail/office complex. body to the Commissioner and the experience other points of interest in The $700,000 State grant attracted Governor on the development and the community. Some of these visitor a private developer who invested management of the Statewide Heritage facilities are modest shared facilities, nearly $2 million in this building Area System; a forum to review issues a few are quite elaborate. All feature which, in turn, helped revitalize by local governments and other entities; interpretative themes that each heritage Seneca Falls’ downtown district. and an organizing vehicle to encourage area has chosen for itself are based on •• OPRHP has invested over $2.5 mil- assistance from other state agencies for its own unique history. These themes lion in the Buffalo Heritage Area. the development of the Heritage Area provide a consistent image and iden- Of this amount, $1,984,500 has Program. tity and are the basis for interpretive been invested in the Market Arcade programs and events. Each Heritage Area retains com- Complex, a mixed-use development plete management and operation of its in the heart of the historic Theater These interpretive themes also program, projects, and facilities using District and site of Buffalo’s Visitor provide a “brand” to market and various management mechanisms Center. These grants, along with promote the Heritage Areas. Tourism established at the local level. The $15 million in public and private plays an important role in the Heritage private sector contributes by provid- sector investment in the Arcade Areas Program. These themes generate ing matching funds for grants, either in have helped drive the revitalization interest from visitors, encourage them cash or donated services, and technical of the Theater District. to stay longer, help them remember a assistance in a variety of ways. The •• The Heritage Areas Visitor Center destination, return at a future date, and New York Heritage Area Association Project in Rochester received $2.6 spend tourist dollars. advocates for issues of interest to the million dollars of OPRHP Environ- Heritage tourism (sometimes referred heritage areas and provides a forum mental Quality Bond Act (EQBA) to as cultural tourism) is an important and point of information exchange for funds. This helped generate over component of today’s tourism economy. Heritage Area directors and staff. The $20 million in city and private funds Heritage tourism has been defined Association is a 501c3 non-profit orga- to renovate the historic Brown’s by the National Trust for Historic nization comprised of members from Race District where the Visitor Preservation as “travel to historic and the Heritage Areas. Center is located. The City has contracted with privately owned cultural attractions, sites, and regions to learn about the past, and the present, in 116 Statewide Programs an enjoyable way.” The New York State waterfront, acres of parks, and region’s transformation from an Heritage Area Program has been a lead- landmarks as varied as the Little agrarian to an industrialized soci- ing proponent of heritage tourism for Red Lighthouse and Hamilton ety. This heritage is visible today in many years and it will continue to serve Grange. For information, call (212) the landscapes and streetscapes in this capacity in the years to come. 694-8824. http://myharlem.org/ of the RiverSpark communities: Troy, Cohoes, Colonie, Green Island, New York State Kingston - The city of Kingston began Troy, Waterford and Watervliet. For Designated Heritage in the narrow streets and stone information, call (518) 270-8667 or houses of the colonial Stockade (518) 237-7999. http://riverspark. Areas and Corridors District, which served as the first org/ capital of New York State, and Albany - Since its beginnings as a fur- grew to include the bustling Rochester - High Falls (Natural trading post, Albany has been a Hudson River port of Rondout. For Environment) - Where millraces center for world trade, finance and information, call (800) 331-1518. and waterwheels once captured government and a pivotal force For Rondout, call (845) 331-7517. the power of the mighty Genesee in the development of the state For Uptown, call (845) 331-9506. River, Rochester’s High Falls area and the nation. For information, http://ci.kingston.ny.us/ now welcomes visitors day and call (518) 434-0405 or 1-800-258- night to revitalized factories, 3582. http://albany.org/ Mohawk Valley Heritage Corridor - dramatic archaeological sites, and The dramatic landscapes of the magnificent scenery. For informa- Buffalo - Since the mid-19th century, eight Mohawk Valley counties are tion, call (585) 325-2030. http:// when Buffalo was booming with layered with centuries of history, centerathighfalls.org/ lake, canal, and rail traffic, the city from Iroquois encounters with fur- has supported a broad range of traders and missionaries, through Sackets Harbor - The War of 1812 entertainment and culture, a tradi- European settlement, colonial Battlefield, historic Madison tion that lives on in the city and its wars, the Erie Canal and industrial- Barracks, and quaint village streets Theatre District. For information, ization. For information, call (518) bear witness to Sackets Harbor’s call (716) 852-2356 or 1-800-BUF- 673-1045. http://mvhcc.org/ role as a military stronghold de- FALO. http://www.buffalocvb.org/ fending the northern border during North Shore (Long Island) - From the our country’s turbulent first cen- Concord Grape Belt - Fruitful vineyards, historic mansions of Great Neck turies. For information, call (315) hospitable communities, breath- to the farm stands of Orient, from 646-2321. http://sacketsharborny. taking vistas, and healthy flavors sunny vineyards and well-worn com/home.html abound in the 50 miles of shoreline fishing piers to luxurious Gold that form the world’s oldest and Coast estates, Long Island’s north Saratoga Springs - “Queen of the Spas” largest Concord grape-growing shore abounds in attractions. in the 19th-century, Saratoga region. http://www.concordgrape- For more information call (516) still attracts visitors to its bub- belt.org 922-8605. http://linorthshoreheri- bling mineral springs, racetracks, tagearea.com/ Victorian architecture, vibrant Harbor Park (New York City) - Historic downtown and flourishing cultural waterfront sites around New York’s Ossining - In this historic Hudson River life. For information, call (518) 587- harbor tell the epic story of growth village, unique landmarks like the 3241. http://www.saratogatourism. from a colonial trading post to the Old Croton Aqueduct and Sing com/vcstuff/vchome.html largest seaport and immigration Sing Prison display state-of-the-art destination in the world. For infor- advances in 19th-century civil and Schenectady - “The Electric City” grew mation, call (212) 344-3491. http:// social engineering. For information, from a 17th-century stockaded thebattery.org/ call (914) 941-3189. http://www. village into the modern indus- hudsonriver.com/rivertowns/ossin- trial giant that is home to General The Heights (New York City) - The site ing.htm Electric, the American Locomotive of Revolutionary War activity and Co, Union College, and numerous home to waves of immigrants, the RiverSpark (Hudson-Mohawk) - At the historic neighborhoods. For infor- Heights Heritage Area of north- confluence of two great rivers, mation, call (518) 382-5147, ext. ern Manhattan includes bustling natural resources and cutting-edge 5128. http://www.sayschenectady. avenues and parkways, miles of technology were harnessed in the org/ 117 Statewide Programs Seneca Falls - The righteous spirit of re- Canal. For information, call (518) The signature theme of the com- form earned Seneca Falls a place in 499-1155 or (518) 499-0716. memoration will be Exploration and world history as the setting of the http://www.museumsusa.org/ Connection in the broadest sense to first Women’s Rights Convention in museums/info/1155278 denote the exploration of Champlain 1848. Today, the historic mill town and Hudson, European settlement in features a classic main street, canal Hudson and Cham- the New World, the ongoing exploration promenade, and many mementos plain Quadricenten- that has characterized New York State of women’s activism. For informa- and America in areas including the tion, call (315)568-2703. http:// nial and Fulton Bicen- opening of the west, technology such www.senecafalls.com/history- tennial as Fulton’s steamboat, arts, multicul- heritage.php turalism, education, environment, and 2009 will be a watershed year, mark- globalism among many other dimen- th Susquehanna - Antique carousels, ing the 400 anniversary of Hudson and sions of society. factories, ethnic neighborhoods Champlain’s voyages along the river and gold-domed churches tell the and lake that bear their names and the story of the thousands of immi- 200th anniversary of Fulton’s successful Boating grants drawn to the industries of steamboat voyage and establishment of Binghamton, Endicott, and Johnson steam commerce on the Hudson River. Safety City in the Susquehanna’s “Valley Hudson’s and Champlain’s voyages of Opportunity”. For information, laid the groundwork for Dutch settle- Programs call Binghamton (607) 772-0660, ment of the Hudson Valley and French settlement of the Champlain Valley and ext.255 or Endicott (607) 757- With the number of boaters increas- Canada. Soon this region would become 5355. http://www.roberson.org/ ing, there is a need to continue boater the center of a trade network link- visitors/binghamton_visitor_center. safety, education and enforcement ing the New World with the old. New asp http://www.endicottny.com/ programs to ensure the enjoyment of traditions of freedom were forged here. Visitor%20Center/visitorcenter.htm all boaters on New York State wa- And countless immigrants first set foot ters. OPRHP is the designated agency Syracuse - Salt, a precious natural on these shores pursuing the American responsible for ensuring the coordina- resource, first put Syracuse on the dream. Nearly 200 years later, Fulton’s tion of the State’s boating safety and map, but it was the Erie Canal that journey would strengthen the region’s enforcement programs. transformed the city into a modern ties to the world, while heralding a new era of innovation which distinguishes center of business and capital. For The Marine Services Bureau is chiefly the Northeast to this day. information, call (315) 471-0593. responsible for the Agency’s many boat- http://eriecanalmuseum.org/urban. ing safety initiatives as it also serves A Hudson-Fulton-Champlain asp as the Office of the State Boating Law Quadricentennial Commission was Administrator. As such, Marine Services Western Erie Canal Heritage Corridor - formed to engage the public as well offers an educational program for The Erie Canal brought pioneers, as civic, education, environmental, young boaters and recently implement- the fervor of social reform, and cultural and heritage organizations to ed the new mandatory education pro- industrial progress to the fertile develop and support related plans and gram for personal watercraft operators. landscapes of Western New York, a activities in commemorating the events. Each year nearly 20,000 individuals take legacy that survives in the fascinat- The success of the Quadricentennial the program which, in many cases, is ing cities, towns and sprawling commemoration relies on a coordi- offered free of charge. The course con- farms that line today’s canal. For nated effort among the members of sists of an 8-hour nationally recognized more information call (585) 546- the Commission, federal partners, program of instruction, which includes a 7029. http://eriecanalheritage.com state agencies, and local governments, proctored examination. private corporations, non-profit corpo- Whitehall - Whitehall’s harbors, muse- rations, similar commissions such as Marine Services also fulfills a number ums, parks, and charming main the Lake Champlain Quadricentennial of other diverse safety initiatives such street evoke the village’s history as Commission and the Quebec 400th, as public vessel safety and operator home base for Benedict Arnold’s international partners and the citizens licensing. New York is one of a small Lake Champlain fleet during the of New York State. number of states that currently requires American Revolution and as a the annual inspection of any vessel prosperous port on the Champlain carrying passengers for hire. In fact, the 118 Statewide Programs State has a long history of this safety informational stickers and other such for recreational use on the Great requirement dating back to the early promotions, like the loaner personal flo- Lakes. 1900s. In addition, it is responsible for tation device program, which is directed •• Participate in the implementation examining and licensing anyone who at making recreational boating safer of the Long Island Sound Coastal may be involved in the operation of within the Empire State. Management Program and DEC’s these vessels. Currently there are ap- Marine Access Plan to improve proximately 350 such vessels operating Local Financial As- public access opportunities to the upon the State’s interior waters with sistance Program for marine coastline and optimize rec- some 800 licensed individuals who may reational fishing opportunities. operate them. Marine Enforcement •• Participate in the Lake Champlain Basin Program to help manage the Marine Services administers sections Marine Services also has respon- lake’s shorelines and its tributaries 79 (a) and (b) of the New York State sibility for the specialized training for a diversity of recreational uses Navigation Law whereby the Agency requirements of the marine law en- while protecting its natural and provides financial assistance to those forcement community throughout the cultural resources. eligible governmental entities, which State. Each year Marine Services offers •• Continue the partnership with the enforce the provisions of the naviga- extensive training in Basic Marine Hudson River Estuary Program and tion law. This financial assistance now Law Enforcement, Vessel Operator assist in the program’s efforts to in- exceeds $3 million dollars annually Training, Impaired Boater Recognition, crease public access to the Hudson and presently reimburses 75% of the Noise Level Enforcement, and Personal River. participants permitted costs for said Watercraft Operation. Annually be- •• Review and when necessary partici- enforcement. tween 150 and 200 officers statewide pate in hydroelectric power project take advantage of this training. re-licensing processes to insure This financial assistance does how- recreational access within project ever support and encourage greater lo- Marine Services is also charged with boundaries. the issuance of marine regatta and cal marine enforcement during the very floating object permits on the State’s active boating months of the summer. Goal interior waters. This is just one of the Allowable expenses include payroll, many ways boating safety is ensured. boats, and related marine equipment Enhance recreational boating by In addition, Marine Services is respon- necessary to fulfill the marine enforce- making it safer and more enjoyable. sible for collecting all recreational ment mission. boating accident data, compiling it into Actions All applications are reviewed by a usable information, and disseminat- •• Safeguard the public through en- Marine Service Representatives who ing it to the United State Coast Guard. forcement programs funded by the audit and certify the claims. Each year this data is presented in the Federal Boating Safety Grant and Recreational Boating Report. Recent State Aid programs. trends noted in the data indicate that Recommendations •• Educate the public on boating boating in New York is now the safest it safety: has been in the past 30 years. Goal •• Continue the mandatory boating safety education programs Participate in programs and develop Marine Services also administers for personal watercraft opera- partnerships with other federal, state the State’s Hull Identification Program. tors and young boaters. and local governments, agencies and Under this program any vessel that can •• Encourage voluntary safety interest groups to improve public access not authenticate its manufacturer’s hull programs for adults. opportunities to water resources. identification number must submit to •• Continue training of the marine law Marine Services for an inspection and enforcement community through issuance of a new number. This simple Actions the Basic Marine Law Enforcement, action has made great strides in ridding •• Continue the use of the Open Space Vessel Operator Training, Impaired the State’s registration process of many Plan and support the continued Boater Recognition, Noise Level En- vessels suspected of being fraudulently funding of the EPF for acquisition forcement, and Personal Watercraft registered. projects statewide. Operation courses. •• Continue participation in the Great •• Continue to collect, compile and Marine Services has a number Lakes Programs to improve water report recreational boating accident of public information brochures, quality and increase opportunities data to the U.S. Coast Guard. 119 Statewide Programs •• Continue the boat registration and people who are still in high school. The The main goal of this program is to marine regatta permitting system. open division is for athletes generally provide opportunities for New Yorkers •• Continue the Vessel Theft and Hull of college age. Masters competition whose recreational focus is competitive Identification Program. is available for age groups ranging sports. •• Continue dissemination of informa- from 24 to 85. Approximately 40,000 tion to the public through bro- athletes compete yearly in preliminary Empire State Senior chures, informational stickers, and competitions which are held in six re- Games the loaner personal flotation device gions statewide. Finalists enter a week program. long contest held at a chosen city in the The Empire State Senior Games, •• Support boat registration fee state. Syracuse, Buffalo, Ithaca, Albany, which began in 1983, is a program of increases to provide sufficient Rochester, Long Island, Binghamton, fitness and sports competition for New resources for boating safety and both Mohawk and the Hudson Valley, Yorkers 50 years of age and older. This other recreational boating pro- and Westchester County have been six-day long program offers more than grams. chosen as sites in past years. While 40 competitive, recreational and drop-in OPRHP provides professional manage- activities, for which awards are given. Sports and ment, organization and direction, much Instructional clinics, exhibits of relevant of the conduct of the Empire State information and social activities are also Games is in the hands of thousands of included. Competition is mixed with Athletics volunteers, including coaches, officials fun and friendship, providing something and a medical team. Six thousand final- for people of all interests and abilities. Sports and athletic competition ists compete in 28 sports ranging from help keep citizens, both young and old, archery to wrestling each summer; and The games are one of the largest of physically active and provide those not 1,400 athletes participate in 11 winter its kind in the country and serve as New participating an invigorating means events, including Nordic skiing, ski York State’s qualifying event for the of entertainment. OPRHP programs jumping and bobsledding. Twenty-two U.S. National Senior Sports Classic. The and facilities vary from outdoor activi- Empire State Winter Games athletes games have also fostered the develop- ties such as road races, triathlons, golf represented the United States at the ment of a number of local Senior Games tournaments, softball and baseball 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino. Two programs throughout the State. tournaments, bicycle races, swimming dozen more Games athletes were part and diving competitions, speed skat- of the US team at the Summer Olympics The games are assisted in coop- ing exhibitions, orienteering and cross in Athens. eration with several other state agen- country ski races, to such indoor activi- cies and are supported in large part ties as hockey tournaments, “Midnight The Games have been a benefit to by participant fees and corporate Madness” basketball tournaments and many areas of the amateur sports world sponsorships. swimming instruction. Many of these and to programs in other states. During programs are cosponsored by the sanc- the games, productive links with the The goal of this program is to en- tioning bodies of the various sports and private sector have helped funding, sup- courage fitness and recreation partici- athletic activities. port and promotion. The “state games” pation for older New Yorkers. concept, which was started in New York, The goal of the sports and athletic has now spread across America. Forty- Empire State Games programs is to provide a broad variety two states currently have programs and of organized opportunities for recre- a State Games of America event was for the Physically ation and competition at a variety of developed. The United States Olympic Challenged levels complementary with local or Committee has endorsed the State regional efforts. Games concept as a valuable develop- The Empire State Games for the mental program for the Olympics and Physically Challenged, which began in Empire State Games international competition. The Empire 1985, is a program of fitness and sports State Games has made computer competition for physically challenged The Empire State Games began systems, data, and experience available youngsters. The games serve to pro- in 1978. The games are a form of to every state which has developed its mote confidence and encourage partici- competitive sports and are based on own program. It has also assisted the pation in adapted sports by individuals the Olympic model with preliminary Pan Am Games. 5-21 years of age, who have cerebral qualifiers available at three levels. The palsy or spinal cord injuries, who are scholastic division is designed for young blind, deaf or amputees, or “les autres.” 120 Statewide Programs The program includes regional competitions in Long Island and Brockport, as well as a fitness “fun day” in Syracuse. It also encourages the development of local programs and has distributed a “Training Manual on Adapted Sports.”

The goal of this program is to provide opportunities for athletic competition and to encourage participation in fitness workshops for young people with physical disabilities throughout the State of New York.

121 Statewide Programs advantage because of the presence from the water that flows through Depart- of wetlands hydrology or hydric them. These functions in turn provide soils. Freshwater wetlands com- benefits to the environment and the monly include marshes, swamps, citizens of the State. For example, the ment of bogs and fens. benefit derived from nutrient removal is •• Tidal Wetlands are those areas that improved or maintained water quality. Environ- border on or lie beneath tidal wa- This in turn is valued by society for a ters, including those areas now or number of reasons such as clean drink- mental Con- formerly connected to tidal water, ing water, safe recreation, and secure and those areas subject to tides fish and wildlife habitat. and upon which grow tidal hydro- servation phytic vegetation. Following are some of the functions and benefits that are important in New New York State has an active and York State: Wetlands comprehensive wetlands conservation program. As stated in the Freshwater •• Flood and Storm-water Control: Wetlands are transitional areas be- Wetlands Act (Article 24 of the During storms and periods of heavy tween aquatic and upland communities, Environmental Conservation Law): “It rain or spring snow melt, wetlands and often have some of the qualities is the public policy in the State of New serve as natural reservoirs for of both. Wetlands also are where the York to preserve, protect and conserve excess water, storing and slowing groundwater occurs near or at the wetlands and the benefits derived the movement of water through surface, saturating the soil and the root therefrom, to prevent the despoliation the watershed. Filling in wetlands zone of the plants that grow there. and destruction of wetlands, and to often results in increased flooding, regulate use and development of such both locally and far downstream. Some wetlands occur where the wetlands to secure the natural benefits •• Erosion and Sedimentation Con- groundwater emerges at the surface of of wetlands, consistent with the general trol: Wetlands vegetation helps the ground, usually on a slope; these welfare and beneficial economic, social to filter sediment by decreasing commonly are known as hillside seeps and agricultural development of the water velocity. Suspended particles or slope wetlands. Probably the most State.” In addition, the Tidal Wetlands settle in the wetland and do not recognized wetland is where surface Act (Article 25 of the Environmental enter navigational channels, lakes water, such as a pond, lake or stream, Conservation Law) states: “It is and reservoirs. In much the same slopes up to land; these are known as declared to be the public policy of this manner, wetlands also help prevent fringe wetlands. The other common State to preserve and protect tidal wet- erosion of shorelines and valuable wetland type is where a depression in land, and to prevent their despoliation agricultural land by serving as the land reaches down into the ground- and destruction, giving due consider- buffers between wave or stream water; these are the famous prairie ation to the reasonable economic and activity and adjacent lands. potholes of the American Midwest, and social development of the State.” These •• Water Quality Maintenance: Micro- the vegetated ponds on Long Island. policies articulate the balanced ap- organisms in wetlands break down Finally, wetlands can occur where proach New York takes in its efforts to and use nutrients and can signifi- surface water is trapped in shallow conserve its wetlands resources. cantly reduce levels of natural and depressions by soil that will not allow human-induced pollution in water the water to seep downwards. These New York recognizes that wetlands as it filters through the wetland. wetlands are common on clay soils in provide a multitude of functions and Chemical processes in the soil also the Lake Plains of western New York. benefits for the people of the State and immobilize chemicals and heavy has developed a multifaceted program metals. Water leaving a wetland For the purposes of this compre- to protect and manage that resource. is frequently cleaner than water hensive plan, the broadest concept of entering the wetland. Wetlands wetland is used. The plan addresses all In New York, protection of wetland is also protect fresh groundwater sup- wetlands, not just those protected by a priority. plies in coastal areas by preventing certain regulatory programs. saltwater intrusion. Values of Wetlands •• Recharge of Groundwater Supplies: •• Freshwater Wetlands are those ar- Wetlands sometimes are helpful in eas of land and water that support Wetlands perform numerous func- recharging groundwater. This func- a preponderance of hydrophytic tions, such as removing excess nutrients tion is especially important where vegetation that is at a competitive 122 Statewide Programs groundwater is the sole-source of down and reentered into the food Enforcement and Legal Affairs support drinking water or constitutes the web. enforcement efforts. The Division of major source of usable water. •• Recreation: Hiking, bird watching, Water administers the Clean Water Act •• Discharge of Groundwater: Wet- hunting, fishing, trapping, boat- directed or funded programs that afford lands frequently serve as ground- ing, photography and camping additional water quality programs from water discharge sites, thereby main- are some of the recreational uses which wetlands benefit. taining the quality and quantity of provided by wetlands. Over 12 mil- surface water supplies. lion New Yorkers annually partici- In addition, the Adirondack Park •• Fish and Wildlife Habitat: Many pate in these outdoor activities. In Agency (APA) administers the Article 24 species of fish and wildlife depend a 1991 report to the Legislature on permitting program in the Adirondack on wetlands for critical parts of the economic return from hunting, Park and administers land use regula- their life cycle. By providing breed- fishing and other uses of wildlife, it tions as they relate to wetlands. They ing, nesting, and feeding grounds was estimated that these activities have undertaken sophisticated GIS and cover, wetlands are recog- had a total annual worth of more approaches to mapping wetlands in a nized as one of the most valuable than $5 million. watershed approach, which provides habitats for wildlife. Young fish •• Open Space: In an increasingly important tools for planning and find food and shelter in the protec- developed landscape, open space protection. tive vegetation. Many species of is gradually more important for endangered, threatened or special maintaining the quality of life in There are additional stakeholders concern fish and wildlife depend on our communities and many public involved with wetlands conservation in wetlands. Tidal wetlands are vital policies support the protection of New York State. Following is a listing to the continued health of verte- open space. Wetlands are ex- of those involved players, and a brief brate and invertebrate species of tremely important components of explanation of their roles. the waters of State’s marine district. open space because they are multi- Over two-thirds of the fish, shellfish beneficial and are often the only State Agencies and crustaceans harvested in the undeveloped areas along crowded State (including both commercial river fronts and coastal regions or New York State Department of State and recreational harvest) are de- in urbanized areas. (DOS): New York State Department pendent on tidal wetlands for some •• Educational and Scientific Research: of State (DOS): administers the portion of their life cycles. Wetlands provide readily accessible coastal management program, •• Biological Diversity: There is outdoor biophysical laboratories, including coastal consistency re- increasingly concern about lo- living classrooms and vast training views on federal projects, for which cal, regional and global biological and education resources. wetlands conservation is a consid- diversity. Wetlands are important eration. DOS also conducts and components of the landscape Program Implemen- supports coastal planning efforts and contribute significantly to the tation and Coordina- through the preparation of LWRPs. State’s overall biological diversity. tion: Who is involved In recent years, DOS has taken a Wetlands are habitat for many rare in Wetlands Planning strong role in coastal wetlands and indigenous species of plants restoration. and animals and many in them- and Protection? selves represent unique natural New York State Office of Parks, In New York, the DEC has the lead communities. Recreation, and Historic responsibility for wetland conservation. •• Nutrient Production and Cycling: Preservation (OPRHP): has lead Within DEC, several organizational units Wetlands are one of the most responsibility for developing the participate in implementing New York’s ecologically productive systems State Comprehensive Outdoor wetlands protection program. Primary on earth, converting sunlight and Recreation Plan. In cooperation responsibility resides in the Division nutrients into food sources for ani- with DEC, OPRHP also jointly of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources mals. Some tidal wetlands exceed produced and updated the State which has the lead with both tidal even tropical rain forests in energy Open Space Conservation Plan. As and freshwater wetlands. The Division conversion. Wetlands also serve as a significant landowner, OPRHP of Lands and Forests has the lead for filters for sediment and organic and conserves and manages wetlands acquisition activities. The Division chemical nutrients. These com- on State parklands and has an im- of Environmental Permits processes ponents are recycled in wetlands, portant role in biodiversity conser- regulatory permits. The Division of Law where the nutrients are broken vation on their public lands. 123 Statewide Programs New York Attorney General’s Office: As including efforts on the Hudson 47,000 acres of wetlands on 1,248 the State’s legal representative, the River, upper Susquehanna, and sites through the Wetlands Reserve New York Attorney General’s Office Niagara Rivers. Program. Through implementation of litigates cases in both federal and the Environmental Quality Incentives state courts to ensure that wet- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Program, NRCS has helped reduce lands are afforded the protections (EPA): oversees administration agricultural nutrient runoff to surface available under law. The Attorney of the Section 404 program. EPA waters and wetlands, thereby greatly General’s Office also advocates for supports state and local wetlands improving water quality. wetlands protection in consultation programs through funding a vari- with federal, state and local agen- ety of grants that support wetlands U.S.D.A. Farm Services Agency: ad- cies, and by advancing progressive research, restoration, education ministers certain provisions of the Food positions in various legislative and and outreach efforts, watershed Security Act, especially the Conservation administrative forums. planning, monitoring, and water Reserve Program (CRP). The latest itera- quality maintenance. tions of this program, the Continuous New York State Department of Sign-Up CRP (CCRP) and the Enhanced Transportation (DOT): affects U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS): CRP (CREP) have become the primary wetlands through design and administers the national wildlife means of establishing riparian buffers in implementation of highway con- refuge system and the federal the State. struction and maintenance. DOT endangered species act, includ- has an environmental benefits ing activities to protect critical U.S.D.A Farmer’s Home initiative wherein they undertake habitat. DEC and USFWS, along Administration: may place easements positive environmental projects in with other partners, cooperatively on its inventory of repossessed farm- conjunction with ongoing highway implement the North American land and may forgive loans if the bor- construction and maintenance Waterfowl Management Plan, rower places easements on wetlands. projects. They have constructed, which includes a variety of acquisi- restored, and provided access to tion, management, and restoration National Marine Fisheries Service wetlands as part of their award- activities. USFWS also supports (NMFS): coordinates and provides winning environmental benefit regulatory reviews under Section comments on permits affecting coastal projects. 404. Between 1990 and 2003, wetlands. In more recent years, NMFS the USFWS Partners for Fish and has participated in coastal wetlands New York State Office of General Wildlife Program restored over restoration efforts. Services (OGS): administers much 12,200 acres of wetlands and 46 of the State’s surplus lands and all miles of riparian habitat on over Federal Highway Administration lands under water not explicitly 1,179 sites through technical as- (FHWA): supports efforts of state deeded to private entities. sistance and direct restoration. The transportation agencies and implements USFWS also cooperates with the ISTEA as it relates to wetlands and New York State Canal Corporation: im- Natural Resources Conservation mitigation. FHWA provided a $500,000 plements the Canal Recreationway Service to restore wetlands and planning grant to NYS DOT and DEC to Plan and owns, operates and main- other habitats under the conserva- update and digitize National Wetlands tains the New York State Canal tion provisions of the Farm Security Inventory maps to improve capacity for System, and leads the state effort Act. The USFWS maps wetlands planning to protect wetlands and other to develop the Canalway Trail. under the National Wetlands aquatic resources. Inventory (NWI); most of New York Federal Agencies now has digital maps and efforts Local Government were recently undertaken to up- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE): date early NWI maps in the coastal Because most land use decisions are administers Section 404 of the Great Lakes region. made at the local level, local govern- Clean Water Act, which regulates ments are very important stakeholders the discharge of dredged and fill U.S.D.A. Natural Resources in wetlands conservation. There are spoil material into waters of the Conservation Service (NRCS): along with approximately 1645 local governments U.S., including most wetlands. In the Farm Services Agency, administers in the State at the county, town, city recent years, the COE has become the conservation provisions of the Food and village levels. Their involvement in actively involved in restoration of Security Act (Farm Bill). Between 1992 conservation efforts and their effects on the nation’s waters and wetlands, and 2005, the NRCS restored over wetlands vary greatly across the State. 124 Statewide Programs At the local level, the following orga- lineations, compliance inspections, state. Acquisition also includes leases, nizational units may be involved with and mapping. conservation easements, donations, wetlands: bargain sales, and transfers of develop- Business Sector: Many businesses own ment rights. It is the variety of means •• planning departments land on which wetlands occur, or by which to guarantee protection or •• tax assessors affect wetlands as part of their control of all or some rights to the use •• zoning boards and zoning boards of normal operations. The business of the land. appeals sector can fund or conduct activi- •• soil and water conservation districts ties that have a positive affect on New York has a proud history of •• county cooperative extension wetlands, even outside of require- wetlands acquisition. Over 12,000 acres •• environmental management coun- ments or normal operation. of freshwater wetlands were purchased cils under the 1972 and 1986 Acquisition •• town conservation advisory com- Landowners: Private individual land- Bond Acts and through other state and missions (or boards) owners own the vast majority federal funding sources. DEC also ac- New York is actively involved with of wetlands in the State. Their quired 3,000 acres of tidal wetlands and and supports local efforts to encourage activities can have a significant associated inland buffers, and it is the anti-sprawl, “smart growth” develop- impact on the quality or quantity goal to put all vegetated tidal wetlands ment in the State with the intent to of wetlands in the State. With into public ownership. In 1990, a third revitalize urban areas, conserve natural the advent of federal and state bond act failed to pass, but prompted resources (including wetlands) and restoration efforts, many landown- development of the State Open Space promote quality of life. ers have willingly volunteered to Conservation Plan. The OSP, was dis- restore wetlands on their property cussed earlier in this chapter, is now the Other Stakeholders and become good stewards of the major guiding document for all open resource. space acquisition efforts in the State, Conservation Organizations: Numerous including wetlands. not-for-profit, nongovernmental Other Citizens: All citizens of the State conservation organizations exist. benefit from wetlands protection. Regulation Some were formed specifically to Many people support conserva- address wetlands issues; others tion organizations because of their Regulation is governmental oversight include wetlands conservation as support for wetlands. Citizens also and control of certain actions that may part of their mission. It is esti- provide political support or com- affect wetlands. It generally entails a mated that over 50 nongovern- ments for wetlands programs and review and authorization by a governmental organizations participate in for site-specific activities, such as mental agency before an activity can be wetlands conservation programs to permits or acquisitions. undertaken. It includes laws, rules and some extent. Key participants in- regulations, plus executive orders. clude Ducks Unlimited, The Nature Protection Strategies Conservancy, and local chapters of Wetlands are regulated at three the Sierra Club and the National There is a wide variety of programs levels in New York. Tidal wetlands Audubon Society. that affect wetlands in New York. are protected under the 1973 Tidal Programs are aggregated according to Wetlands Act (Article 25 of the Academic Institutions: Many academic their basic approach into one of seven Environmental Conservation Law). The institutions in the State have fac- “mechanisms”: 1975 Freshwater Wetlands Act (Article ulty teaching about or conducting 24 of the Environmental Conservation research on wetlands. Key institu- Acquisition Law) regulates wetlands 12.4 acres (5 tions include Cornell University, hectares) in size or larger, and certain State University of New York Acquisition can include a wide smaller wetlands of unusual local (SUNY)-College of Environmental variety of protection strategies. It importance. Under both programs, Science and Forestry at Syracuse, most frequently is associated with wetlands are mapped, and a regulated and SUNY at Stony Brook. DEC purchase of all rights and title to the buffer zone is also protected. Wetlands recently entered into coopera- land — full fee title acquisition. It also are also regulated under Section 404 tive agreements with a number can include acquisition of only some of of the federal Clean Water Act, which of SUNY colleges to use college the rights to the land, usually the right is implemented by the COE. The 404 interns to assist with wetlands de- to develop the land, which leaves the program regulates the discharge of property in its undeveloped, natural dredged or fill materials into waters of 125 Statewide Programs the United States, including wetlands. A Creation means making a new wet- expected that wetlands restoration will limited number of local governments in land by flooding or excavating upland. continue to be a focus of resources and the State also have local ordinances to attention in the upcoming years. protect wetlands. Some regulate wet- Management includes: lands explicitly, others through land use •• Enhancement, which involves Incentives and ordinances that target water resources. altering or manipulating an exist- Disincentives Some regulate only those wetlands not ing functional wetland to increase protected by State law; others regulate selected functions; it often focuses Incentives and disincentives create irrespective of State law. Nonetheless, on habitat manipulation for particu- voluntary cooperation in conservation. not all wetlands are protected from all lar species. Incentives are proactive, non-regulatory negative impacts and losses continue to •• Best management practices, or programs used to encourage voluntary occur. BMPs, which are used to avoid protection. Disincentives are programs negative impacts to wetlands while that discourage alteration of or impacts Planning undertaking an unrelated activity to wetlands because they result in the such as timber harvest. loss of a benefit, such as eligibility for Planning is the proactive process •• Stewardship, which involves apply- federal funding. Incentives and disin- by which to set a vision for a desired ing a conservation ethic in relating centives usually are financial, but may future state and to prepare strategies to the land. This often entails more include recognition, assistance, or good for achieving that future. It analyzes passive management, like leaving a (or bad) public relations. needs, sets goals and establishes ways buffer area around a wetland in a for meeting those needs. It is based on pasture or a cultivated field. Incentives and disincentives are high- both the past and present, but identifies ly regarded, but infrequently used. They the desired future state. Coordinated, New York has a long history of wet- are generally endorsed in most fora and continuous planning should lead to bet- lands management. Traditionally they discussions on improving wetlands con- ter decision-making. have been focused on management of servation. However, since they usually State-owned lands. In the late 1940s, involve financial motivation, incentive To be most effective, wetlands pro- efforts began on private lands to coop- programs are difficult to enact or imple- tection should be integrated into other eratively manage for habitat, and over ment. In New York, most incentives are land use protection efforts, and not ad- 1000 small marshes were built for wa- delivered through the Food Security Act dressed separately. DEC has integrated terfowl. Restoration and enhancement conservation programs where landown- wetlands into other agency plans, such efforts on municipally owned lands ers are paid an annual rental payment as the OSP and the Great Lakes Plan, were funded by the 1972 Environmental or long-term easement payment for and into other state agency plans, Quality Bond Act (EQBA). participating in a conservation program, such as this SCORP and the Coastal such as the Wetlands Reserve Program. Resources Plan. More recently, efforts to restore and manage wetlands have grown dra- Research and Restoration, Creation matically. Under the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, DEC and Inventories and Management the FWS are cooperating with landowners and other organizations to restore Research and Inventories are the Restoration, creation and manage- drained wetlands on agricultural land means by which information is gathered ment, in general, include hands-on in the Northern Montezuma Focus Area. to answer pertinent questions. It identi- actions taken to manipulate a wetland Other restoration efforts are under- fies threats, develops remediation and to create, restore, enhance or pro- way in the Lake Champlain basin, the mitigation techniques, develops details tect wetland functions and benefits. Hudson River, Great Lakes basin, Upper on functions and values of wetlands, Restoration and creation add to the Susquehanna, Upper Chemung, and the and explores means to protect and existing resource base, while manage- Niagara River. There are now programs augment those functions. Research ment actions improve or maintain the specifically targeted at wetland resto- includes traditional data gathering, for quality of existing wetlands. ration, including the NRCS’s Wetlands empirical research or to answer man- Reserve Program. Other programs agement or policy questions. It also Restoration means reclaiming a include wetlands restoration among the includes mapping and inventory work, degraded wetland to bring back one or goals and funded projects, including status and trends studies, and monitor- more functions or characteristics that New York’s Bond Act, and the Hudson ing of wetlands. have been partially or completely lost River Estuarine Management Plan. It is by such actions as filling or draining. 126 Statewide Programs To better understand the values of implementing wetland programs have type classifications. There are now NWI wetlands and to manage them better, increased dramatically in recent years maps available for almost all areas of the State occasionally supports research and have been responsible for improved the state outside the Adirondack Park. efforts. This has been augmented since conservation. Maps have been digitized where they 1990 when EPA began to make State exist, and can be viewed on the web Wetlands Development grants avail- Effectiveness of at http://wetlands.fws.gov . Using a able to the states to increase capacity Wetlands Protection planning grant from the FHWA, maps for wetlands protection. APA, DEC, and for the Great Lakes coastal area were other grantees have used these grants Mechanisms updated and sections of the Capital to undertake an array of wetlands stud- District, where maps did not exist, were There are no mechanisms in place ies and inventories. completed. to directly measure the effectiveness of any conservation programs. DEC The Tidal Wetlands Act requires Education, Outreach conducted a status and trends study and Technical that all tidal wetlands be mapped. In in the late 1990s to evaluate changes 1991, the Division of Marine Resources Assistance in the wetlands resource between the initiated a program to re-inventory the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, but this entire resource continually on a five Education, outreach and technical only indirectly assesses the effective- year cycle. The current inventory shows assistance are the means by which in- ness of any programs such as regulation some 25,000 acres of vegetated tidal formation is provided to users to make or acquisition. Greater emphasis should wetlands in the marine district. The decisions, affect behavior and create be placed on assessing the effectiveness acreage is classified as follows: greater awareness. Education generally of conservation programs. is focused on a broader segment of the •• Coastal fresh marsh — the upper public and most often has a broader Existing Wetland Re- tidal limits of riverine systems. This theme, such as the value of wetlands. sources: Inventories category accounts for 4.8 percent Outreach efforts are more specific, of the vegetated tidal wetlands in the State. targeted at an affected group, such as It is estimated that New York has 2.4 •• Intertidal marsh — the area be- landowners, about a specific topic, such million acres of freshwater wetlands tween average high and low tidal as how to get a permit. Finally, techni- and about 25,000 acres of vegetated elevations. It includes 60.8 percent cal assistance is usually very hands-on tidal wetlands. They encompass about of the vegetated wetlands. and technical in nature, such as how eight percent of the land of New York. •• High marsh — the uppermost tidal to restore a wetland on converted Wetland types include marshes; hard- wetland zone. It includes 31.6 per- cropland. wood, coniferous and shrub swamps, cent of the vegetated wetlands. wet meadows; bogs and fens; coastal •• Formerly connected — areas where Most mechanisms are interconnected marshes; and wetland open water. tidal flow has been restricted by by many common threads, and do not About 74% of all wetlands occur in the either human or natural causes. It operate independently. For example, Lake Plains and Adirondack ecological includes 4.8 percent of vegetated when we acquire wetlands, we must regions, although these areas encom- wetlands. then manage them. Education is impor- pass only about 47% of the State’s tant to get support and involvement for landmass. Statewide, approximately The Freshwater Wetlands Act also other mechanisms. Technical assistance 80% of the wetlands are larger than requires that jurisdictional wetlands provides support to landowners to 12.4 acres, the threshold for protection be mapped. All counties outside the manage their own wetlands. Inventory in the State Freshwater Wetlands Act. Adirondack Park have been mapped at data, available through a geographic Forested wetlands are the most com- the scale of 1:24000 and account for information system, can be used by mon, accounting for almost 70% of all 1.2 million acres of wetlands. Inside local governments to plan for wetlands wetlands. the Park, Hamilton, Essex, Warren, and protection. This interdependency will Clinton Counties have been finalized. be evident in the discussions of the There are a number of wetland DEC continually amends maps state- mechanisms. inventories available in New York. wide, as resources are available, to keep them updated. Major amendments to Programs are best when devel- The National Wetland Inventory wetlands in the New York City drink- oped and implemented in cooperation (NWI) maps are prepared by the USFWS ing water reservoir watersheds were with all the interested and affected for management purposes. They show concluded in 2006, adding 7,736 acres parties. Partnership approaches to all map-able units and include cover of wetlands to the maps. Maps are 127 Statewide Programs available for inspection at all DEC of- ecological classification system for wetland. This resulted in a net gain fices and at all local government clerks’ the State’s wetlands. Included in this from agriculture of approximately offices. Maps have been digitized, and scheme is a determination of the class’s 18,000 acres statewide. Approximately as of fall 2007, the data will be avail- rarity and threat at both the global and 83% of the gains and 37% of the losses able on DEC’s website for use by the state level. from agriculture occurred in the Lake public. Digital data on DEC-mapped Plains. The Appalachian Highlands lost wetlands is available for those with Historic and Contem- more acreage to agriculture but had GIS capabilities through the Cornell porary Losses: State- only minor gains, resulting in a net loss University Geospatial Information to agriculture of about 2,000 acres. Repository (CUGIR) at http://cugir. wide Trends mannlib.cornell.edu/. Developmental activities (urbaniza- To determine the status and trends tion, linear development, and aggregate The APA has conducted intensive of New York’s freshwater wetlands mining) accounted for the other 50% wetlands mapping on a watershed resource, DEC conducted a statewide of wetlands losses, but with virtu- basis in the Park. The Upper Hudson, analysis using EPA grant funds. The ally no measurable gains in wetlands Oswegatchie/Black and St. Regis study looked at the status of the fresh- acreage. Urbanization accounted for watershed are all completed and are water wetlands resource, changes in the a loss of about 8,000 acres, of which available digitally from the APA. The wetlands resource between the mid- 58% occurred in the Lake Plains and Mohawk and Ausable/Boquet River 1980s and the mid-1990s, and to what 32% occurred in the Hudson Valley. watersheds will be completed soon. causes those changes can be attributed. Construction of roads and highways Mapping in the remaining Saranac River resulted in some losses, primarily in While it is estimated that the State watershed and Lake George basin will the Lake Plains and Hudson Valley. has lost over half of its wetlands since begin in the winter of 2007. Aggregate mining (for sand and gravel), colonization to such activities as drain- which coincides with road construction ing, dredging, filling, and polluting, Finally, a number of local govern- and urbanization accounted for the loss results of that study indicate that after ments have mapped their wetlands of about 2,200 acres, 86% of which oc- decades of wetlands loss, the State using varying scales, definitions, and curred in the Lake Plains. methodologies to meet local needs. had a net gain of an estimated 15,500 acres of freshwater wetlands between The second major cause of gains in New York does not specifically classi- the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s. The wetlands was attributed to “modified fy wetlands as rare, threatened, or func- State gained a total of an estimated hydrology,” which includes impacts tionally diverse (as per federal MARO 37,900 acres of freshwater wetlands, such as increased runoff, drainage, and Technical Assistance Guide for Meeting but lost approximately 22,400 acres. altered hydrology resulting from human the Requirements of the Emergency modification of the land. This resulted Most gains occurred in the Lake Wetlands Resources Act). Under Article in an increase of approximately 8,600 Plains, which accounted for the vast 24, freshwater wetlands are classified acres or 23% of all gains in wetlands majority of increases-- an estimated according to their relative functions acreage statewide. Most of the gains in net gain of 15,200 acres. In the and values. Wetlands are classified this category occurred in the Lake Plains Appalachian Highlands (southern tier), into one of four categories, from Class and Appalachian Highlands. I, which provide the most important the Adirondack ecozone, and Coastal functions or are functionally diverse, to Plains (Long Island) losses and gains This study did not attribute sig- Class IV, which provides fewer benefits. were about equal. In the Hudson Valley, nificant gains in wetlands acreage to Currently 26 percent of mapped wet- there was a minor net loss of wetlands. beaver — only a small, and statistically lands are Class I, 54 percent are Class II, insignificant 100-200 acres. However, There were seven causes of change 17 percent are Class III, and two percent beaver caused a change in cover type identified in the study: agriculture, are Class IV. Tidal wetlands are classi- of almost 8,000 acres, as their damming urbanization, aggregate mining, linear fied only on the basis of their vegetated activities flooded shrub/scrub and for- development, beaver activity, modified characteristics; all tidal wetlands in New ested wetlands, changing them to open hydrology (such as increased runoff), York are considered critical resources of water and emergent vegetation. and plant succession. Agriculture the State. resulted in a loss of an estimated Finally, the greatest overall dynam- New York’s Natural Heritage 11,000 acres (50% of all losses) but a ics in New York’s wetlands resource Program, a joint venture with The gain of 29,000 acres (76% of all gains) resulted from natural ecological succes- Nature Conservancy, has a detailed as farmland, drained decades ago, sion, the process by which fields change was abandoned and reverted back to 128 Statewide Programs to forests. The study noted a change in As for tidal wetlands, DEC has compressed rather than “spongy” like cover type in almost 120,000 acres of observed significant losses of vegetated healthy marshes). wetlands statewide. tidal wetlands, principally Spartina alterniflora (Intertidal Marsh), in marsh In addition, preliminary information While a net gain of an estimated islands of Jamaica Bay. Examination suggests that the disappearance of 15,500 acres of wetlands is wonder- of historic maps reveals that between intertidal marshes, at a lesser degree ful news for New York, there are many 1857 and 1924, the intertidal marsh and rate, is occurring in other areas concerns this study raises. For example, islands area varied in size without of the marine district (western por- most net gains occurred in the Lake trend, with average changes of up to tions of Long Island Sound and South Plains, and most net loss occurred in 10 acres per year. During periods of Oyster Bay). For example, a vegetated the Hudson Valley. Most gains occurred significant storms, there were losses marsh island in the southern portion in rural areas, while half the losses of marsh islands. But during quiescent of Manhasset Bay that appears on resulted from urbanization, and there- years, the marsh islands appear to be the 1974 Tidal Wetlands map is now fore occurred in urban and suburban able to rebuild. completely covered by water. Because areas. This has resulted in a consider- intertidal marsh is critical to estuarine able geographic shift of wetlands, along From 1924 to 1974, 780 acres of productivity and New York State has with their corresponding services they marsh islands were lost due to di- lost much intertidal marsh historically, it provide, such as water quality protec- rect dredging and filling (which were is essential to give priority attention to tion and flood attenuation. A land- unregulated activities up to 1974) and the assessment of the problem marine- owner living along a stream and who 510 acres were lost (approximately 10 district-wide, and develop remediation/ now suffers more flooding from loss of acres per year) due to other reasons. restoration/research and monitoring wetlands upstream will be little com- Since 1974, the study shows that the strategies where possible and necessary. forted by more wildlife habitat in the rate of loss of intertidal marsh islands is rural surrounding area. Our urbanizing accelerating. Between 1974 and 1994, Wetlands as a Priority population is also increasingly isolated 526 acres of marsh islands were lost Concern from the open space and wildlife habi- at an average rate of 26 acres per year. tat provided by wetlands. Between 1994 and 1999, 220 acres New York considers wetlands a were lost at an average rate of 44 acres priority resource, and articulates that Similarly, most of the gains in per year. The vegetated intertidal marsh concern in statute. The State has wetlands acreage are from reverting is being converted to nonvegetated comprehensive wetland conservation agriculture land and altered hydrology, subtidal lands. programs and works with federal and both of which are causes that cannot be local governmental agencies and with attributed to the multitudes of wetland The data indicates significant loss of other nongovernmental partners to bet- conservation programs in place through intertidal marsh (especially islands and ter protect wetlands. out the State. We can anticipate that also along the shoreline) is occurring in abandonment of agricultural land will Jamaica Bay, but the reasons are subject Through a suite of programs from decline, as will its corresponding gains to further research. Potential contribut- acquisition and regulation to restoration in reverted wetland. At that time, we ing factors include sediment budget and education, the State has success- may again see net losses of wetland disruption, sea level rise, dredging, fully protected its wetlands resources acreage statewide. wave energy, erosion and eutrophica- and will continue to be a leader in tion. It is most probable that intertidal preserving, protecting, and conserving In addition, the State is still losing marsh islands were able to rebuild the wealth of its wetlands resources. considerable amounts of wetlands — naturally during the first part of the an estimated 22,400 acres in the 10 1900’s because of the extensive shoals year period of this study. Over 8,000 and mudflats replenishing sediments to acres were lost to urbanization. Of the marsh islands. However, the recent that, an estimated 64% occurred in loss of intertidal marsh islands may be wetlands larger than 12.4 acres in size. due to “drowning” and/or erosion of Additional studies are needed to deter- the intertidal marsh. In many areas, mine whether these losses are occurring the interior portions of marsh appear in wetlands shown on the regulatory to be subsiding or drowning due to maps. The study also indicates there are lower elevation that could be caused regional differences in the pressures on by sediment loss and/or poor marsh the freshwater wetlands resource. peat porosity (water logged, soft and 129 Statewide Programs the portion between Hancock, NY and Partnership Wild and Wild and Sce- Sparrow Bush, NY; the designation is listed as both scenic (23.1 miles) and as Scenic Rivers recreational (50.3 miles). nic Rivers Within the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System there is a program called The protection of the Delaware River Program Partnership Wild and Scenic Rivers through the Wild and Scenic River pro- Program that works with communities gram has allowed the river to remain a National Legislation in their effort to preserve and manage productive source of drinking water for their river-related resources locally. 17 million people as well as maintain- In 1968 the Wild and Scenic Rivers The program focuses on rivers that ing a natural recreational resource for Act was passed by Congress in an effort are located on private land and not visitors. to create a national system of protected managed by the government. Since rivers. The Act declared: there are private citizens involved, Nationwide River In- the program brings a broad range “It is hereby declared to be the ventory (NRI) of groups together, including citizen policy of the United States that groups and many levels of government. certain selected rivers of the The NRI is an inventory managed The Northeast has been very active in Nation which, with their im- by the National Park Service of river this program, with the 8 partnerships mediate environments, possess segments that are potentially eligible to being located within New Jersey, New outstandingly remarkable sce- be designated as part of the Wild and Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, nic, recreational, geologic, fish Scenic Rivers program. The passage of Pennsylvania and Delaware. and wildlife, historic, cultural the Public Law 90-542 (the Wild and or other similar values, shall be Scenic Rivers Act of 1968) led to the To become a Partnership Wild and preserved in free-flowing con- creation of the inventory which was first Scenic River it is necessary to partner dition, and that they and their published in 1982 after potential rivers with the NPS to identify the special re- immediate environments shall were identified all across the United sources that your river possesses. A bill be protected for the benefit and States. To be listed on the NRI the river must be passed that authorizes the NPS enjoyment of present and future (or segment) needs to fit the follow- to work with the community to do the generations. The Congress de- ing three criteria; it needs to be a free study, and this study process is funded clares that the established na- flowing river, the river and corridor need by the federal government and can take tional policy of dams and other to be relatively undeveloped, and finally 2-3 years. After the study is completed a construction at appropriate sec- the river needs to possess outstanding determination will be made whether the tions of the rivers of the United natural and/or cultural resources. Once river will be designated as Partnership States needs to be comple- a river (or segment) is listed on the NRI Wild & Scenic River. mented by a policy that would all federal agencies must avoid or miti- preserve other selected rivers gate actions that could adversely affect State Legislation or sections thereof in their free- one or more of the NRI segments. flowing condition to protect New York State has a number of riv- the water quality of such rivers Currently there are more than 3,400 ers with significant natural, scenic, his- and to fulfill other vital national rivers listed on the Nationwide Rivers toric, ecological and recreational values. conservation purposes.” Inventory. New York State has a total The NYS Wild, Scenic and Recreational of 184 river segments identified as Rivers System was enacted in 1972 to The program has been successful at eligible river segments and listed on the preserve, protect, and enhance these preserving a large number of the na- inventory. This listing affords the water unique rivers and their immediate envi- tion’s premier rivers. A large portion of resource protection from inappropriate rons in a free flowing condition and in the designated rivers are located in the use and allows all different recreation a natural state. The program is admin- northwest; Oregon and Alaska have the types to occur in a natural setting. The istered by DEC outside the Adirondack highest number of segments and most creation of conservation plans for the Park and on State lands within the miles of river designated, respectively. NRI rivers helps with decision mak- Park. The Adirondack Park Agency has New York State only has one river des- ing and the studies can provide new responsibility for the program on private ignated as part of the National system, information to the community on the lands within the park. that river is the Delaware (Upper) River. natural resources that can be found in The Delaware (Upper) was designated their local waterway. There were 14 initial rivers (seg- in 1978 as a Wild and Scenic River for ments) designated as part of the NYS 130 Statewide Programs Wild, Scenic and Recreational Rivers development in the river area, and may sales for the most recent year available system; these were located within the have undergone some impoundment (2005/2006) are 978 thousand. Current Adirondack Park boundaries. After the or diversion in the past. Currently, 66 (2005/2006) nonresident sales are 148 legislation was first passed, additionally rivers, encompassing over 1200 miles, thousand. Other recreation activity designated segments were proposed have been designated as wild, scenic or experiences that are not directly depen- to the legislation and added to the list. recreational rivers in New York State. dent on water access can be enhanced This included seven rivers outside the by water access. Picnicking or relaxing Adirondack Park with the classifications in the park, visiting nature areas and of scenic and recreation: The Carmens Water Access/ gardens, camping, hiking or backpack- River, Nissequogue River, Peconic and ing, bird watching, and horseback riding Connetquot Rivers in Suffolk County; Water Recre- could all be enhanced by proximity to the Genesee River through Letchworth water bodies. State Park; the Ramapo River in ation Orange and Rockland County and the Water Based Resourc- Shawangunk Kill River in Ulster and New York State has 3.5 million acres es Orange Counties. Throughout the year of lakes and ponds, 70 thousand miles the Commission or agency can propose of rivers and streams, 10 thousand Across the State, there are 3,251 additional segments to the Governor miles of lake and marine shorelines, facilities that offer swimming. Of these, and legislature for inclusion on the list. wetlands and canals all of which 1,863 offer beach swimming with constitute 14% of the total surface area 562,174 linear feet of beach and 1,571 The legislation designates three of the State. With the Great Lakes and have swimming pools (some sites of- classes of rivers: wild, scenic, and rec- Lake Champlain, the Atlantic coasts of fer both pools and beaches). Private reational. Wild rivers are those that are Long Island, the Hudson River and the and commercial sectors provide over free of diversions and impoundments, Mohawk River, the Canal System, the three-fifths of the number of facili- and inaccessible to the general public Finger Lakes and other inland lakes, ties. State operated beaches and pools except by water, foot, or horse trails. The ponds and streams, New York has constitute less than 6% of the swim- river areas are primitive and undevel- abundant resources for water-based ming facilities statewide but tend to oped with human intrusions limited to recreation. Boating, fishing and swim- be larger facilities. These figures do not forest management and foot bridges. ming are popular activities for New include privately owned backyard pools The minimum length of any one section Yorkers and this places greater demands which satisfy a fairly large percent- shall be five miles and there shall be on existing facilities and services which age of the State swimming demand. a minimum distance of one half mile create a need for more public access to Similarly, most boating facilities in New from the shore of the river to a public the State’s waters. The past three years York State, aside from car top launch highway or private road open to the have seen a 30% decrease in boater sites, are owned and operated by the public for vehicular use, except where registration, but the numbers remain private sector. Also since 1935, DEC a physical barrier effectively screens high with over 500,000 registrations in has been acquiring public fishing rights the sight and sound of motor vehicles. 2005; NY remains among the top states easements along the bed and banks of These strict criteria dictate that few, if with number of registered vessels. High the State’s major trout streams. These any, rivers outside the boundaries of numbers of boater registrations has a easements allow the public walking the Adirondack Park will be designated positive effect on the state, regional and and wading access, for the purpose of wild. local economy through job creation. fishing only. To date DEC has acquired Statewide, recreational boaters gener- 1,230 miles of such easements along Scenic rivers are also to be free of ated $1.8 billion towards the economy trout streams across the state. diversions or impoundments, except and 18,700 jobs. (OPRHP Recreational log dams, with limited road access and Boating, 2005) In 1990, a survey of boaters was con- with river areas largely primitive and ducted jointly by OPRHP and DEC. This undeveloped or which are partially or DEC sells fishing licenses to both survey attempted to determine boater predominantly used for agriculture, New York residents and nonresidents use patterns and boater perceptions of forest management and other dispersed for additional revenue and to authorize boating access in New York State. The human activities which do not sub- individuals. Over the past 25 years the survey indicated that generally there is stantially interfere with public use and number of resident fishing licenses sold greater use of public sites on weekends enjoyment of the rivers and their shores. has ranged from a low of 8 thousand and holidays as compared to weekdays. Recreational rivers are generally readily in 1984-85 to a high of over 1 million accessible by road or railroad, may have in 2002-03 and 2003-04. Reported 131 Statewide Programs Launches from public sites contribute and ocean fronts (OPRHP General Public Council of Great Lakes less than 1/3 of all boats in use on Survey, 2004). Park professionals re- lakes in 1990. This percentage increases sponded to this issue positively as well; Governors during the spring and fall although over 70% of the respondents agreed New York’s Governor, along with the absolute number of boaters during that government should purchase addi- the other seven Great Lakes gover- those seasons is much lower (DEC and tional public access to water resources nors comprises the Council of Great OPRHP, 1992). (OPRHP General Public Survey, 2004). Lakes Governors. The mission of this council is: “To encourage and facilitate The level of utilization of boating Great Lakes environmentally responsible eco- resources varies according to time of nomic growth.” This is accomplished day, day of the week and from season New York State borders two Great by establishing a cooperative effort to season. Boaters expressed concern Lakes. Lake Erie and Lake Ontario have between the public and private sectors with the worst case conditions that more than 1,500 miles of shoreline among the eight Great Lakes states exist when use is the highest. In fact, and nearly half of that along New York and with the Canadian Provinces of the most important result of the 1990 State’s border (Great Lakes Regional Ontario and Quebec. Through the survey was that the public identified Waterways Management Forum, Council, Governors work collectively 459 water bodies across the State as undated). Approximately 40% of New to ensure that the entire Great Lakes needing new or enhanced boat access York’s lands are within the Great Lakes region is both economically sound and sites. OPRHP and DEC have been using watershed and more than 20% of its environmentally conscious in address- this list to guide acquisition of new sites population resides within the basin. ing today’s problems and tomorrow’s and the modernization of existing sites. Recreation and tourism continue to be challenges. There is a need to conduct another a major contributor to the economy of survey to identify currently water access the Great Lakes region. As responses The Council works directly for the needs. from the urban areas of Buffalo and eight Great Lakes Governors on projects Rochester demonstrate, increasing and issues of common concern to them. The 2004 General Public Survey demand for swimming, boating and The Council develops, implements, and asked New York State residents if addi- fishing opportunities are placing more coordinates project-specific initiatives to tional recreation facilities were needed pressure on management agencies to improve the region’s environment and within approximately 30 minutes of “clean up”, maintain water levels, pro- economy. The Council is unique among their home. Their responses indicated tect wildlife habitat areas, restore fish regional and national Governors’ a desire for many types of recreation and wildlife populations, and provide organizations because the member- amenities. Of those indicating a specific more public access for improved public Governors insist that the initiatives need, approximately 24% mentioned uses of the Lakes and their resources. and projects pursued have a direct boating and water access facilities. Recreational use of the Great Lakes impact on the health and welfare of the (OPRHP General Public Survey, 2004) A waters is often listed as an impaired region’s citizens. similar survey of local park profession- use. With the anticipated expansion of als also indicated a need for more water recreational interests, greater demands The Council currently represents the based recreation services. Among the will be placed upon existing facilities eight states on an Executive Committee professionals, approximately 35% iden- and resources in the Great Lakes region, charged with coordinating the imple- tified fishing and 25% identified boat- many of which are not in sufficient sup- mentation of the Great Lakes Regional ing as activities in their communities in ply or condition to satisfy these increas- Collaboration Strategy to Restore need of additional facilities. Swimming ing needs. and Protect the Great Lakes, adopted pools were also identified as needed, December 2005. This comprehensive although beaches were not mentioned The following organizations and strategy establishes eight strategic as often. Beaches may not be feasible programs recognize the importance of restoration and protection priorities in many of the areas surveyed because the Great Lakes to the economic vitality (aquatic invasive species, habitat/spe- of physical constraints. (OPRHP General of New York State and the role of rec- cies, coastal health, AOC/sediments, Public Survey, 2004) reational use and water access as part nonpoint sources, toxic pollutants, indi- of the regional economy. OPRHP and cators and information, and sustainable Over 75% of the general public DEC work with and participate in these development) and calls on federal agen- indicated that they believe that the programs to ensure public recreation cies, states, local municipalities, non- government should increase and/or cre- and access issues to the Great Lakes are government organizations, the business ate additional public access to water re- addressed. community, and native American tribes sources such as lakes, streams, beaches to contribute to implementing over 40 132 Statewide Programs key actions designed to address the The Great Lakes New York State’s Great eight priorities. The SCORP serves as an important mechanism for enabling New Fishery Commission Lakes Basin Advisory York to help achieve the Strategy’s pri- Council The Great Lakes Fishery Commission orities and recommended action targets. (GLFC) was established by the The Great Lakes Basin Advisory The Great Lakes Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries Council (Council) was established by between Canada and the United States statute (ECL Section 21-0917) in 1988. Commission in 1955. The Commission has two major The Council was formed to assist the responsibilities: (a.) to develop coor- State in its effort to protect the envi- The Great Lakes Commission dinated programs of research on the ronmental, social and economic health (Commission) is a binational agency Great Lakes, and, on the basis of the of the Great Lakes Region. The Council that promotes the orderly, integrated findings, to recommend measures which functions as a link between state and and comprehensive development, use will permit the maximum sustained local governments, private sector busi- and conservation of the water and productivity of stocks of fish of com- nesses, academic community and the related natural resources of the Great mon concern; and (b.) to formulate and public. (DEC, 2007) Lakes Basin and the St. Lawrence River. implement a program to eradicate or The Commission was established by minimize sea lamprey populations in The Council consists of 19 mem- joint legislative action of the Great the Great Lakes. bers who advise the Governor, State Lake States in 1955 and was granted Legislature and the DEC Commissioner congressional consent in 1968. The The GLFC established a strategic on matters relating to the State’s role in Commission is comprised of repre- plan with a common goal to secure regional, federal and international ac- sentatives from the eight Great Lake fish communities, based on founda- tivities and programs aimed at protect- States and associate members from tions of stable self-sustaining stocks, ing the quality and quantity of water in the Canadian Provinces of Ontario and supplemented by judicious plantings the Great Lakes. Domestic, municipal, Quebec (The Great Lakes Commission, of hatchery-reared fish, and provide industrial and agricultural water sup- 2007). from these communities an optimum plies; navigation; hydroelectric power contribution of fish, fishing opportuni- and energy production; recreation; fish The Commission has been applying ties and associated benefits to meet and wildlife habitat; and a balanced the principles of sustainability to the needs identified by society for whole- ecosystem are all vital to the future development, use and conservation some food, recreation, cultural heritage, environmental, social and economic of the natural resources of the Great employment and income, and a healthy health of the Great Lakes Region. Some Lakes Basin and St. Lawrence River. aquatic ecosystem. examples of what the Council is respon- The Commission addresses a range of sible for are: issues involving environmental protec- The fishery resources of the Great tion, resource management, transporta- Lakes are held in trust for society by • Advising the Governor and DEC tion and economic development. The government. The agencies responsible Commissioner regarding the imple- Commission’s vision for the basin is to for them have been charged to manage mentation and modification to any have a strong and growing economy, a the fishery resources and fisheries to comprehensive long-term Great healthy environment, and a high quality provide continuing valuable contribu- Lakes management plan developed of life for all citizens. To accomplish tions to society. These contributions in- by DEC or others; their vision, the Commission adheres to clude such benefits as a healthy aquatic • Advising the State’s members on three supporting principles: 1) informa- environment, aesthetic and recreational the board of directors of the re- tion sharing among the membership values, scientific knowledge and gional Great Lakes Protection Fund; and the entire Great Lakes-St. Lawrence economic activity as well as fish and • Annually identifying specific re- Community; 2) policy research, devel- fishing opportunities. The Commission search or program needs for fund- opment and coordination on issues carries out these activities through Lake ing from the New York Great Lakes of regional interest; and, 3) advocacy Committees. Each Lake Committee has Protection Fund; and, of those positions on which members adopted Fish Community Objectives • Evaluating and reporting to the agree. that outline specific resource manage- Governor and Legislature on proj- ment and stocking targets for various ects funded by the New York Great fish species. New York State partici- Lakes Protection Fund. pates on both the Lake Erie Committee Since its creation, the Council has and Lake Ontario Committee. assisted in the development of “New 133 Statewide Programs York State’s 25-Year Plan for the approaches to restoring the basin’s 2007 states that the management of Great Lakes” (DEC, 1992), advised the integrity. critical pollutants has been effective in Governor and the State Legislature reducing their presence and that fish on major water withdrawal proposals, Lake Erie, the twelfth largest fresh- and wildlife populations are respond- and advised and assisted the Governor water lake in the world (in water ing positively – especially bald eagles, and the State Legislature in the de- surface area), is the shallowest and colonial waterbirds, mink, otter and velopment of the “Annex 2001” – an most biologically productive Great Lake. snapping turtles. Healthy populations of amendment to the Great Lakes Charter The Lake Erie LaMP focuses on measur- these species now exist within suitable (Council of the Great Lakes Governors, ing ecosystem health, teasing out the habitats around Lake Ontario. (US EPA, 2001) and the proposed legislation on stressors responsible for impairments, 2007) The LaMP is currently developing the “Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River and evaluating the effectiveness of a Biodiversity Strategy focusing on pro- Basin Water Resources Compact.” In existing programs in resolving the stress tection and conservation of important addition, through its partnership with by continuing to monitor the ecosystem fish and wildlife habitats in and around the Great Lakes Research Consortium, response. The role of the LaMP, as a the lake basin. The SCORP will be vital the Council has approved the award of management plan, is to define the man- mechanism for achieving the goals of 21 large grants totaling one million dol- agement intervention needed to bring this developing strategy. lars and 36 small grants totaling nearly Lake Erie back to chemical, physical and a quarter of a million dollars from New biological integrity, and to further define Remedial Action Plans York’s Great Lakes Protection Fund. The agency commitments to those actions. grant program promotes research, infor- Although Environment Canada (EC) As part of the binational Great mation collection and public outreach and the U.S. Environmental Protection Lakes Program, six areas of concern to support the various Great Lakes Agency (U.S. EPA) are the lead agencies were identified within New York as programs, plans and strategies. for the LaMP, it takes an array of fed- required by the 1987 amendment to the eral, local, state and provincial agencies Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement The Council plans on continuing its and stakeholders to successfully design (International Joint Commission, 1994). role and responsibilities to advise the and implement the Lake Erie LaMP. (US “Areas of Concern” are areas where Governor and State Legislature on wa- EPA, 2007) beneficial uses of the lands, shores, and ter withdrawal proposals, identify and water are impaired due to water quality recommend research regarding New Lake Ontario, the fourteenth largest issues and do not meet the objectives York’s Great Lakes and to recommend freshwater lake in the world, is nearly of the Water Quality Agreement. The special projects to restore and enhance four times deeper than Lake Erie but is six areas identified in New York are the the water quality and wildlife habitat of the most vulnerable to upstream and Buffalo River, the Niagara River, the New York’s Great Lakes Basin. upwind pollution sources. The LaMP for Rochester Embayment, the Oswego Lake Ontario was completed in 1998. River, Eighteen Mile Creek in Niagara Lakewide Management This document identified four lakewide County and the St. Lawrence River at Plans (LaMPs) impairments, activities that further Massena, NY (U.S. EPA, 2007). develop source reduction strategies for The development of Lakewide six critical pollutants (PCBs, DDT and The Water Quality Agreement out- Management Plans (LaMPs) stem metabolites, Mirex, Dioxins and Furans, lines a process for bringing these areas from the Great Lakes Water Quality Mercury, and Dieldrin), and actions that into compliance. This process involves Agreement originally signed by the were designed to restore beneficial the development of a Remedial Action United States and Canada in 1972 and uses in Lake Ontario. Problems identi- Plan (RAP). The purpose of the RAP is amended in 1978 and 1987. In the fied include: loss of natural habitat to develop strategies and consensus 1987 amendment, the two govern- for fish and wildlife; restrictions on approaches to restoring beneficial uses ments agreed to develop Lakewide eating some fish and wildlife; degrada- that have been impaired within spe- Management Plans that will “restore tion of wildlife populations; and, bird cific areas of concern. This process has and maintain the chemical, biological or animal deformities or reproductive four stages outlined. The first stage and physical integrity of the waters of problems (Environment Canada, U.S. is problem identification, in which the Great Lakes Basin” (Great Lakes Environmental Protection Agency, et impaired uses and the causes of those Information Network, 2007). The LaMPs al, 1998). The goal is a healthy Lake impairments are identified. The second are intended to (1) identify critical Ontario Basin that contains thriving stage is to develop methods to ad- pollutants that affect beneficial uses of fish and wildlife populations and that dress or correct these impairments. The the waters of the Great Lakes and (2) basin residents can enjoy to the full- third phase is to implement the actions promote ecosystem-based management est extent. An update report issued in identified in step two. Finally, the fourth 134 Statewide Programs stage is to remove the area of concern the 25-Year Plan and developing an preparation of such plans for Cayuga, from the list. action plan for the next five years of Canandaigua, and Conesus Lakes. the plan’s implementation. This action The ultimate goal of the Remedial plan will identify short-term activities In addition to the watershed plans, Action Plans is to have all areas recommended within the 25-Year Plan the Division of Coastal Resources is “de-listed”. In New York State, only that have not yet been accomplished working with several municipalities the Oswego River AOC has achieved and identify new priorities that have within the Finger Lakes through the the goal, being the first of the U.S. been identified since the creation of the LWRP process. Finger Lakes communi- AOC to be delisted in July 2006. The 25-Year Plan. ties which are preparing, or have com- remaining five areas are in various pleted, an LWRP include: City of Auburn; stages of the process. After complet- Finger Lakes Tompkins County communities along ing environmental review under the NY Cayuga Lake (City of Ithaca, Towns of State Environmental Quality Review The Finger Lakes Region is comprised Ithaca, Lansing, Ulysses; Villages of Act (SEQR), DEC included all six RAPs of a series of long narrow lakes created Cayuga Heights and Lansing); City of as part of the State’s Water Quality by glaciations during the last Ice Age Geneva; Town and Village of Seneca Management Plan (DEC, 1998). that ended about 14,000 year ago. The Falls/ Town and Village of Waterloo; and 11 primary lakes span from Conesus Village of Watkins Glen. New York State 25- Lake south of Rochester to Otisco Lake Year Plan for the Great south of Syracuse. The lakes from west Hudson River to east include: Lakes The Hudson River flows 315 miles •• Conesus Lake from the Adirondack Mountains to New An important objective specified in •• Hemlock Lake York Harbor. The Hudson River is used the 25-Year Plan for the Great Lakes •• Canadice Lake by half of the residents of New York (25-Year Plan), prepared in 1992, is to •• Honeoye Lake State for water supply, waste disposal, increase opportunities for the public to •• Canandaigua Lake power generation and recreation. The gain access to the Great Lakes Coastal •• Keuka Lake 150-mile estuarine section extends areas (DEC, 1992). A jointly prepared •• Seneca Lake from the federal dam at Troy to New OPRHP and DEC “Strategic Plan for •• Cayuga Lake York City Harbor. With improvements Economic Development through •• Owasco Lake in its water quality there has been an Expansion of Waterway Access to the •• Skaneateles Lake increased interest in the vast recreation Great Lakes” and the 25-Year Plan •• Otisco Lake potential of the river. However, public identified the existence of many water The lakes serve as a major water rec- access to the Hudson is severely limited access sites which have the poten- reation resource for the area, providing by private ownership, topography and tial to maximize the recreational and extensive fishing, swimming, boating high speed rail lines that run parallel economic benefits associated with the and hunting opportunities. Eleven to the river. There are 1081 recreational Great Lakes fisheries program (DEC OPRHP facilities are located along the facilities within the towns along the and OPRHP, 1982). Current listings of shores of the Finger Lakes. Seneca and lower Hudson River. Of this total, only State and Municipal boat launch sites Cayuga Lakes are also part of the Barge 43 are State-owned and can thus expect show that there are 7 launches on Lake Canal System. With the increase in to provide some guaranteed long-term Erie, 9 on the Niagara River, 28 sites on shoreline and upland development and public access. Lake Ontario, and 14 sites along the St. the use of the lakes’ resources, there Lawrence (DEC, 2007). A site identified has been a growing concern to improve, In 1989, The Hudson River Access within plans for boat access, Woodlawn maintain and protect the water quality Forum, which consisted of representa- Beach was acquired and developed as a and water resources. To better guide tives from the National Park Service State park with beach swimming south future efforts aimed at protecting and (NPS), the Division of Coastal Resources of Buffalo. Efforts continue to increase improving water quality, the Division of of DOS, OPRHP, DEC, DOT and three public access to the shores of the Great Coastal Resources has encouraged the nonprofit organizations, produced a Lakes through land acquisition and the completion of intermunicipal water- report that identified sites of poten- development of partnerships with local shed plans as a means of establishing tial public access to the Hudson River governments and other agencies. a consensus on priority actions needed shoreline. A major thrust of the study was to identify potential railroad cross- DEC is in the process of evaluating to protect or improve water quality. ings that connect existing and potential the State’s progress in implementing Within the Finger Lakes, the Department of State awarded EPF grants for the water access sites (Hudson River Access 135 Statewide Programs Forum, 1989). This effort was intended Encouraging people to get to the through the use of cooperative agree- to take advantage of a DOT program river and enhancing recreational oppor- ments and grants. Three piers have that will raise railroad overpasses and tunities have been a major goal of the been completed at Verplanck, Peekskill- increase public railroad crossings along Estuary Program. In 1999, the Estuary Annsville Creek, and Rensselaer. the Hudson River between Albany and Program initiated a grants program to Westchester Counties. Providing safe provide opportunities for implementing Access Across the Railroad crossings of the rail system has been a Action Agenda goals at the local level. Tracks: major impediment to accessing pub- Grants are available to municipalities lic recreation land and private lands, and not-for-profits in five categories, Working from the Governor’s Task directly on the shoreline. In addition, including access to the Hudson River Force on Estuary Access 1999 recom- New York State awarded a $1 mil- estuary for recreation. To date, more mendations, two new shore fishing lion grant to the Hudson River Valley than 300 grants, totaling nearly $10 sites have been built at railroad cross- Greenway to develop a Hudson River million have been awarded to these ings in the Metro-North corridor at Greenway Water Trail. A complete local efforts. (DEC, 2007). the Riverdale and Greystone stations. description of the Hudson River Valley Further, there is enhanced access across Greenway Program can be found in the Since its inception in 1987, the the railroad tracks at Dennings Point, “Connectivity Chapter”. Estuary Program, along with OPRHP, Little Stony Point, Cold Spring station, Hudson River Valley Greenway, DOS, Arden Point, and Annsville Creek and The Hudson River Hudson River Park Trust and Metro- the Beacon waterfront. Estuary Program North Railroad has been actively working to establish new or improved river Other Estuary Program Initiatives The Hudson River Estuary Program access, including boat launches, docks, highlighting recreational access to the was established in 1987 in response to piers, railroad crossings, new local parks Hudson River: and waterfront walkways. Some public Section 11-0306 of the Environmental •• Conducting surveys of recreational access accomplishments include: Conservation Law, the Hudson River striped bass fishing on the Hudson. Estuary Management Act. The program Estimated catch rates and total is a regional partnership designed to Trailered Boat Launches: harvest for striped bass protect, conserve, restore and enhance •• Implementing a four season creel New boat launches have been the estuary, associated shorelands as survey of recreational fishing for all constructed at Henry Hudson Park in the well as related upland resources. DEC species Town of Bethlehem, Schodack Island serves as manager of the program in •• Releasing findings of its swim State Park (joint project with OPRHP), collaboration with OPRHP, DOS, OGS, study, Swimming in the Hudson and the Haverstraw Bay County Park. DOT, the Metro-North Railroad, the River Estuary, Feasibility Report Hudson River Valley Greenway, the Existing boat launches have been on Potential Sites, NYS DEC, NYS Hudson River Foundation, Cornell upgraded at: Cities of Newburgh and OPRHP, June, 2005. This report University, New England Interstate Peekskill, Mills-Norrie State Park (joint identifies 18 feasible sites for devel- Water Pollution Control Commission project with OPRHP), Village of Athens opment of swimming beaches on (NEIWPP), Soil and Water Conservation (joint project with OPRHP), Village of publicly owned lands. Districts and a citizen advisory commit- Rhinebeck and the Village of Coxsackie. •• Offering hikes and educational tee along with municipal governments events led by Estuary Program (DEC, 2007). Hand Launches: staff and members of the estuary advisory committee that feature the The long-range goals for the Estuary Grants approving funding for 25 estuary or its tributaries as part of Program are outlined in the Hudson hand launches on the estuary as well the Hudson Valley Ramble River Estuary Action Agenda 2005-2009. as multiple locations with floating •• Developing an interactive CD which For each goal, interim targets have been docks for launching canoes and kayak. will provide to the public nearly set in quantitative terms, wherever Additional grants have approved design 100 locations along the estuary for possible, with specific dates for achieve- studies for other sites. shore fishing and boat launching ment. The Action Agenda undergoes for a wide variety of recreational revision every four years. The current Fishing Piers: activities including fishing, hunting, edition of the Estuary Action Agenda is bird watching, canoeing, kayaking, available from DEC’s website at http:// The Estuary Program provided sail and power boating www.dec.ny.gov angling opportunities at fishing piers 136 Statewide Programs The Action Agenda’s goal is to estab- maintain the habitat for these species •• 146 pieces of concrete pipe lish a regional system of access points for marine recreational and commercial •• 100 military surplus armored and linkages so that every community fishing interests. vehicles along the Hudson has at least one new •• 100 REEFBALL modules or upgraded access point to the river Recreational marine fishing access •• 20 vessels and 13 barges for fishing, boating, swimming, hunting, is developed on State properties or in •• 3 drydocks hiking, education, or river watching. cooperation with local municipalities. These materials produced over three Program activities include property hundred individual patch reefs that are acquisition, construction of new access Marine Coast being used by fishermen and divers. facilities such as fishing piers and boat This overwhelming success has been ramps on existing properties, and re- New York State has over 2,000 miles due to the extensive private funding of habilitation or improvement of existing of marine coastline and one million the program and the assistance of the facilities. plus acres of marine surface waters. NYSDEC Division of Law Enforcement, The marine district, which includes U.S. Coast Guard, Suffolk County Public New York City, Nassau, Suffolk and The Artificial Reef Program, administered by the Finfish and Crustaceans Works Departments. Donations of fish- Westchester Counties, is home to 10 ing boat hulls, surplus combat vessels million people or 60% of our State’s Unit, is committed to optimizing marine recreational fishing opportunities in the from the REEFEX program, concrete population. Development pressures bridge and pier rubble and stores of have been progressing at such a rapid State. Artificial reefs may be designed and advocated to serve a dual purpose rock from ACOE dredging projects have rate that significant remaining access to been used to create these reefs. the waterfront is being lost. Programs of habitat improvements and shoreline protection along the Long Island such as the Open Space Plan and the The Program is in the application Shoreline. This program is important to DOS’s Coastal Management Program, process to obtain new construction per- the State’s recreational future because provide methods and funding sources to mits for four existing reef sites and one of the popularity of fishing as a recre- provide access and to protect and pre- new site in the Atlantic Ocean, and one ational activity. serve diminishing, recreational coastal existing site in the Great South Bay. resources. Marine fishing reefs have long been Marine Recreational used to enhance marine habitat and attract marine fish and other animals Fish and Fishing/Artificial Reef for harvest. Reefs are built of any hard, Program durable structure that simulates the Wildlife habitat of particular species of fish, DEC’s Bureau of Marine Resources is crustaceans or mollusks. Most artificial The State offers unmatched fish and responsible for the management of liv- reefs in New York are made of rock, wildlife recreational opportunities. The ing marine resources and their habitats concrete or steel, usually in the form geography of the State provides a great within the Marine and Coastal District of surplus scrap materials. Reefs are de- mix of landscapes and habitats that of New York State. The Finfish and veloped to provide new fisheries habitat produce diverse and abundant fish and Crustaceans Unit monitors and devel- and more accessible fishing grounds for wildlife populations. Native brook trout ops management recommendations anglers; however, divers also visit these and the State trout stocking program for the principal finfish and crustacean reefs for nature observation, photogra- attract trout fisherman to the small species of the State including; striped phy and catching lobsters. mountain streams. The sport fishermen bass, shad, sturgeon, weakfish, winter may wish to try their luck in the Hudson flounder, scup and many others. All The Reef Program’s US Army Corps of River for the big striped bass that have these species migrate up and down the Engineers (ACOE) and NYSDEC permits returned to the river. The Great Lakes coast and occur in the waters of many for reef construction expired in 2004. Region offers trophy size coho salmon states. Data collection and manage- Under these permits, from 1993 through and hosts black bass fishing tourna- ment responsibility of these species 2004, the NYSDEC Artificial Reef ments. Big game hunting takes place in is shared among states and federal Program has deployed the following two zones the Northern and Southern agencies. The management efforts of materials on seven permitted reef sites: Zones. Each zone offers a different type the bureau strive to provide a healthy of hunting experience. The Southern •• 594,838 cu. yd. of rock and stable marine fish population and Zone is managed intensively for deer •• 14,410 cu. yd. of concrete (bridge and hence deer numbers are higher. rubble etc.) The Northern Zone presents more of a 137 Statewide Programs challenge to the hunter but larger, older Current Resources the State, with elements of more boreal deer can be found. The oceanfront ecosystems. For example, there is a beaches on Long Island, the 5,344-foot Rare species occur in various places small growing moose population. A via- summit of Mt. Marcy in the High Peaks in the State. Encounters with known ble moose population will have obvious of the Adirondack Mountains and ev- rare species are most likely to occur wildlife observation and tourism values erything in between, provide productive in the Adirondacks and in the coastal and might eventually provide limited habitat and places for people to enjoy low lands of Long Island and New York hunting recreation. Such less common fish and wildlife. City and to some extent in the Hudson species as spruce grouse, Canada jay, Valley and the Catskills. Some species, three-towed and black-backed wood- Wildlife Resources such as the bald eagle, the osprey and peckers, and loons are enjoyed as part the peregrine falcon, are of significant of the wilderness experience. Recreation resources generally focus recreational interest. on land or water areas and discrete People who enjoy wetland wildlife facilities or sites. Wildlife as a rec- The waterways and bays in and would do well to go to the shores and reational resource is less location- around New York City, including the plains south and east of Lake Ontario specific. Their habitat and movement Hudson River, the East River, Long Island and along the St. Lawrence River. These are independent of property boundaries. Sound, Great South Bay and other areas include major wetland complexes Wildlife is viewed more in terms of spe- bays along the south shore of Long such as Montezuma, between Syracuse cies and populations than in acreage or Island, the upper and lower New York and Rochester, and the Iroquois-Oak sites. In the United States, jurisdiction City bays, the Jamaica Bay Refuge, the Orchard-Tonawanda area, between over wildlife does not correspond to Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, can Rochester and Buffalo. Wetland wildlife ownership of real property, but is vested provide city and suburban residents concentrations are found elsewhere in the people of each state. DEC acts as with viewing pleasure for such species as well, including the Champlain and the steward of the people’s wildlife in as gulls, terns, cormorants, herons, wa- Hudson Valley and the coast of Long New York State. For migratory species, terfowl and other highly visible, water Island. the ultimate authority is the federal dependent birds. government, with DEC and analogous Observers and hunters of bear will agencies in other states as major par- The Adirondacks and the Catskills find them in the Adirondacks, the ticipants and cooperators. provide wildlife observation, hunting Catskills and in the Allegany Plateau. and trapping in a wilderness or wild Turkey populations have been rees- To help illustrate wildlife as a recre- forest context unlike the rest of the tablished in almost all of New York, ational resource, the table in Appendix State. The fauna of the Adirondacks in including Long Island. Deer are plentiful E identifies some of the recreational particular is different from the rest of throughout the State, with the highest values of various species; many of them are listed in species groupings. This material is summarized from “Wildlife Species and Ecological Community Accounts,” a 1994 report of DEC’s Bureau of Wildlife (BOW).

Figure 7.4 shows the State’s major ecological zones on which the wildlife management units are based. It is important to recognize that ecological distinctions determine the distribution of wildlife and the opportunities for associated recreation. This gives a framework for the variety of wildlife-related recreation in New York. It should be kept in mind, however, that this is just meant to provide an indication; the actual variety is much greater. Figure 7.4 - Major Ecozones of New York State 138 Statewide Programs Table 7.2 - Wildlife Recreation in New York State * Hunters, trappers and other recreationists, current and future, should Hunters 714,000 have the opportunity and resources to Days of Hunting 13,187,000 pursue wildlife interests. In some parts Average days per hunter 18 of the State, access to land is declining Total hunting expenditures $822,215,000 and/or is severely limited. In addition, Average per hunter $1,135 political and legal challenges must be Total Wildlife Watching participants 3,885,000 addressed. Total non-consumptive expenditures $1,407,194,000 * From the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated To maximize social acceptability and Recreation conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Activity by participants public use of wildlife resources on pri- 16 years old and older include both residents and non-residents. vate lands, wildlife recreationists need likelihood of hunting success in western, recreation. It is inevitable that program to develop and practice high standards central and eastern New York south of objectives will reflect compromises of ethics, courtesy and safety. Training the Adirondacks. And of course, wildlife, among several goals. and educational programs to promote such as songbirds, squirrels and cotton understanding and skill development tails, are to be seen in backyards, neigh- Discussion are a high priority. borhood parks and along roads and walkways, contributing to the quality of Many people want to know that Income levels, education levels, everyday life and recreation. wildlife exists in its potential abundance physical health, residence in urban/sub- and diversity. There are both direct and urban/rural areas, background in wild- Table7.2, illustrating information on indirect recreational benefits derived life activities are all factors influencing wildlife-related recreation in New York, from wildlife. Aside from hunting and people’s involvement with wildlife. is from the 2001 National Survey of observation opportunities, many people Programs that provide opportunities to Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated achieve satisfaction from the mere develop skills, participate in wildlife rec- Recreation conducted by the U.S. Fish existence of various species, such as reational activities, and involve poten- and Wildlife Service. loons and bears in the Adirondacks, tial users are needed to enhance public even though they may not have direct wildlife understanding and support for Program Goals contact with them. wildlife resource programs.

The mission of DEC’s Wildlife pro- While engaging in such activities as DEC will continue to be strongly gram is to provide the people of New camping, hiking, walking, skiing, etc., committed to communicating with the York with the opportunity to enjoy all people often encounter wildlife and public about all phases of its wildlife the benefits of the wildlife of the State, have the opportunity to observe many program and providing wildlife-related now and in the future. This mission is species. These incidental encounters of- recreation. Communication is two-way, embodied in five broad goals: (1) to as- ten enhance the primary recreation ex- with DEC doing its share of listening. sure that populations of all wildlife are perience. Recreationists often become of appropriate size to meet all the de- accustomed to such encounters and From 1996 through 2001 DEC’s BOW mands placed on them; (2) to assure the eventually expect them. Observation set about conducting a comprehensive public desire for information is met and of wildlife also has recreational value wildlife management program that to obtain public input into management when it is a concomitant to every day provides the people of New York the op- decisions; (3) to provide sustainable living, working and traveling. portunity to enjoy all the benefits of the uses of wildlife for an informed public; wildlife of the State. They accomplished (4) to minimize the damage caused by People observe and study wildlife this task through scientifically sound wildlife and wildlife users; and, (5) to for enjoyment. This activity includes management that incorporated the foster and maintain an organization both actively seeking opportunities desires of the public and the biological that efficiently achieves these goals. and observing wildlife incidental to needs of wildlife with the goal of main- other activities. Therefore, an abun- taining sustainable wildlife populations Recreation is one of the major dant and diverse wildlife population, now and in the future. aspects of DEC’s wildlife program. including endangered, threatened and Achievement of appropriate popula- rare species, needs to be perpetuated Goal tion sizes, meeting desires for uses and and restored in order to serve wildlife exchanging information with the public recreation. Achieve the size for all wildlife popu- are the goals most closely related to lations in New York appropriate for the 139 Statewide Programs demands placed on them, including the threatened species, habitat invento- governments, nongovernmental organi- demand for their continued existence. ries, and species surveys. Some of the zations and industry. projects funded include Project Wild, Accomplishments NYS Natural Heritage Program and In an effort to catalog the biota of the Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle the Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) In attempting to accomplish this Stranding Program. of the State, the results from the goal, BOW began restoration of spe- 7-year Biodiversity Inventory of DEC’s cies that formerly existed in the State Efforts by BOW allowed for the Wildlife Management Areas Project but were extirpated, or assisted with establishment of over 40 breeding eagle were completed. WMAs represent an the range expansion of species within pairs throughout the State by 1999- important outlet for both consumptive the State to areas where they histori- 2000. Although bald eagles have been and non-consumptive natural resource cally existed. In 1996 and 1997, BOW nesting along the Hudson River since users, thus it is crucial that DEC closely continued the restoration of trumpeter 1992, the first documented successful monitor the presence and status of both swans to New York. In 1996, trumpeter hatch of an eaglet in over 100 years common and rare wildlife species using swans were confirmed breeding in New on the river did not occur until 1998. these valuable habitats. York for the first time. There is some By 1999-2000 the number of young evidence that trumpeter swans nested fledged climbed to 64 in a single year. Work began on the NYS Breeding in New York in pre-colonial times. Also In 2004, there were 66 successful nests Bird Atlas 2000. It had been nearly 20 in 1996, DEC formed a partnership with and 111 young fledged; and in 2005, years since work began on New York’s the River Otter Project, Inc. to restore there were 92 pairs that fledged 112 first breeding bird atlas. NY State otter to central and western New York. young (Nye, 2006). A 2008 mid-winter Federation of Bird Clubs (Federation) DEC provided technical expertise, staff survey yielded a preliminary total of 199 and DEC took the lead for this monu- time, a small amount of federal fund- adult and immature eagles in the state mental effort to update the data. This ing, and permits for moving otter. The (Nye, 2008). work was completed in 2007 and the goal was to move about 270 river otter data is now available at: www.dec. to central and western New York by Another raptor success story is that ny.gov/animals/7312.html. the year 2005. In both 1995 and 1996, of peregrine falcons and ospreys. The river otter were trapped from northern, population of the endangered peregrine Some of the more inconspicuous, yet eastern and southeastern New York falcon continues to do well and ex- invaluable wildlife in New York have and moved to central and western New pand. In 1998, two new sites produced also been a part of BOW’s manage- York. In 1997, it was planned to release peregrine falcons: one on Long Island ment priorities. Species researched, up to 60 additional otters. As of 2001, and one in the Adirondacks. Osprey, surveyed, and monitored include Karner BOW restored the river otter to central a species of special concern in New blue butterfly, Chittenango ovate amber and western New York in partnership York, continues to show improving snail, and select reptile and amphibian with the River Otter Project, Inc. by productivity. species. BOW personnel have designed releasing 279 otters over a six-year and implemented efforts to fill data period. Work on the project continues, In 1997, legislation was enacted gaps on rare species through projects with survey work and monitoring in to create the New York State Bird such as the NYS Reptile and Amphibian central and western New York and Conservation Area Program and the Bird Atlas, surveys of rare invertebrate spe- extended surveys to Long Island, where Conservation Area Program Advisory cies (e.g., dragonflies, butterflies, mol- there have been sightings in or near Committee. This program provides a lusks), and completing recovery plans several state parklands. comprehensive, ecosystem approach to for selected species (e.g., Chittenango conserving birds and their habitats on ovate amber snail). In 1996, BOW reviewed and amend- State land and waters, by integrating ed the NYS list of rare species based on bird conservation interests in agency Actions planning, management, and research new scientific information gathered and • Conduct surveys to determine projects, within the context of agency changes in the status of species. The distribution of and trends in wildlife missions. Return a Gift to Wildlife Program, where population. New York taxpayers may contribute on • Investigate the status of species of DEC continues to participate in their State personal income tax form, concern and identify the causes of Partners in Flight (PIF), an international generated approximately $770,000 any declines. effort to conserve neotropical migra- annually for work on endangered and • Identify protection activities, tory birds by coordinating actions of such as land acquisition, land use different countries, federal and state regulation, restrictions on toxic 140 Statewide Programs substances and pollutants, public for public use and education. The wildlife and its conservation, use, and information, cooperative agree- project will provide a number of enjoyment for programs that were not ments, control of taking and review major benefits, including important federally funded. The agency provided of projects with the potential to benefits for wildlife observation, telephone coverage by wildlife staff and harm wildlife and its habitat. wildlife study, hunting, trapping answering systems to respond to tele- • Encourage management and and wildlife-related education. phone requests, provided literature to enhancement activities, such as • Continue objective-setting task the public to address their topic of inter- species reintroduction and improv- forces for deer management. est, and provided information through ing critical habitat. electronic media to interested publics • Increase the public awareness of Goal by publishing general information on species through information dis- the Internet and disseminating informa- Meet the public desire for informa- semination. tion from the geographic information tion about wildlife and its conservation, • Improve habitat to enhance wildlife system (GIS) to consultants, educators use and enjoyment, and meet the desire populations. and others. to understand the relationships among • Protect and enhance wildlife popu- wildlife, humans and the environment. lations. In an attempt to clearly listen to Clearly listen to what the public says. • Provide habitat management and the public and discern what people protection, especially of wetlands. Accomplishments want from wildlife, BOW developed • Control taking, hunting, trapping, a close relationship with the Human Dimensions Research Unit (HDRU) in and scientific and commercial col- Bureau of Wildlife surveys indicate the Department of Natural Resources at lection, as needed. that the public has a desire to learn Cornell University. The HDRU conducted • Assess the decline of neotropical about wildlife in general, as well as many research projects, often survey- migrant birds and grassland nesting expectations of having a voice in deci- ing various user groups such as hunters birds. sions related to the management of and trappers, and published the results • Continue to participate in the the resource. It is imperative that BOW and conclusions of these studies in Atlantic Flyway Council, the North understand exactly what the public both scientific journals and publica- American Waterfowl Management desires from the wildlife resource and tions for a general audience. BOW has Plan and other interstate efforts to the professionals who manage it, so held several meetings to get a better maintain and restore numbers of that appropriate program adjustments handle on public opinion of various waterfowl and other species and can be made. maximize recreational opportu- topics. This included programs such nity within necessary constraints. The Federal Aid in Wildlife as Deer Task Force meetings, Nuisance Particular emphasis is placed on Restoration Act (a.k.a., Pittman- Wildlife Control Licensees meetings, and wetland protection and enhance- Robertson Act), a federal program Waterfowl Season Task Force meetings. ment to meet both hunting and that funds state wildlife conservation It is crucial to the success of wildlife wildlife observation needs as well efforts, is an ideal vehicle to help meet management programs, as well as being as species perpetuation needs. these needs. Many federal aid activi- required by law, that the agency pro- • Continue interagency efforts to ties are of great interest to the Bureau’s vides opportunity for public involvement protect wetlands. Continue the stakeholders, and it is in both parties when there is a potentially controversial acquisition of lands and develop- best interests to explain the importance wildlife matter. The agency involved ment of cooperative agreements to of the Pittman-Robertson Act in the local publics in resource management protect the Northern Montezuma State’s wildlife management efforts. planning and implementation for issues wetlands. DEC and USFWS are BOW has accomplished this by provid- throughout the State such as Tivoli continuing their project to protect ing educational displays and literature Bays Wildlife Management Area, Motor the Northern Montezuma Wetlands. which explain bureau programs, Federal Island-Strawberry Island Complex, The project will encompass the Aid-funded wildlife management activi- Islip Deer Initiative, Irondequoit Deer premier wetland wildlife complex in ties and accomplishments, and projects Initiative, and development of a draft New York. It incorporates exist- of interest to the public at sportsman’s Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) ing federal and state wildlife lands shows, state and county fairs, earth day, for cormorants on Lake Ontario. and contemplates land purchase or and other environmental events and cooperative agreements with land local community events. Actions owners on an additional 36,000 • Continue discussions and dialogues acres, with provision for habitat BOW also responded to informa- with the public to provide a better restoration and enhancement and tion requests from the public regarding 141 Statewide Programs understanding of needs and at- spend in excess of $200 million each central North America and very abun- titudes that will enable the State to hunting season. Regulated hunting dant mallard and wood duck popula- be responsive to their needs. has been proven to be an effective deer tions in the Northeast. In 2007-08, the • Conduct hearings and meetings on population management tool and is the season was 29 days in western New key issues. primary means used within the State York. Canada goose seasons were • Contract, conduct and use the to control deer populations. The record expanded in 1997 based on efforts by results from numerous surveys deer take in the State for the 2000 hunt- BOW to collect and analyze neck band to determine public preferences, ing season was approximately 295,000 observation and leg band recovery data. needs, activities and attitudes. deer. This included 154,000 antlerless The special late goose season was ex- • Increase the extension agent/con- deer to help control the growing popu- panded westward across the southern servation educator role of DEC staff. lation and bring numbers down to desir- tier of the State. Special goose hunt- • Provide audiovisual products (post- able levels. The 2006 harvest of almost ing seasons for resident Canada geese ers, videos brochures, etc.). 96,000 bucks was an increase over the allowed for an increase in waterfowl • Inform people how to solve/avoid 89,200 taken in 2005. The goal of DEC’s hunting opportunities in the State and wildlife nuisance problems. management program is to maintain alleviated property damage caused by • Provide magazine and news articles deer numbers at levels that meet local overabundant goose populations. In to better inform the public of wild- interests and habitat conditions, while 2007, a September goose season was life issues. also providing quality hunting opportu- provided and the regular 2007-08 sea- • Educate people to the benefits of nities. In July of 2003, regulations took son will provide over 100 days of goose effective management practices for effect restricting the feeding of deer, hunting in the South Goose Hunting public lands. in response to the threat of Chronic Area (DEC, 2008). Finally, youth hunts • Develop a network of wildlife Wasting Disease (DEC, 2008). for pheasant and waterfowl were held, education centers near major met- and land was acquired for hunting and ropolitan areas that will introduce Bear hunting, also a popular recre- other recreation. people to different ways to enjoy ational activity, saw increases in harvest wildlife and that will expand their during the past 5 years. There was a The Deer Management Assistance understanding of wildlife manage- record bear harvest in the State for Program (DMAP), begun in 1999, pro- ment. 2003 of 1,864 bears. In, 2006 that num- vides landowners with a tool to meet ber had dropped to 796. DEC estimates deer management objectives on their Goal there are between 6,000 and 7,000 properties, which, in turn, increased bears in the state (DEC, 2008). antlerless deer hunting opportunities on Meet the public’s desire to use New private lands and helped reduce deer York’s wildlife. The State continued its pheasant damage to crops or forest resources. production with great success. In 2006, Accomplishments DEC distributed over 73,000 pheasants Several steps were taken to simplify for release (DEC, 2008). DEC operates the method by which hunters and trap- New York has a diverse array of wild- the Reynolds Game Farm to improve pers can obtain permits and licenses. life and habitats, a diverse range of geo- efficiency and production of ring-necked DEC modernized and simplified hunting graphical regions, and, perhaps most pheasants for various stocking and and trapping regulations to encourage importantly, a diverse array of natural rearing programs. A “Ten Year manage- increased participation, especially by resource users, ranging from hunters ment Plan for Ring-Necked Pheasants in our youth. They completed the develop- and anglers to wildlife observers and New York” (DEC, 1999) guides pheasant ment and implementation of a com- hikers. To satisfy these diverse publics’ management (DEC, 2008) puterized point of sale licensing system desire to use the wildlife resource, that delivers greater convenience and BOW conducted various management There have been several expansions service to license buyers. activities. in hunting opportunities in the State. BOW provided for longer muzzleload The agency has enhanced opportuni- Deer management has a special hunting seasons for deer in the North ties for both consumptive and non- significance because it directly or Country to increase hunting opportuni- consumptive natural resource users by indirectly affects many residents. Deer ties and reduce deer damage to private acquiring land throughout the State. can be a nuisance with economic property. In 1998, waterfowl hunters Over 50,000 acres of wildlife habitat consequences, such as causing crop were provided the longest duck seasons were acquired or created for public damage and vehicle collisions. Deer can (60 days) in more than 25 years, thanks wildlife recreation benefits. Thirteen also be appreciated for their ecological to record waterfowl populations in new facilities were developed and and recreational values. Deer hunters 142 Statewide Programs 42 new land parcels were opened for •• Disseminate information in the •• Continue the wildlife observation public use of wildlife through partner- form of brochures or signs that may program. ships. Seven new cooperative agree- be useful to recreationists. Infor- •• Conduct a comprehensive survey of ments were negotiated for the Fish mation might be provided at trail wildlife users. and Wildlife Management Act (FWMA) heads for hikers or cross country •• Enlist people in wildlife conserva- Program statewide, opening an ad- skiers or at access points for boat- tion activities, from participating in ditional 1,178 acres for public hunting. ers and canoeists, on the wildlife surveys of wildlife to constructing Wildlife observation improvements that may be observed. nest boxes. were made on seven WMAs and all •• Educate the public on how to iden- •• Respond to legal and public chal- WMAs were maintained to provide tify wildlife observation opportuni- lenges to hunting, trapping and access to the land by the public. DEC ties. other forms of wildlife-related and New York City’s Department of •• Develop a program for providing recreation. Environmental Protection partnered to information and education to the open several thousand acres of New public about wildlife observation Goal York City watershed lands to new hunt- and study, including such activities Meet the public’s desire for various ing and hiking opportunities. DEC spent as: indirect benefits from wildlife. $200 million to acquire 260,000 acres •• Provide viewing guide books of open space for spectacular properties and maps. Accomplishments such as Sterling Forest®, the Champion •• Enhance viewing opportunities Lands, Whitney Park, the Lundy Estate, by increasing/enhancing access BOW maintains ethical and respon- Northern Montezuma Wetlands, the sites and parking lots, trails, sible opportunities for the public to par- Long Island Pine Barrens and Motor blinds and observation towers. ticipate in direct and indirect use of the Island (Buffalo, New York). Finally, the •• Provide information about wildlife resource through development agency opened more than 225,000 practical actions for backyard of a strong land ethic. DEC encourages acres of formerly private lands to public wildlife, including vegetation ethics and establishes regulations to access for hunting, fishing and trapping. management. introduce new responsible use oppor- •• Develop recreational products, tunities or to prohibit certain uses of DEC continued its partnership and guides, cards, games, etc. wildlife/practices, and to accommodate involvement with the International •• Develop such observation and new technologies and changing societal Association of Fish and Wildlife interpretive facilities as parking attitudes. The agency also promotes Agencies in trap testing and the lots, trails, boardwalks, observation ethical and responsible use opportuni- development of “Best Management towers and blinds. ties based upon factors such as poten- Practices” to improve traps and trap- •• Develop opportunities for wildlife tial to directly harm targeted or other ping methods to maintain and improve observation and information about wildlife populations, commonly accept- welfare among captured animals. observation opportunities in and ed “fair chase” behavior, enforceability Also, to insure that regulated trap- near population centers. of rules governing allowed uses, public ping continues to occur as a legitimate •• Continue to provide State forests, safety and public health. DEC reports outdoor activity and critically important multiple use areas, the Catskill and to the public and the public record on wildlife management tool. Finally, more Adirondack Forest Preserves as well a regular basis not only to ensure a than 1,500 pages of content have been as wildlife management areas to well-informed citizenry but to actively developed for DEC’s website provid- help meet the need for public ac- promote ethical and responsible use of ing continuous access to information cess to wildlife resources. wildlife. For example, improving the on fish and wildlife programs, licenses, •• Maintain and develop new coop- communications network to increase permits, regulations, facilities and other erative agreements with landown- the scale of home rule as it applies material to meet the needs of fish and ers under the Fish and Wildlife to developing a working “ethical and wildlife enthusiasts. Management Act, to provide public responsible” use of wildlife (e.g., Hunter access to private lands for recre- Safety Report). Actions ation purposes. •• Design recreation facilities so as •• Provide educational and training One method by which BOW at- not to diminish wildlife values. opportunities for hunters, trappers tempts to achieve this goal is through •• Attract wildlife to places where and wildlife recreationists. the Becoming an Outdoors-Woman people are most likely to enjoy •• Improve trap design and partici- Program. The program received the New them. pation in international efforts to York State Conservation Council’s award establish humane trap standards. in 1998 for New York State Outdoor 143 Statewide Programs Education Program of the Year. This public. BOW invests time and effort trout, wading for trout in 15,000 miles and Beyond Becoming and Outdoors- in minimizing the detrimental impacts of stream and float or shore fishing for Woman provide women with informa- of natural resource user groups on the smallmouth bass in over 50,000 miles tion, encouragement and hands-on public through education, dissemination of warm-water streams and rivers. In instruction in outdoor skills (DEC, 2008). of information, and regulation and rule addition, the State has thousands of setting. Evidence of their success can lakes and ponds that offer many species Actions be seen in the decline of hunting related of game and panfish via ice fishing, accidents; injuries are extremely rare shore fishing, rowboat, bass-boat and •• Take into account the multiple and have been declining for decades. cabin cruiser access. benefits and harms of wildlife and The 2003 season was the safest hunting wildlife-related recreation on local year recorded, with only 32 hunting DEC’s overall fisheries program and statewide economies. related injuries. The 2006 season had mission is to maintain the quantity and Goal 35 shooting incidents, the fourth lowest quality of the State’s fisheries resources since records have been kept. The rate and recreational benefits for future Minimize human suffering caused by of accidents has declined from 19 per generations. The following goals and wildlife or users of wildlife. 100,000 hunters to 6.3 per 100,000 action statements are essential in order hunters (DEC, 2008). to accomplish this mission. Accomplishments Actions Goal In some cases, wildlife populations are inadequate to meet human •• Minimize human suffering caused To protect existing fish habitats demands (e.g., restoration of spe- by recreation users of wildlife, cies). In other cases, however, wildlife including; vandalism, littering, tres- Actions populations need active management passing, disease, and danger. •• Review permit applications, to control their populations. Wildlife Fisheries environmental impact statements populations may increase in such a way and industrial licensing proposals that they become a nuisance, or even The State’s freshwater resources received by DEC. to the point where they compromise provide recreational fishing benefits to •• Provide technical consultation to public safety (e.g., deer-auto collisions, nearly one million licensed anglers that other DEC, State, and Federal agen- crop damage, and disease). To address enjoy over 20 million fishing trips each cies. this problem BOW has developed a year. Additionally, hundreds of thou- statewide database on nuisance wildlife sands of young people, under age 16 Goal trends (beaver, deer, geese, bear, and are introduced to the State’s outdoor- waterfowl). BOW offices receive an es- recreational opportunities through To maintain an accurate fisheries timated 20,000 calls annually from the fishing activities without any licensing resource inventory. public reporting nuisance wildlife prob- requirements. The State’s 4 million lems and conflicts with wildlife. The ag- acres of lakes and ponds and 70,000 Description gressive monitoring of the species most miles of rivers and streams support commonly involved in wildlife damage abundant and diverse fish populations Lakes and streams are sampled to incidents (i.e., Canada geese, white- that offer a great range of recreational assess the nature and status of fish tailed deer, beaver, black bear, and options. Trophy-size salmon, muskel- populations which, in turn, aid in the double-crested cormorants) required the lunge and striped bass are available in protection of habitats and in determin- issuance of special permits to control Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River and ing harvesting regulations and stock- the population directly causing the the Hudson River respectively. Many ing needs. Many large and prominent damage. In the case of Canada geese waters across the State provide trout, recreational waters require frequent and cormorants, federal permits are also walleye, bass and northern pike fishing or annual fisheries monitoring so that required. An indirect way in which the of a quality that is notable nationwide, management can be optimized and agency deals with nuisance wildlife is while excellent panfish stocks provide potential resource problems can be through education of the public. both sport and table fare to all levels avoided. of angling expertise. The State also Wildlife may pose a threat to the offers quality experiences for all types Actions public when their populations increase of angling techniques and preferences. •• Continue monitoring and develop- beyond a tolerable level, but wildlife These include boat trolling for salmon, ing management actions related to users may also negatively impact the isolated pond fishing for native brook the ecological and fishery dynamics 144 Statewide Programs of the Great Lakes, Finger Lakes, expand self-sustaining walleye fish- the public walking/wading access, for Hudson River, Oneida Lake, Lake eries by bringing the new walleye the purpose of fishing only. To date, Champlain, Chautauqua Lake and fingerling hatchery up to full pro- DEC has acquired 1,300 miles of such other major resource components. duction and increasing production easements along 400 trout streams •• Complete the trout fishery and from hatchery walleye ponds. across the State. Many waters currently aquatic habitat assessments within •• Initiate directed panfish manage- have adequate public access sites and the Beaverkill/ Willowemoc Creek ment projects to maintain and facilities, but this infrastructure needs to watershed. Develop and implement enhance these increasingly targeted be maintained and enhanced for safety long-term watershed management fisheries. and to comply with requirements such practices to enhance the wild trout •• Restore and perpetuate eleven as the Americans with Disabilities Act. component and overall quality of identified heritage strain brook Other waters which could provide public this fishery. trout stocks. recreational benefits currently offer no •• Complete survey and reassessment •• Implement plans which enhance (or very limited) opportunities for public of statewide trout stream stocking stream trout fishery resources in the enjoyment due to a lack of access to the needs. Delaware River System. waters. •• Accelerate the Endangered Fisher- Goal ies Project to monitor the status Actions and the continued occurrence of 19 To optimize use of fisheries resources •• Acquire and develop public access rare fish species identified in the through public information and educa- sites throughout New York State State. Foster recovery and restoration programs. as part of a network of safe and tion efforts for lake sturgeon, round conveniently located access op- whitefish, and paddlefish. Actions portunities. •• Modernize the existing network of Goal •• Expand efforts to provide aquatic over 325 boat and fishing access resource/angling education for the To enhance or restore wild fish popu- sites across the State. State’s youth and other non-an- lations or directly create and maintain •• Construct new boat launch sites on glers, focusing particularly in urban sportfishing through stocking and habi- property already State-owned. and suburban areas. tat management opportunities. •• Continue to expand the Public •• Continue using “Free Fishing Days” Fishing Rights Easement network, and events and DEC’s website providing walking and wading ac- Description (www.dec. ny.gov). Enhance the cess to stream beds and banks for information available online and The State’s large and diverse sport- the purpose of fishing only. create a GIS-based recreational fishing demand can only be supported •• Improve shoreline fishing opportu- website indicating available fishing by a substantial fish stocking program. nities by the addition of accessible opportunities and the location, and Over 10 million trout and salmon fry, fish piers and other shoreline im- characteristics of public access to fingerlings or yearlings are stocked into provements at existing state access these opportunities. the State’s cold water streams and lakes facilities and through cooperative every year. Warm water resources are Goal arrangements with municipalities augmented by 150 million walleye fry, and other public waterfront land- 300,000 walleye fingerlings, 100,000 ti- To establish and maintain facilities owners. ger muskellunge fingerlings and 40,000 to provide optimal, safe and convenient pure muskellunge fingerlings. Fisheries public access to New York’s waters. management objectives depend greatly on continued maintenance of the Description State’s 12 fish hatcheries. In order to realize the recreational Actions benefits which can be derived from New York’s vast and diverse aquatic •• Implement improved trout stocking resources, public access to these guidelines to enhance the efficient resources must be established and use of limited trout production maintained. Since 1935, DEC has been capabilities. acquiring Public Fishing Rights (PFR) •• Accelerate implementation of Easements along the bed and banks of a statewide plan to restore and the State’s major trout streams, to allow 145 Statewide Programs existing aquatic nuisance species Protection, and numerous other entities Invasive online information clearinghouse representing municipal government, that will be expanded to terrestrial industries affected by regulation, public Species species, integrated with an expand- interest groups and other governmental ed locational database under NY interests. Chapter 324 of the Laws of New York NHP’s existing biodiversity data- of 2003 called for an Invasive Species base through NatureServe. A new Office of Invasive Species will Task Force (ISTF) to explore the invasive •• Establish an independent Center for bring together biologists and foresters species issue and to provide recom- Invasive Species Research. An Insti- to develop ways to combat the problem, mendations to the Governor and the tute for Invasive Species Research and work with universities, other state Legislature. The Final Report of the ISTF, will be established at Cornell Uni- agencies and non-profit organizations completed in November 2005, included versity which will support on-going to support research and raise public 12 Recommendations. The first recom- biological control studies there. awareness. This office, housed in DEC, mendation was to create a permanent •• Begin funding efforts to clearly will help bring together all these efforts. coordinating body. Chapter 674 of the demonstrate the possibilities for The new office also will work with the Laws of New York of 2007, viz. ECL successful invasive species man- federal government, will help the ISC Article 9, Title 17 creates such a body agement. Grants to municipalities create a plan by 2010 to control plants, – the New York State Invasive Species and not-for-profit organizations to animals and insects that come into New Council (ISC) – representing 9 State eradicate problem aquatic species York, and will provide support for the agencies and consulting with a multi- were awarded in 2006 and 2007, ISC. stakeholder Invasive Species Advisory and terrestrial grants were offered Committee - representing a breadth of in 2007 to the same entities as well Eight PRISMs have been formed conservation, business, academia and as state agencies. Another demon- or are forming to help combat inva- landowner interests. stration project being implemented sive species. These PRISMs are shown is the development of “clean stock” in Figure __. The partnerships will Among the other 11 recommenda- at the New York State Agricultural be modeled after Cooperative Weed tions of the ISTF, and the status of Experiment Station to provide fruit Management Areas formed in several implementation, are the following: growers with a virus-free source of western states and target animal and planting stock. pathogens in addition to invasive plants. •• Prepare and implement a compre- DEC will award contracts to a fiscal/ hensive invasive species manage- The ISC will coordinate statewide administrative sponsor, which may be a ment plan. The first phase of this efforts to control invasive species. non-profit organization, a government comprehensive plan, to scope out The Council is co-chaired by DEC and entity, university or private business, for the necessary elements for such a the Department of Agriculture and each PRISM. A diverse stakeholder base, plan, will be undertaken in 2008. Markets, and has seven other mem- including state agencies, resource man- •• Allocate appropriate resources ber agencies: DOT, OPRHP, Education, agers, nongovernmental organizations, to invasive species efforts. This DOS, the Thruway Authority, the Canal industry, resource users and others will is being implemented through Corporation and the Adirondack Park comprise a PRISM. EPF grants will be the establishment of the Office of Agency. provided to the PRISMs to support core Invasive Species (see below) and functions. These functions include: supporting the core functions of The law also established an advi- eight grass-roots Partnerships for sory council on invasive species, with •• Planning regional invasive species Invasive Species Management members to include: the New York Farm management (PRISMs) around the State to en- Bureau, the NYS Nursery and Landscape •• Developing early detection and sure prevention and rapid response Association, the Empire State Marine rapid response capacity to new invasives. Trades Association, the NYS Federation •• Implementing eradication projects •• Establish a comprehensive educa- of Lake Associations, The Nature •• Educating - in cooperation with tion and outreach effort. This is Conservancy, the Biodiversity Research DEC-contracted Education and being implemented through Cornell Institute, Cornell University, the Darrin Outreach providers Cooperative Extension. Freshwater Institute, Sea Grant, the •• Coordinating PRISM partners •• Integrate databases and informa- NYS Association of Conservation •• Recruiting and training volunteers tion clearinghouses. This statewide Districts, the NYNHP, SUNY College of •• Supporting research through citizen database-clearinghouse is being Environmental Science and Forestry, science established, through Sea Grant’s NY City Department of Environmental 146 Statewide Programs •• Promote the acquisition and maintenance of open space and waterfront access in minority and low‑income communities by municipal, public and private entities; •• Encourage the dedication of vacant private and publicly owned land in minority and low‑income communities for outdoor recreational opportunities; •• Ensure that the needs of minority and low-income communities are consistently considered throughout activities related to preservation, planning and development. Resources

Adequate resources, including staff, training, equipment and funding, are needed to create and maintain outdoor Figure 7.5 - Partnerships for Regional Invasive Species Management recreational opportunities in minority and low‑income communities and Environmental justice efforts focus on subsistence fishing communities. The Environmen- improving the environment in these following should be considered: communities. tal Justice •• Collaborate with other federal, Equitable Distribution state and local government officials Promoting outdoor recreational op- to make resources available to portunities is essential to the quality of Historically, outdoor recreational op- government and non‑governmental life, health and enjoyment of New York’s portunities in minority and low‑income organizations for outdoor recre- diverse communities. Unfortunately, communities have been limited for ational opportunities, preservation, many communities, especially minor- various reasons including limitations enhancement and maintenance in ity and low-income communities and on available space, proximity to indus- minority and low‑income communi- subsistence fishing communities, have trial uses that preclude or conflict with ties; inadequate access to these opportuni- outdoor recreational uses, limitations •• Allocate resources directly to ties. This section includes several recon resources, etc. In order to improve nonprofit organizations capable of ommendations to address this inequity. the quality of life and promote the undertaking stewardship of parks, equitable distribution of outdoor rec- open space and outdoor recre- Environmental justice is the fair reational opportunities in minority and ational programs in minority and treatment and meaningful involvement low‑income communities, the following low‑income communities; of all people regardless of race, color, should be considered: •• Continue to fund existing and new national origin or income with respect grant programs related to outdoor •• Identify, acquire and maintain open to the development, implementation, recreational opportunities, and space, including waterfront space in and enforcement of environmental laws, enhance grant award criteria to minority and low‑income communi- regulations and policies. Environmental ensure the equitable distribution ties; justice principles recognize that some of grant funds to minority and •• Use demographic data relating to communities, especially minority and low‑income communities. Ensure minority and low-income popula- low‑income communities are dis- that grant eligibility criteria are tions in base and overlay maps to proportionately exposed to negative sensitive to the needs of minority propose open space acquisition environmental impacts, have been and low‑income communities, for projects and outdoor recreational historically absent from environmental instance eliminate monetary match opportunities in minority and decision‑making affecting their com- requirements when possible, sim- low‑income communities; munity, and may not receive equitable plify the grant application process, benefits of environmental programs. 147 Statewide Programs provide adequate and timely notifi- about various outdoor recreational •• Consider contracts or agreements cation of grant availability, etc. opportunities and expose children with local nonprofit and commu- to such opportunities in the school nity-based organizations to ensure Accessibility curriculum such that they become the management and upkeep of familiar with them, foster an ap- neighborhood parks, bikeways, Outdoor recreational opportunities preciation and interest in them, and trails and other community open must be accessible to minority and consider them an accessible form of space. low‑income communities. Special con- recreation. siderations for minority and low-income Stewardship populations include: access to open Community Input space within close proximity of minority Mobilizing minority and low‑income and low-income communities; availabil- Community input is essential to residents as stewards to establish ity of public transportation to existing identify outdoor recreational needs outdoor recreation programs, and care open space; elimination of obstructions and promote sustainable open spaces for local parks and open space pro- such as roadways, fences and environ- that benefit the community. Input from motes sustainability and empowers the mental hazards that prohibit access to minority and low-income communities community. Stewardship programs are existing open space; and notification is especially important, as these popula- especially important to minority and to minority and low‑income communi- tions have historically been absent from low‑income communities because they ties of outdoor recreational opportuni- the decision‑making affecting their promote increased community involve- ties. Waterfront access in minority or environment. The following should be ment, empowerment and environmental low‑income communities is particularly considered: educational benefits. Community-based critical as waterfronts in these commu- stewardship programs also serve as a •• Ensure minority and low‑income nities are often industrialized, classified powerful resource when municipalities community representation in the as a brownfield, or gated, prohibiting lack staff or funding to operate and development of the SCORP and access to this natural resource. maintain existing parks and other open resulting activities related to preser- spaces. In order for such stewardship •• Ensure that open space is acquired vation, planning and development; programs to succeed, support in the within a half mile of minority and •• Establish partnerships with minor- form of training, funding, staff and low-income communities and that ity and low-income community other resources are needed. The follow- recreational opportunities are pro- organizations during the planning, ing should be considered: moted in the open space; decision‑making and implementa- •• Identify opportunities for waterfront tion of the SCORP, as these commu- •• Promote community stewardship access in minority and low‑income nity organizations have first hand programs, including funding, train- communities, including linear knowledge of community needs. ing and resources, to help minor- waterfront access for esplanades, ity and low‑income community parks, trails and greenways; and Partnership residents manage local open space single points of access, such as for and establish outdoor recreational fishing piers or boat launch sites. Partnerships, including minority and programs; •• Promote transportation connecting low‑income community members, gov- •• Collaborate with other government communities to outdoor recre- ernmental bodies and other organiza- and non government organiza- ational opportunities including low tions, foster respect and trust between tions to establish a state‑managed cost and easily accessible public different interests, encourage develop- network to exchange information, transportation. ment of a shared vision, support col- evaluate programs, and sustain •• Ensure a pollution free environ- laborative decision‑making and collate stewardship programs. ment in minority and low-income resources. Partnerships may also foster communities in order to encourage innovative approaches to outdoor recre- Community Greening residents to participate in outdoor ational opportunities and stewardship. recreational opportunities. The following should be considered: Community greening efforts, such as tree planting and community gardens, •• Ensure that residents in minority •• Encourage partnerships that include are valuable to minority and low‑in- and low-income communities are minority and low-income com- come communities particularly in urban aware of outdoor recreational op- munity representatives during the areas where green open space is scarce. portunities by publicizing opportu- planning, decision‑making and Community greening offers a significant nities locally implementation of the SCORP; •• Educate children and adults in mi- impact with smaller scale efforts. It can nority and low-income communities 148 Statewide Programs help to revitalize and beautify neighbor- The remediation of brownfields is •• Identify potential toxins and edu- hoods, and at the same time ‑ serve essential to improve the environment in cate anglers in minority and low- as carbon sinks to reduce local carbon minority and low-income communities, income communities of the dangers dioxide levels; help alleviate urban particularly in urban areas where green of consuming certain fish. heat center problems associated with open space is scarce. While brownfields •• Rely upon environmental justice concrete and stone structures, and serve require extensive remediation for hu- advocates and community groups as a filtration system for storm water. man recreational use, the benefits of as a resource to help influence the In addition to being beneficial to the providing open space to minority and development of outreach tools and environment, such activities foster good low‑income communities will be signifi- informational signs to educate mi- stewardship and community commit- cant, including improvement to quality nority and low-income community ment from which recreational, cultural, of life. The surrounding community residents. and economic benefits will follow. should be involved and well informed Residential greening in minority and about the clean up efforts. The follow- low‑income communities is critical since ing should be considered: often these neighborhoods have limited •• Promote brownfield remediation in open space or limited access to exist- minority and low-income communi- ing open space, and may have limited ties with dedicated reuse for open free time in which to visit accessible space; open space. The following should be •• Promote government initiatives considered: such as the Environmental Restora- •• Promote community greening ef- tion Program, and tax credit sys- forts; tems to support remediation efforts •• Encourage the creation and preser- and transform brownfield areas vation of community gardens. into valuable community resources. Limited English Pro- Subsistence Fishing ficiency / English as a Subsistence fishing for personal second language consumption or traditional/ceremonial purposes should be considered in the New York State is rich in diver- preservation, planning and development sity and multi‑cultural backgrounds. of outdoor recreational opportunities. Accommodating people with limited Although subsistence fishing may not English proficiency or people for whom generally be covered under recreational English is a second language is an opportunities, it is important to consider important consideration in addressing the two simultaneously in minority and environmental justice issues, since some low-income communities, since these minority communities have Non‑English communities are more likely to fish for speaking or limited English-speaking subsistence rather than sport alone. populations. The language barrier may The following should be considered: prevent these residents from accessing open space or enjoying recreational op- •• Identify species preference and portunities. This potential barrier should ensure availability of healthy fish be considered when addressing open for consumption. space issues. The following should be •• Consider species preference of considered: anglers in minority and low-income communities and links to levels of •• Make accommodations for users potential toxins. Studies show that with limited English proficiency subsistence fishing is more com- including translation of pertinent mon among racial/ethnic minorities informational brochures and signs and minorities are potentially more relating to outdoor recreational op- exposed to contaminants found in portunities, where helpful. fish such as methylmercury Brownfields 149 Statewide Programs The Division of Coastal Resources in A LWRP may contain a number of Depart- the Department of State (DOS) works components addressing issues impor- in partnership with local governments, tant to the community, including: community-based organizations, and •• waterfront redevelopment ment of state and federal agencies to better •• natural resource protection manage coastal resources and advance •• public access and recreation op- revitalization of waterfront communi- State portunities ties. Division programs address wa- •• open space preservation terfront redevelopment; expansion of •• erosion hazards management visual and physical public access to Conserving •• water quality protection the water; coastal resource protection, •• habitat restoration and Man- including habitats, water quality, and historic and scenic resources; and provi- Harbor Management Plans (HMPs) aging New sion for water dependent uses, includ- are prepared as components of LWRPs ing recreational boating, fishing, and to improve management of their York’s Coastal swimming. State and federal agency harbors. HMPs take a hard look at the permitting, funding, and direct actions resources, conflicts, congestion and must be consistent with these purposes. competition for space in New York’s and Inland harbors and balance the interests of all Major elements of these programs uses of harbor resources. These plans Waterway include the following: consider local and regional needs and address issues related to commercial Resources Local Waterfront Revi- shipping and fishing, dredging, recre- talization Program ational boating and fishing, natural New York’s coast, the third longest in resource protection, and other matters the nation, draws people to its shores. affecting harbors. Over 15 million people, 85% of the Cities, towns, and villages along State’s population, live and work along major coastal and inland waterways are encouraged to prepare a Local HMPs provide the clear authority our coastal waters--an area that ac- to rationally manage the wide range counts for 12% of the state’s land mass. Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP) in cooperation with DOS. A of harbor uses and activities. Through By 2010, an additional 700,000 people HMPs, the State and local governments will join them. LWRP is a locally prepared, comprehensive land and water use plan for a cooperate to comprehensively plan for community’s natural, public, working and manage harbor areas. The program The natural areas along New York’s expands municipal authority to regulate coast provide great diversity of fish waterfront, and developed waterfront resources. It provides a comprehen- activities in, on, under or over the water and wildlife habitats, estuaries and by enabling certain municipalities to deep water trenches, bluffs, barrier sive framework within which critical waterfront issues can be addressed. In regulate structures and other uses in islands, and other natural protective their harbor areas. features. Enormous economic benefits partnership with the Division of Coastal Resources, a municipality develops com- are derived from the coast each year. Goals New York’s commercial fishing industry, munity consensus regarding the future of its waterfront and refines state coast- ports and marinas, and coastal farm- Promote resource and habitat al policies to reflect local conditions and ing areas contribute billions annually protection, community revitalization, circumstances. As part of the prepara- to the state’s economy. The competing enhanced public access and open space tion of a LWRP, a community identifies demands on our coastal area resources protection through the Local Waterfront long term uses for its waterfront and continue to threaten the natural and Revitalization Program. economic viability of the coast. New an implementation strategy, including York’s coastal zone management enacting or amending appropriate local Accomplishments program was established to conserve development controls. Once approved by the New York Secretary of State and and properly use coastal resources by Currently, 225 waterfront communi- the federal Office of Coastal Resources managing competing demands along ties throughout the State are preparing Management, the LWRP serves to coor- the coast. or have completed a LWRP. Since 2003, dinate state and federal actions needed 12 LWRPs have been fully approved (for to achieve the community’s goals for its a total of 72) and 77 LWRPs are being waterfront. 150 Statewide Programs prepared. DOS has also completed two Accomplishments •• development or implementation of multi-media packages featuring a new blueway trail marketing and promo- web site - www.nyswaterfronts.com, Since 2003, 439 grants totaling tion strategies. guidebooks and video. One package $88 million have been awarded to Goals examines “How to Make the Most of waterfront communities through the Your Waterfront” and the other is a Environmental Protection Fund Local Promote the development and imple- guide to restoring abandoned buildings Waterfront Revitalization Program. mentation of blueway trail plans for — “Opportunities Waiting to Happen.” coastal and inland waterways. Actions Actions •• Provide EPF LWRP funds to commu- Accomplishments •• Advance priority projects identified nities on an annual basis. in LWRPs through planning, design •• Target EPF LWRP funds for priority Blueway trail plans have been and construction. resource protection and waterfront completed or are under preparation for •• Encourage additional communities revitalization activities. the following waterways: Black River; to prepare and implement LWRPs. •• Use EPF LWRP grants to advance Mohawk River; Raquette River; and priority projects identified in LWRPs Seneca River. Environmental Protec- through planning, design and tion Fund Local Water- construction. Actions front Revitalization Blueway Trail Plans •• Provide technical assistance and Grants funding through the EPF LWRP to Blueway trails are small boat and promote new blueway trail plans DOS provides grants to waterfront paddling routes that combine rec- and to advance implementation of municipalities for a variety of planning, reation, tourism and environmental existing blueway trail plans. design and construction projects to pro- awareness and allow users to travel to Regional Initiatives tect and revitalize waterfront resources, and between designated stops along including: the way for rest, overnight stays and The Department of State has initi- •• Community Visioning and develop- linkages to land-based attractions, ated a number of regional initiatives ment of revitalization strategies; including community centers, heritage to better manage coastal resources •• Completing or implementing a trails and sites, greenways, historic for enhanced access, recreation and LWRP or HMP; resources, and scenic by-ways. The tourism-based economic development, •• Preparing or implementing a water- process for developing blueway trails waterfront revitalization and habitat body/watershed management plan; relies on intermunicipal cooperation protection. These initiatives include: •• Urban waterfront redevelopment; with a high degree of participation from •• Creating a Blueway Trail; the private sector. Blueway trails are Long Island South •• NYS Coastal Resources Interpre- marketed as a regional attraction. tive Program (NYSCRIP) signage Shore Estuary Reserve programs. Municipalities may apply for grant funding from the Environmental The Long Island South Shore Estuary The grants serve as a source of Protection Fund Local Waterfront Reserve Act established the reserve, funding for communities to implement Revitalization Program to undertake the called for its protection and prudent projects identified in a LWRP, as well as planning and physical development of management, and created a council a means of enlisting new communities, blueway trails, including: charged with preparation of a compre- to develop LWRPs. hensive management plan for the re- •• identification of local and regional serve. The reserve includes five of Long Goals assets and attractions; Island’s south shore estuarine bays and •• route identification and assessment the adjacent upland areas draining to Continue to provide Environmental of facilities and infrastructure; them, and stretches from the western Protection Fund Local Waterfront •• planning, design and/or construc- boundary of the Town of Hempstead to Revitalization Programs grants to com- tion of small craft launch sites and the middle of the Town of Southampton. munities on an annual basis. infrastructure along an identified The reserve is home to about 1.5 million blueway trail; and people and is the anchor of the region’s tourism, seafood, and recreation industries. 151 Statewide Programs The reserve’s comprehensive man- Long Island Sound Actions agement plan calls for a series of implementation actions to address key Coastal Management •• Develop partnerships between local issues identified in the plan, including: Program communities and land owners to reducing non-point and point sources protect and enhance important of pollution; increasing harvest levels The Long Island Sound Coastal natural areas on the Long Island of hard clams; protecting and restoring Management Program (CMP) was ap- Sound. coastal habitats; preserving open space; proved for New York State in January •• Document unprotected, unde- improving understanding of the ecosys- 1999. The program encompasses veloped open space along Long tem; increasing public use and tourism; 304 miles of shoreline in Westchester Island’s north shore, and identify sustaining water-dependent businesses County, the Bronx, Queens, and Nassau significant natural features. and maritime centers; and heightening and Suffolk counties, and nearly 1.5 mil- Scenic Resources public awareness of the estuary. lion people. Regionally specific coastal policies were developed which reflect New York State has long recognized the unique environmental, economic, Goals the importance of scenic resources. The and social characteristics of the Sound interaction of man with the landscape shoreline. Continue implementation of prior- has made New York’s coast a visually ity actions called for in the 2001 Long The policies focus on protecting and exciting and valued place. Designation Island South Shore Estuary Reserve of Scenic Areas of Statewide Comprehensive Management Plan. expanding public access and visual access opportunities along the Sound Significance by DOS provides additional protection for coastal landscapes that Accomplishments shore, which are currently limited; encouraging revitalization of devel- are recognized for their importance in oped centers; protecting and restoring the natural, cultural and historic signifi- Since 2003, more than 80 state- cance to the State. assisted projects have been initiated natural resources and open spaces, particularly those areas of regional or completed to improve the health of Six Scenic Areas of Statewide importance; and encouraging water- Long Island’s South Shore estuaries. Significance have been designated dependent uses in centers of maritime Nearly $9 million in State funds have along the Hudson River, covering more activity. The Long Island Sound Coastal leveraged a comparable amount of local than 50% of its shoreline. Each scenic Advisory Commission was created by match. area encompasses unique, highly scenic the Legislature to recommend ways landscapes which are accessible to the to implement the Long Island Sound Actions public and recognized for their scenic Coastal Management Program. •• Develop watershed management quality. The scenic areas include a fiord plans for priority tributaries and Goals in the Hudson Highlands, an impressive their watersheds. collection of great estates along the •• Expand hard clam hatcheries and A Long Island Sound coastal area Hudson River’s midsection, the land- grow-out facilities, and identify enriched by enhancing community char- scape where Hudson River School paint- additional shellfish spawner sanc- acter, reclaiming the quality of natural ers Thomas Cole and Frederic Church tuaries based on feasibility assess- resources, reinvigorating the working made their homes, and the pastoral ments. waterfront, and connecting people to landscape south of the Capital region. •• Broaden efforts to identify potential the Sound. sites for wetland restoration and Designation provides special pro- invasive species removal. Accomplishments tection to the landscapes. Narratives •• Develop a Reserve-wide strategy for each scenic area describe which for open space protection. Since 2003, more than 50 state- landscape elements should be protected assisted projects have been initiated and the types of actions that could in Long Island Sound communities for impair them. Federal and state agen- waterfront revitalization, public access cies must avoid permitting, funding, or improvements, and natural resource undertaking actions that would impair protection. This represents a State and the landscape’s scenic quality. In addi- local investment in the Long Island tion, municipalities can use their local Sound of over $18 million. land use authority to protect scenic resources, such as through a LWRP.

152 Statewide Programs Goals and concerned citizens to restore and Advisory Council, the Lake Ontario maintain significant coastal fish and Coastal Initiative, Jamaica Bay Wet- Protect scenic resources in coastal wildlife habitats, primarily through proj- land Restoration workgroup, Lake and inland waterway areas. ects funded through EPF LWRP grants. Ontario Lakewide Management Plan committee, and the Great Accomplishments Goals: Lakes Research Consortium. •• Continue participation in regional The East Hampton Scenic Area of Protect, preserve and where practical restoration efforts, such as the Suf- Statewide Significance is being devel- restore the viability of state designated folk County Vector Control Steering oped in partnership with the Town of Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife and Technical Advisory Committees. East Hampton. The final approval of the Habitats. SASS is expected to occur during the Brownfield Opportu- summer of 2007. Accomplishments: nity Areas

Protection of scenic resources in the Updates of the North and South The Brownfield Opportunity Areas Catskill-Olana SASS and the Columbia- Shore of Long Island Significant Coastal (BOA) Program provides communities Greene North SASS were a major Fish and Wildlife Habitats narratives and with significant land use and redevelop- factor in the Division’s Objection to maps were completed, which will result ment planning tools to revitalize areas Consistency Certification for a major in improved management decisions. affected by brownfields, abandoned or cement manufacturing facility in 2005. vacant properties. A “brownfield” or The application for the facility was Numerous Bond Act and EPF con- “brownfield site” is defined as any real subsequently withdrawn. tracts involving water quality improve- property, the redevelopment or reuse of ments and aquatic habitat restoration which may be complicated by the pres- Actions including tidal wetlands, beach and ence or potential presence of a contami- dune habitats, and riparian corridors nant. The end product is a community •• Ensure that the scenic landscape were administered. driven revitalization plan and imple- elements in designated SASSs are mentation strategy to return unproduc- protected from potential impair- Natural resource management proj- tive land back to use while simultane- ments. ects that enhance open space attributes ously improving environmental quality •• Promote scenic resource protec- and improve fish and wildlife resources and revitalizing the affected area. An tion at the local level by providing were administered. objective is to enable communities to technical assistance and funding plan for the reuse and redevelopment through the EPF LWRP for scenic Partnerships with the U.S. Army of brownfields on an area-wide basis, resource inventories, assessments, Corps of Engineers, the Long Island as opposed to dealing with brownfields local laws and other techniques. Wetland Restoration Initiative, and the and other unproductive parcels on a site Coastal Habitats Long Island Sound CMP Interagency by site basis. Habitat Restoration Workgroup on Many habitats that are vital to the environmental restoration issues were The Brownfield Opportunity survival of New York’s coastal fish and maintained. Areas Program is being administered wildlife resources exist along New by the Departments of State and York’s 3,200 mile shoreline. To protect Actions: Environmental Conservation. This pro- these important natural areas, DOS, in •• Continue to update the Significant gram blends the Department of State’s cooperation with DEC, has designated Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat expertise in working in partnership with 245 Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife narratives and maps for the Hudson communities across New York State on Habitats (SCFWHs) across the State. The River and the Great Lakes. a variety of community based plan- designations are designed to protect •• Provide technical assistance and ning projects with the Department of and offer guidance on management ac- other information on designated Environmental Conservation’s expertise tivities within the habitats with impor- SCFWHs and on habitat restora- in investigating and cleaning up sites. tant natural resource values, including tion and planning to municipalities, recreational fishing and other passive state and federal agencies, and The BOA program enables communi- natural resource-related activities. others. ties to: •• Continue participate in the regional •• Establish a revitalization plan and DOS works with other state and planning and implementation implementation strategy to foster federal agencies, local governments, activities of the Sea Grant Program desirable development with an em- 153 Statewide Programs phasis on strategic brownfield sites vironmental Conservation and State Council is responsible for developing that are catalysts for revitalization. University of New York, launched recommendations on how to integrate •• Foster the clean-up and reuse of the Community Seminar Series. ecosystem-based management with brownfield sites through planning This series provides training to the programs, institutions and activi- and site assessments at strategic grantees to enhance: understand- ties which affect our ocean and coastal brownfield sites. ing of brownfield redevelopment ecosystems. DEC is chair and DOS is •• More quickly fulfill community and community revitalization; local staff to the Council, which also has the development needs for new uses capacity to administer and manage following member agencies: OPRHP, and businesses. grants; and timely completion of Department of Agriculture and Markets, •• Increase predictability for investors planning and site assessment report Department of Economic Development, regarding the timing and costs for products. Since the series started OGS, DOT, NYSERDA, and SUNY. development projects. in 2006, 28 modules covering 10 •• Identify opportunities to improve topics were conducted. Additional As described in Chapter 4, ecosys- environmental quality through a training modules, focusing primar- tem-based management is an adaptive variety of implementation projects. ily on plan implementation, will be approach to managing human activities •• Enlist state agencies as partners to offered in 2009. to ensure the coexistence of healthy, address a variety of issues related •• As a result of the brownfield reform fully functioning ecosystems and human to economic development, improv- law of 2008, cleanup and redevel- communities. The Ocean and Great ing environmental quality, and opment projects in BOA study areas Lakes Ecosystem Conservation Act calls community revitalization. that are undertaken through the for the integration and coordination of Brownfield Cleanup Program will EBM with existing laws and programs Goals: now receive an additional boost of and to develop guidelines for Agency two percent in tangible property tax programs and activities that advance Complete revitalization plans to credits, provided the redevelopment ecosystem- based management. Coastal improve and revitalize areas affected is consistent with the goals and ecosystems are critical to NYS envi- by brownfields and other underutilized priorities of the designated BOA. ronmental and economic security, and sites by stimulating public sector and are integral to the states high quality private sector investment. Actions: of life, culture and recreation. Coastal Accomplishments: •• Assist program grantees by provid- ecosystems are necessary to support the ing timely technical assistance to state’s human and wildlife populations. •• In March 2005, funding was guide the preparation and comple- announced for 53 projects, total- tion of their BOA Program funded As outlined in the Act, governance ing $7.6 million. Many of these plans. of New York’s ecosystems shall be projects are progressing or near- •• Enlist local, state, and federal agen- guided by the following principles: 1) ing completion of Pre-Nomination cies and private-sector interests in ensure that activities in and uses of or Nomination reports. In March the planning process so they have a coastal resources are sustainable so 2008, funding was announced for clear understanding of the chal- that ecological health and integrity is an additional 50 projects, totaling lenges, opportunities, and imple- maintained, 2) increase understanding $7.2 million. Many grantees are mentation needs associated with of coastal systems, 3) inform decisions starting their projects. revitalizing affected areas. based on good science that recognizes •• Starting in October 2008, the ecosystems and the interconnections Department of State now accepts Oceans and Great among land, air and water, 4) ensure applications through an open Lakes that caution is applied when risks are enrollment process. This enables uncertain, and 5) involve broad public applicants to submit applications The New York Ocean and Great Lakes participation in planning and decision for new, or to advance existing, Ecosystem Conservation Act (Article 14 making. Ecosystem-based management projects at anytime during the year. of the NYS ECL) was enacted in 2006 to can ensure healthy, productive and With open enrollment, applicants establish policy and principles to guide resilient ecosystems which deliver the are encouraged to contact the management of the State’s ocean and resources people want and need. Department of State for pre-appli- coastal ecosystems. The Act creates cation meetings. a New York Ocean and Great Lakes The following six components are •• Ecosystem Conservation Council made being used to apply EBM in NYS: 1) •• The Department of State, in part- up of the nine agencies responsible place based focus; 2) scientific founda- nership with the Department of En- for managing human activities. The tion for decision making; 3) measurable 154 Statewide Programs objectives to direct and evaluate perfor- Actions: requires that each Federal agency mance; 4) adaptive management to re- activity within or outside the coastal spond to new knowledge; 5) recognition The Act requires the Council to take zone that affects any land or water of interconnections within and amongst the following Actions: use or natural resource of the coastal ecosystems; and; 6) involvement of zone shall be carried out in a manner •• Prepare a report to the Governor stakeholders to advance EBM. which is consistent to the maximum and Legislature by November 2008 extent practicable with the enforceable which includes the following: Under the Act, every Council member policies of approved State management •• Demonstrate improvements agency is required to provide an imple- programs. mentation report on its EBM related that can be accomplished in activities and to report on current and eastern Lake Ontario and Long Consistency review is the deci- recommended programmatic contribu- Island Great South Bay through sion-making process through which tions to EBM in NYS. ecosystem-based management; proposed actions and activities are •• Define executive and legis- determined to be consistent or incon- Goals: lative actions necessary to sistent with the coastal policies of the integrate ecosystem-based New York State Coastal Management Integrate ecosystem-based manage- management with existing pro- Program or approved LWRPs. This ment with the programs, institutions grams needed to advance the process includes and affects federal and activities which affect coastal coastal ecosystem principles; agencies, the Department of State and ecosystems and their watersheds. •• Include a plan, schedule, and its Division of Coastal Resources as the funding opportunities for imple- State’s designated coastal manage- Accomplishments: mentation of executive actions ment agency, other State agencies, and necessary to advance the policy municipalities with approved LWRPs. Completed draft framework and rec- and principles of ecosystem- ommendations to advance ecosystem- based management; Unlike traditional permit or certifica- based management. •• Create an ocean and coastal re- tion programs, the Division does not sources atlas to make informa- issue or deny a permit or certification. Completing plans and implementation available to the public and The Division instead reviews activities tion projects for the Long Island’s Great decision makers; being considered by agencies in the South Bay and Eastern Lake Ontario •• Establish a research agenda coastal area, and determines whether EBM demonstration areas. that identifies priority issues the activity is consistent or inconsistent in need of further research with the coastal policies of the State. If Completed five public dialogues to enhance ecosystem-based an activity is determined to be con- around the State to introduce ecosys- management; sistent with State coastal policies, the tem-based management concepts and •• Recommend actions to pre- federal agency involved can proceed distributed an outreach summary report. serve, restore and protect to authorize or undertake the action submerged aquatic vegetation guided by DOS’s decision. If an activ- Completed a catalogue of more than populations and meadows; and ity is determined to be inconsistent 800 existing digital data sets and identi- •• Identify opportunities for with State coastal policies, the federal fied data gaps that must be filled to regional ecosystem-based agency is not allowed to proceed to support ecosystem-based management management with neighboring authorize or undertake the action. processes. states and the federal government. State agencies are also required Created a web-based interactive Coastal and Inland to follow certain consistency review mapping tool and data portal, the New procedures for direct or funding ac- York Oceans and Great Lakes Atlas, Consistency tions and for any action, including for use by state and local government, permits, for which they are an involved partners and the public. Following passage of the Coastal or lead agency pursuant to the State Zone Management Act (CZMA), Environmental Quality Review Act and Completed development of a state- New York State developed a Coastal for which an Environmental Impact wide research agenda as called for in Management Program (CMP) and Statement may be necessary. This re- the Act. enacted implementing legislation quirement applies in the State’s coastal (Waterfront Revitalization and Coastal zone and in any inland communities Resources Act) in 1981. The CZMA with an approved LWRP. 155 Statewide Programs Goals: land uses and capital projects to reduce Bronx River; Black Creek; Oatka Creek; point and non-point source pollution, Ausable River; and Honeyoe Lake. Since Ensure that all actions by state and protect or restore water quality, 1994, $26 million has been invested and federal agencies are consistent with tributary corridors and aquatic habitats. in these areas from the EPF LWRP, the State coastal policies. Because watersheds generally include Clean Water/Clean Air Bond Act, and land within more than one municipal the Great Lakes Coastal Watershed Accomplishments: jurisdiction, watershed protection Restoration Program funding managed requires the preparation of cooperative, by the Division. Between 2004 and 2006 the Division intermunicipal plans. of Coastal Resources reviewed over In cooperation with DEC - Division of 3000 applications for federal agency Watershed management plans Water, the Division of Coastal Resources authorizations, direct federal agency include: a characterization of the prepared a multi-media informational activities, and proposed federal fund- watershed; identification of pollution package to help communities pre- ing. Of these activities, nearly 500 were sources, sources of water quality impair- pare watershed management plans. modified, withdrawn or rejected based ment, and potential threats to water The package, entitled “Watershed on the review of their consistency with quality; and identification of manage- Plans: Protecting and Restoring Water the State’s coastal policies. ment strategies and techniques for the Quality,” includes a video, guidebook protection and restoration of water and website content. Actions: quality. Watershed management plans also include community education and Actions: •• Continue to review all actions outreach on water quality and water- subject to federal consistency provi- •• Provide technical assistance and shed protection issues. sions. funding through the EPF LWRP to promote new watershed plans •• Improve state agency utilization of Watershed management is a key and to advance implementation of state coastal policies in evaluating strategy in protecting and restoring existing watershed plans. potential impacts of their activities New York’s coastal waters and in revi- on coastal resources and uses. talizing the communities within each NYS Department of Watershed Manage- watershed. Watershed management State Division of offers opportunities to improve stew- ment Plans ardship of water related resources, such Coastal Resources - as by concentrating development where Regional Initiatives New York’s Coastal Nonpoint intensity is most appropriate, avoiding Pollution Control Program was jointly more sensitive areas, and instituting prepared by the Departments of State Great Lakes practices which reduce the impacts of and Environmental Conservation existing pollution. The Division of Coastal Resources is and approved by NOAA and EPA in working in the Great Lakes region to re- December 2006 pursuant to the Coastal Goals: vitalize communities with post-industri- Zone Management Reauthorization al legacies – by strengthening existing Amendments (CZARA, Section 6217). Promote the development of water- community centers, reclaiming brown- The Coastal Nonpoint Program imple- shed management plans for coastal and fields, and expanding public access. The ments a set of management measures inland waterways. Division is working with 31 communi- to protect and restore coastal water ties within the region through the LWRP quality. New York’s Coastal Nonpoint Accomplishments: process; 27 of those communities have Pollution Control Program boundary an approved LWRP. Communities in the includes all lands draining to the State’s Across New York State there are region continue to revitalize their wa- coastal waters and encompasses over 240 communities, covering 5,000 terfronts by implementing public access 60 percent of the State. square miles of watershed, that have improvements - as described in their prepared or are working on intermu- Watershed management plans are an LWRPs - providing new public access nicipal watershed plans, including: important means of implementing the points, trails, and visitor-interpretation Lake George; Hempstead Harbor; State’s Coastal Nonpoint Program. A centers. Manhasset Bay; Conesus Lake; Cayuga watershed management plan is a com- Lake; Canandaigua Lake; Brown’s River prehensive plan to protect and restore and Green’s Creek; Wappinger Creek; specific waterbodies and their water- Chautauqua Lake; Lake Montauk; sheds by identifying and prioritizing 156 Statewide Programs Lake Champlain use, revitalization, and protection of communities prepare community-based their waterfront resources. As part of plans and projects that enhance public DOS works with Lake Champlain this effort, DOS has assisted 10 commu- access opportunities, promote water- communities to improve public access nities to advance redevelopment plans based recreation, create a sustainable to the waterfront in order to enhance in urban areas with vacant and aban- tourism-based economy, protecting water-based recreation and tourism. doned waterfronts. and improving water quality, and An important component of waterfront guide growth to traditional community revitalization efforts involves link- Upper Hudson River centers. ing enhanced waterfront facilities to downtowns and Main Streets in order In addition to work in the Hudson Division of Coastal Resources proj- to strengthen the local economy. River Estuary, the DOS works with ects in the Adirondack and Catskill re- waterfront communities in the non-tidal gions include: and intermunicipal effort DOS’s Lake Champlain initiatives portion of the Hudson River through by the towns of Clifton and Fine, in co- have also promoted regional coopera- the Inland Waterways program. DOS operation with the Wildlife Conservation tion among the waterfront communi- projects in the Upper Hudson River Society’s Adirondack Communities and ties. The Department sponsored the focus on enhancing waterfront access Conservation Program, to undertake development of a regional waterfront for recreation and creating sustainable, a community visioning process and revitalization program for the Lake tourism-based economic and commu- develop a strategy for the protection Champlain shoreline of communities nity development opportunities for the and revitalization of the Oswegatchie within Essex and Clinton counties. The region. River and Cranberry Lake; and an inter- program identified priority projects and municipal revitalization strategy for the actions needed to foster hamlet revital- An important regional effort in Route 28 corridor along the Black River, ization, improve waterfront access op- the Upper Hudson River is the First Fulton Chain of Lakes, and Moose River portunities, and strengthen the region’s Wilderness Heritage Corridor, an waterfronts in the towns of Forestport, resource-based tourism economy. The intermunicipal effort for revitalizing the Webb and Inlet. regional plan led to the implementa- northern Hudson River corridor and the tion of many waterfront revitalization adjacent former Adirondack Branch of New York State Canal projects including: access improve- the D&H Railroad within the towns of System ments and downtown linkages in Port Corinth, Hadley, Lake Luzerne, Stony Henry; construction of a scenic pier and Creek, Thurman, Warrensburg, Chester, The DOS’s Division of Coastal walkway in Rouses Point; and redevel- and Johnsburg in Saratoga and Warren Resources has enjoyed an excellent opment of the former Canadian Pacific counties. The strategy recommends partnership with local governments rail yard in Plattsburgh into a mixed-use identified locations which provide ac- along the New York State Canal development and waterfront park. cess points to the Hudson River, linkag- System for nearly twenty years through es from the rail line to the Hudson River the Local Waterfront Revitalization Hudson River Estuary shoreline, and promotion of a unifying Program and the Canal Recreationway tourism and economic revitalization ap- Committee. Along the 524-mile canal Through its Local Waterfront proach along the entire corridor. system, currently over 90 municipali- Revitalization Program and ties have completed, or are preparing, Environmental Protection Fund grant Adirondack and LWRPs with many being multi-jurisdic- program, the DOS works in collabora- Catskill Parks tional efforts. tion with local governments, regional organizations, businesses, community The Division of Coastal Resources In addition to working in partnership organizations, and citizens to improve works with communities in the with municipalities to prepare LWRPs, their waterfronts - while advancing eco- Adirondack and Catskill Parks through substantial resources have also been nomic development opportunities and the Inland Waterways Program committed for implementation. Grants protecting natural coastal resources. and grants from the Environmental from the Environmental Protection Protection Fund Local Waterfront Fund Local Waterfront Revitalization DOS is working with 38 communities Revitalization Program to promote Program have been awarded to NYS in the Hudson River Estuary to prepare community revitalization and re- Canal System communities for a variety and implement LWRPs and other plan- source protection. The Division helps of projects to implement the Canal ning initiatives that guide the beneficial Revitalization Program by increasing local capacity through the establishment

157 Statewide Programs of a clear vision, as well as constructing Long Island Marine local governments, and land conserva- boater and public access facilities. tion groups are addressing land acquisi- District tion, habitat protection and expanded public access in selected shoreline Lake George Long Island’s marine district is one of areas through the Long Island Sound New York’s great treasures. The public’s Stewardship Initiative. On Long Island’s In 2001, the DOS’s Division of use and enjoyment of the marine dis- East End, as part of the Peconic Estuary Coastal Resources created the Lake trict depends upon its ability to access Program, these same partners are mov- George Watershed Conference to Long Island’s bays and harbors, its tribu- ing aggressively to acquire remaining prepare a long term plan to protect taries and shore lands, and the quality open space for its many values to the the lake water quality. The Secretary of the natural and cultural resources it public: opportunities for public access of State chairs the Conference and its finds there. activities are largely financed through and recreation, aesthetic qualities that Environmental Protection Fund grants, The supply of formal, dedicated benefit tourism and quality of life; and funds appropriated annually by each shoreline public access and recreation the preservation and buffering of envi- watershed municipality, and in-kind/ sites throughout the marine district ronmentally sensitive lands with high volunteer services and materials from is finite, and opportunities to add to natural resource values. member organizations. The Conference this supply become fewer as private includes all nine municipalities and shoreline development grows. Safety New York City three counties around the lake, five concerns, parking deficiencies, fiscal state agencies, and nine nonprofit constraints and residency requirements With its 578 miles of waterfront, organizations involved in protecting the limit the potential use of many access New York City has about 17% of the lake. A project manager coordinates and recreation facilities. Informal ac- state’s total coastline, and 38% of the Conference activities. The Conference is cess opportunities are often lost when total coastal population. New York a positive organization for assuring that non-water-dependent uses displace City has long been a partner with the local governments, non-governmental water-dependent uses. All this occurs Division of Coastal Resources - the orig- organizations, and state agencies work as populations grows, and demand inal New York City LWRP was approved in partnership to address complex lake for public access and recreation in the with the State’s Coastal Management issues in a coordinated manner. marine district increases. Program in September, 1982, and was updated in the early 90’s by comple- The Conference water quality New York State and its federal, tion of a Comprehensive Waterfront plan, “Lake George - Planning for the regional and local partners continue to Plan (1992) and companion Borough Future,” established a consensus on move forward to improve public access Waterfront Plans (1993-1994). The priority projects and actions needed and recreation in Long Island’s marine comprehensive plan was incorporated to protect and improve the lake’s district through coordinated implemen- into city policy through new waterfront water quality. Following completion tation of regional plans and programs. zoning text and in revisions to the of the plan in 2001, a Memorandum On Long Island’s south shore, South original LWRP. of Agreement was drafted by the Shore Estuary Reserve Council members Division and signed by all Conference continue their efforts to promote and Approved in 2002, the New members to continue this successful expand public use and understanding of Waterfront Revitalization Program collaborative effort and to focus on its the many south shore estuarine bays by (WRP) is now the city’s principal coastal implementation. Over the past year, creating new public access and recre- zone management tool. The intensity the Watershed Conference completed ation opportunities and expanding fa- of development in New York City, and the “Implementation Status and Future cilities at existing sites. A new regional the limited land area available made Priorities Report,” which describes initiative - the Long Island South Shore it critical to identify appropriate ar- progress made by Conference members Bayway - is providing a framework for eas for water-dependent activities as to implement the recommendation set the interpretation and promotion of the well as natural areas needing protec- forth in the plan, and identifies specific unique natural and cultural resources tion. Towards this end, the New WRP priority actions to guide the Conference that define the region’s rich maritime identifies both Significant Maritime and over the next three years. heritage. Industrial Areas (SMIA) and Sensitive Natural Waterfront Areas (SNWA). Through the Long Island Coastal Management Program and the Long The SMIAs include: South Bronx, Island Sound Study, creative partner- Newtown Creek, Brooklyn Navy Yard, ships between the state, federal and Red Hook, Sunset Park, and the north 158 Statewide Programs shore of Staten Island. Waterfront areas, communities have an opportunity activity which furthers the industrial to develop a vision for their neighbor- or maritime character of these areas hood waterfront. The Division would be consistent with the WRP provides funding for a wide variety of policies. The SMIAs were determined by neighborhood visioning and planning identifying concentrations of existing processes, ranging from West Harlem/ water-dependent uses and areas where Riverside Park North, the Harlem River the physical capacity of the lands, water, and Highbridge Parks, Astoria and and infrastructure, and zoning accom- Long Island City, and the Borough wide modated these uses. A key Division Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway. priority is to maintain and improve the capabilities of the SMIAs, thereby supporting and preserving New York’s historic and lucrative port economy. The Division recently provided financial support to the New York City Economic Development Corporation to update and expand the scope of the Maritime Support Services Study; upon which key land use and redevelopment decisions are being made.

The SWNAs are: East River-Long Island Sound, Jamaica Bay, and Northwest Staten Island-Harbor Herons. In these areas, resource protection policies are of heightened importance, and management plans prepared for these areas must highlight resource restoration and enhancement opportunities. A key area of focus for the Division has been assessing and planning for resource protection and appropriate development in Northwest Staten Island, where the concentration of creek, wetland and woodland resources, including many rare plants and natural communities, is continually encroached. The Division has provided technical assistance and more than $1.5 million in grant support towards planning and design of an innovative redevelopment of the former Fresh Kills landfill. This landscape-scale project balances public access and education, economic development, and natural resource restoration.

The Division is also active in promoting public access and use of New York City’s waterfronts and waterways. As the City’s waterfronts transition from manufacturing and industrial space to residential, commercial and public 159 Statewide Programs through such popular Federal programs to the Seaway Trail at Hamlin Beach Depart- as the Transportation Enhancements, State Park. State Bicycle Route 20, Scenic Byways and the new Safe Routes which extends 80 miles from Penn- to School which encourage residents of sylvania’s state bicycle route “Z” ment of all ages and abilities to walk and bicycle near Erie PA. northward to Lockport and to be active and healthy. NY (State Bicycle Route 5). State Transporta- Bicycle Route 25 which extends 75 Accomplishments miles between Nassau County, and tion Orient Point. Between 2003 and 2007, the Bicycle These new bicycle routes will fur- and Pedestrian Program has successfully ther supplement and enhance New Bike and Pe- implemented several major program York’s current network of bicycle initiatives. These accomplishments routes 5, 9 & 17 by creating a grid destrian Pro- included: of state bicycle routes, thereby •• Signing of five new on-road bicycle making it easier for cyclists to gram routes across the State: (Figure 7.6): travel east – west or north – south - The NYS DOT, in partnership with around New York State. These new The New York State Bicycle and local and county governments has bicycle routes will also provide a Pedestrian program was established in signed an additional 670 miles of direct connection to Pennsylvania’s 1991, with the passage by Congress of new state bicycle routes. State and Quebec’s network of signed the Intermodal Surface Transportation Bicycle Route 11 will extend 320 on-road bicycle routes. Efficiency Act (ISTEA), which recog- miles between Binghamton and nized the increasingly important role of Rouses Point connecting with New York State by virtue of its key bicycling and walking in creating a bal- Pennsylvania’s state bicycle route geographical position, serves as a anced, intermodal transportation sys- “L”, and Velo Quebec bicycle gateway for thousands of cyclists tem. Subsequent federal transportation network in the Province of Quebec. traveling between New England bills including the 2001 Transportation State Bicycle Route 14, extending and eastern Canada to points west, Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA- 95 miles from Pennsylvania state and vice versa. Recent bicycle 21), and the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, bicycle route “G” northward to the tourism surveys have found New Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Seaway Trail in Sodus NY. State York to be a popular destination for Legacy for Users (SAFTEA-LU) have all Bicycle Route 19 which extends 100 cycle tourism based on its varied reaffirmed the importance of promot- miles from the Village of Wellsville terrain, mild climate, rich history ing and facilitating the increased use (State Bicycle Route 17) northward and extensive highway system. of non-motorized transportation modes to the nation’s and New York’s overall health, economy and transportation choices.

It is the goal of the NYS DOT to continue to encourage bicycling and walking as safe, healthy, efficient and cost effective modes of transportation. Towards this goal, the Department will continue to promote a seamless intermodal transportation network that will include expanded bicycle and pedestrian facilities which target both the transportation and recreational needs of the residents of New York State. This will be achieved through the routine inclusion of sidewalks, crossings, bicycle lanes and wide shoulder in most highway construction projects, and Figure 7.6 - State Bicycle Routes 160 Statewide Programs Economic studies conducted by Committee (GBNRTC) Bicycle transformation as rapid growth several other states have demon- Map, Binghamton Metropolitan and urban sprawl has caused strated that the economic impact Transportation Study (BMTS) Bicycle new schools to be constructed in of bicycle tourists is significant. A Map, the Adirondack Glens Falls former rural sites, replacing the conservative estimate of the annual Transportation Committee (AGFTC) traditional neighborhood school economic impact of bicycle tour- Bicycle Map and Parks and Trails to which almost everyone walked. ism to New York State is $300 M New York’s “Cycling the Erie Canal These new sites often lack the most per year in direct purchases made Guidebook” in hard copy and basic pedestrian infrastructure at restaurants, bed and breakfasts, online at www.ptny.org/bikecanal/ connecting them to their adjoining bicycle shop and other retail busi- index.shtml. communities. nesses located along Main Street. •• Safe Routes to School: With the It is estimated there are another The Safe Routes to School program signing of the SAFETEA-LU legisla- $700 M per year in indirect benefits through improvements to the tion in August 2005, a total of $612 to the State’s environment, trans- infrastructure surrounding school M was authorized by Congress portation network, and improved and safety education campaigns for the creation of a national Safe health and fitness of its residents. will once again make it possible Routes to School (SRTS) program. The signing of these additional bi- for children to get back on their New York’s share of this new cycle routes only furthers enhances feet, and walk or bicycle to school. program was $32 Million based on New York’s reputation as a bicycle By bringing together such non- the pro rata share of children K-8 tourism destination, and promotes traditional partners as parents, in New York State versus the entire a greater acceptance of bicycling teachers, neighborhood groups, law nation. The purpose for which the as a permitted user of the state’s enforcement, and traffic engi- SRTS Program was created: highway network. neers it creates the nexus to make •• To enable and encourage streets safer for children of all ages. •• Mapping Initiative for State Bicycle children, including those with Communities which promote safer Routes 11, 14, 19, 20 & 25: With disabilities, to walk and bicycle more pedestrian friendly streets the recent signing of these new to school; have marked reductions in traffic state bicycle routes the New York •• To make bicycling and walking congestion, collisions and a higher State Department of Transporta- to school a safer and more ap- overall quality of life for all its resi- tion will be developed new bicycle pealing transportation alterna- dents. The ability to walk benefits routes maps to for the benefit tive, thereby encouraging a people of all ages and abilities, as and convenience of cyclists, both healthy and active lifestyle from it promotes healthier living, greater bicycling within, or passing through an early age; and independence and a much stronger New York State. The maps will •• To facilitate the planning, de- sense of community. contain information on points of in- velopment, and implementation terest, elevation profile, and insets of projects and activities that •• Pedestrian Facility Design Train- to help cyclists navigate through will improve safety and reduce ing. The NYS DOT’s Bicycle and urban centers. It is anticipated the traffic, fuel consumption, and Pedestrian Program in partnership maps should be available to the air pollution in the vicinity of with New York State Metropolitan public by Fall 2008. The NYS DOT schools. Planning Organizations (MPOs) and has also updated its Hudson Valley Federal Highway Administration Studies have show that only 30 Bikeway and Trailway map, and (FHWA) are providing Pedestrian years ago the majority of children will publish its new Guide to Long Facility Design Training, and Pedes- K-8 walked or bicycled to school on Island Bikeways maps in Summer trian Road Safety Audits to com- a daily basis. Since then, this num- 2008. munities based upon need. This ber has continued to decline, with training will initially be offered to Other bicycle maps which are today an estimated 85% of all trips transportation engineers, and then periodically updated include: to school being made by bus or to local communities, upon request. The Capital District Regional personal automobile. The result is This training is aimed at enhancing Bike – Hike Map, Herkimer and children K-8 have become increas- the awareness and dialog among Oneida Counties 2007 Bicycling ingly sedentary, with approximately elected officials, advocates and Atlas, Syracuse Metropolitan 20% of all children being listed as private citizens of the physical Transportation Committee (SMTC) obese – up from only 5% 30 years and psychological barriers which Bicycle Map, Greater Buffalo ago. In addition, many communi- prevent pedestrians from walking Niagara Regional Transportation ties have undergone a dramatic 161 Statewide Programs and exercising daily. The objective •• The Walk Our Children to School “the combination of mainly physi- of the program is to demonstrate (WOCS) event. Since 1998, the cal measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, to communities that they do have DOT’s Bicycle and Pedestrian alter driver behavior and improve a role in making their communities program has been actively involved conditions for non-motorized safer more pedestrian friendly. Also in promoting child safety through street users.” discussed will be the importance of the annual WOCS event. This event While the concept of traffic calming every community’s need to com- principally targets elementary is not new, there is new inter- plying with Americans with Dis- school aged children; those most est by communities statewide abilities Act Accessibility Guidelines at risk for injury walking to and in applying these techniques in (ADAAG) and the importance of an from their homes to neighborhood combination, and improving the ADA Transition Plan. schools and transit stops. The compatibility among all highway •• Complete Streets Movement: The goals of the program are to reduce users. Combining techniques is complete streets movement seeks the number of pedestrian injuries especially effective in neighborhood to redesign our urban highways to among school children by teaching traffic calming, which applies to accommodate all potential users. them safe walking skills and how residential neighborhoods, and on Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists to identify safe routes to school, shopping or entertainment oriented and transit riders of all ages and awareness of how walkable their streets, and in some cases main abilities must all be able to safely community is and where improve- streets of our villages, and hamlets, move along and across an urban ments can be made, and the health and school zones. Examples of street. A recent national survey benefits of physical activity through objectives that may be achieved by found 52 percent of Americans walking. This program helps to traffic calming measures include: want to bicycle more and 55 per- build the foundation of knowledge cent would prefer to drive less and and skills which every child needs •• Improved safety and conve- walk more. However, many streets to be a safe pedestrian through- nience for road users, including where people bicycle or walk are out their lives. DOT’s Bicycle and residents, motorists, bicyclists, incomplete, meaning they lack Pedestrian Program is partnering pedestrians, transit riders, and even the most basic infrastructure with the New York State Depart- people with disabilities. necessary to encourage bicycling ment of Health Governor’s Traffic •• Reduce number and /or severity and walking. Federal guidance Safety Committee, and numerous of accidents. requires each state or local munici- county traffic safety boards, and •• Reduce noise and air pollution. pality receiving federal funds that health departments to continually •• Enhance street appearance. “bicycling and walking facilities will expand this program. Since 1998, •• Reduce the speeds of motor be incorporated into all transporta- the WOCS program has been held vehicles. tion projects unless exceptional in over 900 schools statewide and •• Reduce the need for police circumstances exist.” The complete reached over 200,000 students enforcement. streets movement requests all K – 6. •• Achieve an overall improve- transportation agencies to institute •• Traffic Calming: Traffic calming has ment of the community’s qual- a new policy that ensures all users long been recognized by the trans- ity of life. are routinely considered whenever portation profession as a proven DOT, through its Bicycle and a roadway is improved. By rede- engineering countermeasure for Pedestrian Program, has developed signing our streets for all users, reducing pedestrian and motor a 2-day training course on the prop- it reduces crashes through safety vehicle crashes and injuries, vehicle er design and application of traffic improvements, while promoting the speeds, and traffic volumes, while calming measures. Communities number and portion of people bicy- improving the overall walkable interested in a Traffic Calming cling and walking. Complete streets environment of a community. The course should contact the NYS DOT can also help ease transportation term “traffic calming” is broadly Bicycle and Pedestrian Program at congestion by providing alternative defined throughout the United (518) 457-8307. travel choices which improves the States and the world. The Insti- overall capacity of the transporta- tute of Transportation Engineers, •• Maps for New York State Bicycle tion network. an international educational and Routes 5, 9, & 17: The DOT, through scientific association of transporta- its Bicycle and Pedestrian Program, Some on-going initiatives which the tion professionals, defines traffic has developed bicycle maps for its NYS DOT Bicycle and Pedestrian pro- calming as follows: State Bicycle Routes (SBR) 5, 9 & gram has continued to promote are: 17. 162 Statewide Programs The Program also maintains an Act of 1991 (ISTEA), and continued routes, beautification and other invest- inventory of bicycle maps from in the Transportation Equity Act for ments that increase recreation, acces- other regions of the state includ- the 21st Century (TEA-21) and the sibility, and safety for everyone beyond ing: Binghamton, Buffalo, Capital Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient traditional highway programs. District, Finger Lakes, Glens Falls, Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Hudson Valley, Long Island, New Users (SAFETEA-LU). Since the start of the program in York City, Rochester, Syracuse, and 1994, the New York State Department Utica. Through the Transportation of Transportation through its Enhancement Program, Congress Transportation Enhancement Program For additional information about provided innovative opportunities to has made funds available to communi- or obtaining these maps, please improve the transportation system ties in New York (Table 7.4). contact the NYS DOT Bicycle and through the implementation of a spe- Pedestrian Program at: https:// cific list of activities intended to benefit For additional information about www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/ the traveling public, increase trans- this program, to request an application portal/divisions/operating/opdm/ portation choices and access, enhance or receive a guidebook, please contact local-programs-bureau/biking or by the built and natural environment, and your NYSDOT regional office, your local telephone at (518) 457-8307. provide a sense of place. Transportation Metropolitan Planning Organization •• Stand-alone bicycle and pedestrian enhancement activities offer com- (MPO), or visit us on the web at: projects: Between 2000 – 2007, munities funding opportunities to help https://www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/ the NYS DOT has completed 24 expand transportation choices such as portal/programs/tep stand-alone projects pertaining to bicycle and pedestrian facilities, scenic Table 7.3 - NYS DOT Stand-Alone Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects 2000-2007 Parkways and Bikeways Number of Description Total Cost Projects DOT maintains the 20 parkways ad- American with Disabilities Act (ADA) Curb 5 $1.03 M ministered by OPRHP. This includes the Contracts parkways on Long Island and parallel- New Shared – Use Pathways or 6 $26.1 M ing the Niagara River and Lake Ontario. Improvements Some of the parkway segments were New Sidewalk Construction or 12 $11.70 M never completed and now significant Improvements linear open spaces exist within urban Traffic Calming Project 1 $2.68 M and suburban areas. The parkways Total 24 $41.51 M provide the opportunity to develop

improved bicycle and pedestrian Table 7.4 - Transportation Enhancement Program 1994 to Present safety, access and mobility, as well Project Categories #1 and #8 as promoting improved accesses for individuals with physical disabilities Category # of Total Federal Total Local Total Project (Table 7.3). Projects Projects Costs Share Cost Cost Category #1 Provisions of Transporta- Facilities for 243 $161,848,663 $73,856,681 $235,705,344 Pedestrians and tion Enhance- Bicyclists Category #8 ment Pro- Preservation of Abandon 62 $32,262,710 $13,734,763 $45,997,473 gram Railroad Corridors The Transportation Enhancement Category #1 and 3 $2,020,782 $550,196 $2,570,978 Program (TEP) was created in the Others Intermodal Surface Transportation Grand Total 308 $196,132,155 $88,141,640 $284,273,795 163 Statewide Programs hiking, biking and equestrian trails such discretionary funds with total project projects that interpret and manage as along the Niagara, Wantagh and values over $20 million since the incep- the intrinsic qualities of the State’s Bethpage Parkways. Bikeways are be- tion of the program fifteen years ago. many Scenic Byways; promote tourism, ing planned for the Palisades, Bethpage, recreation and economic development; Ocean and Lake Ontario Parkways. Scenic Byway Funding: Just in the and provide physical improvements to past five years, NYSDOT’s Scenic Byways existing State Scenic Byways. Program has successfully funded 67 Scenic By- Scenic Byway projects valued in excess Scenic Byway Designations: Several of $7.5 million. The primary purpose new State scenic byways have been ways Pro- of each of these projects is either to designated by the New York Scenic provide for safety improvements; byway Byways Advisory Board in the past five gram facilities such as visitor centers and years. These include: The North Fork comfort stations; improved or new Trail on Long Island, the Cayuga Lake Since 1992, the New York State access to recreation; intrinsic resource Scenic Byway in Central New York, Scenic Byways Program, managed (scenic, recreation, natural, cultural, the Southern Adirondack Trail, the by the Department’s Environmental and historical) protection; interpretive Mohawk Towpath Byway in the Capital Analysis Bureau has revitalized indi- information and signage; or visitor and District, U.S. Route 20 from Duanesburg vidual and community interest in the tourism marketing. to Lafayette, and the Shawangunk State’s scenic, natural, recreational, Mountains Scenic Byway in the Hudson Scenic Byway Projects: Specific cultural and historic resources. Since its River Valley Region. In addition, New funded project examples include: the inception, the Scenic Byways Program York State received its third National Route 90 Scenic Byway Information and has facilitated partnerships among Scenic Byway designation with the Interpretation Center; “Old Saratoga” State agencies and local and county designation of the Mohawk Towpath at Network of Interpretive Parks; Seaway organizations, private citizens, business the national level in 2005. The Mohawk Trail Bicycle Map; North Fork Trail Byway owners, and not‑for‑profit organizations. Towpath joins the Great Lakes Seaway Resource Protection; Hudson Crossing The Program fosters extensive public Trail and Lakes to Locks Passage as New Interpretive Park and Environmental involvement and encourages local com- York’s premiere byways. Education Center; Route 73 Vegetation munities to manage these resources Conservation and Rehabilitation Scenic Byway Corridor Management and to enhance tourism and recreation. Program; Restoration and Improvements Plans: An approved community pro- The following vision has been devel- to the Lake Champlain Visitors Center gressed Corridor Management Plan oped and reaffirmed by the New York (Bridge Toll Collector’s Residence) at (CMP) is required for the nomination State Scenic Byways Advisory Board: the Champlain Bridge; French and and designation of New York State Indian War 250th Commemoration Scenic Byways. CMPs provide for the New York State is recognized Interpretation; Elizabethtown Waypoint conservation and enhancement of the nationally and internationally for its Visitor Center; multiple Invasive Plant byway’s intrinsic resources as well outstanding network of designated Projects and Community Outreach as promote recreation, tourism and scenic byways that provide inter- in the Adirondack North Country; economic development. In addition to modal access to unique and signifi- Chesterfield Tourist Interpretive Center, CMPs prepared for the most recently cant scenic, natural, recreational, Champlain Pedestrian and Bike Trail; designated byways, CMPs have been cultural, historical and archaeologi- Southern Adirondack Trail Greenway initiated, progressed, or completed for cal resources. Local and statewide Reconnaissance; Slate Valley Waypoint the following legislated State Scenic scenic byways management efforts Interpretive Center; multiple Birding Byways: multiple byways in the promote tourism, stimulate eco- Maps and Interpretive Signage Projects; nomic development and conserve Pedestrian and Bicycle Trail Linking resources to sustain the quality of Waterford Harbor to Lock 2; Great the communities and associated Lakes Maritime Heritage Map, Mohawk resources. Towpath Information Kiosk, and the Shawangunk Mountains Regional Open Following the recommendations Space Preservation Plan. of the New York State Scenic Byways Advisory Board, the Department These funds, passed on to commu- has successfully competed for an- nities and other organizations across nual National Scenic Byway Program the State to carry out locally initiated 164 Statewide Programs Adirondack North Country including This program has afforded quality-of- the Adirondack Trail, Olympic Byway, life benefits to both Canal community Central Adirondack Trail, Revolutionary residents and visitors alike. Trail, Black River Trail, and the Military Trail; and the Historic Parkways of Long Under the Revitalization program, Island. the Canal Corporation invested $13 million to develop seven Canal harbors and $20 million in Canalway Trail Canal projects, including 170 miles of new construction. Additionally, in partnership Corporation with other State agencies, the Canal Corporation has helped implement The NYS Canal Corporation, a subsid- more than $200 million in local Canal iary corporation of the New York State service port projects across the State. Thruway Authority, is responsible for the The overall goals of the Revitalization operation, maintenance and promotion program have been to preserve the of four historic operating canals that past, enhance recreational opportunities span 524 miles across NYS. and promote community development.

The four canals that make up the The Erie Canal Greenway Grant NYS Canal System are: Program, administered by the Canal Corporation, was created in 2006 to •• the Erie Canal help spur community revitalization and •• the Oswego Canal preservations efforts. As part of a $10 •• the Champlain Canal and million appropriation from the State •• the Cayuga-Seneca Canal Legislature, the Corporation solicited The Canal System links the Hudson grant applications from municipalities River, Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, the and non-profits for capital projects Finger Lakes, and the Niagara River with along the Canal System to preserve communities rich in history and culture. and rehabilitate canal infrastructure; enhance recreational opportunities for water and land-based users; and Community promote tourism, historic interpretation and community revitalization. To date, over $8.9 million in grant funding has Assistance been awarded to municipalities and non-profits through this program. Canal communities form the back- bone of Upstate New York. The Canal Revitalization program, administered by the Canal Corporation, has provided dozens of communities with increased public access to the Canal, new and improved trail linkages and enhanced economic opportunities.

The four major elements of the Canal Revitalization program are: •• Canal harbors •• Canal service ports •• The Canalway Trail and •• Canal System marketing plan

165 Statewide Programs the advice of a team of expert scientists tory of biodiversity research and Depart- from across the state. conservation management scientists, BRI will provide a resource for The New York State Legislature people looking for expert guidance. ment of Ed- founded BRI in 1993 to help meet the BRI will also identify and develop challenges of preserving the state’s bio- ways to foster collaboration among ucation/NYS diversity. Since that time, BRI has served scientists, such as giving grants as a comprehensive source of informa- to annual research proposals that Museum tion about the ecosystems, habitats, and involve collaboration. Through all living organisms in New York State. regional and statewide symposia— including the Northeast Natural Biodiversity Goals History Conference—BRI will facilitate networking and encourage In March 2006, the New York State collaboration. Research In- Biodiversity Institute approved a stra- •• Support biodiversity research tegic plan outlining the organization’s programs. After prioritizing needs stitute top five goals in its effort to advance for biodiversity information and information and research for the conser- conservation management, BRI will The importance of biodiversity vation of New York’s biodiversity: solicit, evaluate, and fund project was discussed in Chapter 4 under proposals that address the identi- Stewardship. By funding promising •• Address the biodiversity infor- fied needs. BRI will review and research projects, sponsoring confer- mation needs of government evaluate all funded projects to ences and seminar series, and undertak- and provide related conserva- track their results and impact, and ing and directing other initiatives, the tion recommendations. BRI encourage collaboration among New York State Biodiversity Research will provide the best-available existing programs to maximize the Institute (BRI) advances information and objective and scientifically rigorous impact of completed work. BRI research for the conservation of New information and recommendations will also fund projects specifically York State’s biodiversity. By improving for biodiversity and conservation designed to gather information or understanding of our state’s natural management to the governor, state develop expertise that will help BRI resources and the challenges to their legislature, and public agencies in better achieve its strategic goals. existence, BRI seeks to collaborate with support of informed, effective policy •• Support biodiversity education. all residents of New York State in pre- making. To ensure the availability BRI will solicit, evaluate, and fund serving this rich biodiversity for future of accurate information about the proposals for projects that address generations. biodiversity resources on state lands, BRI will promote existing biodiversity education needs; work with the State Education Depart- A program of the New York State information and fund new projects ment and Board of Regents to Museum within the State Education relevant to land-use decisions. incorporate biodiversity education Department and funded by the •• Address the biodiversity in- into the curricula of New York State Environmental Protection Fund, BRI is formation needs of the public schools; and connect BRI-supported a partnership among conservation and and provide related conserva- research and initiatives with envi- environmental groups and leaders from tion recommendations. BRI will ronmental education and nature throughout the state. Its partners in- provide the general public with centers in New York State. clude the State Education Department; the best-available information and New York State Department of access to expert guidance, and fund Activities and Accomplishments Environmental Conservation; New York and support information projects •• The New York State Biodiversity State Office of Parks, Recreation, and that are accessible to the public. Project Historic Preservation; State University of Specifically, BRI will provide infor- New York; American Museum of Natural mation and training to private and BRI collaborates with the American History; Audubon New York; New nonprofit land owners and natural Museum of Natural History, York Natural Heritage Program; and resource professionals to enhance New York State Department of The Nature Conservancy. An executive the stewardship of biodiversity on Environmental Conservation, New committee—appointed by the New York private lands. York Natural Heritage Program, State Legislature and Governor—sets •• Encourage, support, and de- and The Nature Conservancy on the direction of the organization with velop networks of collaborating the New York State Biodiversity scientists. By maintaining a direc- 166 Statewide Programs Project. The project was launched presentations from previous confer- programs, including the awarding in 1999 to improve understanding ences are available at http://www. of grants. This needs assessment of the state’s diverse ecosystems, nysm.nysed.gov/nhc/. can also be extended to help guide habitats, and all living organisms others interested in biodiversity •• Lectures on Biology and Conserva- and to identify challenges and across the state. tion recommendations for protecting •• Alien Invaders Exhibition this biodiversity. In 2006, the joint Since spring 2005, BRI has orga- effort resulted in the publication nized and sponsored two lecture BRI is partnering with the of Legacy: Conserving New York series each year. Speakers from State Museum, New York State State’s Biodiversity. around the state have presented on Department of Environmental a variety of conservation topics, and Conservation, and New York State Written for the general public and attendance for this seminar series Department of Agriculture and concerned audiences and featuring has blossomed. The series attracts Markets to produce an exhibition more than 200 color photographs, a varied audience, including New on invasive species in New York the 100-page book aims to in- York State agency staff, private con- State. This exhibition, planned for crease awareness and help ensure sultants, museum scientists, conser- 2008, will introduce the public to the preservation of New York’s vation practitioners, educators, and non-native invasive species and biodiversity. The book is available the interested public—both from demonstrate why it is such an free of charge from BRI, which the Capital District and beyond (in- important topic in New York State partially funds the New York State cluding across state borders). The and worldwide. It aims to connect Biodiversity Project. noontime lectures, held at the New Museum visitors to this issue and York State Museum on Wednesdays inspire a sense of responsibility that •• Publication and Distribution of Bio- in April and October, are free and they can take actions toward its logical Diversity: The Oldest Human open to the public. resolution. Heritage •• Biodiversity Needs Assessment Based on a manuscript written The exhibition incorporates sev- by Edward O. Wilson of Harvard BRI is conducting the first-ever eral major themes, including the University, the BRI has published a comprehensive biodiversity needs pervasiveness of invasive species book that describes the importance assessment for New York State. This and their ability to out-compete of preserving biodiversity, along assessment will focus on identify- native species; the responsibility with state-specific examples of ing, evaluating, and prioritizing of humans in introducing some threatened species and habitats. biodiversity research needs in New of these species to the state; and This book is being distributed free York State. invasive species as a form of of charge to high school level stu- biological pollution and as a threat dents throughout the state. To compile the report, BRI will to agriculture, forestry, parks, and gather input from and work with a other natural resources. The exhibi- •• The Northeast Natural History variety of scientists [e.g., university, tion will explore invasive species Conference state agency, private institution, as a threat to tourism and industry, The Northeast Natural History non-governmental organization as well as tell how invasive species Conference offers scientists, educa- (NGO), and private] and other affect the daily lives of all New York tors, and students an opportunity experts on the state’s biodiversity. State residents. to present current information on The report will review what is the varied aspects of natural history known and not known about vari- The exhibit focuses on species that research from the Northeastern ous taxa, communities, and regions are not native to the ecosystem United States and adjacent Canada. in the state; identify gaps in basic they occur in and how they can In addition to updating colleagues knowledge; identify the scope of cause harm to the environment or on current research, the confer- biodiversity research needs; and pri- to human health. Examples include: ence serves as a forum to identify oritize biodiversity research needs purple loosestrife, water chestnut, research needs, foster collaboration, to provide the foundation for sound hemlock woolly adelgid, zebra mus- and rekindle interest in natural his- stewardship in the state. sel, the fungus causing Dutch elm tory by bringing people with diverse disease, and snakehead. backgrounds together. BRI has As a final step, BRI will use infor- been organizing and hosting the mation from this assessment to The exhibit will display up-to- conference since 1998. Abstracts of help guide the work of BRI and its date information on the status of 167 Statewide Programs invasive species in the state, relate In conjunction with the redesign applicants clearly demonstrate the how historical actions by humans of the BRI Program Website, BRI importance of their project to the and land-use patterns have enabled plans to redesign the Clearinghouse conservation of New York State’s these invasions to occur, and what Website. In addition to posting biodiversity. Specifically, they steps can be taken in the future to additional taxonomic summaries, identify how the proposed project address some of these problems. the restructured site will feature will contribute to our understand- a database that enables users to ing of biodiversity within the state •• Enhancements to BRI’s Online more easily access information or threats to its existence, and how Resources contained in the taxonomic summa- the project will contribute to the To improve users’ ability to access ries. Other enhancements include development and implementation information on BRI and biodiversity, integration of some features of the of conservation initiatives to ensure BRI is redesigning the BRI Program Clearinghouse Website with the BRI its persistence. Educational initia- Website (www.nysm.nysed.gov/bri/ Program Website. tives that enhance public aware- index.html) and the New York State ness of the value of biodiversity and •• Biodiversity Grants Program Biodiversity Clearinghouse Website projects that promote accessibility (www.nybiodiversity.org). Through an annual competitive of information on New York’s biodi- Biodiversity Grants Program, BRI versity are also supported. The renovated BRI site now in- provides funds to state agencies, cludes updated information on the academic institutions, private BRI funds research and education activities of the BRI Program office research consultants, and non-profit projects in the following categories: and the list of fiscal year 2006– conservation organizations work- •• Bioinventory, Taxonomy, and 2007 grants with fiscal information ing to understand and conserve Systematics and project abstracts. The next step New York’s native biodiversity •• Inventories of flora, fauna, in the redesign is the development (e.g., insects, plants, wildlife, and or other living organisms of a database for awarded grants ecosystems). These grants support (rare or common) so that users can search for infor- research projects that improve our •• Research that uses or en- mation by using specific keywords, basic understanding of a variety hances existing biological such as species names, geographic of New York State taxa, from fungi collections locations, or research institutions. and insects to turtles and bats, as •• Basic research on taxono- well as those that enhance the my and systematics The New York State Biodiversity value of existing natural history •• Ecological Research Clearinghouse Website, developed collections. by the New York State Biodiversity •• Ecology of species (rare or common) or assemblages Project and maintained by BRI, pro- These projects also increase our in understudied taxa or vides New York residents with up- knowledge of how species as varied regions to-date information. It was created as algae, fungi, clams, frogs, birds, •• Model the effects of range in response to recommendations and plants interact in their natural expansions or population from a user’s needs assessment systems and identify how they losses on ecosystems conducted by the Environmental react to potential threats, such as •• Assessments of the effects Law Institute for the project. non-native invasive species. This, of the introduction of in turn, leads to better-focused invasive or exotic species When visiting the site, users most conservation practices supported by on native biota frequently access pages with sum- scientific evidence. Some of these •• Land-Use Change and Conser- maries of selected groups of organ- projects offer opportunities for the vation Initiatives isms such as slime molds, crabs, public to join in data collection •• Inventory or mapping of shrimps, crayfishes, fishes, and and to become actively engaged in ecological communities birds. These summaries describe the scientific research and contribute to •• Identification of priority distribution of these species in New the conservation of New York State areas and mechanisms for York State and highlight some of biodiversity. the conservation issues related to conservation the species. Each taxonomic sum- Grants are awarded based on rec- •• Assessments of the effects mary also contains a list of species ommendations of leading research- of land use on native biota that has been documented in the ers in the fields of environmental state. science and education. Successful 168 Statewide Programs •• Investigation of techniques to protect, conserve, or manage biodiversity •• Education Initiatives •• Educational efforts that increase public awareness of the value of biodiversity •• Projects that promote accessibility of information on biodiversity and its conservation among a variety of users (e.g., general public, state agencies, planners, researchers) •• Information Transfer •• Initiatives that foster access, compatibility, interchange, and synthesis of data among biological information systems maintained by public entities, academic and research institutions, and private organizations •• Preparation and publication of interpretative works that draw upon biological collection resources For a complete list of previously funded projects visit the BRI website at http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/bri.

169 Statewide Programs world class set of Winter Olympic facili- all the citizens regardless of their Olympic Re- ties fully operational. ORDA has a full athletic abilities. range of departments to adequately run these facilities and to meet their legisla- Goal gional De- tive mandate which is: Expand the acquisition and development of open space areas within easy “To institute a comprehensive, coor- velopment access to communities that can pro- dinated program of activities utilizing vide opportunities for field and court the Olympic facilities in and around Authority activities. Lake Placid, New York in order to insure optimum year-round use and enjoyment of these facilities to the economic and Actions The Olympic social benefit of the Olympic region…” •• Encourage the acquisition and development of open space areas Training Cen- In addition to the Olympic Complex in underserved communities. in Lake Placid, ORDA also administers •• Encourage the shared use of ter the ski area on Gore Mt. and Whiteface outdoor recreation facilities, such Mt. and the Mt. Van Hovenberg bob- as school fields, for community Lake Placid was the home of the sled/luge run. ORDA took over this organized athletic activities. 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics that facility in 1984. •• Provide the appropriate level left behind valuable winter sports of maintenance to prevent the facilities including ski jumps, skating Goal deterioration of field areas due to ovals, alpine trails, bobsled and luge overuse. runs. When the Olympic Regional Continue to conduct statewide Development Authority (ORDA) became athletic competitions for all segments of the administrator of these facilities the population. in 1982, the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) signed a contract with ORDA to Actions establish the second Olympic Training Center. •• Continue to conduct the Empire State Summer and Winter Games, The Training Center, which offers 96 Empire State Senior Games and hotel-style rooms, a gymnasium, sports Empire State Games for the Physi- medicine, weight training and dining cally Challenged. facilities, was constructed in 1990 to •• Rotate host locations for the Em- house athletes in training. From the pire State Summer Games events training center, athletes have access to throughout the State. the Olympic Speed Skating Oval, the Goal Olympic Jumping Complex, the Freestyle Aerial Complex, Whiteface Mountain’s Encourage greater participation of all Olympic Downhill Ski trails, the Olympic segments of the population in athletic Sports Complex at Mt. Van Hoevenberg, activities. and the Olympic Ice Complex. Actions Since ORDA assumed authority of these facilities, Lake Placid has hosted •• Encourage broad participation in more than 225 national and interna- athletic events at the local and tional competitions including 8 World regional levels. Championships and 41 World Cups. It •• Encourage volunteer participation has also been the annual host to the in groups that organize athletic Empire State Winter Games for nearly leagues. three decades. ORDA also maintains •• Encourage both competitive and and makes periodic improvements to noncompetitive athletic programs these facilities to keep America’s only that will provide opportunities for 170 Statewide Programs (or 20 minutes of vigorous activity such often don’t have easy access to parks Depart- as jogging at least 3 times a week). and trails. Studies have shown that This level of physical activity is likely to there are fewer parks, green spaces and have broad health benefits, regardless trails in communities with higher levels ment of of weight status. More physical activ- of poverty. ity and/or more vigorous activity levels Health may be necessary to reduce weight New York’s efforts to increase and or maintain weight loss. Elementary improve access to parks, trails and school-aged children should get at least recreational facilities will significantly Health 60 minutes of activity most days of the help address the obesity epidemic. Of week. particular importance are facilities that Recreation resources provide an are in close proximity to where people important opportunity for people to The most recent self-reported data live and work so that they can be used be physically active, which can lead on physical activity rates in New York, several times a week, for transportation to significant improvements in health. show that only 48% of adults in New (to/from school, work, errands) as well Being physically active on a regular York meet these minimum recom- as for leisure as the “Cardiovascular basis can contribute to a decrease in the mendations, and 27% of adults had Health in NYS Plan for 2004 - 2010” risk of numerous debilitating diseases no leisure time physical activity in the recognizes in its community sector and conditions, including heart disease, previous month. On a national level, objectives. This plan also recommends diabetes, hypertension, some forms of people in rural areas are less likely to promoting the use of NYS Parks as a cancer, osteoporosis, obesity, depres- meet physical activity recommendations means of increasing physical activity for sion, arthritis, and possibly Alzheimer’s than are people in large metropolitan individuals and families (DOH, 2004). disease. In fact, being physically inac- areas. In 2000, adults in New York Additionally, priority should be given to tive (combined with poor eating habits) were asked to name the two leisure developing neighborhood parks, trails, is the second underlying cause of death time physical activities that they have and other recreation facilities that serve in this country (next to tobacco use), ac- engaged in over the past month. Based low-income and rural populations. counting for 14% of all deaths annually. on this survey, the top five leisure time physical activities among adults in New Goal Obesity is one of the conditions York are: walking (engaged in by 64% most closely related to physical inactiv- of adults), weight lifting (18%), run- Expand trail systems that link com- ity. In recent years, obesity rates have ning (11%), aerobics classes (11%) and munities with recreation areas and increased dramatically. In New York, basketball (10%). places of work. at least 60% of adults have weights that put them at higher risk for health Most people know that they need Actions to be more physically active. However, problems. The prevalence of overweight •• Encourage the development of many people find it difficult to incor- and obesity is highest among African greenways and trails. porate physical activity into their daily Americans, those with the lowest •• Develop and designate bike lanes lives. Over the past several decades, we household incomes, and those with low- on or parallel to road systems. have created a physical and social envi- er educational attainments. National •• Provide proper maintenance and ronment that discourages physical ac- data (based on actual height and security on trails to provide a safe tivity. Even short trips are made by car weight measurements) reveal that 17% and enjoyable experience. of children (2-19 years of age) are over- (rather than by walking) and children weight. Over a mere five year period often have no safe place to play outside Goal (1999 to 2004), the rate of overweight near their homes and schools. Recent among young girls increased from 14% research has shown that adults with ac- Acquire, develop and maintain parks to 16% and among boys from 14% to cess to neighborhood parks were nearly and open spaces within populated 18% Physical inactivity and/or exces- twice as likely to be physically active as communities, especially underserved sive caloric intake are the prime causes those without access to parks. Studies communities. of obesity in all age groups. of community trail users have repeat- edly found that the creation of the trail Actions In order to improve health, health has allowed them to increase their •• Recognize the importance of parks authorities recommend that people get physical activity levels. Unfortunately, and open spaces in state and local at least 30 minutes of moderate activity, those at highest risk of being inactive land acquisition and recreation such as walking, at least 5 times a week and suffering the health consequences grant programs. 171 Statewide Programs •• Encourage the development of local recreation and open space plans. •• Encourage the participation of the local community in providing and maintaining recreation facilities. Goal

Expand the level of participation of citizens in passive and active forms of recreation. Actions •• Encourage local events that focus on physical activity. •• Expand noncompetitive and competitive activities. •• Organize activities that appeal to all populations and age groups. •• Support efforts to increase the public’s awareness of the health benefits of physical activity at recreational facilities such as parks. Water Quality and Safety

As discussed in Chapter 3, New York State has over 3,000 bathing facilities including: bathing beaches on lakes, ponds, rivers and the ocean; swimming pools (including kiddy pools, diving pools, wave pools and others); and spray grounds. The New York State Department of Health is responsible for assuring that all public swimming facilities in the state are operated in a safe manner and that these facilities meet State and Federal standards for safe recreational use. All public bathing facilities in the state must be super- vised by qualified lifeguards and meet state water quality and safety standards. Regulations for safe swimming pools, bathing beaches, and aquatic spray grounds are within Subparts 6-1, 6-2 and 6-3, respectively, of the State Sanitary Code.

172 Statewide Programs and social need. Broad services include Office for health risk assessments; routine health Senior Center screening (hypertension, glaucoma, cholesterol, cancer, vision, hearing, Health the Aging diabetes, bone density and nutrition screening); nutritional counseling and The New York State Office for the Promotion educational services; evidence-based Aging (OFA), through its network of 59 health promotion programs, including Area Agencies on Aging, has initiated Services and activities that foster programs related to the prevention and continue to manage a number of good health, increase awareness and and mitigation of the effects of chronic health promotion, disease prevention, understanding of healthy lifestyles and disease, alcohol and substance abuse and recreation programs and services promote physical and mental health. reduction, smoking cessation, weight for active, healthy living for older adults These include but are not limited to: loss and control stress management, across New York State that fit in with falls prevention, physical activity and •• Exercise classes the SCORP. improved nutrition; physical fitness •• Walking groups programs; home injury control services; •• Stress education workshops mental health screening services; infor- •• Administration of influenza and Preventive mation and education about Medicare other vaccines preventive care benefits including •• Promotion of early detection of Screening influenza and pneumonia vaccinations. various health problems through All Area Agencies on Aging provide education and/or testing Senior Health Check is a new initia- medications management screening •• Activities to promote successful tive that is designed to encourage older and education. management of medications, such New Yorkers, covered by Medicare, to as group workshops or one-on-one make greater use of preventive screen- consultations with a health profes- ing benefits under the insurance cover- Senior Center sional. age. In addition, the OFA is encouraging Area Agencies on Aging to develop and The term “Senior Center” refers to implement evidenced-based prevention a community facility through which a and chronic disease self-management broad range of programs and services programs to improve health status and are provided to older adults. Included quality of life. among these programs and services are recreation and education activities, and Nutrition health promotion activities. Program Senior Center Area Agencies on Aging use congre- Recreation gate meal sites, home delivered meals programs, multipurpose senior centers, and and other appropriate sites to delivery health promotion and disease prevention services, thereby allowing them Education to integrate such services with the Activities also are organized and nutrition program. Priority is given to scheduled through the Area Agency areas which are medically underserved on Aging or its sub contractors which and where there are a large number of involve older persons in courses, work- older individuals in greatest economic shops and other learning activities and satisfying use of free time.

173 Statewide Programs results of the “1990 Statewide Survey U.S. Army of Boating Use at Public Waterway Access Sites in New York State” that identified Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Corps of En- within the top five water bodies in the State in which boaters identified as gineers needing to expand public access. Harbors of Refuge

A number of harbors of refuge along the shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario were identified by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE). These lakes are often subject to sudden squalls and high winds creating waves and wakes in excess of 10 feet. Harbor of refuge is a term that refers to a harbor that provides services specifically to accommodate transit craft rather than as a home port for local craft (OPRHP, 1980). Initially, the COE recommended that harbors of refuge occur every 30 miles. It was determined, however, for smaller craft navigating the Great Lakes that shorter intervals were more appropriate. Harbors of refuge have been established at Barcelona, Dunkirk, Cattaraugus Creek, Sturgeon Point and Buffalo Harbors on Lake Erie and Wilson-Tuscarora State Park, Olcott Harbor, Golden Hill State Park, Oak Orchard Marine Park, Braddock Bay, Irondequoit Bay State Park, Port Bay, Little Sodus Bay, Mexico Point State Park, Port Ontario, Henderson Harbor and Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario.

In 1982, OPRHP and DEC prepared a “Strategic Plan for Economic Development through Expansion of Waterway Access to the Great Lakes Report”. The report identified the scope of work, expenditures and benefits that would be involved with the expanded access opportunities on the Great Lakes. Many of the projects have been implemented but there are more opportunities to be considered as recognized in the New York State 25-Year Plan for the Great Lakes. This is supported by the 174 Statewide Programs the New York Power Authority (NYPA) Federal En- by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). A new 50-year license was issued for the St. Lawrence ergy Regu- – FDR Project in October, 2003. This license will expire in the year 2053. This latory Com- project incorporates within its boundaries two State parks, wildlife manage- mission/NY ment areas, various local parks, and numerous boat launching sites. Similarly, a new 50 license, effective August 31, Power Au- 2007, has been issued for the Niagara Power Project and will expire in 2057. thority The settlement package for the Niagara Project provides significant funding for Hydroelectric the Niagara River Greenway. It is important to insure that these Power Proj- power facilities include recreation facilities within their boundaries. Power ects companies may create new facilities on their property or enter into agreements Throughout the State, many riv- with the state or local governments to ers are being used by various power create new or improve existing facilities. generating companies to produce hydroelectric power. These facilities are regulated and must obtain an operating license issued by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Many of the facilities within the State are under- going a re-licensing process to ensure power generating companies continue operating. One aspect of this process is to provide recreation facilities and access, to and in the vicinity of the power facility. Public access to the waters and portage around the structures is an important element of the project. Other recreational facilities that may be considered are picnic areas, campgrounds, and scenic overlooks. Some facilities may even provide an interpretive visitor center explaining their generating plant to the general public.

For example, the St. Lawrence- Franklin D. Roosevelt Power Project is located in a 37 mile corridor along the St. Lawrence River in the towns of Lisbon, Waddington, Louisville and Massena. This represents approximately one-third of the St. Lawrence River corridor. Since 1953, this facility has been operating under a license issued to 175 Statewide Programs •• High phosphorus levels and algal •• A Total Maximum Daily Load U.S. Envi- blooms in parts of the Lake (TMDL) for phosphorus was devel- •• Toxic substances, such as PCB’s and oped for Vermont and New York. mercury, which have resulted in fish •• The total point source wastewater ronmental consumption advisories for some phosphorus discharge from plants fish in Vermont and New York is below Protection •• Impacts to fish and wildlife from the lake-wide limit set in the 2002 nuisance nonnative aquatic species TMDL. Agency •• Wetland loss •• 2006 funding from the Interna- •• Habitat fragmentation tional Joint Commission (IJC) will •• Public access issues be used to help small farms in the Lake Cham- •• Recreational use conflicts Missisquoi watershed create new •• Loss of cultural and archeological nutrient management plans. resources (LCBP, 2007) •• In 2005, the City of South Burling- plain Basin ton created the Basin’s first storm The revision identified four specific water utility to manage runoff. goals as high priority and a set of rec- Program (LCBP, 2006) ommended actions for each goal that The Lake Champlain Basin stretches are designed to protect and restore the Actions: from the peaks of the Adirondacks ecological and cultural resources of the •• Determine the additional actions in New York to the Green Mountains Basin, while maintaining a vital regional necessary to achieve the load re- of Vermont and north into Quebec, economy. (LCBP, 2003) ductions on an expedited schedule Canada. The Basin is a unique and by 2009, the 400th anniversary of historically significant natural resource Goal: Samuel de Champlain’s arrival on that attracts thousands of residents the Lake, instead of 2006 and visitors each year to participate Reduce phosphorus inputs to Lake •• Provide funding for point source in diverse recreational opportunities. Champlain to promote a healthy and phosphorus reductions Increased use, competing and conflict- diverse ecosystem and provide for •• Estimate the non-point source ing uses, and development continues to sustainable human use and enjoyment phosphorus load that is being pressure the Lake’s natural and recre- of the Lake. generated by developed land uses ational resource. The Lake Champlain (urban and suburban land, roads, Basin Program (LCBP), established in Phosphorus and other nutrients are etc.) in the basin and work aggres- 1990, was charged with developing needed for plant growth; however, sively to reduce this load. a long-term, cooperative manage- human activities can upset the balance •• Expand and accelerate implementa- ment plan and program to protect and of aquatic nutrients leading to acceler- tion of existing federal, state and enhance the lake and its drainage basin ated eutrophication (the natural aging provincial agricultural non-point for future generations to enjoy. The process of lakes) and threaten water source pollution programs. program is a partnership with among quality and human use and enjoyment •• Expand programs for stream bank the states of New York and Vermont, of the lake. When the lake becomes over restoration and the installation of the Province of Quebec, the US fertilized, by Phosphorus in particular, vegetated buffer areas along erod- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), excessive amounts of algae and other ing streams and rivers. (LCBP, 2003) other federal and local government aquatic plants become prolific and can agencies and many local groups both impair water quality, aquatic habitats Goal: public and private. (LCBP, 2003) for fish and wildlife, reduce recreational appeal and impair water supplies. (LCBP, Reduce toxic contamination to The management plan, 2003) The bays and segments of the protect public health and the Lake “Opportunities for Action” was first Lake are monitored to see if they meet Champlain ecosystem. produced in 1996 and was revised in the water quality targets agreed upon 2003. Although Lake Champlain is a by New York, Vermont and Quebec in Toxic substances are elements, chem- vital lake with many assets, there are 1993. icals, or chemical compounds that can several serious environmental problems poison plants and animals, including that demand action. Issues addressed in Accomplishments: humans. Some toxic substances come the 2003 Plan include: from natural sources; however, the increasing use and release of chemicals 176 Statewide Programs in our daily lives may threaten the •• Support and continue programs to •• Support implementation of a long- high quality of our Lake environment. encourage homeowners, industries, term sea lamprey control program. Health advisories have been issued in businesses and public institutions •• Prevent the spread of alewives both New York and Vermont regarding to implement pollution prevention within and beyond the Basin. the consumption of fish species with and recycling measures. (LCBP, •• Prevent the spread of zebra mussels elevated levels of mercury and polychlo- 2003) to other Basin lakes. (LCBP, 2003) rinated biphenyls (PCBs). The presence of toxic substances raises concern about Goal: Goal: their impacts on the Lake ecosystem, Control the introduction, spread and Manage Lake Champlain, its shore- its uses as a drinking water supply and impact of nonnative aquatic nuisance lines and its tributaries for a diversity other uses. (LCBP, 2003) species in order to preserve the integrity of recreational uses while protecting its Accomplishments: of the Lake Champlain ecosystem. natural and cultural resources. •• NYS DEC completed dredging proj- Fish and wildlife provide social, Lake Champlain is a popular rec- ects to remove PCBs from Cumber- economic and environmental benefits. reation resource for Basin residents land Bay in 2001. Recent data has Abundant fish and wildlife attract and visitors. Both water depended and shown a decrease in the PCB levels recreational hunters, bird watchers water enhanced recreation activities in the sediment. and anglers, resulting in a significant such as swimming, fishing scuba diving, •• Pollution prevention measures are economic benefit to local communities. boating, biking, hiking, sightseeing and underway in Outer Malletts Bay At least 22 nonnative aquatic nuisance bird watching are popular within the and Burlington Harbor. species are known to have been intro- Basin. Lake recreationists affect and •• The “Clean Sweep” program has duced and dispersed into the waters are affected by the state of the natural, been implemented and works with of the Basin. Established populations cultural and historic resources of the businesses and farmers to safely Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) can region. Protection and enhancement dispose of pesticides. have substantial ecological and eco- of these resources is important. More •• Mercury thermometer and manom- nomic impacts.(LCBP, 2003) Currently, opportunities to access and enjoy the eter exchanges for new electronic alewife, zebra mussel, purple loosestrife, Lake will foster a sense of stewardship devices and outreach to dentists Eurasian watermilfoil, Japanese knot- among the many recreation user groups about safely disposing of mercury weed and water chestnut are found in thus increasing the overall quality of the have helped to keep mercury out of or on the shores of Lake Champlain. Lake. (LCBP, 2003) the Lake. (LCBP, 2006) •• In 2005, LCBP initiated a collabo- Accomplishments: ration of scientists to investigate Accomplishments: •• In 2006, a complete renovation of “new generation” toxins in the •• The Lake Champlain Basin Aquatic the Ticonderoga Boat Launch was Lake such as pharmaceuticals, Nuisance Species Management completed, creating a state of the personal care products and fire Plan was revised in 2005, making art, fully accessible boat launching retardants. (LCBP, 2006) the Basin eligible for funding from facility. Actions: the US Fish and Wildlife Service for control programs. Actions: •• Continue to develop and implement •• The LCBP has funded water chest- •• Encourage new opportunities for a comprehensive toxic substance nut control since its creation and ecologically sustainable recreation management strategy emphasizing the acreage of the Lake that needs in the Basin. pollution prevention while continu- consistent mechanical harvesting •• Determine, monitor and mitigate ing to mitigate pollution problems has been greatly reduced. the impact of increased recreational throughout the Lake. •• LCBP invited representatives from use in ecologically sensitive areas. •• Continue monitoring and restora- other alewife-infested waters to •• Develop new public access oppor- tion efforts in sites of concern. discuss the possible impacts to Lake tunities. •• Facilitate the redevelopment of Champlain. (LCBP, 2006) •• Pursue funding alternatives for pub- contaminated sites (brownfields) in lic access site enhancement the Lake Champlain Basin. Actions: •• Further characterize and manage •• Prevent the spread and control the toxic substances in urban storm population of water chestnut within water. the Lake and throughout the Basin. 177 Statewide Programs heritage and economic viability of river 2006 at Pace University in White Beaches En- communities (U.S. EPA, 2006). Plains, NY and focused on promoting clean air and exploring alterna- vironmental Each designated river received a tive bio-fuels “River Navigator,” a federal or federally •• the Hudson River Navigator secured Assessment funded professional who identifies com- a $250,000 contribution for an plementary programs and resources to endowment for the Hudson River and Coastal carry out the community’s vision for its Valley Institute at Marist College river and surrounding community (ies). •• a partnership with the AHRI, US Health Act Federal funding for the Hudson River Military Academy at West Point, the Navigator position was discontinued in US Department of Defence, Coastal (BEACH Act) September of 2007. Efforts to continue America and the Village of Croton the position and the Navigator’s work was developed a project to remove are on-going. To improve water quality testing at railroad ties from shallow Hudson the beach and help beach managers River waters. When completed The Hudson River was nominated in better inform the public when there this project will provide improved 1998, as an American Heritage River. are water quality problems, Congress habitat for fish, wildlife and plant The 315 miles of river, from its source in passed the Beaches Environmental communities, enhance small boat Lake Tear of the Clouds to the Verrazano Assessment and Coastal Health Act access and improve recreational op- Narrows, and the 19 counties sur- (BEACH Act) in October 2000. This Act portunities in the Croton Bay rounding its shores are included in the authorizes EPA to award grants to eligi- •• the AHRI, the Hudson River Heritage River Area. ble state, tribes and territories to devel- Navigator, the Hudson River Valley op and implement beach water quality Institute and the Hudson River Accomplishments made through this Valley National Heritage Area have monitoring and notification programs at program include: coastal and Great Lakes beaches. The partnered with the New York State New York State Department of Health •• a donation from Camp Dresser and Hudson-Fulton-Champlain Quadri- has received grants (of up to $347,000) McKee engineering to the City of centennial Commission to promote each year from EPA to administer this Hudson to renovate their Hudson the celebration of Henry Hudson’s program. The BEACH grant money is River Park historic voyage provided to County Health Departments •• the development of a partnership and NYS Office of Parks, Recreation between AHRI and the Hudson- and Historic Preservation to implement Mohawk Resources Conservation monitoring and public notification and Development Area to conserve programs for beaches along the Atlantic and protect the seven remaining Coast, Long Island Sound and Lakes Erie Hudson River lighthouses and Ontario. •• in 2003, a Hudson River Navigator was hired after a one year vacancy •• DEC acquired property at Turkey American Point, which was an AHRI keystone project Heritage Riv- •• completion of the “Hudson River Lighthouse Tour” •• a Navigator’s Conference held a er Initiative workshop highlighting the needs for shallow water dredging in the Created in 1997, the American Hudson River to maintain shores Heritage Rivers Initiative (AHRI) has and basins for use by recreational three major objectives: natural resource boaters, and to discuss protecting and environmental protection, economic the river from invasive species revitalization, and historic and cultural •• the creation of the “Fresh Off preservation. The program is designed the Barge” farmers market in the to make federal funding and technical Lower-Hudson area expertise available to the State and •• the annual Hudson River Naviga- local governments to reclaim the health, tor’s Conference was held in March, 178 Statewide Programs 104-333 (1996). The purpose of the act of the Erie Canalway in ways that National is to: reflect its national significance. •• Promote and provide access to the •• Recognize the importance of the Erie Canalway’s historical, natural, history and the resources of the Park Ser- cultural, scenic and recreational Hudson River Valley to the nation. resources. •• Assist the State and the communi- •• Provide a framework to assist the vice ties of the Hudson River Valley in State of New York and its communi- preserving, protection and inter- ties within the Erie Canalway in the preting these resources for the development of integrated cultural, National Heri- benefit of the nation historical, recreational, economic, •• Authorize federal financial and and community development tage Areas technical assistance to serve these programs in order to enhance and purposes. and Corridors interpret the unique and nationally Extending across 4 million acres in significant resources of the Erie National heritage areas and corridors 10 counties (Albany, Rensselaer, Greene, Canalway. Columbia, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, represent a relatively new, but growing, The Act creates a 27 member federal Putnam, Rockland and Westchester) approach to conserving America’s rich commission appointed by the Secretary and the Town of Waterford in Saratoga culture and history. The first national of the Interior, based primarily upon County, the Hudson River Valley is home heritage corridor was designated by recommendations of the Governor and to 2.5 million residents. While sur- Congress in 1984. Today there are Congressional and Senate delegation. rounded by one of the most concentrat- thirty-seven heritage areas or corridors Appointments to the Commission were ed human populations in the country, around the country. Three of the most made in April 2002. recently designated areas are located the Hudson River estuary incorporates over 2,000 acres of tidal freshwater within New York State — the Hudson Not later than three years after the wetlands and many more acres of River Valley National Heritage Area Commission receives Federal fund- brackish tidal wetlands. (designated in 1996), the Erie Canalway ing for this purpose, The Commission National Heritage Corridor (designated prepared a comprehensive preservation A draft Management Plan for the in 2000) and the Champlain Valley and management Canalway Plan which National Heritage Area was released National Heritage Partnership (desig- incorporated and integrated existing for public comment in November 2000. nated in 2006). federal, state and local plans. The plan Following the public comment period, was submitted to the Secretary and the plan was approved by the Hudson All national heritage areas and cor- the Governor for review and received River Valley Greenway Boards of ridors must complete a management approvals in 2006. The Commission Directors and submitted to the National plan that sets forth its goals, objectives, will undertake actions to implement Park Service for review and delivery to programs and management entity. This the plan and support public and private the Secretary of the Interior for approv- plan is approved by the Secretary of the efforts in conservation and preservation al. The management plan was approved Interior, and requires local input, review of the Canalway’s cultural and natural by the Secretary in 2002. and approvals prior to completion. resources and economic revitalization. The role of the National Park Service, depending on the enabling legislation, Erie Canalway Nation- The Erie Canalway runs through 23 may include providing technical, plan- al Heritage Corridor counties and incorporates over 230 mu- ning, and staff assistance, funding, and nicipalities within its boundary. The Erie review and approval of the manage- The Erie Canalway National Heritage Canalway National Heritage Corridor ment plan. Corridor Act (PL 106-554, Title VIII) was includes the navigable New York State signed into law on December 21, 2000. Canal System, the remaining ele- Hudson River Valley The purpose of the act is to: ments of the earlier phases of the Erie, National Heritage •• Provide for and assist in the iden- Champlain, Oswego and Cayuga-Seneca Area tification, preservation, promotion, canals, and those municipalities that lie maintenance and interpretation immediately adjacent to the navigable Congress designated the Hudson of the historical, natural, cultural, waterway and earlier remnants. The River Valley National Heritage Area in scenic, and recreational resources New York State Canal System shall Section 907 of Title IX of Public Law continue to be owned, operated and 179 Statewide Programs maintained by the New York State Canal •• To provide financial and technical Corporation. assistance for the purposes described above. Champlain Valley Na- The region within the Heritage Area tional Heritage Part- includes: nership •• The linked navigable waterways of: •• Lake Champlain The Champlain Valley National •• Lake George Heritage Partnership Act created the •• The Champlain Canal National Heritage Area in 2006. The •• The portion of the Upper Hud- purpose of this act is: son River extending south to •• To establish the Champlain Valley Saratoga; National Heritage Partnership in the •• Portions of Grand Isle, Franklin, States of Vermont and New York Chittenden, Addison, Rutland, and to recognize the importance of the Bennington Counties in the State of historical, cultural, and recreational Vermont; resources of the Champlain Valley •• Portions of Clinton, Essex, Warren, region of the United States; Saratoga and Washington Counties •• To assist the States of Vermont and in the State of New York. New York, including units of local The Lake Champlain Basin Program is government and nongovernmental the management entity for the develop- organizations in the States, in pre- ment of the management plan that is serving, protecting, and interpreting due in 2009. those resources for the benefit of the people of the United States; •• To use those resources and the theme “the making of nations and corridors of commerce” to •• Revitalize the economy of communities in the Champlain Valley; and •• Generate and sustain increased levels of tourism in the Cham- plain Valley; •• To encourage •• Partnerships among State and local governments and nongovernmental organizations in the United States; and •• Collaboration with Canada and the Province of Quebec to •• Interpret and promote the history of the waterways of the Champlain Valley region; •• Form stronger bonds between the United States and Canada; and •• Promote the international aspects of the Champlain Valley region; and

180 Statewide Programs and Piermont Marsh and Iona Island in Stockport Flats National Rockland County (DEC, 2008). NYS DEC is the primary partner in coordinating Stockport Flats is the northernmost Oceanic and and conducting programs within the site in the Hudson River Reserve. It is reserve. OPRHP owns property within located on the east shore in Columbia the Stockport Flats and the Iona Island County, a few miles north of the city of Atmospher- components of the Reserve. Hudson, in the towns of Stockport and Stuyvesant (DEC, 2008). ic Adminis- Norrie Point Environ- mental Center The Stockport Flats site is a five- tration mile, narrow mosaic of landforms, The reserve’s headquarters at Norrie including from north to south Nutten Point Environmental Center within Hook, a bedrock outcropping; Gay’s National Es- Mills-Norrie State Park in Staatsburg, Point and Stockport Middle Ground Dutchess County, is located directly on Island, dredge features that are both the Hudson River and includes confer- part of the Hudson River Islands State tuarine Re- ence and classroom space, interpre- Park; the mouth of Stockport Creek, a tive exhibits, and a weather station. large tributary stream; a portion of the search Re- Construction on a research lab began in upland bluff south of Stockport Creek; 2007 and is expected to be completed the dredge spoils and tidal wetlands serve (NERR) in 2008. between Stockport Creek and Priming Hook; and the northern end of Priming System Additional reserve facilities include Hook. The Hudson is entirely tidal fresh- a research base and weather station water at this site (DEC, 2008). The National Estuarine Research at Bard College Field Station on Tivoli Reserve System is a network of protect- South Bay; a major interpretive exhibit Stockport Flats is dominated by ed areas established for long-term re- at the Tivoli Bays Visitor Center in Tivoli, freshwater tidal wetlands, including search, education and stewardship. This Dutchess County; and on-site interpre- subtidal shallows, intertidal mudflats, partnership program between NOAA tive panels at Piermont Marsh, Tivoli intertidal shores, tidal marshes and and the coastal states protects more Bays and Stockport Flats (DEC, 2008). floodplain swamps. Stockport Creek than one million acres of estuarine land drains a watershed of about 500 square and water, which provides essential Reserve staff and partners conduct miles (DEC, 2008). habitat for wildlife; offers educational estuarine research studies of physical, opportunities for students, teachers and biological and chemical characteriza- Nutten Hook at Stockport features the public; and serves as living labora- tions; ecosystem processes; and ex- the remains of the largest icehouse tories for scientists (NOAA, 2006). The changes between wetlands and the on the Hudson, which is listed on the National Estuarine Research Reserve Hudson’s main stem. Research provides National and New York State Registers System includes 27 reserves in 22 states a solid foundation for all reserve pro- of Historic Places. Interpretive panels and Puerto Rico (NYS DEC, 2008). grams in education, outreach, training, relate the history of the ice harvesting stewardship and restoration (DEC, industry. There is a hand boat launch There is one reserve in New York 2008). on Ferry Road in Nutten Hook and at State located along the Hudson River Stockport Creek. A loop hiking trail from Estuary. Four distinct tidal wetland The Reserve holds many public Ferry Road goes to the Ice House (DEC, sites encompassing nearly 5,000 acres events and workshops. Education and 2008). along 100 miles of the Hudson River outreach include guided canoe pro- Estuary were designated the Hudson grams, lectures, interpretive exhibits and Tivoli Bay River National Estuarine Research community events for the general pub- Reserve in 1982, as field laboratories lic; information and training sessions for The Tivoli Bay component extends for for estuarine research, stewardship and coastal decision makers; workshops for two miles along the east shore of the education (NOAA, 2007; DEC, 2008). teachers; and field-based programs for Hudson River between the villages of The four sites that make up the Reserve middle school, high school, and post- Tivoli and Barrytown, in the Dutchess include: Stockport Flats in Columbia secondary students (DEC, 2008). County town of Red Hook. The Tivoli County, Tivoli Bays in Dutchess County,

181 Statewide Programs Bay’s site includes two large coves on the southwest by Salisbury and Ring the east shore of the Hudson River Meadows, two large tidal marshes, the Sea Grant including Tivoli North Bay, a large inter- mouth of Doddletown Bight, an expanse tidal marsh and Tivoli South Bay, a large, of shallows and mudflats. A separate Sea Grant is a nationwide network shallow cove with mudflats exposed at Island, Round Island, was attached to (administered through NOAA), of 30 low tide. The site also includes an exten- the South end of Iona Island with fill in university-based programs that work sive upland buffer area bordering North the early 20th century. The marshes and with coastal communities. The National Tivoli Bay; sections of upland shoreline shallows occupy one mile between Iona Sea Grant College Program engages this along Tivoli South Bay; Cruger Island Island and the west shore. In addition to network of the nation’s top universities and Magdalene Island, two bedrock being part of the Hudson River National in conducting scientific research, educa- islands, extensive subtidal shallows; and Estuarine Research Reserve, Iona Island tion, training, and extension projects the mouths of two tributary streams, and its associated tidal wetlands have designed to foster science-based deci- the Stony Creek and the Saw Kill (DEC, been designated a National Natural sions about the use and conservation 2008). Landmark by the National Park Service of our aquatic resources (Sea Grant (DEC, 2008). National, 2008). Sea Grant operates Tivoli Bay habitats include freshwater the National Aquatic Nuisance Species intertidal marsh, open waters, riparian The area of Iona Island is com- Clearinghouse, an international library areas, subtidal shallows, mudflats, tidal prised of brackish intertidal mudflats, of research, public policy, and outreach swamp and mixed forest uplands. The brackish tidal marsh, freshwater tidal education publications pertaining to Stony Creek has a watershed area of marsh and deciduous forested uplands. invasive marine and fresh-water aquatic 22.2 square miles draining into Tivoli Doodletown Brook is the principal nuisance species in North America (Sea North Bay, and the Saw Kill has a water- tributary to the site, draining approxi- Grant, 2008). shed of 22.0 square miles draining into mately 2.9 square miles. The Iona Island Tivoli South Bay. There are extensive Component encompasses 556 acres. New York Sea Grant Extension is a hiking trails at Tivoli Bays and a canoe The marsh at Iona Island can be viewed State and federally-funded program launch in North Bay, off Kidd Lane off along the causeway (off Route 9W), providing science-based information Route 9W in the Town of Red Hook. accessible by car or on foot. Visitors to people making and influencing Contact the Reserve headquarters for can not cross the railroad tracks (DEC, decisions for the wise development, maps (DEC, 2008). 2008). management and use of our coastal resources - now and in the future. Tivoli Bays Visitor Piermont Marsh Center: Doorway to the Extension specialists work with a Piermont Marsh encompasses 1,017 variety of audiences throughout Long Bays acres and lies at the southern edge Island, Manhattan, and New York’s of the village of Piermont, four miles Hudson Valley, and along the shores of Tivoli Bays Visitor Center has hands- south of Nyack in Rockland County. The Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Champlain, on exhibits about the Tivoli Bays and Piermont Marsh is on the western shore the St. Lawrence River and the Niagara is the starting point for a trail that of the Tappan Zee. The site occupies two River on these issues: leads to North Bay. It is Located at miles of shoreline south of the mile- the Watts dePeyster Fireman’s Hall, 1 •• Fostering coastal businesses long Erie Pier and includes the mouth of Tivoli Commons, Village of Tivoli. The •• Improving the quality of seafood Sparkill Creek and extensive tidal shal- Tivoli Bays Visitor Center is home to the •• Maintaining recreational and ma- lows. Piermont marsh habitats include Hudson River Collection, an extension rine fisheries brackish tidal marsh, shallows and of the Tivoli Free Library (DEC, 2008). •• Preparing for and responding to intertidal flats. The Sparkill Creek drains coastal hazards and water level Iona Island 11.1 square miles of watershed. There changes is a picnic area on Paradise Avenue in •• Responding to the spread and im- Piermont. Nearby, Tallman Mountain Iona Island is located in Bear pacts of aquatic nuisance species State Park offers many recreational op- Mountain State Park on the east side •• Providing K-12 educators with Sea portunities (DEC, 2008). of Route 9W in the Town of Stony Point Grant resources in Rockland County, six miles south of •• Protecting, enhancing and restoring West Point. Iona Island is a bedrock coastal habitats island in the midst of the Hudson Sea Grant Extension provides edu- Highlands, bordered to the west and cational materials such as fact sheets, 182 Statewide Programs periodicals, books, and videos; conducts seminars, training programs and demonstration projects; and engages and informs the general public, government officials, coastal managers, scientists, industry, the media and schools regarding coastal resources (Sea Grant, 2008).

183 Statewide Programs U.S. Geo- logical Sur- vey

The Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) information resource for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was established as a central repository for accurate and spatially referenced biogeographic accounts of nonindigenous aquatic species. The program provides scientific reports, online/real- time queries, spatial data sets, regional contact lists, and general information. The data is made available for use by biologists, interagency groups, and the general public. The geographical coverage is the United States. The database was originally started with the passage of the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species Control and Prevention Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-646). The Act created the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. In turn the Task Force created the NAS repository (USGS, 2007).

184 Statewide Programs U.S. Depart- ment of Ag- riculture Animal and Plant Health Inspec- tion Service (APHIS)

The USDA/APHIS Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) works to ensure the early detection of harmful or economically significant plant pests and weeds in a nationally directed survey program through the CAPS network. The program works with State and university cooperators through national, regional, and State level committees to prioritize survey projects and provides funds for State cooperators to conduct the agreed-upon surveys. The program also trains and equips State cooperators to conduct national surveys. The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets is the State’s coordinator of the CAPS program. Additional information is available at http://www. agmkt.state.ny.us/PI/PIHome.html.

185 Statewide Programs Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG, for modifications to trails, picnic areas, Statewide either adopted or proposed) and/or the campgrounds (or sites) and beaches in New York State Uniform Fire Prevention order to obtain programmatic compli- and Building Codes, as appropriate. ance with the ADA. In order to achieve Programs An assessment of current facilities will programmatic compliance, ADAAG is a also establish the need for new ones suggested reference, since no standards Accessibility or to upgrade the existing facilities. exist in the ADA. Further, proposed The Americans with Disabilities Act However, no public entity is required to ADAAG do require all trail construction (ADA), along with the Architectural make each existing facility and asset and alteration to comply unless one or Barriers Act of 1968 (ABA) and the accessible. more of the general conditions for ex- Rehabilitation Act of 1973; Title V, The Americans with ception exist or individual standards can Section 504, have had a profound effect be excepted or exempted. The other on the manner by which people with Disabilities Act Acces- outdoor components in the proposed disabilities are afforded equality in sibility Guidelines ADAAG (campgrounds, beaches and picnic areas) do not require all elements their recreational pursuits. The ADA is a The Americans with Disabilities comprehensive law prohibiting discrimi- to be accessible; a percentage of the Act (ADA) requires public agencies to total available must be compliant. nation against people with disabilities employ specific guidelines which ensure in employment practices, use of public that buildings, facilities, programs and ADAAG Application transportation, use of telecommunica- vehicles as addressed by the ADA are Current and proposed ADAAG can tion facilities and use of public accom- accessible in terms of architecture and also be used in assessing existing modations. Title II of the ADA applies to design, transportation and communica- facilities or assets to determine compli- public entities and requires, in part, that tion to individuals with disabilities. A ance to accessibility standards. ADAAG reasonable modifications must be made federal agency known as the Access are not intended or designed for this to its services and programs, so that Board has issued the ADAAG for this purpose, but using them to establish when those services and programs are purpose. The Department of Justice Rule accessibility levels lend credibility to viewed in their entirety, they are readily provides authority to these guidelines. accessible to and usable by people with the assessment result. Management disabilities. This must be done unless The Access Board has proposed recommendations by a public entity for such modification would result in a fun- guidelines to expand ADAAG to cover recreational facilities will be served well damental alteration in the nature of the outdoor developed facilities managed if developed in accordance with the service, program or activity or an undue by the federal government including: ADAAG for the built environment, the financial or administrative burden. trails, campgrounds, picnic areas and proposed ADAAG for outdoor devel- Since recreation is an acknowledged beaches. The proposed ADAAG are oped areas, the New York State Uniform public accommodation program of sev- available through the access board Fire Prevention and Building Codes eral of the State’s agencies, and there website at www.access-board.gov. and other appropriate guidance docu- are services and activities associated ADAAG apply to newly constructed ments. Until such time as the proposed with that program, these agencies have structures and facilities and alterations ADAAG becomes an adopted rule of the the mandated obligation to comply with to existing structures and facilities. Department of Justice, public entities the ADA, Title II and ADA Accessibility Further, it applies to fixed structures or are required to use the best informa- Guidelines (ADAAG), as well as Section facilities, i.e., those that are attached tion available to comply with the ADA; 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. to the earth or another structure that this direction does include the proposed guidelines. The ADA requires a public entity to is attached to the earth. Therefore, thoroughly examine each of its pro- when a public entity is planning the Goal construction of new recreational facili- grams and services to determine the Improve the level of access to parks, level of accessibility provided. The ex- ties, or assets that support recreational facilities, or is considering an altera- historic sites and open space areas to amination involves the identification of persons with disabilities. all existing programs and services and tion of existing recreational facilities a formal assessment to determine the or the assets supporting them, it must Actions degree of accessibility provided to each. also consider providing access to the •• Survey existing facilities to deter- The assessment includes the use of the facilities or elements for people with mine if they are accessible. standards established by the Federal disabilities. The standards which exist in •• Identify actions that will be re- Department of Justice Rule as delin- ADAAG or are contained in the pro- quired to make facilities accessible. eated by the Americans with Disabilities posed ADAAG also provide guidance 186 Statewide Programs •• Utilize the proposed ADAAG to makes sense from a planning perspec- make recreation facilities accessible. tive as it includes not only people with Golden Park •• Incorporate accessibility standards disabilities, but families, seniors, people in all new construction and major with temporary or invisible disabilities Program modifications of existing facilities. and the people that they recreate with. A Golden Park Program provides free Goal vehicle access to state parks and arbo- Improve recreation providers’ under- Access Pass retums, fee reduction to state historic standing of the needs of persons with sites and fee reduction for state-oper- disabilities. An Access Pass program provides ated swimming, golf, tennis and boat free use of parks, historic sites, and rec- rental for resident 62 years of age or Actions reational facilities operated by the New older on any weekday (except holidays). •• Encourage training programs to York State Office of Parks, Recreation improve the means of communicat- and Historic Preservation and the New Empire ing with people with disabilities. York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Qualified persons with permanent disabilities can obtain a pass Passport Universal Ac- for free use of facilities operated by The Empire Passport provides unlim- these offices, for which there is normally ited day use vehicle entry to most of cess Program a charge such as for parking, camping, New York’s State parks and recreational Public recreation agencies should green fees and swimming. The pass, facilities for a one time purchase price. consider developing a Universal Access however, is not valid at any facility The Passport can be used from April 1 Program. DEC for example has made within a park operated by a private con- to March 31 of the following year and significant strides in developing such a cern under contract to the State, or for a provides access to most of the 178 state program. waiver of fees such as those for season- parks, 55 Department of Environmental al marina dockage, for a group camp, Conservation (DEC) forest preserve Since 2001, the DEC has coordi- for reservations of a picnic shelter, for areas, as well as to boat launch sites, nated efforts to provide access to performing arts programs, for campsite/ arboretums and park preserves. A sec- programs through the efforts of Access cabin amenities, for consumables, or for ond passport for the same household Coordinators in each regional office fees related to campsite/cabin reserva- can be purchased at a reduced rate, and a Statewide Coordinator for Access tions and registrations. which may be used on a second vehicle, Issues located in the Department’s boat or motorcycle. central office. Their role is to assess the level of accessibility to programs and services, identify barriers, develop solutions to improve access, provide technical assistance and in-service training and provide outreach and education to promote our accessible areas. The goal of the UAP is to develop a comprehensive approach to maximize accessibility to programs and services while ensuring consistency with the other legal mandates of conservation and protection of the resources we manage. Looking beyond the legal minimum requirements for providing access for persons with disabilities, the UAP has promoted the employment of Universal Design principles for new construction. Universal Design enables use by everyone rather than a portion of the Figure 7.7 - OPRHP Camping Facilities population. This inclusive approach 187 Statewide Programs

188 The State Outdoor Recreation System Chapter 8 - The State Outdoor Recre- ation System Legislature in 1883. Following the suc- State for a public park. As was custom- Evolution cess at Niagara was the establishment ary at the time, Letchworth gave control by the State Legislature, in 1885, of the of the park to the American Scenic and Forest Preserve in the Adirondack and Historic Preservation Society, which of New Catskill Mountain regions due to uncon- was originally incorporated by act of trolled timbering and mining, a decline the State legislature as the “Trustees of York State in public open space, and the growing Scenic and Historic Places and Objects” need for fresh water. The legislation in 1895. The purpose of the Society Parks, Con- stated that the Preserve “shall be for- was to acquire, preserve, and improve ever kept as wild forest lands”. Within a places of natural beauty or historical couple years, New York had become the significance for public use and benefit, servation, first State to not just preserve the envi- demonstrating the alliance between the ronment but also to begin to restore it. movements for both natural and cul- and Recre- tural preservation in turn-of-the-century The Adirondack Park was created in America. ation 1892, identified by a blue line on a map within which State acquisition of private The residents of Manhattan were In the mid-nineteenth century, most in-holdings was to be concentrated. At accustomed to the sight of the ma- New Yorkers lived in rural areas and the 1894 Constitutional Convention, a jestic columns of rock, known as the nature was seen as a struggle, not as a new amendment to achieve meaning- Palisades, along the west bank of place to relax and enjoy. The only state ful protection of the Forest Preserve the Hudson River. As concern for the agency managing natural resources was was included, stating “The lands of the destruction of the cliffs from quarrying the New York State Land Commission, State, now owned or hereafter acquired, grew toward the end of the nineteenth which was established to dispose of ex- constituting the Forest Preserve as century, plans were advanced to protect cess property. In the 1870s, old-growth now fixed by law, shall be forever kept the Palisades from further deface- timber lands owned by New York State as wild forest lands. They shall not be ment. The result was the appointment were being sold to loggers and the state leased, sold, or exchanged, or be taken in 1900 of the Commissioners of the paid a bounty to hunters of wolves by any corporation, public or private, Palisades Interstate Park by New York and mountain lions. But old attitudes nor shall the timber thereon be sold, Governor Theodore Roosevelt and New gradually began to change and people removed, or destroyed.” The State Jersey Governor Foster Voorhees. The thought about how they could nurture constitution now prohibited logging on Commissioners had jurisdiction in both and preserve nature instead of conquer the Forest Preserve lands. A number of states with power to acquire whatever it. Industrial expansion altered the living amendments have been added to Article territory was deemed necessary along patterns of the people as well as the 14 since its adoption in 1894; however, the Palisades for preservation, educa- face of the land. As preservationists be- none of them changed or diminished tion, and recreation, authorization later gan to organize, so did social reformers. the original wording that was approved being extended to the north and west. Their common goal was healthy people by the citizens of the State in 1894. The Subsequently, the Palisades Interstate prospering among natural beauty. The Catskill Park was created in 1904 in the Park Commission (PIPC) was feder- result was a conservation and recre- same manner as the Adirondack Park. ally chartered by Congress in 1937. ation ethic. PIPC, comprised of five commissioners Across New York, wealthy and each from New York and New Jersey Throughout the nineteenth century, influential residents had been observ- appointed by their respective state’s artists and tourists had sought inspira- ing the effects of industrialization with governor, now has jurisdiction over 24 tion from the grandeur of Niagara Falls concern and moved to secure some of state parks and 8 historic sites of more and were distressed by the commercial- the state’s most scenic areas. For ex- than 100,000 acres. ism growing around the falls. Efforts ample, from 1859 to 1906 William Pryor to preserve the scenery culminated in Letchworth acquired about 1,000 acres By the 1920’s, New York State had the creation of the State Reservation in the area of the Genesee River gorge more than 40 areas of scenic, recre- at Niagara by the New York State and decided to give his land to the ational, and historical interest, but there 189 The State Outdoor Recreation System was no coordination and no single body to “reforestation and the establishment for Historic Preservation to advise the responsible for directing park, conserva- and maintenance thereon of forests for Commissioner. tion, or recreation policies statewide. A watershed protection, the production of similar lack of direction was evident in timber, and for recreation and kindred The Office of Parks and Recreation state government as a whole with 187 purposes”. These Reforestation Areas was assigned the responsibility for separate agencies. Reorganization of became the nucleus of our present day maintaining state parks and historic state government in the 1920’s resulted State Forests. Reforestation in the state sites, as well as providing recreational in the first unified state park system has resulted in a profound increase opportunities for the people of the State in the country with the creation of the from 20- 25% forest cover in 1890 to and being steward of the State’s arche- State Council of Parks in 1924. about 62% today. ological and historical resources. Eleven State Park Regions were assigned to the The State Council of Parks had under During the 1960’s, changing public OPR while the twelfth region, consisting its jurisdiction state parks and historic attitudes and the availability of envi- of the Adirondack and Catskill Parks, sites outside of the Forest Preserve and ronmental science led to the realization was retained by the DEC. The official was charged with establishing uniform that government had a strong role to title of the OPR was changed to the park policy, developing its parks, and play in preserving resources and keep- Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic acting as a clearinghouse and advisory ing the environment healthy. In 1970, Preservation (OPRHP) in 1981. body. It charted a course of carrying out this expanded sense of awareness and a comprehensive outdoor recreation responsibility led to the creation of program, including providing recreation- the NYS Department of Environmental al motor routes, or parkways, to reach Conservation (DEC), signed into be- parks by increasing numbers of auto- ing on the first Earth Day by Governor mobile tourists, especially in the years Nelson Rockefeller. The DEC was formed following World War II. After being the from the Conservation Department with major architect of the formation of the additional responsibility for several State Council of Parks, Robert Moses environmental programs and commis- served as its first Chairman, a position sions formerly within other agencies, he kept for nearly 40 years. as well as entirely new disciplines created within the agency. At the same The Conservation Department was time, the Division of Parks and Outdoor established in 1927. The Conservation Recreation was removed from the Department was a consolidation of Conservation Department and elevated several commissions, some of which to full agency status as the new Office had previously been consolidated into of Parks and Recreation (OPR). a Conservation Commission in 1911. The State Council of Parks continued, Primary responsibility for the state but was placed under the jurisdiction parks remained with the State Council of the Conservation Commissioner and of Parks, which was under the chair- jurisdiction of all the parks, reserva- manship of Laurance Rockefeller since tions and historic sites was given to the the departure of Robert Moses in 1963, Conservation Department’s Division of until 1972 when responsibility shifted to Parks. the Commissioner of OPR. The Council of Parks and Recreation evolved as an Reforestation of New York State has advisory body representing the interest occurred as a result of abandonment of citizens and making recommenda- of farmland through much of the 20th tions to the Commissioner on various century, as well as conscious efforts to aspects of parks and recreation. The return once-cleared land to forest. The New York State Historic Trust was cre- State Reforestation Law of 1929 and ated in 1966 to take responsibility for the Hewitt Amendment of 1931 au- historic preservation, which had been thorized the Conservation Department under the Education Department since to acquire land for reforestation areas, 1944. Those responsibilities also shifted consisting of not less than 500 acres of to the Commissioner of OPR, and the contiguous land, to be forever devoted Trust was replaced with a State Board 190 The State Outdoor Recreation System

state registers of historic places. In ad- boat launch sites, 20 parkways, over The State dition, the law divides New York State 5,000 structures, 77 developed beaches, into 12 park regions, 11 under the ju- 53 swimming pools, 29 golf courses, risdiction of OPRHP and 1 administered over 800 cabins, cottages and rental of the State by DEC. The 11 OPRHP park regions houses, 8,566 campsites, and over are located outside the Adirondack and 1,350 miles of trail, as well as several Outdoor Catskill Forest Preserves. outdoor education centers, museums, and nature centers and the Empire State Recreation The mission of the Department Games. Nearly 80% of the park system of Environmental Conservation is to is in natural areas with a wide range of protect the quality of New York State’s geological features, ecological habitats System land, water and air, the character of its and species of plants and animals. scenery, and the health and diversity This includes the water fall at Niagara The “heart and soul” of the State’s of its fish and wildlife populations and Falls, the Genesee River gorge called outdoor recreation system is not the habitats. Within this capacity DEC has the “Grand Canyon of the East” at facilities or activities but its natural and dual focus of land management and en- Letchworth, extensive forested areas of cultural resources. Care and stewardship vironmental regulation. As a land man- Allegany and Sterling Forest State Parks, of these resources must be maintained ager DEC manages the Forest Preserve the gorges of the Finger Lakes parks, and fostered. If these resources are lost in the Adirondacks and Catskills, State islands in the St. Lawrence and Hudson so is the quality of the recreational ex- Forests, Wildlife Management Areas, Rivers, cliffs at Minnewaska, and the perience which is the system’s primary State Nature and Historical Preserve beaches of Long Island. attribute. The public will not come to areas and facilities and land areas that swim at our lakes and ocean, or hike support fish and wildlife programs. The Department of Environmental the trails if the environmental quality of Conservation (DEC) manages 53 day the resources is impaired. use and campsite facilities within the Adirondack and Catskill Forest The Office of Parks, Recreation State Park Preserves. Unlike a state park, these and Historic Preservation and the facilities are within a larger unit man- Department of Environmental System agement area. Conservation are the two primary state agencies that manage land resources OPRHP administers about 330,000 and provide recreational opportunities. acres of land, 178 state parks, 35 The Canal Corporation, Department of historic sites, 67 marine facilities and Transportation and Office of General Services are also land managers.

The mission of the Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) is to provide safe and enjoyable recreational and interpretive opportunities for all New York State residents and visitors and to be responsible stewards of our valuable natural, historic and cultural resources. Within this capacity OPRHP manages the State Park System that includes state parks and historic sites. The Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Law also provides for a State Council of Parks and Recreation as an advisory body and the creation of the State Board for Historic Preservation. The board provides advisory services and acts as the federally mandated review body in the nomina- Figure 8.1 - New York State Parks and Historic Sties tion of sites for listing on federal and 191 The State Outdoor Recreation System Park. It was created by New York State designated rivers in the Park, and the State Lands law in 1971. The legislation defined the State’s Freshwater Wetlands Act within makeup and functions of the APA and the Park. and Forests authorized the Agency to develop two plans for lands within the Adirondack APA operates two Visitor Interpretive DEC manages over 4 million acres. Park. The Adirondack Park Land Use Centers (VICs) at Paul Smiths, Franklin This includes 3 million acres in the and Development Plan regulates land County and at Newcomb, Essex County. Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserve, use and development activities on These Centers are the Agency’s environ- 776,000 acres of reforestation and mul- the approximately 3.2 million acres of mental education and traveler orienta- tiple use areas, 190,000 areas in wildlife privately owned lands in the Park. The tion centers. management areas and 662,000 acres Adirondack Park State Land Master in conservation easements. Plan (APSLMP) sets forth guidelines and The Catskill Park was similarly criteria for the DEC’s management of established, by statute in 1904 with Forest Preserve the remaining 2.8 million acres of public 576,126 acres. Like the Adirondack lands. Park, it includes both public and private The statute creating the Forest lands. The size of this park has been en- Preserve incorporated all state-owned The policy framework provided by larged to 705,500 acres. Approximately lands within three Catskill counties the APSLMP is resource-capacity driven, 300,000 acres is in state ownership and (later amended to incorporate four rather than user-demand driven, with is classified as Forest Preserve. Catskill counties) and all state-owned protection of the Park’s outstanding lands within 11 Adirondack counties natural resources the underlying man- State Nature and His- (later amended to 12) into the Forest date governing New York State’s provi- torical Preserve Preserve. One of the things that make sion of recreational opportunities on the the Forest Preserve unique among pub- State-owned lands and waters in the Like the Forest Preserve the State lic land holdings, in addition to its size Adirondacks. This is reflective not only Nature and Historical Preserve also of nearly 3 million acres, is the fact that of the statewide importance of these has constitutional protection that is the people of the State have chosen to resources, but also of their national and authorized by Section 4 of Article 14 make decisions regarding changes that international significance. of the State constitution. It provides would diminish the preserve through a for the designation of state lands, public referendum following approval For the previous five years, APA has outside the Forest Preserve counties, of two sessions of the State Legislature. worked with DEC in a concerted effort that have exceptional beauty, wilder- These areas provide extensive camping, to undertake planning critical to improv- ness character, or geological, ecological trail, hunting, fishing and other passive ing recreational opportunities through- or historical significance to the State recreational opportunities. out the Park. Numerous, first-ever Nature and Historical Preserve. At the unit management plans (UMPs) have present, Article 45 of the Environmental The Adirondack Park, established by been drafted and approved for specific Conservation Law (ECL), which is the statute in 1892, is unique among parks areas that span the range of diversity implementing legislation, currently has within the nation in that it encompasses from popular public campgrounds to 11 properties dedicated to the State both state and private lands. Originally the region’s more remote, less-used Nature and Historical Preserve. These established at 2,800,000 acres the wilderness areas. In the upcoming five properties are listed in Appendix G. park is now just under 6 million acres. years as this inter-Agency planning Approximately 2.7 million acres are in process continues, a primary objective Wildlife Management state ownership most all of which is of APA is to work with DEC to facilitate Areas classified as Forest Preserve. implementation of workable, state- of-the art practices such as a “Limits The primary purpose of Wildlife Unique to the Adirondack Park is the of Acceptable Change” management Management Areas (WMAs) is for the Adirondack Park Agency that controls approach to protecting natural resourc- production and use of wildlife. DEC land use on state and private lands. The es, and a “Recreational Opportunity manages more than 85 WMAs con- Adirondack Park Agency (APA) is an Spectrum” method of inventorying the Park’s available recreational resources. taining more than 190,000 acres - independent, bipartisan state agency including 124,000 acres of upland and responsible for developing long-range 53,000 acres of wetland. (DEC, 2007) park policy in a forum that balances APA also administers the State’s statewide concerns and the interests Wild, Scenic and Recreational Rivers of local governments in the Adirondack System Act for private lands adjacent to 192 The State Outdoor Recreation System

The WMA program is part of a long Northeast. In addition, habitat manage- timber, and for recreation and kindred term effort to establish permanent ment methods and techniques such as purposes.” State Forests are “working access to lands in New York State for mowing, use of controlled burns, and forests” and are managed by employ- the protection and promotion of its fish planting of wildlife shrubs and food ing multiple use principles to provide and wildlife resources. Beginning in plots have been established and refined a wide variety of resources, products the early 1900s with the acquisition of on WMAs. and opportunities to meet the var- abandoned farm lands and fields, DEC ied demands of today’s society. The and its predecessor (NYS Conservation For most areas, statewide hunting demand for recreational use of State Department) worked with the federal and fishing regulations as well as state- Forests has greatly increased in recent government, state government and wide WMA regulations are applicable. years. Recreational activities are now sportsmen and women to secure these In general, prohibited activities include a major component of State Forest Unit land parcels for public use. any use of motorized vehicles includ- Management Plans and include diverse ing motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles pursuits such as snowmobiling, horse Money used to acquire lands in- and snowmobiles (except on town, back riding, hunting, fishing, hang cluded in the WMA system has been a county or state highway rights-of-way), gliding, picnicking, cross-country skiing, combination of state and federal fund- overnight mooring or boat storage. No bird watching and hiking. The archer, ing. The Conservation Fund (begun in fires are permitted except for cooking, the dog sledder, the rock climber and 1925) was the first dependable source warmth or smudge. Activities prohib- the orienteering enthusiast also claim followed by two federal programs in ited, with exceptions under certain the need for a place to enjoy their sport. the 1930s: 1) the Federal Resettlement conditions, include camping, swim- More than 2,000,000 person-days of Administration bought marginal and ming, skiing (other than cross-country), hunting take place on State Forests worn-out farmland and later donated picnicking and mechanized boating. annually, and approximately 570,000 it to the state for wildlife management In certain cases, however, additional person-days of freshwater fishing are purposes, and 2) the Pittman-Robertson special regulations are also in force. estimated for the lakes, ponds and Act, still in effect today, places an excise These special regulations are usually streams located on State Forests. tax on guns and ammunition to fund reductions in hunting hours, restric- restoration and management efforts for tions on the number of people using State Forests often contain features wildlife, including purchase of habitat. the area and increased requirements for of unique interest. Cultural resource In addition, several New York State sportsmen and women to report on the sites such as old homesteads, cemeter- Bond Acts (1960, 1972 and 1986) also results of their activities. (DEC, 2007) ies, Native American sites, and historical helped expand the WMA system. sites can provide notable opportunities State Forests and experiences for inquisitive visitors. WMAs provide unique areas for the State Forests can also harbor rare and public to interact with a wide variety of State Forest is a generic term used endangered plant communities and wildlife species. Since sportsmen and to describe the nearly 776,000 acres of ecosystems. These special habitats add women have funded the acquisition of a DEC administered land located outside emphasis to the stewardship respon- large portion of the WMAs through their the Forest Preserve and under the direc- sibilities of State Forest management. license fees and the federal tax on guns tion of the Division of Lands and Forests Some of these communities, such as and ammunition, the emphasis is on in DEC. “State Forests” generally the pine barrens of Long Island and the game species. include lands classified as Reforestation oak savanna in Monroe County, provide Areas, Unique Areas and Multiple Use the land manager with the challenge However, while fishing, hunting and Areas. There are approximately 480 for their restoration and perpetuation trapping are the most widely practiced State Forest areas, ranging in size from and the recreational naturalist with the activities on many WMAs, they are not less than 100 acres to over 9,000 acres. opportunity to observe the components limited to these activities. Most WMAs The State Reforestation Law of 1929 of the communities. also provide good opportunities for hik- and the Hewitt Amendment of 1931 ing, cross-country skiing, bird watching, set forth legislation authorizing DEC to or just enjoying nature. acquire land for Reforestation Areas, which make up approximately 85% of WMAs also provide areas for lands classified as State Forests. These research on various wildlife species. A lands are to be forever devoted to grouse study conducted on Connecticut “reforestation and the establishment Hill WMA is considered the standard and maintenance thereon of forests for reference on ruffed grouse in the watershed protection, the production of 193 The State Outdoor Recreation System were completed in 2000. The seventh Valley Greenway Trail System and the Canal Corpo- Canal Harbor was completed in 2003. Genesee Valley Greenway Trail, helping to create a network of trails span- ration In addition, nearly 100 Canal Ports ning the State. The primary funding have been constructed or are currently source for Canalway Trail development Canal Recreationway under improvement at Canal Locks and has been the Federal Transportation waterfronts along the system. There Enhancements program through and Canalway Trail were 96 port and lock improvement ISTEA, TEA 21 and SAFETEA-LU with System projects proposed for the Canal System matching funds provided by the Canal under the Canal Recreationway Plan. Corporation. Significant progress has been made Improved visitor services and amenities over the last decade to develop the are now available at 60 locations with The Canal Corporation has also New York State Canal Recreationway, plans underway locally to complete the begun research and planning for the which spans the 524-mile New York remaining 36 sites. development of the New York State State Canal System, consisting of the Canalway Water Trail, a coordinated legendary Erie, Champlain, Oswego and In 2006, the Greenway Grant water-based “trail” with boat launches Cayuga-Seneca Canals. The New York Program awarded over $8.9 million in and landing sites, along with campsites State Canal Corporation, a subsidiary of grant funding to local communities and located on the shores of the Canal the New York State Thruway Authority, non-profit organizations for Canal-side System. The Canal Corporation has de- operates, maintains and promotes the improvement projects. The approved veloped an informational brochure and system and has spear-headed the canal projects are designed to enhance tour- has begun an inventory of existing and revitalization effort throughout New ism and economic development along potential sites for future improvement York State. the Canal System and further capitalize and enhancement. on this historic national resource for the The Canal Recreationway Plan benefit of local communities. The Canal Corporation has recently and subsequent Canal Revitalization begun the transfer of hundreds of acres Program, adopted in 1996, laid the Completion of the end-to-end of surplus Canal-owned lands to OPRHP foundation for Canal System redevel- Canalway Trail is another major ele- and DEC for recreation and preserva- opment efforts with the objective of ment of the Canal Revitalization effort. tion purposes. Pending transfers to transforming the canals into a world The Canalway Trail, which parallels the OPRHP include Old Erie Canal land class recreation resource. Significant entire New York State Canal System, (Rome), Moss Island (Little Falls), Old public outreach went into the docu- will be the longest multiple use trail Champlain Canal land (Saratoga), open ments through regional canal plans, in the United States. More than 170 space in the Village of Fayetteville, Delta focus groups and other meetings held miles of trail have been completed Lake (City of Rome, towns of Western to encourage public participation. The since the Canal Corporation began the and Lee) and lands adjacent to Lock fundamental goals of these documents program in 1995. A total of 280 miles E-7 (Niskayuna). Recently Completed are to: of trail now exist, primarily along the transfers to DEC include Chub Pond and •• preserve the best of the past; Erie Canal corridor. The Canalway Trail Twin Lakes Reservoir (Ohio). •• enhance recreational opportunities; parallels the Erie, Champlain, Oswego and, and Cayuga-Seneca canals, creating As a result of these investments and •• foster appropriate and sustainable the spine of a statewide network of initiatives, the Canal Recreationway has economic development. trails. Major existing segments are been recognized for its recreational and located in the Capital District from cultural potential for boating, biking, The major element of the Canal Albany to Rotterdam Junction, between hiking, snowmobiling and other water Recreationway Plan is the development Amsterdam and Little Falls, between and trailway pursuits. of a network of Canal Harbors and Rome and Syracuse in the Old Erie Ports aimed at improving the link- Canal State Park and between Newark ages between the waterway and canal and Lockport. Other shorter segments communities. exist along the Erie, Champlain and Oswego Canals. Canal Harbors were developed at seven canal gateways and other strate- The Canalway Trail will link to other gic locations. Six of the seven harbors important state greenway and trail systems, including the Hudson River 194 The State Outdoor Recreation System

established the first dive preserves, Office of Gen- including the radeaux Land Tortoise in Lake George, a floating gun platform of eral Services the French & Indian War, reputed to be (OGS) North America’s oldest intact warship.

OGS operates under the Public Lands Olympic Re- Law to administer state-owned land, including uplands and all ungranted lands gional De- under or formerly under the waters of New York State. The Agency issues velopment licenses, permits, leases, easements and occasionally grants to underwater Authority lands; disposes of uplands determined to be surplus to the needs of the State; (ORDA) and, provides transfers of jurisdiction for state agencies and local agencies The facilities and venues that ORDA for certain specific purposes (including manages and maintains are not just recreational uses) subject to special acts for elite winter athletes. They’re also of the State legislature. The latter provi- a winter vacationer’s paradise. ORDA sion is related to Article 3, Section 34 manages and operates the ski centers of the Public Lands Law whereby OGS at Gore Mountain in North Creek, NY facilitates the transfer of jurisdiction of and Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, state lands to county or local govern- NY. These facilities are open to the ments for listed purposes such as park, public and operate from mid-November recreation and playground areas. These to mid-April. transfers are subject to reversion to the State should these uses no longer be The public also has the opportu- pursued. nity to experience the bobsled track and luge run at the Olympic Sports OGS’s participation in various pro- Complex in Lake Placid, NY. Also at grams such as the Hudson River Valley the Sports Complex, the 31 miles of Greenway, and the Heritage Rivers cross-country ski trails that were used Program, provides the agency with during the 1980 Olympics are available the opportunity to further recreational to the public for skiing or snowshoeing. objectives. One way OGS participates Lastly, ORDA offers public skating from in recreational programs is by providing December through March on the Speed local communities with rights to lands Skating Oval used in the 1980 Olympics. underwater or filled (previously underwater), for connection and access areas.

OGS is also a member of the ad hoc Others Interagency Committee for Submerged There are various other state agen- Cultural Resources. The Committee cies that manage open space and/ has participants from OPRHP, DEC, or provide recreation programs. The the Department of Education (State Health Department encourages recre- Museum), DOS’s Coastal Management ation activities to improve the health of Program, the Attorney General’s Office the citizens of New York. The New York and the Canal Corporation. This State Museum provides interpretive fa- Committee reviews proposals and cilities, programs and kiosks. The Office issues affecting submerged historic, ar- for the Aging and Office of Children and cheological, and cultural resources, pre- Family Services also provide programs. dominantly shipwrecks. The Committee 195 The State Outdoor Recreation System The system continues to grow. Over areas, hiking trails, and maintenance Enhancing the past 15 years, the size of the Park centers. There is also a significant back- System expanded from184 sites in 1992 log of repair and maintenance needs for to 213, an increase of 29 new facilities. historic buildings and structures at the and Revi- The land resource under the steward- Historic Sites, as well as energy efficien- ship of the agency has grown from cy investments in aging buildings. talizing the 257,000 acres in 1992 to 326,000 acres, an increase of 27%. New Facilities Devel- State Out- opment The guidance provided in the mission door Recre- of OPRHP to provide safe and enjoyable As identified above, the park sys- recreational and interpretive opportuni- tem has increased by 29 facilities over ties and be responsible stewards of the the past 15 years. Many of these new ation Sys- natural, historic and cultural resources, parks consist of a sign, a car pull-off provides the basis for the assessment and a minimum level of recreational tem of the condition of the Park System. As opportunities. Investments are needed such, the assessment is defined within to create entrance areas, parking areas, New York has one of the nation’s four categories: restrooms, trail systems, and picnic oldest and largest outdoor recreation areas and other compatible recreation system but also one that has been Health and Safety facilities, to make these new acquisi- expanding. Within the last fifteen years tions available to the public. However, more than one million acres has been There are number of health and safe- the need to expand recreation opportu- acquired. This has resulted an increase ty issues facing the State Park System. nities is not just restricted these parks in stewardship responsibilities to man- Drinking water systems need to be but also includes existing facilities. age these new natural, recreational and upgraded or replaced, aging sewage Many of the existing parks either have cultural resources. The basic infra- treatment systems have exceeded their outdated or no master plans. Through structure for many of the facilities has useful life, various dams on the state’s the planning process, new recreation exceeded its life expectancy and needs high hazard list do not meet modern and interpretive opportunities may be to be rehabilitated, upgraded or in some dam safety standards, and bridges have proposed that require support facilities. cases adaptively reused. Of equal or been flagged as potential hazards. In greater concern is the stewardship of addition, outdated electrical systems Natural Resource the natural resources and their role in and underground petroleum storage protecting habitats, reducing the im- tanks need to be removed and landfills Stewardship pacts of climate change and improving that, although inactive for many years, The State Park ‘s natural resources the quality of life. were never closed to DEC standards need to be addressed. – plant, wildlife, and ecosystems – face varied treats, such as pollution of lakes and rivers, impaired wetlands, invasive State Parks Rehabilitation of Ex- species, soil erosion, global warming, isting Facilities and sea level rise. There is a need to The State Parks System is comprised restore habitats and ecosystems to as- of 178 Parks and 35 Historic Sites, This category is by far the largest, sure that natural resources in the State marine facilities, trails and parkways. comprising approximately 65% of Parks remain “unimpaired for future The system serves more than 55 million OPRHP’s total identified capital needs. generations”. visitors annually. Niagara Falls State It encompasses capital rehabilitation of Park’s annual attendance of 7.8 mil- existing infrastructure in the Parks and Capital Needs lion visitors is greater than that of the Historic Sites including: replacing facili- Grand Canyon and Yosemite National ties that have long exceeded their prac- To address the health and safety, Parks combined. More than six million tical and operational effectiveness and rehabilitation, new development and people visit Jones Beach State Park are in various stages of disrepair. This natural resource needs will require which is twice the number that visits includes roofs, heating and plumbing a significant capital investment. The Yellowstone. The system is also the systems, contact stations, campgrounds, capital expenditures for State Parks oldest state system in the nation with boat launches, picnic shelters, recreation in 1992 were $60 million. The capital Niagara Falls established in 1885 and fields, pools, swimming areas, visitor expenditures in 2007 from all sources Washington’s Headquarters in 1850. centers, bathrooms, roads, parking 196 The State Outdoor Recreation System were $40 million. Adjusted for inflation, • Although New York State will be • Approval of the $100 million for the existing capital budget is in essence the primary source of capital funds, the rehabilitation and revitalization 50% less than in 1992. increased efforts are needed to of the State Park System recom- raise private contributions from mended in the Governor’s proposed The backlog of urgent capital needs private individuals, foundations, 2008-2009 budget. is estimated to be $650 million. The Friends Groups, and the corporate $40 million available only scratches sector. the surface. A comprehensive plan to revitalize New York’s State Parks and Historic Sites is needed. This comprehensive plan includes the following components: Natural Resouce • A multi-year plan is being devel- Stew ardship 5% Health and Safety oped that addresses the several Projects decades of backlogged capital proj- 15% New ects facing the State Parks system. Facilities It will require a sustained effort to 15% solve, with a multi-year, dependable commitment of funds. • The federal government must be partner in this effort. Federal

funding for State Park projects has Rehabilitation of all but disappeared. The current Existing Facilities allocation from the State’s primary 65% source of parks funding, the Land and Water Conservation Fund, is only $2 million. Federal support for LWCF and other federal programs Figure 8.2 - Breakdown of $650 million- State Parks and Historic needs to increase. Sites Capital Needs

OPRHP State Park System OPRHP Capital Budget

All Funds Constant Dollar Capital Spending 340,000 220 215 (Figures in $000's) 320,000 210 205 300,000 $70,000 200 280,000 195 $60,000 260,000 190 $50,000 185 240,000 180 $40,000 220,000 175 $30,000 170 $20,000 200,000 165 $10,000 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 $- 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 Total Acres Total Facilities

Figure 8.3 - Park System Expansion vs. Capital Budget

197 The State Outdoor Recreation System Hiking is permitted on most of the limited enforcement capabilities, and DEC Lands trailways. These may range from a lack of legislative funding. hiking experience of a mile or less on a and Forests nature/interpretive trail to the extended Belleayre Ski Center Finger Lakes Trail and the Long Path DEC administers the Belleayre DEC manages nearly 4 million acres systems. Mountain Ski Center located in of Forest Preserve, State Forests, Wildlife Equestrian trails are located in many Highmount, New York in the Catskill Management Areas and other lands Forest Preserve. Since 1949 this modern throughout the state. Within these of DEC’s regions. The large system at Brookfield, Madison County has its ski area has offered full service downhill lands, DEC maintains roads, camp- and cross-country skiing. The center grounds, day use areas, environmental counterpart at the Otter Creek system in Lewis County. These two and others are serves an average of 103,000 skiers per education centers, fish hatcheries, ski year. The facilities, which include 33 resorts and other support facilities. also used for snowmobiling during the winter months and receive intensive use downhill slopes and trails, 4 cross-coun- Public Forest Access for both pursuits. While 370 miles of try trails and 8 passenger lifts and tows, Roads trail are specifically signed for snow- generate about $2 million in revenue mobiling, this activity is not currently annually. There are over 600 miles of all- restricted on State Forests to trails and Belleayre Mountain Day-Use Area, weather roads maintained on State consequently uses more State land than located in the vicinity of the Belleayre Forests. These roads, along with other is commonly recognized. Snowshoeing Mountain Ski Center, was opened to the seasonal-use-only roads, provide the and cross-county skiing are other winter public in July of 1993. primary access system to the lands for sports that make use of State Forest recreationists. The roads are construct- trail systems. Over four hundred miles Campgrounds and Day ed to standards that will provide rea- of trail are designated for these uses Use Areas sonably safe travel and to keep main- and have become very popular with tenance costs to a minimum. Turnoff, enthusiasts of these sports. Many programs and services are of- parking areas and cul-de-sacs provide fered to the public at DEC administered space for the recreationists to leave Currently, ATV use is not permit- recreation facilities. These facilities are their vehicles while enjoying the forests. ted. Future development of dedicated located in the Forest Preserve, either in Parking areas for horse riding enthusi- off-road ATV trails on State Forests is the Adirondack or Catskill Parks. asts include a stabling area, track area expected to be unlikely due to envi- and even primitive camping sites for ronmental and public safety concerns, Campgrounds and day use areas their use. These areas are reached from afford the public opportunities for day the public forest access road system. The smaller seasonal-use-only roads are often developed as a result of a timber sale. While the sale is in progress, these “haul” roads provide the timber harvester with the means to enter and extract forest products from the sale area. Once the sale is completed, the roads are usually removed from motorized use and become available for hiking, mountain biking, skiing and snowmobiling. Trailways A survey conducted in 1991 identified 2,081 miles of single and multipurpose trails. These trails range in use from hiking, cross-country skiing and horseback riding to mountain biking, running, snowshoeing, snowmobiling and nature walks. Figure 8.4 - DEC Campgrounds 198 The State Outdoor Recreation System and resident camping and for other while fostering an appreciation for the modernization of computerized fishing activities within the Forest Preserve resources of the Forest Preserve (DEC, licensing systems, and fisheries research setting. There are a total of 52 2007). vessels; and $4.4 million habitat resto- campgrounds (Figure 8.4) within the ration. Recreation related capital proj- Adirondack and Catskill Parks and 8 Capital Needs ects planned for other State lands dur- campgrounds offer structured interpre- For the period 2007-2012 DEC’s ing 2007-2012 include: $11 million in tive/activity programs. capital plan proposes a total of $86 expansion of Belleayre Ski Center Base Interpretive and Activity programs million to be invested in recreation Lodge; $2.5 million in development of have been offered within the Forest facilities administered by DEC within Phase 2 Schroon Manor Campground; Preserve, on and off, since 1935. In the Forest Preserve and other State $5 million in construction of fishing 1996, the current program was re- lands. Resource projects planned for pier and access at Wildwood State Park; vamped and a set of goals were estab- the next five years include: $18 million and $9.4 million in rehabilitation and lished for the program. They are: in rehabilitation and replacement of modernization of boat launches, fishing piers, and access points across the state. • To provide educational and recre- fish hatcheries and hatchery equipment; $14 million in infrastructure renovation, ational opportunities, for the enjoyment of campers, that are compatible Table 8.1 - Detail of DEC’s 5-Year Recreation Capital Investment Plan with the Forest Preserve. • To heighten awareness, appreciation Total Expenditures Expenditure Description and understanding of the environ- FY 2007 - 2012 ment. Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources • To foster proper recreational use of Hatcheries – Rehabilitation of Infrastructure and the Forest Preserve and its facilities. $18,000,000 • To promote understanding of the Replacement of Hatchery Equipment Department and its programs (DEC $8,700,000 2007). Fishing Access - Develop New Boat Launches, Fishing [$5,000,000 for Fishing Beginning in 1997, the new pro- Piers and Angler Parking Pier at Wildwood State gram was launched at 7 DEC camp- Park] grounds. The Junior Naturalist Program Fishing Access - Rehabilitate and Modernize Boat and Adventure Discovery packs were $9,400,000 incorporated into the regular inter- Launches, Fishing Piers and Fishing Access Points preter Activity Program. In addition the Interpreter Activity Program staff began Habitat Restoration $4,400,000 visiting other area campgrounds to conduct activities. The Junior Naturalist Infrastructure Renovation or Replacement of Facilities, Program, in particular, is very success- Computerized Licensing Systems and Fisheries Research $14,000,000 ful and other state agencies, such as Vessels OPRHP, have adapted the program to Federal Clean Vessel Act - Boat Sanitary Waste Pump-out suit their facilities. $2,500,000 Grants Since the initiation of the new Rehab & Infrastructure in State Forest and Forest Preserve program, the program has served 23,156 participants in 1997, 32,228 in Major Department Facilities Reconstruction $7,500,000 1998, and 26,519 in 1999. High visitor satisfaction and demand prompted Total $64,500,000 the expansion of the program to an Recreation and Ski Center eighth campground in the year 2000. Recreation Participation for 2000 was 31,130 Schroon Manor Campground Development – Phase 2 $2,500,000 attendees. Over the past four years, improve- Campground Road Rehabilitation $1,500,000 ments and changes have been made Modernization of Existing Facilities $1,000,000 regularly. The program will continue to Shower Buildings $2,000,000 expand through its outreach efforts and upgrade its presentations to use the Water/Sewer $1,000,000 most current technology. The balance Belleayre Ski Center of recreation and interpretation in DEC’s New Maintenance Center $2,500,000 camper programs gives the public an Base Lodge Expansion $11,000,000 increased sense of the natural world Total Recreation and Ski Center $21,500,000 199 The State Outdoor Recreation System Canal Corporation Several locally generated projects 5-Year Capital Plan will add approximately three additional The NYS Canal Corporation is playing a leading role in the development of the miles of Champlain Canalway Trail over end-to-end Canalway Trail along the four branches of the New York State Canal the next two years. System. Over 170 miles of trail have been constructed since the Canal Corporation began the program in 1995, resulting in 2860 miles of completed trail. The Cayuga-Seneca Canalway Trail parallels the Erie, Champlain, Oswego and Cayuga-Seneca canals, Canalway Trail creating the spine of a statewide network of trails. Erie Canalway Trail The Cayuga-Seneca Canalway Trail is proposed from Geneva to Montezuma The recent emphasis of the Canalway Trail Program has been to complete the and is expected to total approximately 371-mile Erie Canalway Trail from Buffalo to Albany. Nearly three-quarters of the 18 miles. Seneca County and the Erie Canalway Trail is complete. Federal TEP funds have been allocated to two Erie Cayuga-Seneca Regional Canalway Canalway Trail projects but matching funds are needed to progress the projects. Trail group are working to complete an New York State Transportation Bond Act funding is in place to develop 16 miles of 8-mile segment between Geneva and new and rehabilitated trail over the next five years. Seneca Falls. Negotiations are taking place with New York State Electric & Table 8.2 - Erie Canalway Trail 5-year Plan Gas for use of an abandoned rail line adjacent to the Canal that will accom- Segment Letting year Length Cost Source modate the trail. An EPF grant is being Little Falls to Ilion TBD 8 miles $6.3 M TEP used for survey and preliminary design Canastota to Rome TBD 20 miles $2.2 M TEP/CC and additional grants are being sought. Pittsford to Fairport 2010 10 miles $3.0 M Bond Act City of Rome 2010 6 miles $2.5 M Bond Act A plan exists to complete the remaining 10 miles of the Cayuga-Seneca Bid documents are being developed for the following Erie Canalway Trail proj- Canalway Trail from Seneca Falls to ects, but funding for actual construction has not been identified: Montezuma but no funding has been Table 8.3 - Erie Canalway Trail Projects identified for design and construction.

Segment Length Estimated Cost Oswego Canalway Trail Newark to Clyde 15 miles $3.5 M The Oswego Canalway Trail is Utica to Schuyler 6 miles $4.5 M proposed to extend from Syracuse to Schenectady 2 miles $1.5 M Oswego for 38 miles along the Oswego Lockport to Amherst 6 miles $4.4 M Canal. Approximately two miles of trail have been completed in the City of Champlain Canalway Trail Oswego. Currently, 7 miles of trail are complete along the proposed Champlain Canalway Trail. Upon completion from Albany to Whitehall, it is expected that this trail will total 58 miles. Funding is in place to complete a portion of the remaining trail, as follows:

Table 8.4 - Champlain Canalway Trail Projects Segment Letting Year Length Estimated Source Cost Fort Edward to 2011 12 miles $5.0 M 2005 Rebuild Fort Ann and Renew Transportation Bond Act

200 The State Outdoor Recreation System Resource Planning for the State

Outdoor Rec- Park Development/ Management reation Sys- (5 year CIP) tem Master Plans/Special Studies

In response to the stewardship needs Park System Plan for state lands and the condition of (Regional Plan Component) the existing facilities, there is a need to provide sound planning. Plans establish Land Open Stewardship Classification Space Statewide an overarching vision for each park, site Plan System Plan Trails Plan and management area, clarify appropriate public use and recreation activities, define capital facility development and SCORP/Historic Preservation Plan investment needs, and identify natural and historic resource stewardship and interpretation opportunities. Public Participation

Planning Process Figure 8.5 - Planning Hierarchy for OPRHP

Over the years, the planning processes have evolved that are utilized by OPRHP and DEC to protect and manage the natural, cultural and recreation resources and recreational demands. The planning framework is identified by Figures 8.5 and 8.6. At the State Land base of the pyramid is the Statewide Development/ Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Management Plan (SCORP). The SCORP is a broad (5 year CIP) policy and assessment document that Unit Management Plans/ provides a vision for recreation in New Special Studies York State. SCORP encompasses both the public and private recreation sys- Master Plans tems for the entire state.

Land Classification The next level includes statewide Open Space Plan plans that focus on a particular aspect System of natural, cultural and recreational resource management and provide more SCORP and Other Policy Documents specific guidance for OPRHP and DEC. Included within this level are New York State’s Open Space Conservation Plan, Public Participation and the Statewide Trails Plan. The Open Space Conservation Plan defines the needs and outlines some strategies for Figure 8.6 - Planning Hierarchy for DEC 201 The State Outdoor Recreation System conserving open space lands. The plan Quality Review (SEQR) Act for an EIS significant fish and wildlife habitats, are provides a “unified system” for both are consistent with the components being developed, and will be incorpo- agencies to use when evaluating open of a good planning document. Thus, rated within the revised system over space projects. merging the two concepts within a the next five years. The classifications single document reduces duplication of reflect the current characteristics of the All of these statewide planning initia- effort and provides appropriate con- park and sites. As more information on tives are used as a basis for developing sideration to the environmental effects natural, cultural and recreation resourc- more specific system and site plans. In of plans. Also, the public participation es becomes available, the classification addition, regional and local plans such elements of both the planning and the of a park or site can be reevaluated and as the Long Island South Shore Estuary environmental review processes are changed, if appropriate. Reserve Comprehensive Management combined in order to further streamline Plan, the Long Island Sound Coastal the process. Individual projects within Management Plan and Local Waterfront the State Parks Capital Plan may also be Revitalization Programs are considered subject to environmental review and are in the development of OPRHP and DEC addressed on a project-by-project basis. plans. Therefore, the resource planning OPRHP’s Management and Master process is a progression from statewide Plans and DEC’s Unit Management policies and goals, to system manage- Plans are site specific. Within the plans ment directions, to park and site plans, specific policies are identified; use, to the implementation of capital proj- and natural, cultural and recreation ects and resource management actions. resources are analyzed; alternative management strategies are evaluated; Land Classification and a preferred alternative is selected. System The Capital Investment Plan (CIP) outlines projects (i.e. new development The land classification system has and rehabilitation projects, manage- been a component of OPRHP’s plan- ment actions) that are scheduled to be ning process and SCORP since its undertaken within five years. The CIP is development in 1974 and is constantly updated annually. Ultimately, the public being updated as new information is experiences the results of this planning developed. The current system utilizes process in their enjoyment of the natu- natural and cultural resources charac- ral, cultural and recreational resources. teristics, land uses, levels of improvements, physical capacity and other An important component of the management related data to identify planning process within OPRHP is appropriate activities and classifications environmental review. For all projects, for lands administered by OPRHP and the agency must make a determina- DEC. tion of whether the project may or will not have significant environmental The system provides six major classi- impacts. If significant adverse impacts fication categories. These are: Park and may be associated with a proposal, an Land Resources, Water Access, Historic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is Resources, Linear Systems, Underwater prepared. If it is determined that there Sites, and Environmental Education will not be any impacts, then a formal Facilities. Within these categories, there determination of no impact is issued. are 23 subcategories by which the parks For State Park master plans, the agency and sites are classified (Figure 8.7 and has combined the plan and environ- Table8.5). Each classification is de- mental review into a single document fined by resource characteristics, level generically entitled “Draft Master of use, land use, activities, and facility Plan and Draft Environmental Impact improvements. In addition, criteria and Statement”. Many of the require- inventory data for the natural resources, ments under the State Environmental such as ecological communities and 202 The State Outdoor Recreation System N/A Fish Camps Centers Summer Facilities Education Education Interpretive Propagation Education Environmental Environmental Environmental Park Reserve N/A Sites Underwater Underwater Underwater Historic Preserve Historic Park way Trailway Linear Primitive Recreation- Linear Park Systems Canal Park Parkway Corridor Heritage Heritage Area and Historic Historic Preserve Resources Historic Park Historic Site Park Site Boat Figure 8.7 - Land Classification Framework Figure stream Access Marine Water Access (includes & Fishing easements) Cartop Boat Launching State Forest Preserve Scenic Park Metro Park Metro Resources Campground Park Preserve Park Recreation Park Management Areas Parks and Land Parks vement vement vement Areas within Level of Level Primarily Moderate may have may in Natural

Little or No

Imp ro Imp ro High Level of High Level Imp ro Natural Areas Natural Areas LEVELS OF PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENT PHYSICAL OF LEVELS

203 The State Outdoor Recreation System Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria Use Characteristics Designated Use Areas Planning Resource Characteristics Designed % % % Natural Category Level of Developed Managed Areas Use Areas Areas Metro Park Located in urban, industrial or suburban High 0 to 75 0 to 100 0 to 7 P-1 surroundings with man-made architectural treatment of the environment Recreation Park Natural surroundings in suburban or rural High 0 to 15 0 to 100 0 to 100 P-2 areas. A mix of natural and developed areas significant natural areas are not essential State Campground Primarily in a rural setting. A mix of natural Moderate 0 to 10 0 to 80 20 to 100 P-3 and developed areas, significant natural areas are not essential. Scenic Park Natural setting, limited development, scenic High 0 to 5 0 to 50 50 to 100 P-4 attractions within urban, suburban or rural areas. A mix of natural and developed areas with significant scenic features Management Area Primarily wooded or wetland areas; rural Low 0 to 15 0 to 5 85 to 100 P-5 natural setting; limited or no development; offers significant recreation and wildlife observation opportunities. Forest Preserve Natural forested areas; low to moderate Low 0 to 5 0 to 5 95 to 100 P-6 development of facilities usually related to compatible activities; recreation opportunities range from low-impact, wilderness activities to limited motorized activities. Park Preserve Natural areas, few developed facilities Low 0 to 5 0 to 15 85 to 100 P-7 within urban, suburban or rural areas. Could have salt marshes, wetlands, bogs, dunes, unusually steep topography, flood prone areas, or other significant environmental resources.

204 The State Outdoor Recreation System

Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria (Continued)

Use Characteristics Designated Use Areas Planning Resource Characteristics Designed % Developed % Managed % Natural Category Level of Use Areas Areas Areas Marine Park Variety of marina services, urban to High 0 to 90 0 to 100 Balance B-1 rural areas, predominately man-made, may have significant environmental areas. Boat Launch Site Launching, limited services, urban to High 0 to 90 0 to 100 Balance B-2 rural areas, predominately man-made, may have significant environmental areas Cartop and Provides shoreline access. Primarily in Low 0 to 90 0 to 100 Balance Fisherman Access a rural setting. A mix of natural and B-3 developed areas significant areas not essential.

Use Characteristics Designated Use Areas Planning Resource Characteristics Designed % Developed % Managed % Natural Category Level of Use Areas Areas Areas Parkway Designated scenic highway corridors, Moderate 0 to 25 0 to 100 Balance R-1 limited access, linked to parklands, corridors landscaped. Urban to rural areas. Linear Park Parkland associated with natural or High 0 to 25 0 to 100 Balance R-2 man-made features (i.e. waterways) generally long and narrow in configura- tion; may be part of a recreationway; accommodates a variety of activities. Urban to rural areas. Recreationway System of linear parks, canal parks and Moderate 0 to 25 0 to 100 Balance R-3 associated linkages. Primitive Trailway Natural Scenic features, may provide Low 0 to 2 0 to 5 95 to 100 - Wild and Scenic for aquifer recharge floodplain, protec- Rivers tion, weather buffers, wildlife habitat R-4 protection.

205 The State Outdoor Recreation System

Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria (Continued)

Use Characteristics Designated Use Areas Planning Resource Characteristics Designed % Developed % Managed % Natural Category Level of Use Areas Areas Areas Historic Site Contributing landscape, structures, High 0 to 100 0 to 100 Balance H-1 and/or archeological areas of historical significance surrounded by limited open areas, urban to rural areas Historic Park Contributing landscape, structures, Moderate 0 to 15 0 to 75 25 to 100 H-2 and/or archeological areas of historical significance situated on substantial areas of land, urban to rural Historic Preserve Historic significance to the area with Low 0 to 50 0 to 50 50 to 100 H-3 limited contributing structures on substantial areas of land, may have significant environmental areas. Urban to rural use. Heritage Area/ Preservation, interpretation, develop- High 0 to 100 0 to 100 Balance Heritage Corridor ment and use of cultural, historical, H-6 natural and architectural resources within urban areas.

Use Characteristics Designated Use Areas Planning Resource Characteristics Designed % Developed % Managed % Natural Category Level of use Areas Areas Areas Interpretive/ Developments in a natural area High 2 to 20 16 to 53 18 to 100 Environmental located in urban, suburban or rural Education Center settings which provide cultural, E-1 environmental and/or historical information about a geographic area. These may have significant natural elements. Conservation Natural areas primarily in rural Seasonal 2 to 16 22 to 42 58 to 100 Education Summer settings with a mix of natural and Camp developed areas, for the purpose of E-2 learning about the environment. Fish Propagation Suburban or rural settings with High 1 to 20 2 to 25 70 to 100 Facility man-made or significant natural E-3 elements.

206 The State Outdoor Recreation System

Table 8.5 - Land Use Criteria (Continued)

Use Characteristics Designated Use Areas Planning Resource Characteristics Designed % Developed % Managed % Natural Category Level of Use Areas Areas Areas Underwater Park Natural aquatic areas or areas with Low N/A N/A N/A U-1 geological formations, good water quality and clarity, few man-made features or historically significant structures. Underwater Contains historically significant ar- Low N/A N/A N/A Historic Site chaeological sites, good water quality U-2 and clarity Underwater Contains significant archaeological Low N/A N/A N/A Historic Preserve sites, good water quality and clarity U-3 Underwater Contains significant natural aquatic Low N/A N/A N/A Reserve communities. U-4

Master Plans/UMPs of master planning efforts has also been through scoping meetings, workshops, a long-recognized need. public hearings, task force studies and Master Plans, Unit Management advisory committees. Plans (UMPs) and Recreation The current concept of master Management Plans (RMPs), Interim planning reaches beyond the physical OPRHP Interim Management Guides (IMGs), and development of facilities to include: Management Guides Trail Plans represent the next level an overarching vision, land use, resource management and interpretation, of recreation and resource planning. The need and importance to have a boundary protection, operations, and These plans focus on specific Parks, master plan for each park and historic program services requiring a much Forest Preserve Units, State Forest Units, site is recognized. In order to accom- broader direction for the development and Conservation Easements. Both plish this, considerable staff, financial and management of natural, cultural, OPRHP and DEC have evolved planning resources and time are required. Due to and recreational resources. There is processes tailored to the types of land funding limitations, many parks and his- a need to consider systems of parks, each agency manages. toric sites continue to function with an resources, programs, and markets, with outdated plan or without a master plan. full interaction with other recreation OPRHP Master Plans Therefore, in many instances, manage- and park providers. There is also a need ment guides, which are less costly and to consider impacts of park develop- The master planning process estab- time-consuming, are utilized. These ment on natural systems both within lishes specific long-term direction and guides provide policy and stewardship and outside park boundaries. implementation strategies for individual direction, a preliminary assessment of parks and historic sites and groups the natural, cultural and recreational A completed set of master plans of parks. Many facilities do not have resources and an identification of issues will provide a firm basis for natural master plans, or existing plans were and concerns. and cultural resource management, prepared several decades ago prior capital, equipment, program and staff- to the current requirements for public An Interim Management Guide ing decisions. Master plans should be participation, environmental review (IMG) provides written direction for reviewed on a regular basis to assure and stewardship awareness. The need managers and staff for the day to day that they continue to reflect broad for master plans has been identified protection, maintenance and improve- policy directions, resource conditions in past SCORPs, and the Open Space ment of a New York State Park, Historic and recreation needs. Coordination Conservation Plan. Increasing the pace Site, or other OPRHP facility (“park”). with the general public and special The IMG also provides direction for interest groups should continue to occur 207 The State Outdoor Recreation System the preparation of subsequent plans, management of threatened or endan- boundary are developed for a ten-year reports and environmental assess- gered species. period with revisions required every five ments required for future decisions on years. The UMP process is constantly new park management initiatives or DEC Unit Management refined through technological advances objectives. Plans and additional public participation. UMPs developed for lands within the The purpose of the IMG is to pro- The key element to future recre- Forest Preserve boundary are required vide clear and concise directions for ational activity and for all manage- to be up-dated every five years. daily management decisions in order ment policies and procedures DEC land to ensure the appropriate use and units is the Unit Management Plan Long range planning for the stewardship of the park’s resources and (UMP). The 472 State Forests have Adirondack Forest Preserve lands, the safety of patrons and staff, and to been grouped, where feasible, into 165 and subsequently the Catskill Forest consider management strategies within State Land units based on proximity Preserve lands, received its initial the context of the longer term vision of to one another, similarity in treatment impetus from the Adirondack Park State the park. Current natural, cultural, and or management needs, and shared Land Master Plan (APSLMP) published recreational resources are coupled with characteristics. Similarly, the Forest by the Adirondack Park Agency (APA) management practices in order to direct Preserve Lands in the Adirondack and and approved by Governor Rockefeller decision making at park, regional, and Catskill Parks have been organized into in 1972. This plan directs DEC to imple- statewide levels. The guide should be 51 Adirondack planning units and 21 ment legislative requirements for the considered a living document, updated Catskill planning units. Where possible development, in consultation with the as changes occur over time; it does not and practical, units also encompass APA, of Unit Management Plans (UMPs) replace the need for master planning. other land-use classifications such for each unit of land as classified by However, it does provide an initial da- as Wildlife Management Areas and the APA in the APSLMP. UMPs must tabase for the preparation of a master Conservation Easements. Using these provide the guidance for the develop- plan. The guide is intended to provide criteria, the planning units have been ment and management of State lands park information in a concise, usable classified and more than 40 UMPs have in conformance with the criteria as out- manner that will allow park managers been completed. Approximately 35 unit lined in the APSLMP. Both the APSLMP and their staff, as well as regional and management plans are in various stages and each completed UMP are reviewed Albany office staff, to make informed of development. periodically and amended as required decisions. The process for development to provide the management direction of management strategies is designed The regional forestry staff is respon- needed for the next five-year period. to be accomplished within a short sible for the development of UMPs. The period of time. plans include an assessment of existing The Catskill Park State Land Master recreational values, describe the needs Plan (CPSLMP) was developed by DEC OPRHP Trail and for future development, and provide and approved in 1985. This plan closely Natural Resource a schedule for the improvement and follows the format of the APSLMP and Management Plans expansion of the current facilities as also mandates the development of well as the development of new ones. UMPs. This plan relates to the man- Allocation of funding for proposed agement of state land only. Unlike the In addition to the comprehensive Adirondacks there is no state plan con- Statewide Trails Plan, individual trail recreational facilities is based, to a large part, on whether or not the project is trolling development of private lands plans are developed for a specific park within the Catskill Park. or sites, geographic area or system of included in a UMP. Through the planning process, the public is strongly trails. Such plans focus on trail loca- The importance of UMPs to the encouraged to provide input through tions, development, operations, main- State’s management of open space public meetings, email and letters for tenance, roles and responsibilities and should not be minimized. The to- consideration in final plans. Each plan partnerships with trail organizations tal acreage of New York State is has profited from this public participa- and other interested parties. 31,726,640 acres. Of this total, UMPs tion not only by producing a stronger provide management direction for plan, but also by lending credibility to it Resource Management Plans are nearly 3 million acres of Preserve or and the proposed prescribed manage- developed in response to specific natu- 9.4% of the State’s total area. ral resource issues. These may range ment activities. from the control of invasive species and The master plans for both the UMPs developed for State Forest nuisance wildlife to the protection and Adirondacks and Catskills established a Lands outside the Forest Preserve 208 The State Outdoor Recreation System land classification system based on land Public hearings and informational meet- The ECL 11-2103 authorizes DEC to unit characteristics and their capacity ings are frequently used to obtain public acquire lands and waters as “public to withstand use. The APSLMP contains review of proposed management plans hunting, trapping and fishing grounds,” nine basic categories as a result of and actions. and under the ECL 11-213 it is autho- this classification system: Wilderness, rized to set aside land or water owned Primitive, Canoe, Wild Forest, Intensive DEC State Forest/ by the State “as a refuge for the protec- Use, Historic, State Administered, Wild, Wildlife Management tion of fish, wildlife, trees and plants.” Scenic and Recreational Rivers and These lands are generally known as Travel Corridors. The CPSLMP estab- Area Unit Management Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). lished only four categories: Wilderness, Planning The management goals for these areas Wild Forest, Intensive Use and are directed towards wildlife habitat Administrative Areas. DEC revised its long-range manage- improvement and protection, and ment procedures through the devel- providing recreational opportunity. The paramount responsibility of DEC opment of the State Forests Master Each area is managed differently for regarding the management of Forest Plan in 1988 and the State Forest Unit different purposes; whatever the area is Preserve lands is the protection and Management Handbook in 1989. These best suited for. Typically, each area will preservation of the natural resources. documents set guidelines and policies have at least some facilities to serve Public use and enjoyment of these lands for the management of DEC lands out- public recreation; facilities manage- is permitted and encouraged to the ex- side the Forest Preserve. The Division ment comprises a substantial part of tent that the natural resources are not of Lands and Forests has identified 165 the management of each area. Habitat physically or biologically degraded. Use separate management units, totaling management and protection may be must also be kept at a level so as not to 892,297 acres. This list includes State directed at improving public recreation unnecessarily detract from the experien- Forests, Wildlife Management Areas, opportunity or it may be for purposes tial expectations of the users. Unique Areas, Multiple Use Areas, some of restoring and enhancing populations detached parcels of Forest Preserve and of wildlife associated with the habitat Both the APSLMP and CPSLMP set other land classifications. Plans are to types found in the area. forth lists of conforming and noncon- be developed for ten-year time periods forming uses. Nonconforming uses with a five-year interval for review and As the Division of Lands and Forests are to be removed within specific time possible update. Public involvement in is moving into a more complete state- periods. Conforming structures and the development and review of these wide landscape-ecosystem planning improvements may receive normal plans is an integral part of the process. perspective, consideration is being given maintenance and rehabilitation without to developing region-wide plans versus being addressed in a UMP. The con- The primary goal of DEC is to man- separate plans for each forest unit. struction of new conforming structures age these Units for multiple uses to These larger scale plans will be supple- cannot be accomplished without being serve the needs of the people of the mented with a shorter more site-specific addressed in an approved unit manage- State. These uses for State Forests state forest unit plan that addresses ment plan. Within the Adirondack and are directed by the Environmental that unit’s unique natural resources, Catskill Parks 185 individual land units Conservation Law 9-0501 which autho- recreation opportunities and timber have been identified as follows: 21 rizes DEC to acquire lands outside of management activities. UMPs will con- Wilderness Areas; 36 Wild Forest Areas; the Catskill and Adirondack Parks “… tinue to be the guiding documents for 32 Primitive Areas; 1 Canoe Area; 59 which are adapted for reforestation future use management and funding for Campgrounds and Day Use Areas; 30 and the establishment and mainte- capital improvements of trail systems boat launching sites; 4 winter recreation nance thereon of forests for watershed and facilities on lands administered by sites (3 administered by ORDA); and protection, the production of timber DEC outside of the Forest Preserve. 2 scenic highways (1 administered by and other forest products, and for ORDA). recreation and kindred purposes… DEC Resource which shall be forever devoted to the In order for UMPs to be responsive to planting, growth and harvesting of such Management Planning the needs of the public, the plans must trees…” The management goals for Since 1995, the State has acquired be subject to public review and input. Wildlife Management Areas are directed over a half of million acres in conserva- In some instances this input is obtained towards wildlife habit improvement tion easements that will be managed through the use of Citizen Advisory while the goals for Unique Areas are to by DEC. As recreational rights were Committees which work with DEC staff protect the unique resources present purchased on many of these easements, from the inception of a specific plan. that caused DEC to acquire these lands. DEC is required to write plans that will 209 The State Outdoor Recreation System address development and manage- Unlike UMPs, which address the Planning Strategy ment of facilities to support the recre- management of lands where the State ational opportunities. Similar to Unit owns full fee title, RMPs address the OPRHP Management Plans (UMPs) for State management of lands that remain in Forest lands, Recreation Management private ownership. RMPs must there- Goals and Actions Plans (RMPs) for conservation ease- fore provide a detailed description of ments will need to be developed how public access and recreation on Given that planning is a critical pre- through a public process, in addition to the private lands will be managed, requisite to sound public use, infrastruc- being reviewed and approved by the who will have responsibility for such ture development, and natural resource private landowner. management, and how public access stewardship decision-making, OPRHP will interact with the private landowner has made planning a priority for the As with State Forest UMPs, Regional and land management activities. As next five years. forestry staff is responsible for the the State often purchases certain public development of RMPs, which will be recreation rights from a landowner, DEC Goal developed through a newly established is given the primary responsibility for RMP planning process. These particular managing the allowed public access OPRHP is committed to meeting this plans will address the assessment of and recreation. goal of completing 25 master plans and existing recreational resources, de- 25 other plans within 5 years. scribe the needs for future recreational Almost all conservation easements development, and provide a schedule purchased by the State, require that Action for development, improvement and ex- necessary facilities, such as signs, gates, pansion of recreational facilities. RMPs parking, and trails, be designated and • Conduct resource inventories and will vary from UMPs, as any proposed developed prior to public access be- develop GIS data basis. recreational activities and development ing allowed. As these lands are under • Complete 5 master plans annually. must be taken into consideration with private ownership, clear public-use • Complete 5 additional management the private landowner’s timber manage- designations and notification of al- plans annually that, while less than ment activities and will require review lowed recreation activities needs to be full master plans, focus on a specific and approval by the landowner. As with established. With most conservation management issues at individual the UMP process, the public will be easements purchased on working forest parks (e.g. interim management strongly encouraged to provide input lands, the landowner retains the right, guides, recreation trail plans, and through public meetings, email and let- in accordance with the provisions of natural resource stewardship ters for consideration in any final RMP. each individual conservation easement, plans). to temporarily exclude the public from • Expand staffing resources that will Part of the State’s acquisition of con- areas where active forestry operations be dedicated to the planning initia- servation easements on private lands, are underway. tive. requires DEC is to develop a Recreation DEC Management Plan (RMP) that is subject RMPs are public documents. As with to the terms and conditions of each UMPs, RMPs introduce the public, lo- Goals and Actions individual conservation easement. All cal governments, and other interested RMPs are developed pursuant to, and parties to DEC’s planning process and DEC is receiving increased pressure are consistent with, relevant provisions provides opportunities for all stakehold- to provide more recreational opportuni- of the New York State Constitution, the ers to voice their opinions, learn, evalu- ties in more varieties than ever before. Environmental Conservation Law (ECL), ate, and influence decisions about how Recreation technology has responded the Executive Law, the Adirondack the lands should be managed. As RMPs to the increased level of leisure time Park State Land Master Plan, New York are subject to a specific conservation that many New Yorkers enjoy by creat- State Department of Environmental easement’s terms and conditions with ing new and improved ways to spend Conservation (“DEC”) rules and regula- a private landowner, most easements that time. Adding this demand to the tions, DEC policies and procedures and are requiring annual RMP review, with already large demand evident in the the State Environmental Quality and updates as needed. more traditional activities (such as hik- Review Act, as well as the conditions of ing, camping and snowmobiling) results the conservation easement, which cover in tremendous pressure on State Forest the lands included in its corresponding lands. The impact of more intensive RMP.

210 The State Outdoor Recreation System use of trails and recreational facilities is manifested in their present condition. DEC is committed to preserving these areas for the public’s use and enjoyment.

Goal

To restore the trails on State Forest lands, where appropriate, to usable and safe conditions.

Actions • Improve present trail systems. • Construct additional miles of single and multipurpose trails. • Rehabilitate and construct additional miles of public forest access roads. Goal

To responsibly expand the recreational opportunity that the State Forest resources represent.

Actions • Expand, improve or construct recreational facilities such as lean-tos, horse-stabling areas for the public and for people with disabilities. Goal

To begin development of recreational facilities on certain International Paper/ Lyme Timber Conservation Easements that offer significant public recreational opportunities.

Actions • Develop RMPs for International Pa- per/Lyme Timber conservation easements utilizing the public recreation management planning process. • Identify and allocate funding for the development of recreational facilities on easements with approved final RMPs. • Begin development of recreational facilities.

211 The State Outdoor Recreation System

212 Implementation Chapter 9 - Implementation

SCORP provides a statewide policy State and framework that serves as the basis of the State’s action program and the Open Project Selection Process (OPSP) Federal that supports the Land and Water Conservation Fund. These and pro‑ Funding grams described in the Plan are the key elements of the State’s implementation The provision of recreation facili‑ strategy. The action program consists ties and the protection of open space of actions from previous chapters be‑ requires looking at the big picture of ing proposed and implemented under the State facilities and balancing the specific action strategies and ultimately past, present and future of development under the ten major policy directions. throughout the Parks System. Looking The OPSP directly translates the state‑ at the past shows the many facilities wide policies and action strategies into and open spaces which were acquired a quantitative project review formula years ago that are now worn out, not for the allocating of funds and thus designed to meet today’s needs or have provides a direct link to the assess‑ met and exceeded their life expectancy. ment and policy process. Similar to In the present there is work to be done the OPSP for LWCF, SCORP incorpo‑ to manage the maintenance of existing rated within the evaluation system facilities and resources. To prepare for for the Recreational Trail Program, the future, it is important to predict the Environmental Protection Fund and need to: develop new facilities; protect Open Space Plan. and maintain natural, cultural and open space resources; and, meet present and The following is a list of available future generations’ needs for natural, funding programs for projects that help cultural and open space resources. To to implement the goals of SCORP. achieve this balance of management a partnership of all segments of the popu‑ lation is required — individuals, interest groups, private industry, and all levels of government.

The federal and state governments are the primary sources for funding of open space and recreation projects. In most cases, the State functions as the administering agent for federal funds. As might be expected, the need for funding generally exceeds the funds available. As the demand for open space and recreation resources in‑ creases, the resource base available to provide new opportunities is decreasing which is why it is imperative to search out funding opportunities for specific projects.

213 Implementation Table 9.1 - State and Federal Funding Programs

Eligibility Action Project Elements

Funding Programs Agency State Municipalities/ Local Tribal Non-Profit Individual Acquisition Planning/Design Construction Maintenance Historic Preservation Trail Marine Wildlife/ Open Space Protection Recreational Facilities Historic Sites/ Cultural Interpretive/ Education/Research Land and Water Conservation Fund NPS x x x x x x x x x x SAFETEA-LU FHWA Recreation Trails Program FHWA x x x x x x x x x Transportation Enhancements FHWA x x x x x x Sport Fish Restoration FWS x x x x x Boating Infrastructure Grant Program FHWA x x x x x x Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality FHWA x x x x x x x Highway Safety NHTSA x x x x x x Safe Routes to School FHWA x x x x x Alternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands FHWA x x x x Farm Bill 2002 NRCS x x x x x x x Forest Legacy Program NRCS x x x Wetland and Conservation Reserve Programs NRCS x x x x Conservation of Private Grazing

Federal Lands Programs NRCS x x x Environmental Quality Incentives Program NRCS x x Farmland Protection Program NRCS x x x x x Pittman-Robertson FWS x x x Recreational Boating Safety USCG x x x x x Steps to a Healthier US Grants CDC x x x x x Special Recreation Program DOE x x x x x x x x x x North American Wetlands Conservation Act Grants FWS x x x x x State Wildlife Grant Program DEC x x Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program NOAA x x x x x x Certified Local Government Grants Program OPRHP x x x x x x Save America’s Treasures Program NPS x x x x x x Forest Stewardship Program USDA x x x x

214 Implementation

Table 9.1 - State and Federal Funding Programs (Continued)

Eligibility Action Project Elements

Funding Programs Agency State Municipalities/ Local Tribal Non-Profit Individual Acquisition Planning/Design Construction Maintenance Historic Preservation Trail Marine Wildlife/ Open Space Protection Recreational Facilities Historic Sites/ Cultural Interpretive/ Education/Research Environmental Protection Fund Various x x x x x x x x x x x x x Parks Program OPRHP x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Historic Preservation Program OPRHP x x x x x x x x x x x x Heritage Areas Program OPRHP x x x x x x x x x x x x x Acquisition OPRHP x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Zoos, Botanical Gardens, Aquariums OPRHP x x x x x Snowmobile Trail Grant Program OPRHP x x x x Local Waterfront Revitalization Program DOS x x x x x x

State Hudson River Estuary Grant Program DEC x x x x x x x Invasive Species Eradication Grant Program DEC x x x x x x x DOS/ Brownfield Opportunity Area DEC x x x x Biodiversity Research and Stewardship BRI x x x x NYS Great Lakes Protection Fund DEC x x x x x x Habitat/Access Funding Grants DEC x x x x x x x

Hudson River Valley Greenway HRVG x x x x x x x Architecture, Planning and Design NYSCA x x x x x Capital Projects NYSCA x x x x x

Other Preserve New York Grant Program PLNY x x x x Lake Champlain Basin Program LCBP x x x x x x x x x National Trails Fund AHS x x x Capacity Building Grants PTNY x x

USCG= United States Coast Guard NRCS=Natural Resources Conservation Services FHWA= Federal Highway Administration OPRHP= Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation DOE= Department of Education NYSCA= New York State Council on the Arts AHS= American Hiking Society PLNY= Preservation League of New York HRVG= Hudson River Valley Greenway NOAA= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS= National Park Service LCBP= Lake Champlain Basin Program FWS= US Fish and Wildlife Services USDA= US Department of Agriculture DOS= Department of State DEC= NYS Department of Environmental Conservation PTNY= Parks & Trails New York BRI = Biodiversity Research Institute

215 Implementation recreational facilities. All project areas able to plan for future acquisitions and Federal are “mapped” and cannot be converted the development of outdoor recreation to any use other than public outdoor facilities most effectively. These federal Land and Water Con- recreation without the approval of the funds, as they have been used in the Secretary of the Interior. past, provide recreational opportuni‑ servation Fund ties for the public in close proximity to From 1989 through 1995, federal The Land and Water Conservation where they live. Every federal dollar funding was extremely limited. From Fund (LWCF) was enacted by Congress spent on stateside LWCF is matched by Federal Fiscal Year (FFY) 1996 to FFY in 1964 as a dedicated fund to provide the local sponsor and results in no less 1999, there was no stateside appropria‑ grants to the states for outdoor recre‑ than two dollars spent on local recre‑ tion. This “0” appropriation trend was ational facilities and to provide funds ation facilities. In fact, for the State, the finally broken in FFY 2000, when $40 for federal land management agencies $224 million provided between 1965 million was appropriated nationally to acquire additional holdings for their and 2006, resulted in $500 million resulting in nearly $1.9 million for the systems. being invested in park and recreational State. facilities. Funding for the program was autho‑ rized at $900 million a year through Table 9.2 - New York State LWCF Efforts have been underway nation‑ revenues from offshore oil and gas Appropriations ally since 1997 to restore stateside leases. The funds are split between funding from the LWCF, led by the the stateside grant‑in‑aid program and 1989 ‑ $ 758,549 efforts of many states in partnership with various organizations including the the federal agencies. The grant-in-aid 1990 - 957,052 program requires at least 50% of total National Association of State Outdoor 1991 - 1,632,851 project cost as a local match with LWCF. Recreation Liaison Officers (NASORLO), 1992 ‑ 1,090,278 National Association of State Park Between 1965 and 2006, $3.6 billion 1993 ‑ 1,365,492 Directors (NASPD), and the Americans for Our Heritage and Recreation has been provided for the LWCF, which 1994 ‑ 1,323,714 has helped support 40,000 local park Campaign (AHR). 1995 ‑ 1,313,382 projects, including the protection of 2.6 million acres of open space. 1996 ‑ 0 SAFETEA-LU 1997 ‑ 0 On August 10, 2005 the President At its high point in 1979, the State 1998 ‑ 0 received about $24 million, which was signed the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, used to provide grants to municipalities 1999 - 0 Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A and to undertake State Park develop‑ 2000 - 1,881,460 Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) into ment and land acquisition projects. 2001 - 4,518,431 law. This act was a reauthorization of the 1998 Transportation Equity Act Since 1965, the LWCF has partially 2002 - 7,085,103 funded 1,250 projects within the State. for the 21st Century (TEA-21) which Virtually every community in the State 2003 – 4,823,954 replaced the 1991 Intermodal Surface has acquired and/or developed outdoor 2004 – 4,543,804 Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). recreational facilities with the help of 2005 – 4,462,762 ISTEA was the beginning of a change in the focus of transportation funding the LWCF. 2006 – 1,382,142 away from exclusively being for road‑ When funds are apportioned, it is the ways. With the passage of this act there State’s responsibility to solicit applica‑ In addition to stateside funding, were changes in the types of infrastruc‑ tions, evaluate projects and recommend Congress authorized and appropriated ture improvements which were able grants to the National Park Service for a total of $17.5 million from the federal to receive financing from government; approval. The State may allocate funds LWCF for the acquisition of Sterling there were a number of programs initi‑ among both local and state projects; Forest. ated by ISTEA which have been reau‑ all awards must be matched with 50 thorized by the passing of SAFETEA-LU. percent of the total project cost. Annually, enhanced federal funds to These programs have been beneficial the states for LWCF initiatives will pro‑ for the increased provision of bike and Eligible projects include parkland vide an assurance that federal commit‑ pedestrian infrastructure throughout the acquisition, the development of new ments for important initiatives are kept, country and the NYS Park System. parks, and the rehabilitation of existing as well as assuring that the states are 216 Implementation

SAFETEA-LU is working to manage TEA-21 and SAFETEA-LU. The funding private partnerships. Projects are the different challenges which are fac‑ comes from the Highway Trust Fund and ranked according to their location, ing the nation’s transportation systems. can go to projects which will increase surrounding sites and availability Some of the problems addressed in the number and safety of bicycle and of transient facilities (those that the SAFETEA-LU Act include efforts to pedestrian facilities; the federal govern‑ accommodate vessels for not more improve safety, reduce traffic conges‑ ment will typically pay for 80% of the than 10 days). The DOI will pay up tion, increase intermodal connectivity cost of a Transportation Enhancement to 75% of the cost for an approved and protect the environment. The Act project. project, leaving the applicant to has been financed with $244.1 billion match the remaining 25%. over 5 years (2005-2009) making it the State, county, city and municipalities Eligible projects may include: largest surface transportation invest‑ are eligible to receive TE funding. Other ment in our Nation’s history. Listed organizations, like non-profits, can part‑ •• Construction, renovation, and below are the SAFETEA-LU programs ner with local governments to pursue maintenance of either publicly or that apply to parks, recreation and open a project that can be funded through privately owned boating infrastruc‑ space protection for the implementation the TE program. To receive funding the ture tie-up facilities; of SCORP (US DOT, 2007). project must be related to surface trans‑ •• Performing onetime dredging, to portation and be one of 12 eligible TE provide transient vessels safe chan‑ Recreation Trails Pro- activities to receive funding. NYSDOT nel depths between tie-up facilities gram has a TE representative who is able to and maintained channels or open answer questions about the program water; With the passage of SAFETEA-LU, and who is also in charge of choosing •• Installation of navigational aids, the Recreation Trails Program (RTP) which projects will receive the avail‑ limited to giving transient vessels was reauthorized. The U.S. Department able funding (National Transportation safe passage between tie-up facili‑ of Transportation, Federal Highway Enhancements Clearinghouse, 2007). ties and maintained channels or Administration administers the RTP open water; in consultation with the Department Boating Infrastructure •• Grant administration costs for ap‑ of Interior (National Park Service and Grant Program proved projects; Bureau of Land Management) and the •• Funding preliminary costs including Department of Agriculture (U.S. Forest The Boating Infrastructure Grant conducting appraisals and prepar‑ Service). The RTP is a state-adminis‑ (BIG) Program was created under TEA- ing cost estimates; and tered, federal assistance program to 21 and reauthorized by SAFETEA-LU •• Producing information and educa‑ acquire, develop and maintain recre‑ in 2006 $12.8 million has been allo‑ tion materials such as charts, cruis‑ ational trails for both motorized and cated for Fiscal Year 2008 for states to ing guides, and brochures. non-motorized trail use; the funds come renovate or maintain transient tie-up To date the State has received five from the Federal Highway Trust Fund as facilities for recreational boats 26 feet grants totaling $645,741 which will well as an excise tax on recreationally or more in length. In 2006, NYS received fund transient dock improvements at used motor fuel. OPRHP administers $345,741 in Boating Infrastructure Beaver Island Marina, the installation the program for the State. Grants. (US Fish and Wildlife Service, of transient docks, the replacement of 2007) bulkheads and installation of electricity Funds are available to state, munici‑ at Wellesley Island, the dredging and palities, tribal governments and private The distribution of funds is divided installation of transient docks at Treman organizations. Since 1993, $11.5 mil‑ into two tiers: and Sampson State Parks, the recon‑ lion have funded 226 projects nationally •• Tier I grants award a maximum of struction of docking areas in Coxsackie (US DOT, 2007). $100,000 to each state for any one and transient slips and support facilities eligible proposal. at Eagle Creek. Transportation En- •• Tier II funds are awarded on a hancements nationally competitive basis. Each Congestion Mitigation individual project is scored by the and Air Quality Im- Transportation Enhancements (TE) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the provement Program is a federally subsidized program for Department of the Interior (DOI) community-based projects that expand according to a determined point Reauthorized by SAFETEA-LU in travel choices; it was first created by schedule. This schedule was es‑ 2006, CMAQ is designed to fund trans‑ ISTEA and subsequently reauthorized by tablished to encourage public and portation projects that help to attain 217 Implementation and/or maintain the national ambient Highway Safety towards this program (FTA, 2007). air quality standards for ozone, carbon Following the reauthorization in 2006, monoxide and particulate matter. Since The National Highway Traffic Safety bicycle, pedestrian and non-motorized this program is part of the transporta‑ Administration (NHTSA) administers projects have been included in the tion act, transportation projects which this program which was created with definition of alternative transportation. will reduce congestion and improve the Highway Safety Act of 1966 and There are a number of federal lands air quality in areas which are not in reauthorized under SAFETEA-LU. The throughout New York State, so this compliance with the Clean Air Act are Program, referred to as State and program provides an opportunity to given priority. The program will provide Community Highway Safety Programs, build or improve alternative transporta‑ for bike and pedestrian projects that are provides funding for the implementa‑ tion and connectivity of the State and not exclusively for recreation, but which tion of programs that address a wide Federal park system (US DOT, 2007). will also reduce vehicle trips, therefore range of highway safety problems that reducing congestion and benefiting air are related to human factors and the Sport Fish Restoration quality. (FHWA, 2007) CMAQ is ad‑ roadway environment with the goal of Program ministered by the US DOT and national reducing crashes, fatalities and injuries funding equals $8.6 billion between resulting thereof. The federal Sport Fish and 2005 and 2009 (US DOT, 2006). Restoration Act, commonly known The Governor’s Traffic Safety as the Dingell-Johnson Program, was Safe Routes to School Committee coordinates traffic safety amended by the Wallop-Breaux in 1984 activities in the New York State and and most recently reauthorized by Created in 2006 as part of SAFTEA- administers and distributes these SAFETEA-LU. This program is funded by LU, Safe Routes to School (SRTS) is a federal highway safety funds through the collection of excise taxes on fishing program to increase the number of a grant program. State agencies, Local tackle, imported yachts and motor boat students who walk or bike to school. governments and Non-Profit agencies fuels. Funds are returned to the states The program has been funded nation‑ are eligible to receive grant funding. by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ally for $612 million through 2011, and Examples of eligible funding include for use in fisheries management and each State will get at least $1 million pedestrian safety projects, bicycle safety research programs. As part of this act, a year. This money can be used for programs, occupant protection and child a program called the National Outreach infrastructure-based projects or aware‑ safety seat education, and traffic en‑ and Communications Program was ness campaigns, education and other forcement. Information on the program authorized to increase citizen participa‑ non-traditional expenses. This program is available at www.safeny.com. tion in angling and boating and also is geared towards routes to school, so reminds boaters of the importance of eligible projects must be located along Alternative Transpor- clean aquatic habitats. school routes and be accessible to tation in Parks and students. (National Recreation and Park The State receives about $4.9 million Association, 2007) A major goal of the Public Lands annually which currently is committed program is to increase bicycle, pedestri‑ to the following projects: development Also known as Transit in the Parks, an, and traffic safety. Local and regional and management of the State’s fresh‑ this program is authorized under governments, schools and community water and marine fisheries resources, SAFETEA-LU in support of transpor‑ non-profit organizations are eligible to habitat protection, boating access, and tation projects in and surrounding apply (DOT, 2007). Lake Champlain. The money generally parks and public lands. The program supports staff, non-personal service is administered by the Department of The Safe Routes to School Program costs and design and maintenance for Transportation and provides grants for is a federal reimbursement program, boating access facilities (US Fish and planning or capital projects in or near not a grant program. Applicants are not Wildlife Service, 2007). required to share in the cost of their federally owned or managed park, project. All SRTS projects must have refuge or recreation areas that are open The Farm Security and a minimum cost of at least $25,000. to the public. The goal is to reduce Maximum project cost for non-infra‑ automobile traffic near the federal lands Rural Investment Act structure projects is $150,000 and to reduce congestion and improve air of 2002 for infrastructure projects $400,000. quality. Maximum combined project cost is The Farm Security and Rural $550,000. Between 2006 and 2009, there will Investment Act of 2002, also known as be $98 million allocated nationally the Federal Farm Bill, was reauthorized 218 Implementation and focuses on conservation and envi‑ for eligibility and the land should pos‑ a conservation plan for the land, receive ronmental issues, as well as protection sess strong environmental values. annual payments for 10 to 15 years. of open spaces and environmental Even after the contract expires, farmers quality. The Act authorizes a number of All such easements acquired must must comply with the conservation plan programs which include funding that meet the conservation objectives and provisions. will be beneficial to the State’s Open goals contained in the Open Space Plan; Space Program, these are listed below. these easements will limit subdivision The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) The Federal Farm Bill is currently under of the land and provide for permanent was added to the Farm Bill in 1990 and revision. forest cover subject to commercial har‑ reauthorized under the 2002 Farm Bill. vesting of timber and timber products The WRP provides financial incentives Forest Legacy Pro- while remaining in compliance with for restoration and protection of up to gram State laws and regulations. All residen‑ one million acres of wetlands. Technical tial uses will be prohibited as well as assistance is also provided to help The Forest Legacy Program was all significant surface disturbing mining develop restoration and management established as federal law in the and drilling and any commercial and in‑ plans. There are three contract op‑ forestry title of the 1990 Farm Bill. It dustrial uses. Silvicultural activities and tions available to landowners: perma‑ is designed to identify and protect associated natural resource manage‑ nent easement, 30-year easement, or environmentally sensitive forests which ment activities will be permitted. restoration agreement. For permanent are threatened by conversion to non- easements, 100% of all eligible costs National attention in this program forest uses. The law authorizes the U.S. and the appraised agricultural value of has grown in the past four years due Forest Service, through the Secretary of the land are paid. For 30-year ease‑ to the addition of the New York City Agriculture, to acquire land and conser‑ ments, 50-75% of eligible costs and Watershed as a Legacy area of concern. vation easements from willing sellers, in the appraised land value are paid. On cooperation with participating states. restoration agreement, no easement The need for Legacy funding is is purchased, but 75% of restoration increasing. A substantial amount of Under the state grant option, the costs are paid by the Department of productive forestland is for sale in the State is using Forest Legacy funds to Agriculture’s (USDA) Natural Resources State; purchase of easements over this enhance the State’s Working Forest Conservation Service (NRCS) and the land is desirable to retain it in forest program. Projects that have been landowner agrees to maintain compat‑ use. To accomplish this goal an annual undertaken using Legacy funds include ible practices for 15 years. Almost $6 national appropriation of at least $60 the Taconic Ridge, Sterling Forest and million has been allocated for technical million is needed to make the Forest the New York City Watershed in the and financial assistance to New York Legacy Program effective. The State Catskills. There is strong emphasis in State for fiscal year 2007 through the would qualify for a share of this and the program on purchase of conser‑ WRP (USDA NRCS, 2007). proceed according to the guidelines vation easements from landowners and needs identified in this Plan and who volunteer it for the program. To The 2002 Federal Farm Bill amended the Conserving Open Space Plan. As of the extent feasible, the federal share the Food Security Act of 1985 to autho‑ 2006, 44,669 acres have been protected does not exceed 75%, and states and rize the Grasslands Reserve Program and $10 million secured for various other participating entities provide the (GRP). The GRP helps landowners forest land conservation projects in New remaining 25%, according to Forest restore and protect grassland, pasture‑ York State (USDA, 2007) Service guidelines. land, shrub land and certain other lands and provides assistance for rehabilitat‑ Eligible forestlands include those Reserve Programs ing grasslands, including management with one or more resource values, such of invasive species. (USDA, 2006) as scenic, recreational, cultural and The federal Conservation Reserve ecological values, as well as riparian Program (CRP) was established Conservation of Pri- areas, fish and wildlife habitats and in the 1985 Food, Agriculture and vate Grazing Lands threatened and endangered species. Conservation and Trade Act and con‑ Programs Potentially eligible lands also should tinues under the 2002 Farm Bill. This program is administered by the U.S. provide opportunities for traditional Congress enacted the Conservation Department of Agriculture. Under CRP, forest uses, such as timber management of Private Grazing Lands Program and forest-based recreation. The exis‑ landowners who enter contracts to set tence of an imminent threat of conver‑ aside highly erodible, environmentally sion would be a primary consideration sensitive cropland, as well as implement 219 Implementation (CPGLP) provision to provide techni‑ Programs – Steward- tax on rifles, shotguns and archery cal, educational, and related assistance equipment and a 10 percent tax on to landowners and operators on the ship/Invasive Species handguns. This money is apportioned to nation’s 642 million acres of private the states and is earmarked for wildlife A number of other funding mecha‑ grazing lands. Funding was authorized conservation and hunter education. The nisms for stewardship of land, including by the Department of Agriculture at State’s share of about $5 million annu‑ invasive species control, are provided $20 million in 1996, increasing to $60 ally is currently committed to: habitat through USDA programs, some of which million by the third year. Currently protection, sportsmen education and are in cooperation with other agencies no money has been appropriated for wildlife management (NYS DEC and and organizations. The Cooperative CPGLP for this year. To help reserve the OPRHP, 2006). Forest Health Management Program deteriorating trends on roughly 60% of provides assistance to Cooperative U.S. rangeland and about 46% of per‑ Weed Management Areas, States and Recreational Boating manent pasture, conservation districts non-profit organizations for manage‑ Safety recommend maintaining the funding ment of invasive plants/weeds, plant authorization for CPGLP at $60 million pathogens/diseases and insects on State Administered by the United States annually (USDA NRCS, 2007). and private forested lands. The Wildlife Coast Guard, the Recreation Boating Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP) pro‑ Safety (RBS) grant program was Environmental Quality vides both technical assistance and up established in 1971 and is funded by Incentives Program to 75 percent cost-share assistance to a motorboat fuel tax. It was originally establish and improve fish and wildlife established to create more uniformity The EQIP was reauthorized as part of habitat. A voluntary program for people throughout the boating community on the 2002 Farm Bill to provide financial who want to develop and improve wild‑ safety guidelines and facilities. This and technical assistance to farmers and life habitat primarily on private land, fund can be used for a number of ranchers who are working to promote it includes funding to control invasive different things including providing agricultural production and environ‑ species. The Conservation Technical facilities, equipment and supplies for mental quality. One of the main priori‑ Assistance (CTA) program provides safety education. It can also be used for ties of the program is the protection, services to eligible entities including providing public information on boating restoration, development or enhance‑ State and local government. This as‑ safety, maintaining waterway markers, ment of at-risk species’ habitats (USDA sistance is for planning and implement‑ and acquiring, constructing or repairing NRCS, 2007). ing conservation practices that address public access sites used by recreational natural resource issues. It helps people boaters. Farmland Protection voluntarily conserve, improve and Program sustain natural resources. Technical as‑ The State can receive up to 50% of sistance is for planning and implement‑ the funds for their recreational boating The passage of Farm Bill 2002 ing natural resource solutions to reduce safety program from the Coast Guard reestablished the Farmland Protection erosion, improve soil health, improve grant program. The rest of the money Program (FPP). The Commodity Credit water quantity and quality, improve and must come from other sources; for Corporation (CCC) administers the conserve wetlands, enhance fish and example general state revenue, undocu‑ program under the NRCS. The program wildlife habitat, improve air quality, im‑ mented vessel numbering and license provides cost-share assistance to states, prove pasture and range health, reduce fee or state marine fuel tax (US Coast tribes, and units of local government upstream flooding, improve woodlands, Guard, 2007). for the acquisition of conservation and address other natural resource is‑ easements or other interests in prime, sues. (USDA, 2006) Steps to a Healthier unique, or other productive soil for the US Grants purpose of limiting nonagricultural uses Pittman-Robertson on that land. For fiscal year 2007, $48 Program Started in 2003, the Steps to a million had been allocated nationally Healthier US Grant program has pro‑ to purchase conservation easements The federal Aid in Wildlife vided funding to over 40 communities (USDA NRCS, 2007). Restoration Act, commonly known as nationwide with $103 million. This the Pittman-Robertson program, was grant program is administered by the Other U.S. Department signed into law in 1937 and is adminis‑ US Department of Health and Human of Agriculture Funding tered by the Department of the Interior. Services to provide funding to com‑ It is funded by an 11 percent excise munities for chronic disease prevention 220 Implementation and health promotion in an effort to that they create, including bird watch‑ actions. As such, the strategy is the pri‑ address obesity, diabetes and asthma. ing (US Fish and Wildlife, 2007). mary vehicle for biodiversity conserva‑ Four communities in NY have received tion in New York for years to come, and funding from the program, including State Wildlife Grant will determine projects to be funded Binghamton, Jamestown, Fort Drum and Program under the SWG program (NYS DEC and Ramapo (US Department of Health and OPRHP, 2006). Human Services, 2007). In fall 2001, federal legislation established a new State Wildlife Grants The Coastal and Estua- Special Recreation (SWG) program that provided funds rine Land Conserva- Program from offshore oil and gas leasing to tion Program (CELCP) state wildlife agencies for conservation Administered by the Office of Special of fish and wildlife species in greatest With completion of the expanded Education and Rehabilitative Services, need of conservation and their associ‑ Open Space Conservation Plan which this program is available to states, ated habitats. This funding was a direct includes the State’s CELCP plan, public agencies and non profit private result of ‘Teaming with Wildlife’ efforts New York is eligible to compete for organizations. Projects that will pro‑ sustained for more than a decade by National Oceanic and Atmospheric vide individuals with disabilities with fish and wildlife conservation interests Administration funds for the acquisition recreational activities as well as experi‑ across the country. This program is of coastal and estuarine lands. Federal ences to aid in their future employment, unique in that it provides funds for spe‑ grants awarded under this program mobility, socialization, independence cies not traditionally hunted or fished. must be matched with non-federal and community integration are eligible The United States Fish and Wildlife funds on a 1:1 basis. Non-federal match for funding from the Special Recreation Service appropriates the funds to the may be state, local, non-governmental Program. The program has over $1 states via a formula based on land area or private sources of cash, the value of million to fund different projects for and population size. in-kind services, the value of donated three years, at which time the receiv‑ lands or interests therein, services such ing organization needs to prove that The first year of the program (SWG as on-site remediation or restoration, they will be able to follow through with ’02) provided $3.7 million for projects or donated labor or supplies, provided the program without assistance (US in New York State, the second year that contributions are necessary and Department of Education, 2007). provided $2.8 million (SWG ’03), and reasonable. Lands acquired through the third year provided $2.9 million CELCP funds must be purchased within North American Wet- (SWG ’04). The apportionment for New eighteen months of the grant start date. lands Conservation York for the fourth year (SWG ’05) is Costs for services must be incurred also $2.9 million. Twenty-eight projects within the grant period. Act Grants were approved for funding in the first year (SWG ’02) and in the second year This program was created in 1989 to Through 2008, New York State has (SWG ’03), 18 projects received funding received nearly $11.8 million in federal promote the conservation of wetlands by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The as well as to benefit the associated CELCP funds for land acquisition (DOS, proposed projects are diverse, covering 2008). migratory birds and other wildlife in the all animal groups, all areas of the state, United States, Canada and Mexico. The and ranging in scale from ecosystems to Certified Local Gov- program is administered by the US Fish subspecies. The projects vary in length and Wildlife Service and there are differ‑ from one to five years, and include ernment Grant Pro- ent levels of funding available. All of the baseline surveys, research, conservation gram grants are matching and are provided planning, and habitat protection. to organizations and individuals who The Certified Local Government have created partnerships based on the The New York Comprehensive Grant program is a matching grant conservation of these wetlands with the Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS) program for the expansion and main‑ goal of protecting the wildlife that mi‑ was accepted by the US Fish and tenance of the National Register of grate throughout the year. The diverse Wildlife Service in May of 2006. New Historic Places and support of historic wildlife that migrates to these different York’s Strategy addresses species of preservation activities. Eligible activi‑ wetlands throughout the continent is greatest conservation need, critical ties include survey, inventory, training important to the State park system be‑ habitats, stressors/impacts to natural for municipal officials, public educa‑ cause of the many recreational activities resources, research, survey, and restora‑ tion programs and others. The fund‑ tion needs, and priority conservation ing comes from the National Park 221 Implementation Service, administered by OPRHP and program, the Forest Land Enhancement agencies interested in managing only Certified Local Governments are Program, authorized by the 2002 invasive and noxious plant species. It eligible. Past grant awards have ranged federal Farm Bill will provide an op‑ provides a means for Federal agencies from $1,200 to $29,000, with most in portunity for owners to obtain financial to be full partners with State and local the $5,000 to $15,000 range. The total and technical assistance to implement agencies, private landowners, and other amount of available funding varies each projects recommended in Stewardship interested parties in developing long- year with the federal allocation (OPRHP, plans (NYS DEC and OPRHP, 2006). term weed management projects within 2007). the scope of an integrated pest man‑ Other Federal Funding agement strategy. (NFWF, 2008) Save Americas Trea- Mechanisms sure’s Program The National Fish and Wildlife State Administered by the National Park Foundation (NFWF) is a private, non‑ Service, this program allocates funding profit, tax-exempt organization char‑ Environmental Protec- for the preservation and/or conservation tered by Congress in 1984 to sustain, tion Fund work on nationally significant intellec‑ restore and enhance the Nation’s fish, tual and cultural artifacts and historic wildlife, plants, and habitats. Through In 1993, the Legislature enacted structures and sites. The sites and col‑ leadership conservation investments the Environmental Protection Act. The lections must already be designated as with public and private partners, NFWF Act created, for the first time in the having national significance before the is dedicated to achieving maximum State’s history, a permanently dedicated application process begins. To find out if conservation impact by developing and Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) your site is designated, use the National applying best practices and innovative to meet many of the State’s pressing Park Service website (www.nps.gov). methods for measurable outcomes. environmental needs. Some of these Since its establishment, NFWF has needs include: the acquisition of priority This is a 1 to 1 matching grant awarded nearly 9,500 grants to over projects identified in the Conserving program for federal, state, tribal and 3,000 organizations in the United States Open Space Plan; work on the identifi‑ non-profit organizations. In 2006, four and abroad and leveraged – with its cation, research and conservation of the projects in New York State were funded partners – more than $400 million in State’s biological diversity administered through this program totaling over federal funds into over $1.3 billion for by the BRI; the municipal parks and $485,000. These projects included the conservation. (NFWF, 2008) historic preservation grant programs preservation of artifacts that are part administered by OPRHP; local farmland of the World Trade Center/ September The Native Plant Conservation protection projects administered by the 11, 2001 Collection located at the NYS Initiative is administered by the Department of Agriculture and Markets; Museum, and the conservation of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. local waterfront projects administered nations oldest collection of drawings It supports on-the-ground conservation by the Department of State (DOS), and and watercolors at the NYS Historical projects that protect, enhance, and/ more recently, stewardship funding for Society (US Department of Interior, or restore native plant communities DEC’s and OPRHP’s land and facility 2007). on public and private lands. Grants of holdings and implementation of the federal dollars are provided to non- Hudson River Estuary Action Plan. Forest Stewardship profit organizations and agencies at all Program levels of government. Projects typically The acquisition of open space con‑ fall involve: protection and restora‑ servation projects is provided for in Title Administered by the U.S.D.A., the tion; information and education; and/or 3 of Article 54 of the Environmental Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) helps inventory and assessment. (NFWF 2008) Conservation Law. Title 9 of Article nearly 500,000 nonindustrial private 54 authorizes OPRHP to administer a forestland (NIFP) owners - who own The Pulling Together Initiative is matching grants program for municipal 85% of New York’s forestland - better administered by the National Fish parks, recreation and historic preserva‑ manage and use their forest resources. and Wildlife Foundation in partner‑ tion projects. Revenues to support the Under FSP, every state has developed ship with the USFWS, Bureau of Land EPF include proceeds resulting from and is implementing a comprehen‑ Management, the USDA Forest Service, a portion of the existing real estate sive management program to ensure the USDA Animal and Plant Health transfer tax, refinancing of state and that private forestlands are managed Inspection Service (APHIS), and the public authority obligations, sale of under stewardship plans. A companion NRCS. Proposals are solicited from non- surplus State lands, sale or lease of profit organizations and government 222 Implementation State-owned underwater lands and Historic Preservation Snowmobile Trail revenues from a conservation license plate program dedicated to open space Program Grant Program conservation land projects. A matching grant program to im‑ Administered by OPRHP, this program prove, protect, preserve, rehabilitate or is designed to allocate money to local The proposed “Bigger Better Bottle restore properties listed on the National government sponsors that develop and Bill” would create a larger revenue or State Registers of Historic Places. maintain snowmobile trails through‑ source for the Environmental Protection Funds are available to municipalities out New York State’s Snowmobile Trail Fund through two main amendments. or not-for-profits with an ownership System. The fund provides 70% in the First, noncarbonated beverage contain‑ interest. beginning as a grant-in-aid program ers would become eligible for bottle re‑ and will reimburse the grantee the turn deposits and secondly the creation This program has been able to help rest after the project has been com‑ of a system for beverage companies to fund 249 projects since 2001, costing pleted. Application must be received by return any unclaimed bottle deposits over $41 million. September 1st to be eligible. to the fund. The increase in available funding through the EPF will have many benefits for the implementation of Heritage Areas Pro- Local Waterfront Revi- SCORP goals. gram talization Program

Listed below are the main grant The Heritage Area Program is a Environmental Protection Fund Local programs which are funded through matching grant program for projects Waterfront Revitalization Program the Environmental Protection Fund. that are working to preserve, rehabili‑ Grants are available through the The Parks, Historic Preservation, tate or restore lands, waters or struc‑ Department of State to communities Heritage Areas, Acquisition, Zoos, tures, identified in a management plan for the preparation and implementa‑ Botanical Gardens and Aquariums and approved by the Commissioner. Projects tion of Local Waterfront Revitalization Snowmobile Trail Grant programs are must fall within a New York State Program (LWRP). DOS provides grants all administered by the Office of Parks, Designated Heritage Area. to waterfront municipalities for a variety Recreation and Historic Preservation. of planning, design and construction More information can be found at the Between 2001 and 2006, over $6 projects to protect revitalize waterfront agencies website (www.nysparks.state. million in financial assistance has been resources, including: awarded to 41 projects. ny.us). The other programs are adminis‑ •• Community visioning and develop‑ tered as indicated. ment of revitalization strategies; Acquisition •• Completing or implementing LWRP Parks Program or HMP; A matching grant program for the •• Preparing or implementing a water‑ acquisition of a permanent easement or A matching grant program for the body /watershed management plan; fee title to lands, waters or structures acquisition or development of parks •• Urban waterfront redevelopment; for use by all segments of the popula‑ and recreational facilities for projects to •• Creating a blueway trail; tion for park, recreation, conservation preserve, rehabilitate or restore lands, •• NYSCRIP signage programs. waters or structures for park, recreation or preservation purposes. This program or conservation purposes. Funds may should be used for all three program Since 2003, 439 grants totaling be awarded to municipalities or not-for- areas where acquisition is of more $88 million have been awarded to profits with an ownership interest, for importance than development. waterfront communities through the indoor or outdoor projects and must re‑ Environmental Protection Fund Local flect the priorities established in SCORP. Zoos, Botanical Gar- Waterfront Revitalization Program. dens and Aquariums Between the years of 2001 and Hudson River Estuary 2006, this program received over 1,400 The Zoo, Botanical Gardens and Grants Program applications from across the state. Aquariums is a program for the funding With $46,552,137, OPRHP and the of collections care or special projects at Administered by the Department of Environmental Protection Fund were municipal or not-for-profit institutions. Environmental Conservation and funded able to finance 298 projects. Eligible institutions house, care for and by the Environmental Protection Fund, interpret for the public, systematically the Hudson River Estuary Grants provide organized collections of living things. financial assistance to municipalities 223 Implementation and non-profits within the Estuary the redevelopment of brownfield sites. The large grant program is awarded Watershed Boundaries. The financial A brownfield is a parcel of land where approximately every three years and assistance can help communities fulfill redevelopment is complicated by the provides money to larger projects that the goals set forth by the Hudson presence or potential presence of envi‑ are consistent with the Great Lakes River Estuary Action Agenda within ronmental contamination. Brownfield Protection Fund Agreement. Eligible five categories. The actions that can be sites have been redeveloped into recre‑ projects will create communications funded include: Community Interpretive ation sites all around the country and between all the different interested Centers and Education, Open Space: they can provide much needed open groups, result in action that will lead to Natural Areas and Scenic Resources, space to often underserved areas. improvement of environmental quality Community-based Habitat Conservation in the region, and promote approaches and Stewardship, Watershed Planning The funds will cover 90% of the costs to understanding the ecosystem (DEC, and Implementation and Hudson River for pre-nomination studies, nomination 2007). Access: fishing, boating, swimming, studies and implementation strategies. hunting, hiking, or river watching. Since The rest of the cost of the studies and Habitat/Access Fund- 1999 when the funding began, almost plans must be provided by the local ing Grants $10 million has been allocated to 301 share. Financial assistance is available applicants within the watershed bound‑ to municipalities and community based The Habitat/Access Funding Grant aries (DEC, 2007). organizations as long as they were is a program, administered by DEC, to not responsible for the environmental assist municipalities, non-profits and Invasive Species Erad- conditions at the site (DOS, 2007). individuals in doing small scale proj‑ ication Grant Program ects that will benefit fish and wildlife New York State Great resources. The fund has $100,000 to Administered by the Department Lakes Protection Fund provide for the improvement of fish and of Environmental Conservation, this wildlife habitat management and public program is providing grants to eradicate In 1989 the multistate Great Lakes access to sites for hunting, fishing, trap‑ invasive species. The two parts of this Protect Fund was created through the ping and other fish and wildlife recre‑ program include terrestrial and aquatic contribution of 7 of the 8 Great Lake ational activities statewide (DEC, 2007). species eradication. Invasive species States to be used as a source of funds were defined within Chapter 7 under for research and projects that would DEC, “Invasive Species”. protect and conserve the Great Lakes Sources of ecosystem. The statewide program The funding is allocated to projects called NYS Great Lakes Protection Funding for which are proposing removal of plants Fund was created in 1990 and allows or animals that meet the definition of NY access to a portion of the interest State Grant an invasive or nuisance species from that is earned from endowment. The a waterbody or wetland of New York fund is administered by DEC with input State. This matching grant program is from the New York State Great Basin Programs funded by the Environmental Protection Advisory Council. This fund contributes Fund to municipalities and non-profits, to two programs, “small” and “large” Habitat/Access Stamp and the 2006/2007 budget cycle grants. included $1,000,000 for these types of Legislation signed in 2002 created projects statewide (DEC, 2007). The small grant program provides a new Habitat/Access Stamp that is seed money to projects in the region available to people who want to sup‑ that promote collaboration between port the Department of Environmental Brownfield Opportu- Conservation’s efforts to conserve nity Area government, academia, industry and environmental groups. The small grant habitat and increase public access for fish and wildlife related recreation. The Funded through the Environmental program funds can be used for individ‑ ual projects or to get started on a larger 2006-2007 stamp may be purchased Protection Fund and administered by for $5.00 donation at license issuing a partnership between Department project that may require funding from other sources as well. The small grants outlets and online beginning August 14, of State and the Department of 2006 (DEC, 2007). By law, all monies Environmental Conservation, this award process is administered by the Great Lakes Research Consortium. raised through purchases of the Habitat/ program is focused on providing funds Access Stamp must be deposited in the for the study and planning of areas for State’s Conservation Fund in the Habitat 224 Implementation

Account. Habitat/ Access Grants are EPF. Roger Tory Peterson, the foremost recreation and historic preservation awarded annually to fund projects that naturalist of the 20th century, graciously purposes. This provides an opportunity improve fish and wildlife habitat and donated a bluebird painting which was for OPRHP and DEC to promote public/ public access for hunting, fishing, trap‑ used as the basis of the State’s beautiful private cooperation. ping and other fish and wildlife related bluebird license plate. More than 9,700 recreation (NYS DEC and OPRHP, 2006). plates have been sold since the incep‑ OPRHP’s Bureau of Historic Sites, tion of the program in late 1995. acting on behalf of the Commissioner Tax Contributions accepts gifts of artifacts for the State Conserve Habitat Li- Historic Sites. These gifts come from Since 1982 New Yorkers have been cense Plate individuals and organizations (e.g. able to donate money through their friends groups) and most often are from state income taxes to the “Return a Gift Beginning in 2005, “Conserve descendants of the original owners to Wildlife Program.” Habitat” custom license plates be‑ of State Historic Sites (e.g. Livingston came available for purchase, with $25 furnishings that originated at Clermont). The revenues are used for a variety from each sale dedicated to improve The Bureau of Historic Sites has a of projects that benefit fish and wild‑ habitat and to increase habitat access formal procedure for reviewing and ac‑ life. Annually the fund receives over throughout the state. Revenues will be cepting gift offers. $450,000 and this money is able to deposited in a special account within wholly or partially fund projects. The the Conservation Fund, and be overseen projects funded by RAGTWP have been by DEC. The habitat account is used Other Grant able to benefit endangered species solely to protect, restore, and manage restoration, protection and habitat habitat, and to develop public access Programs management, help implement compre‑ for fish- and wildlife-related recreation hensive surveys and inventories of many and study. A ruffed grouse in flight was Hudson River Valley species and their habitats and also selected to illustrate the “Conserve Greenway provide wildlife education programs. Habitat” plate (NYS DEC and OPRHP, 2006). To provide technical and financial Legal/Enforcement support to municipalities and not-for- Settlements and Natu- Gifts and Donations profit corporations, the Hudson River ral Resource Damage Valley Greenway created a grant pro‑ Remediation Gifts and donations are a key way gram in 1992. The municipalities and that individuals and businesses can not-for-profits that are located in the As a part of settlements the DEC contribute directly to the conservation geographic area of the Greenway (the reaches with various parties in enforce‑ of open space. Gifts and donations of surrounding counties) are eligible for ment contexts, funds may be pro‑ land, in fee or easement, can be made the grant funding if their projects are vided for open space conservation. An to qualified not-for-profit organizations working towards full implementation of example of funds being directed to the and local, state and federal govern‑ the Draft Greenway Trail Plan. In 2008 EPF include the Northville settlement ments. Gifts of funds for acquisition of there were 13 grants awarded totaling funds which were dedicated for Long lands can also be made, and can be tar‑ $59,000 through this grants program Island Pine Barrens purchases. Such geted to specific acquisition proposals. capital including improvements to funds can arise from settlements in any Some private foundations have been provide access through a VA hospital type of enforcement action, including particularly active and important in land to link trails in three towns in Dutchess natural resource damage remediation conservation in the State. Foundation County. actions, as well as in other settlement funding may continue to be an impor‑ contexts. tant source of conservation funds in the New York State Coun- future. cil on the Arts (NYSCA) Conservation License The Natural Heritage Trust is a public Funding is available from NYSCA Plate benefit corporation of the State of New for Architecture, Planning and Design York that can accept private sector program. Non-profit organizations and The 1993 EPF legislation authorized gifts and funds for the preservation, local governmental agencies in NYS the creation of a conservation license protection and enhancement of the are eligible to receive assistance in plate with $25 from each sale dedi‑ natural and historic resources for parks, cated to the open space portion of the engaging the services of an architect or 225 Implementation planning, design or historic preserva‑ monitoring, data management, strong property interpretation; and state tion professional. Over $1 million was education and outreach programs and and national Register nominations allocated throughout the State for FY the active involvement of local com‑ (Lake Champlain Basin Program, 2007 through the Architecture Planning munities. The LCBP provides funds and 2007). and Design program. services to groups that are working towards these goals. National Trails Fund There is also money available from NYSCA for Capital Projects; eligible The partnership of the LCBP includes The National Trails Fund, adminis‑ projects include the improvement, the State of New York, State of Vermont, tered by the American Hiking Society, is expansion, or rehabilitation of existing Province of Quebec, US EPA, the New the only privately supported program buildings owned or leased by nonprofit England Interstate Water Pollution that funds grassroots organizations ex‑ cultural institutions receiving program‑ Control Commission, other federal and clusively. The fund was created in 1997 matic funding from the Council. For FY local government agencies, and many and has provided a total of $290,000 2007, this program funded 23 projects local public and private groups. Since to 73 different trail projects nationwide with over $800,000 (NYSCA, 2007). 1992, The LCBP has awarded $3.07 since then. This fund provides money to million to 608 projects in New York and secure access, get volunteers and pur‑ Preserve New York Vermont. New York has received $ 1.18 chase tools and materials for projects (PNY) Grant Program million for 243 projects since 1992. that will have hikers as the primary user Most of the funding for the grants group. Administered jointly by the NYSCA comes from the US EPA. and the Preservation League of New In 2006 the National Trails Fund York, the PNY program is eligible to There are two main grant types provided for a project in Idlewild Park, municipalities and not-for-profit organi‑ available: which is a 224 acre wetland park that zations with 501(c) (3) status. The three is not managed by NYC Department of 1) Local Implementation Grants projects that are able to be funded Parks and Recreation but by the Eastern through the PNY program are historic •• Annual Priority Grant- fund‑ Queens Alliance. The fund went to build structure reports, historic landscape ing in the range of $5,000 to the first portion of the trail as well as reports and cultural resource surveys. $20,000 given to larger proj‑ purchasing and installing interpretive Awards for projects typically range ects that focus on any of the signs for self-guided tours (American between $3,000 and $10,000. For FY priorities from Opportunities Hiking Society, 2007). 2006, 11 projects were selected through for Action 9 counties in New York State and they •• Partnership Program Grant- up Capacity Building totaled over $80,000 (Preservation to $5,000 for projects empha‑ Grants League, 2007). sizing community partnerships and collaborative efforts Parks & Trails New York’s Capacity Lake Champlain Basin •• Organizational Support Grant- Building Grants program for park and Program provides grants up to $4,000 trail groups provides grants of up to to help groups improve their $3,000 to strengthen not-for-profit The Lake Champlain Basin Program organizational functions organizations that are working to build (LCBP), created in 1990 and reautho‑ •• Education Grant- up to $7,500 and protect parks and trails in commu‑ rized in 2002, is a partnership that is to groups to provide informa‑ nities across the state. working to implement the region’s tion to students and/or adults comprehensive plan, Opportunities for about the issues prioritized in Through this grant program Parks Action: An Evolving Plan for the Future the Lake Champlain Plan. & Trails New York intends to help New York not-for-profits better fulfill their of the Lake Champlain Basin. The 2) Technical Assistance Programs missions; improve their reach, effec‑ execution of the plan will protect and TAP provides assistance to groups tiveness, and impact; leverage more improve the environmental quality and working on Cultural Heritage resources, and increase community economic benefits of the Champlain Programs. The grants provide up support for and involvement in park Basin region. The Plan addresses a to $1,000 to municipal and non- and trail planning, development, and number of different regional issues in‑ profit organizations performing: stewardship. Funds can be used to cluding water quality, toxic substances, conditions, archaeological and assist with activities associated with living natural resources, recreation and engineering assessments; design organizational start-up and develop‑ cultural heritage resources, economics, assistance; museum mentoring; ment; training; communications; and 226 Implementation volunteer recruitment and management rank projects on a statewide basis, (PTNY, 2008). translating measurements of need Partnerships and statements of policy to the maxi‑ Funding through mum fulfillment of recreation wants Partnerships among governmental Health Programs and protection of natural assets. The agencies and with the private sec‑ SCORP’s forecasts of need for recreation tor, not-for-profit organizations and Several state and national organiza‑ facilities combined with natural re‑ volunteers are an important tool in tions have funding that may be used to source and recreation service objectives the acquisition, development, opera‑ develop and promote recreational facili‑ are reflected in the criteria comprising tions and maintenance of recreation ties. On a national level, the Robert these systems. Factors include physi‑ facilities. Significant strides have been Wood Johnson Foundation (www.rwjf. cal, recreational, social, economic, and made to foster new partnerships and to org) is beginning to provide support to environmental. The numeric ratings provide guidance to agencies consider‑ communities for improving opportuni‑ of the priority systems provide the ing partnerships. The primary intent of ties for physical activity. The Centers for method for comparative analysis of partnerships is to assist public agencies Disease Control (www.cdc.gov) provides the many diverse projects evaluated. in meeting their missions of providing funding to state health departments for OPRHP administers grant programs that quality and safe recreation while pro‑ promoting physical activity and support provide matching funds to municipali‑ tecting the natural and cultural resourc‑ for Active Community Environments. ties and state agencies for the creation, es as well as improving the delivery of In New York State, the Healthy Heart operation, expansion, and rehabilitation services. Program provides grants to community of parks, facilities and programs. The groups for a variety of activities aimed importance of these initiatives requires First and foremost, it is important to at making it easier for people to be that the most objective measures pos‑ maintain the resource stewardship man‑ more physically active and improve their sible be used in the distribution of these date for resource agencies. Partnerships eating habits. Residents can contact the funds. Many steps are taken in the must be compatible with this mandate State’s Department of Health (DOH) for SCORP assessment and policy process to maintain the integrity of the recre‑ more information on these programs. to assure meaningful public participa‑ ational and cultural system. The admin‑ tion and technical evaluation. istrating agency should not relinquish ownership, control or responsibility for Grant Considerable public input is utilized the protection of the land and facilities in the development and revision of the under its stewardship. Partnerships State’s rating systems. The LWCF, OPSP should be designed to supplement Allocation and the SCORP program provide sound not supplant resources provided to an bases for the priority rating systems. A agency through their normal budgetary SCORP provides the foundation strong public participation process was process. for the allocation of state and federal utilized in developing a system for the funds for recreation and open space EPF and RTP grants. projects. The policies, needs assessment, Types of programs and initiatives are translated Outreach and implementation occurs into criteria for evaluating projects in an principally at the regional level. Field objective manner. The SCORP is utilized representatives work with municipali‑ Partnerships to develop the rating systems for the ties and not-for-profit organizations in There are various types and forms of Open Project Selection Process (OPSP) developing applications and providing partnerships. These need to be tailored for LWCF projects and the EPF grants initial review. All applications receive to the needs for a park, historic site or for municipal and not-for-profit projects, statewide and compliance reviews. other recreation/open space area. The RTP grants and various acquisition cat‑ Joint meetings with regional field rep‑ following is a listing of some of the egories consistent with the Conserving resentatives and technical staff provide types of partnerships: Open Space Plan. final review, ranking and approval, assuring full continuity from assess‑ Acquisitions - A not-for-profit organiza‑ SCORP helps guide the allocation of ment and policy formulation to resource tion, in some cases, has the ability municipal and not-for-profit organiza‑ protection and program implementa‑ to advance acquisitions with a tion funds to local areas in greatest tion. Appendix H is a copy of the OPSP landowner quicker than a govern‑ need and for facility types which are rating form. most deficient. The State’s park and mental entity. The not-for-profit or‑ recreation priority rating system helps ganization then holds the property until the governmental body can 227 Implementation secure the funding and facilitate Adopt a Resource Program - These are •• Partnership activities being con‑ the acquisition process. In addi‑ programs directed at a specific sidered for a specific park/historic tion, a not-for-profit can function resource such as a beach or trail. site shall be evaluated within the as a third party in the negotiations The supporting groups would be context of ongoing management with a landowner. responsible for the stewardship of and planning for that property. that resource. •• Generally, partnership activities Cooperative/Management Agreements should be self-sufficient. Any – A public agency can enter into Research - These are partnerships with increased maintenance and opera‑ an agreement with not-for-profit individuals, not-for-profit organiza‑ tional responsibility to the Agency groups where the group operates tions, and institutions to conduct shall be evaluated within the con‑ a property on the agency’s behalf. inventories and research on public text of the Agency’s budget and the The not-for-profit is then largely or lands to improve their steward‑ enhanced delivery of services. solely responsible for all day-to-day ship, protection and management. •• Partnership activities shall be within operations and expenses for that The information is also valuable the determined carrying capacity of facility. Agreements within OPRHP in the development of environ‑ parks/historic sites, their facilities have terms of 5 to 20 years. Some mental education and interpretive and landscapes. agreements within OPRHP have programs. •• Partnership activities shall provide been in place for more than 30 reasonable public access, use and years. Multi-agency and organization part‑ enjoyment. nerships can promote common goals •• Partnership recognition shall be Friends Groups - An agency can enter such as invasive species management. commensurate with the enhance‑ into an agreement with a not-for- Examples of such partnerships are ment to the park and compatible profit organization to form Friends provided in Chapter 4, Stewardship and with the park’s resources. Groups to support a specific site. Chapter 7, DEC “Invasive Species”. •• Partnership activities that increase scientific understanding of the eco‑ Concession Agreements - These partner‑ logical resources in State Parks for ships generally involve for-profit Guidelines both stewardship and educational entities. An agency determines programs will be encouraged. that there is a need for a service Guidelines for partnerships are and solicits proposals from the important to ensure that the partner‑ Goals private sector. An objective is to ship is compatible with the mission of •• Encourage the development of encourage competition for private the agency and with the framework partnerships that are compatible sector investment and operation of that governs the agency. OPRHP with with mission of the Agency and public service facilities. the assistance of a working group with the natural, recreational, comprised of representatives from cultural and historic resources of Gifts - These are gifts in terms of land or various recreation, environmental and the site. facilities from the private sector to cultural organizations developed a set •• Utilize the partnership guidelines a governmental body. of public/private partnership guidelines. to assist in the development and Although these are specific to OPRHP, implementation of partnerships. Sponsor - It is common to have events they could apply to other public agen‑ •• Encourage partnerships at all conducted at public facilities spon‑ cies. The guidelines flow from the levels of the park and historic site sored by various organizations. Agency’s mission statement to the goals systems. Some events advance the goals of and objectives identified in SCORP. The •• Seek new and innovative partner‑ the organization while providing guidelines are: ships. additional activities for the public. •• Partnership activities shall provide •• Review existing partnerships on Volunteers - In addition to the more for‑ a public benefit consistent with the a routine basis to assure they are mal arrangement with the not-for- Agency’s mission, goals and objec‑ meeting the Agency’s goals and ob‑ profits, there are numerous infor‑ tives. jectives and are serving the public mal arrangements with volunteers •• Partnership activities shall be com‑ in an appropriate manner. on public lands. These may range patible with the involved park and Accomplishments from local service organizations to shall take into account the protec‑ Camper Assistance Programs. tion of the park’s recreational, natu‑ There are a number of partner‑ ral, historic and cultural resources. ships that exist throughout the State. 228 Implementation

Numerous examples can be given for At Niagara Reservation State Park, of a Visitor Center at Sterling Forest® each type of partnership mentioned home of Niagara Falls, the observation State Park in the Palisades Region. This above. Over the past five years, OPRHP tower, which provides public access to private donation highlights an unprec‑ has made considerable strides in ad‑ the mighty Niagara River gorge and edented purchase of approximately vancing partnerships with the private “Maid of the Mist” boat ride, which 17,500 acres of important watershed sector, not-for-profit organizations takes visitors to the face of the falls, and valuable wildlife habitat by the and other governmental agencies. To was outdated and no longer capable States of New York and New Jersey, provide overall guidance, the Agency of accommodating the more than eight the Federal government, the Palisades invited a consortium of individuals and million international visitors. The mod‑ Interstate Park Commission and numer‑ interest groups to assist in the devel‑ ernization of this tower could not have ous private partners. The public, schools opment of public-private partnership been accomplished within OPRHP’s and the scientific community will use guidelines. Within this framework, existing budget yet is critical to accom‑ the Visitor Center at Sterling Forest® OPRHP entered various partnerships modating ongoing and future tourism State Park as its laboratory to form an to conserve open space and expand demand. The estimate to reduce the understanding of this expansive, critical park lands, to improve recreational height of the tower to provide less wildlife habitat and unique natural opportunities, and others to protect and visual intrusion in the natural surround‑ resource. The Lila Acheson and Dewitt interpret natural and cultural resources. ings, provide high-speed elevators, Wallace Fund for the Hudson Highlands remove lead-based paint and reclad and the Doris Duke Foundation each In May of 2000, the Theodore the structure is $23 million. Through contributed $5 million, for a total of Roosevelt Nature Center at Jones Beach partnerships OPRHP will be able to $10 million, towards the purchase of State Park on Long Island was officially accomplish this goal and provide a facil‑ Sterling Forest® State Park. opened. This state-of-the-art environ‑ ity the entire country will be proud to mental education center, located along have international visitors experience. Fred and Martha Schroeder of East the Atlantic Ocean only 30 minutes from The concessionaire who provides the Greenbush donated a major gift of New York City, was created through boat ride will contribute $5 million and $400,000 to help fund the construc‑ a public-private partnership, with receive additional operational benefits; tion of the Emma Treadwell Thacher $450,000 in state and federal funding, the New York State Power Authority Nature Center at Thompson Lake State $350,000 in contributions from the Ford (NYPA) will contribute $5 million; grants Park, emphasizing children’s activities, Motor Company and the donation of have been awarded for $5 million; $3 environmental education and protec‑ a geothermal system and photovoltaic million will come from the Bond Act, tion and outdoor recreation, on land roof system for heat, air conditioning and $5 million will come from State within the Helderberg Escarpment. The and power from the Long Island Power Park revenues. Schroeder’s also established an endow‑ Authority estimated at $300,000. This ment of $350,000 for operation and investment in energy efficient systems The United States Golf Association maintenance of the facility. will save OPRHP more than $20,000 (USGA), has committed over $2.7 mil‑ in annual energy costs while being lion towards renovating and restoring Betty and Wilbur Davis donated environmentally friendly. The center of‑ the Black Course at Bethpage State Park 190+/- acres of land near Cooperstown fers diverse indoor and outdoor exhibits in preparation for the 2002 U.S. Open. which is now known as Betty and where visitors can learn about the Long This will be the first time ever that this Wilbur Davis State Park. The Davis’ Island coastal environment and its historic sporting event will be played at also donated over $600,000 to be used unique plants and wildlife. The center a truly publicly owned golf course. to develop the park, and establish and also provides classroom and laboratory endowment to permanently support the space for school groups to have a true Open Space Institute (OSI), Scenic park. hands-on experience. The most critical Hudson and the Trust for Public Land element of this partnership was not only are some of OPRHP’s many partners on OPRHP has entered into a five-year the chance to provide an environmental land acquisitions. OSI assisted OPRHP agreement with the Natural Heritage education center at almost no public or in acquiring over 3,200 acres of shore‑ Program that will result in the first state cost, but that the facility was once line and mountains along the Hudson comprehensive survey of the biological a bathhouse that had been closed for River that expanded Moreau Lake State resources in the State Park System. This over 10 years due to budget reductions. Park in the Capital District Region. information will be critical to the evalu‑ This adaptive reuse enabled infrastruc‑ ation of the environmental sensitivity of ture to be saved and dedicated to envi‑ Former U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg state park land and will be a valuable ronmental education that is so critical of New Jersey provided a generous gift tool in determining the feasibility of and to today’s world. of $1.75 million for the construction appropriateness of proposed projects. 229 Implementation Actions •• Over the next five years the use of partnerships should be encouraged. •• Existing partnerships that have proven successful should be con‑ tinued, those with less favorable results should be eliminated, and new approaches should be tried. •• Each site has to consider its re‑ sources and needs and the types of partnerships that are appropriate.

230 Environmental Impacts Chapter 10 - Environmental Impacts

EIS should be prepared. Since SCORP is Conservation Plan and its GEIS (DEC et. Environ- a broad-based plan, an EIS that evalu- al. 2006). ates site-specific impacts of projects is not possible; thus, a Generic EIS (GEIS) SCORP 2008 represents an extensive mental is being prepared. A generic EIS (GEIS) analysis of changing recreational needs, is an assessment of the potential im- development of updated policies and Review pacts of broad based or related groups objectives, and general projections for New York’s State Environmental of actions. It is more conceptual in future recreation needs and activities. Quality Review Act (SEQR) requires nature than a site specific EIS which ad- This chapter contains an analysis of the all state and local government agen- dresses a particular proposed project. It overall SCORP direction in the context cies to consider environmental factors may provide a general discussion of the of maximizing needed recreational op- in agency decision-making processes rationale and impacts of the proposed portunities while protecting the State’s along with social and economic factors. action. natural and cultural resources from Agencies must assess the environ- significant adverse impacts. The envi- mental impacts of actions which they This chapter, together with the ronmental analysis of SCORP focuses on propose, evaluate alternatives, develop remaining chapters of SCORP, consti- the adequacy, clarity, and appropriate- methods for minimizing potential ad- tutes a draft GEIS for SCORP. Chapters ness of the stated policies and action verse impacts, and provide an opportu- 1 through 9 describe the proposed strategies that implement the vision nity for the public to participate in the action as well as numerous ways in of SCORP (Chapter 2). The GEIS is not planning process when proposals may which the impacts of SCORP are miti- intended to provide a comprehensive have significant impacts. This means gated. These other chapters provide the analysis of impacts of each program or these agencies must assess the environ- reviewer with detailed information on project which may be undertaken pursu- mental significance of actions they have the recreation resources and needs, the ant to SCORP. It serves as a reference discretion to approve, fund or directly natural, cultural, and historic resource and sets forth the process for evaluation undertake. SEQR requires the agencies settings, policies, actions, and an overall of future actions and related impacts, to balance the environmental impacts implementation scenario. They are thus providing a sound environmental plan- with social and economic factors when integral components of the GEIS and ning base. Existing evaluation and deciding to approve or undertake an should be referred to while reviewing review processes are discussed in terms “action”. The action in this case is the this chapter. of assuring that resource protection is given appropriate consideration during development and update of SCORP. This chapter discusses impacts and planning and implementation of pro- mitigation of impacts associated with When an action is determined to grams and activities under the SCORP adoption and implementation of the have potentially significant adverse en- “umbrella”. vironmental impacts, an Environmental 2008 SCORP by OPRHP. This chapter Impact Statement (EIS) is required. The also briefly identifies the Environmental Specific recreational projects un- SEQR process uses an EIS to examine Setting for SCORP, and alternatives to dertaken, funded or approved by state ways to avoid or reduce adverse envi- the SCORP as proposed. Other chapters or local agencies pursuant to SCORP ronmental impacts related to a pro- of SCORP are discussed briefly within are subject to SEQR if the projects posed action. This includes an analysis the context of the policies and strate- meet certain thresholds as defined by of all reasonable alternatives to the gies. Discussions of consistency of SEQR regulations. Evaluation of some action. The SEQR decision-making pro- SCORP with coastal policies under the of these specific proposals will result cess encourages communication among State’s Coastal Management Program in determinations that they will not government agencies, project sponsors (CMP) are also included in the Policies have significant adverse effects on the and the general public. and Strategies section of this chapter. environment as a result of undertaking Many of the issues identified in this the actions. Other proposals, those that The updated SCORP will guide future GEIS have been previously addressed may have a significant adverse effect recreational planning, activities, and de- in earlier GEIS’s for SCORP, particularly on the environment, will require the velopment. Its adoption and implemen- in the 2003 SCORP and Final GEIS. This preparation of EISs. Under SEQR, the EIS tation has the potential for significant GEIS also references the Open Space process assures that an action to be un- effects, thus it was determined that an dertaken will avoid or minimize adverse 231 Environmental Impacts environmental impacts to the maximum pursuant to State law and to maintain extent practicable. Through SEQR and eligibility of federal funds under the Environmen- other existing review mechanisms such LWCF. as permit processes, consideration of tal Impacts environmental factors is a part of all At the implementation level, it would plans or specific actions undertaken to mean that there would be no statewide and Mitiga- implement SCORP. guidance for the provision of recreation, or if the 2003 SCORP were continued, tion The Draft SCORP/GEIS are being there would be no revisions that pro- made available for public review and vide updates concerning recreation sup- Within this section, each program will be the subject of a public hearing in ply and demand, policies and strategies and/or policy is briefly described and accordance with the public review pro- as well as the numerous programmatic the implications as to the environmental cess of the State Environmental Quality changes and initiatives. impacts discussed. Where possible, gen- Review Act (SEQR). Comments on the eral approaches that mitigate potential Draft SCORP/GEIS are welcome and will In addition, failure by the State to adverse impacts are also identified. be incorporated and addressed in the implement SCORP may result in the Final SCORP/GEIS as part of the SEQR loss of needed opportunities for public record, prior to adoption of SCORP. access and outdoor recreation, without Planning Process proper identification of those needs. The planning principles described in Significant adverse impacts to the Chapter 1 assure that recreation plan- Environmen- environment could occur without the ning in the State considers natural as guidance provided in the policies and well as human resources. Through par- tal Setting strategies. Moreover, without the focus ticipation by all levels of government, and priorities set by SCORP, the oppor- The environmental setting for SCORP the private sector, and citizens, coordi- tunity for creation and maintenance of consists of the people and the natural, nation of recreation service delivery is statewide systems of natural, cultural recreational, scenic, historic and cultural achieved. Also, constantly reevaluating and outdoor recreation facilities will be resources of New York State, as well assumptions, methods and objectives in substantially hindered. as social and economic characteristics. the planning process helps assure pro- The resources potentially affected by tection of natural resources by adjusting Another alternative to SCORP as pro- SCORP include recreational areas, lakes, preservation measures when conditions posed would be a much smaller scope, rivers, streams, wetlands, coastal and change or new information is available. such as a focus on OPRHP actions only, estuarine waters, significant habitats, or limited to those actions which may fish and wildlife, rare species of plants The objectives of OPRHP’s planning be funded under LWCF. Limiting SCORP and animals, forests, agricultural areas, process continue to support SCORP in this manner would not capture the parklands, historic sites, archeological goals and planning principles. These breadth of the outdoor recreational areas, scenic areas, and communities. objectives further the protection of programs and opportunities within The setting also includes the general resources by guiding agencies in formu- the state. Alternatively, attempting to public, park and recreation service pro- lating priorities. Adequate information address every outdoor recreational providers and both resident and nonresi- and analysis, coordination and citizens’ gram and facility in the state is clearly dent users. participation are key to wise implemen- beyond the realm of possibility. SCORP tation of actions that protect resources. The other chapters in SCORP pro- as proposed provides a balance, provid- vide more information on: recreation ing the best information available on The planning process described in resources and needs, including socio- state and regional programs, facilities Chapter 1 incorporates consideration economic factors; recreational, natural and actions related to outdoor recre- of land and water resources and user and cultural resources; and the State ation and open space resources. SCORP impacts, and emphasizes the best use of Outdoor Recreation System. also provides the statewide framework available resources. to guide the provision of outdoor recreation and open space opportunities at Participation by the public in the Alternatives the local level. planning process provides a balance of interests in plan formulation. Protection At the plan level, non-preparation of of open space, natural and cultural a plan is not a viable option since the resources, and interests and priorities state is required to prepare SCORP, both of the public, are reflected in SCORP as 232 Environmental Impacts well as in specific programs and proj- Preservation Law contains a provision As explained under Environmental ects implemented pursuant to SCORP. to declare stewardship of resources as a Review in this chapter, this GEIS serves responsibility of the State, and includes as a reference for evaluation of future Policies and Strategies as a guiding principle that OPRHP actions. Site specific reviews will assure conserve, protect and enhance the consistency with SCORP and projects Following is a discussion of the natural, ecological, historic, cultural and which enhance or are compatible with policy framework (refer to Chapter 2) recreation resources and provide public natural and cultural resources. in the context of the importance of access in a manner that will protect balancing policies in project evaluation, them for future generations. In the remainder of this section, each the appropriateness of the policies and of the major SCORP policies and their action strategies, and measures needed Assurance that the entire set of corresponding action strategies will be or in place which effectively implement SCORP policies and action strategies is discussed in terms of potential impacts. the policies and actions to provide ad- applied to development of recreational Differences between the 2003 SCORP equate resource protection. Discussions programs and facilities is provided and the current proposed SCORP will of consistency of policies and action through use of grant allocation criteria also be analyzed. In a few instances, strategies with coastal policies are (State and Federal Funding, Chapter 9), policies or action strategies have been included in this section. planning processes and public partici- revised slightly to broaden their ap- pation (Chapter 1), and environmental plicability. Such changes are considered In order to maximize the social and review procedures. Resource protection to be a more accurate representation economic benefits associated with policies are continually balanced with of statewide policy and may not be providing recreation while minimizing other policies to achieve optimal levels discussed on an individual basis. adverse impacts to the resource, it is of recreational facilities and programs critical that during planning for recre- in view of the capability of resources The 2008 policies have been grouped ation programming and development of to support use. Each time that SCORP into four major initiative areas and are recreational facilities, consideration be is updated, suggestions for policy and presented here within that initiative given to the entire set of SCORP policy strategy additions or revisions are framework. These initiatives reflect statements. Reliance on a portion of sought from OPRHP staff, State Council major issues and provide a larger con- the policies or giving undue weight to of Parks and regional councils, and co- text to enhancing existing recreational certain of the strategies can result in operating agencies as well as the public programs and activities across New York substantial reduction in the quantity of through the public participation process. State. potential recreation services (and the This process assures that the policies associated benefits) or in the quality of and strategies continue to be respon- Revitalizing our Parks the State’s natural and cultural resourc- sive to recreational needs and resource and Historic Sites es. For example, the policies regard- protection. ing resource protection may result in Policy: Improve recreation and unnecessary restriction of recreational Since SCORP is essentially a broad historic site operation, mainte- opportunities; while on the other hand, framework within which more detailed planning will take place, it is not pos- nance and resource manage- emphasis on water access has the ment practices. potential for significant adverse impacts sible to definitively identify adverse effects. It is consequently infeasible to on the environment. This policy is the same as that in suggest specific mitigation measures. 2003 and overall adverse impacts are The SCORP policies and action strate- Consistent, however, with OPRHP’s limited. The action strategy to reha- gies are comprehensive and are consis- stewardship mission, the review pro- bilitate and adaptively reuse existing tent with OPRHP’s mission to provide cesses assure that due consideration facilities to satisfy recreation, interpre- safe and enjoyable recreational and is given to protection of the State’s tive and education needs, continues interpretive opportunities for all state natural and cultural heritage. These to be important in efficient delivery of residents and visitors and to be respon- processes by which more detailed plans recreation. Rehabilitation has significant sible stewards of the valuable natural, and projects are developed and evalu- beneficial impacts, and with the excep- cultural and historic resources under its ated should serve to minimize, if not tion of major expansion or reconstruc- care. The policies and action strategies eliminate, adverse effects possibly asso- tion, adverse environmental effects are also reflect the guiding principles of ciated with development of recreational minor. Rehabilitation is generally more the mission which are commitments to facilities. cost effective than development of new people, preservation, service and leader- facilities. ship. The Parks, Recreation and Historic 233 Environmental Impacts Outmoded facilities can be phased must be reflected not only in rehabilita- opportunities within urban areas and out and adaptively reused where tion and new construction, but in set- other centers of human activity. This will possible and feasible. Adaptive reuse ting priorities for project funding. encourage physical activity and provide enables the preservation of historic more recreational opportunities for structures, furthering the objective to Particularly relevant to impacts on underserved communities. It will also preserve cultural resources as covered natural resources, energy conserva- encourage alternative transportation under the previous policy. This action tion is mandated for new construction and energy savings in suburban areas. strategy also advances coastal policies or major reconstruction by the State with regard to historic and cultural Energy Code. Conservation of energy Two new strategies have been resources, as well as restoring and rede- results in cost savings, and can offset included under this policy, reflecting veloping deteriorated and underutilized increased energy use associated with major state initiatives: significantly waterfront areas. The strategy includes extended user days and seasons. For increase the state’s investment in man- consideration of feasibility. In carrying instance, enclosing a swimming pool, agement and operations of recreation out the objective of rehabilitation and while increasing swimming opportunity, and historic facilities, and develop a adaptive reuse, it is important to assess requires increased energy consump- sustainability plan. The first reflects the compatibility of existing or proposed tion. Energy conservation in design immense park management needs of new uses of facilities with the site’s and operation of these facilities is a greatly expanded recreational facility natural resources. In addition, modifica- therefore extremely important. Energy system. The second reflects the need tions of historic structures to provide conservation techniques involving for a comprehensive effort to minimize access for the disabled, as well as modest investment such as improved energy use and reduce our carbon other needed modernizations, must be insulation, storm-windows and heating footprint, as discussed in Chapter 6. sensitive to the historic integrity of the systems are emphasized in rehabilita- Additional priorities concerning sustain- buildings. Interpretation is also included tion of existing structures. A new policy ability are discussed later in this section. in this strategy to reflect an emphasis area regarding sustainability is closely on adapting existing structures or other related to energy efficiency, but is much Overall, the policy to improve facilities for interpretive purposes. broader in scope. Sustainability policy is operation, maintenance and resource discussed later in this section. management practices is consistent The encouragement of compatible with and may advance coastal poli- multiple uses as well as extension of Protection of natural and cultural cies under the Coastal Management user seasons means more efficient use resources is important in undertak- Program (CMP). For instance, rehabilita- of existing recreational facilities, but an ing park and historic site operation tion and adaptive reuse promotes the overall increase in the numbers of users and maintenance activities. This action CMP’s development policy to restore, at a specific site. Multiple use can result reflects the awareness that operation revitalize and redevelop deteriorated in more even distribution of users over and maintenance activities need to be and underutilized waterfront areas. the course of a day, and extension of improved to ensure resource protection. Training of managers in best manage- user seasons has a similar effect over ment practices can advance the fish and the course of a year. The quality of the Proper management of the resources wildlife policy to protect, preserve and recreationist’s experience can thus be requires the training of park, historic restore habitats; the recreation policy improved through potentially lower site and land managers. This should be to protect, enhance and restore historic peak use periods. At the same time, an done on a continuous basis to assure sites or areas; and, water resources poli- increase in the total number of users best management practices are being cies related to the use of best manage- has the potential for adverse impacts utilized in protection of environmentally ment practices in control of storm-water on resources. Planning for each facility sensitive areas. This strategy has been runoff and non-point discharge of must be done with a careful evalu- revised to include training for operation pollutants. ation of the capacity of resources to and maintenance of facilities to ensure accommodate increased use and effects public health and safety. For instance, Policy: Improve and expand on the quality of recreation, with an operators of drinking water systems and water-oriented recreation emphasis on compatibility of the uses sewage treatment plants need contin- opportunities. with the resources. ued training to insure safe operation of these facilities and to protect the public Additional public access to water Health and safety concerns and and water resources. resources and additional water rec- accessibility for the handicapped have reation opportunities continue to be been and continue to be important. There is also a need to improve ac- a concern. Major investments must Health and safety concerns, however, cess to trails, parks and other recreation be made on a priority basis to satisfy 234 Environmental Impacts existing and projected water access OPRHP also participates with DOH in aesthetics. These benefits in turn needs. Recreation providers particularly a program administered by EPA that increase the attractiveness of a water in the public sector should, however, calls for the classification of ocean and body for recreational uses. Increased be encouraged to provide simple cost freshwater bathing beaches according water-related recreation has positive effective means of providing access. to water quality levels. It also fosters economic effects on localities through the preparation of monitoring protocols direct and indirect expenditures. It is The expansion of water access op- and public notification of beach water critical from both environmental and portunities has significant potential for quality levels. economic perspectives that a portion adverse environmental impacts due to of economic benefits be reinvested in resource limitations such as the exis- OPRHP also conducts periodic moni- resource protection to assure continued tence of significant habitats, wetlands, toring of lakes within the State Park maintenance of water quality. steep slopes and erosion hazards. In System to determine long term trends encouraging the acquisition and/or in shifts in trophic status or the amount The action strategy to support development of parks and recreation of nutrients indicated by the amount of management practices which reduce resources that are accessible to water- production of organic matter. Continued conflicts among water-related activi- bodies, state and local agencies must monitoring and evaluation of data will ties includes reduction of conflicts with assure that provisions for access are assist OPRHP in identifying problem significant natural water resource compatible with existing natural and areas and whether there is a need to areas. Management practices would be cultural resources. take corrective actions, such as control- supported which relate to recreational ling nutrient input. zoning of use areas, such as swimming, The policy recognizes the need to boating and shore fishing. This objective improve existing access sites. It is im- EPF provides funds for such projects recognizes that while access for water- portant to capitalize on existing sites to as non-point source pollution control oriented activity is important, demand provide an optimum of water-oriented and wastewater treatment improve- for various water activities generates recreation opportunities. This should ment. Combined sewer overflows potential conflicts among different user limit the need for new access sites and are also being abated under specific groups. The appropriateness and capac- associated impacts. Caution must be ex- management programs. Water quality ity of sites to accommodate a variety of ercised, however, to avoid development monitoring and research are extremely water recreation opportunities must be beyond the capacity of the resources. important to assure identification of evaluated, and where multiple uses are water quality issues and to provide the possible, site specific planning, design Upgrading and protecting water basis for responding to such issues. and management practices must be un- quality is essential to maintain the dertaken to provide proper demarcation habitats and species which rely on Preservation of shorelines, wetlands, of use areas. Other examples of man- water bodies, as well as to provide a and upland areas is integral to meeting agement practices to decrease conflicts quality recreational experience. The water quality standards, as well as to include boating speed limits, designa- Open Space Conservation Plan contains enhancement of the recreational experi- tion of areas where no boat wakes are recommendations and has implemented ence. Similarly, the proper management allowed, designated water skiing areas, numerous projects to promote clean of coastal areas is critically important motor boat horsepower limitations, and water. Continuing strict enforcement for protection of aesthetic and ecologi- even increased boating fees. Invention of water pollution control laws helps cal resources that contribute to water- and proliferation of new forms of water implement this strategy. Numerous lake oriented recreation opportunities. The recreation, such as parasailing and or watershed-specific plans have been availability of matching funds under EPF extreme sports, is a concern when there implemented or are underway that to develop LWRPs along with funding is potential for serious conflicts with provide a comprehensive approach to for planning, design and construction conventional uses. Consideration may protection of water quality through wise costs of projects incorporated in ap- be given to banning these types of uses management of waters and adjacent proved plans has provided incentives for in certain water bodies which cannot areas. OPRHP continues to enhance the further shoreline protection efforts. accommodate a large variety of uses. monitoring and operation of drinking Emphasis should be placed on designat- water treatment systems and bathing Measures to protect the quality ing specific areas where these uses can beaches under its jurisdiction. A water of the State’s water resources may appropriately take place, particularly quality manual outlines concisely and in be accompanied by increased costs. to reduce conflicts with swimmers. This plain language the monitoring require- Maintaining water quality standards, approach is emphasized in the last ac- ments under the regulations of the however, increases the diversity of tion strategy under this policy regarding State’s Department of Health (DOH). aquatic life including fish, and improves zoning of water-related activities. 235 Environmental Impacts As demand for use increases, mul- to improve or maintain boating access completed. Other types of plans, such as tiple use planning and management must not significantly interfere with invasive species management plans, can become essential to maximize use of an natural coastal processes, must avoid also be progressed as needed. A more essentially fixed resource base, minimize causing increases in erosion, and must effective master planning process will user conflicts, ensure patron health and protect aquatic habitats. Natural protec- thus be advanced. safety, and prevent damage to facilities tive features such as dunes and bluffs and resources caused by inappropriate must be protected from development The strategy to develop master and use. Inclusion in this action strategy encroachments. Extensive planning management plans for parks, recreation, of consideration of use conflicts with is necessary where potential access natural, historic and cultural areas natural resource areas provides empha- sites would require erosion protective recognizes the potential for substantial sis on the resource aspect of planning structures so as to minimize increases in adverse environmental effects due to for water-related activities, and is thus erosion or flooding on site or elsewhere, the lack of proper planning. Deficiencies consistent with the coastal policy to and to determine whether public ben- in resource inventories can result in protect, preserve, and where practi- efits of outweigh long-term monetary damage to significant resources, and cal, restore significant coastal fish and and other costs. overuse due to unknown resource wildlife resources. capacity. Without adequate knowledge Policy: Apply research tech- of resources, facility design and park Underwater lands that have signifi- niques and management practic- operations may be inadequate to as- cant natural, cultural and recreational es to improve and expand parks sure resource protection. The absence qualities are protected through OGS and other open spaces. of planning may result in otherwise management and coordination with unnecessary environmental reviews of agencies and localities as described Such activities as basic information individual projects. This can duplicate in Chapter 7. The strategy to encour- gathering, research and planning must previous efforts resulting in delays of age the interpretation and access to take place to support the achievement project implementation. significant underwater natural and of other policies and objectives. This cultural resources is consistent with policy is no less important than protec- Continued emphasis will be placed coastal policies, provided underwater tion and preservation of resources since on GIS and accompanying resource archeological resources and aquatic only through an adequate information inventories necessary to supply an resources are protected. The inventory base and proper planning can such adequate database. Program areas of and recognition of underwater natural protection be assured. particular importance, such as informa- and cultural resources has increased. tion from the Natural Heritage Program This has resulted in a growing demand In meeting long-term development on habitats in State Parks, have been to make these resources available for strategies, it is important to identify and incorporated into this system. Use of interpretation and viewing by the pub- implement short-term action programs. GIS is enabling agencies to make better lic. There is recognition that there is a For instance, there is a recognized need decisions based on more comprehensive limited amount of waterfront available. to develop master plans over the com- resource information. Use of these areas should be for water ing years for many more state parks, but dependent development and access, an action plan will advance this effort Research and analysis of new forms consistent with coastal policies. over the next few years and identify of leisure activities is important to specific parks and level of planning anticipate recreation trends, as well as Strategies related to increasing effort needed. Long term development potential impacts on resources. New water access and protecting water can be accomplished within those parks activities often center around new or resources are consistent with coastal for which appropriate planning and modified equipment such as personal policies dealing with public access, environmental review processes have watercraft. These activities may place water dependent and water enhanced been completed or are underway. The additional pressure on public lands and recreation, recreational use of fish and remainder of the long-term potentials waters, competing with other existing wildlife resources, and water resource can be progressed after completion of activities and often causing user con- quality. The strategy of encouraging needed plans. Another tool for accom- flicts. It is important to recognize that waterfront development that is water- plishing needed planning, particularly new or modified activities will continue dependent and provides public access with respect to new facilities, is Interim to be developed, and to be aware of directly promotes coastal policies. Management Guide. An IMG is intended what is needed to accommodate such Potential conflicts exist, however, with to provide guidance regarding use uses in an appropriate manner. There regard to impacts of developing access. and resource protection on a short- is a need for research regarding recre- For instance, dredging in coastal waters term basis until a master plan can be ational demands and potential impacts, 236 Environmental Impacts and also planning to minimize user con- and research at park, recreational and species will implement recommenda- flicts and adverse impacts to resources. cultural resource areas. An example of tions contained in the ISTF report, now GIS information used to provide infor- being implemented through the ISC and Public participation in planning ac- mation is a map program on OPRHP’s the Office of Invasive Species in DEC. An tivities is discussed under the “Improve web site that allows users to locate a ocean and coastal resources atlas which cooperation and coordination…” policy. park or site on a map and thereby plan will make information available to the Surveys are essential tools to assure their trips. Support should be provided public and decision makers is part of the public participation in planning and to increase the availability of informa- ecosystem-based management initia- research efforts. Public meetings can tion available through agency web sites. tive under the New York Ocean and assist greatly in providing the public The extension of electronic media in Great Lakes Ecosystem Conservation with information about such efforts, and providing services, such as for interpre- Council. Information sharing and a gaining important feedback to improve tation, should also be encouraged. research agenda are also needed, not planning and research. just for coastal resources, but on a Encouraging public/private part- statewide basis regarding recreational, Recreation research is needed to nerships that are compatible with natural and cultural resources to inform improve service delivery. Such issues as the natural, cultural and recreational ecosystem-based management deci- new forms of recreation or equipment, resources is a strategy that can be used sions and enhance ecosystem manage- and implications for management and effectively in meeting the goals of State ment capabilities. environmental impacts are important in Parks and Historic Sites. Partnerships identifying future needs. are used in all aspects of facility and The use of these applied research resource management and operation. techniques and management programs By developing park management Also refer to the discussion on private are supportive of coastal policies. information systems, administration sector involvement under the coopera- Proper inventory, research, analysis and of park programs and projects will be tion and coordination policy. Increased planning are all necessary for effective more effective. These systems provide use of partnerships for such purposes as programming in coastal areas that is for continuous updating of informa- data gathering and research will help compatible with resource values, and tion related to recreational needs and promote other goals, such as to pre- advance achievement of ecosystem- facilities, assessment of the effective- serve and protect natural and cultural based coastal management. ness of programs and facilities, and resources. the reevaluation of goals and policies. Resource Stewardship There is a focus on factors such as cost Developing technical documents on and Interpretation effectiveness, user satisfaction and pref- various recreational facilities fulfills erences. Information gathered can also a recognized need to provide more Policy: Preserve and protect assist in evaluating the impacts of park, detailed guidance and standards recreation and preservation programs to agencies and interest groups on natural and cultural resources. on communities as well as in evaluat- development, management and opera- This policy is imperative to carrying ing the effectiveness of programs to tion of such facilities as camping and out the State’s stewardship responsibili- preserve threatened natural and cultural trails. These technical documents are ties. Protection of the State’s resources resources. Consideration of intrinsic val- a collaborative effort of key agencies is critical in providing opportunities to ues of resources in cost/benefit analyses and organizations to assemble relevant use those resources and maintain qual- is an important element of this strategy information and recreation research ity recreation. which recognizes values beyond direct needs in these use areas. Methods are economic implications. included within technical documents The first strategy under this policy to avoid or mitigate environmental is to ensure that recreation develop- Innovative management practices impacts of development and the use of ment is compatible with environmental should be encouraged; particularly the subject facilities. limitations and carrying capacities of those which help preserve and pro- resource areas. This is accomplished tect natural and cultural resources. There are four new action strategies through the various review processes Recognizing technological advances will under this policy in the 2008 SCORP previously discussed. It is important promote taking advantage of opportu- reflecting newly established state to note, however, that better resource nities that the internet, GIS, and other programs regarding invasive species information is necessary to identify electronic media have to offer in provid- and ecosystem-based management. limitations and carrying capacities, as ing access by the public and profession- GIS database and clearinghouse and discussed under another action strategy. als to information on facilities, activities a research institute regarding invasive 237 Environmental Impacts With regard to acquisition of open space and other resources while limiting into the environmental and interpretive space resources, this action strategy investment which would be needed for programming within State Parks. is consistent with the Open Space fee acquisition. Implementation of open Conservation Plan. The overall impact of space programs certainly contributes to A new strategy in the 2008 SCORP, supplying open space where it is most the overall policy of preserving and pro- identifying and protecting biodiversity needed is beneficial; however, care- tecting natural and cultural resources. “hot spots” and expanding protection ful consideration, planning and public of habitat corridors and buffer areas cooperation is necessary. Preservation Efforts of the Natural Heritage were discussed in Chapter 5. These ef- of open space in metropolitan areas is Program and the BRI and its funded forts will further biodiversity identifica- important, since these are areas with research provide more informed bases tion and protection in the state. high populations and limited open for decisions regarding stewardship of space opportunities. The strategy also biological resources. Informed manage- Compliance with state and federal responds to an environmental justice ment is not possible without adequate environmental regulations and restor- issue. resource inventory and evaluation in ing environmentally sensitive areas order to properly identify important adversely impacted by past practices re- Another strategy is acquisition of resources. Inventory and evaluation of flect a commitment to carrying out the in-holdings and important properties natural and cultural resources has been provisions of environmental audit leg- adjacent to existing public landholdings. supported but requires additional focus islation enacted in 1987 and strength- Acquisition of such properties is nor- and resources. DEC has been a leader in ened since then to include compliance mally cost effective, since operational inventory and identification of resources plans and incorporation into five-year mechanisms are already in existence. If such as wetlands, significant habi- capital plans. The Environmental Audit additional land is acquired for the pur- tat, and threatened and endangered Law has directly contributed to address- pose of new recreational development, species. Through the federal Historic ing noncompliance with Environmental careful analysis is necessary to assure Preservation Fund administered by NPS, Conservation Law by state agencies due that the new facilities are needed and Heritage Areas program funding and to failing or improperly designed facili- that development will be compatible other historic preservation programs, ties. Significant amounts of funds from with existing resources. The impacts of the identification and evaluation of the EPF have been allocated to address acquisition were addressed within the cultural resources throughout the State agency noncompliance. 2006 Open Space Conservation Plan. has been possible. The strategy regarding compliance Responsible stewardship of plants, The protection and maintenance includes historic preservation regula- animals and their habitats reflects the of biodiversity is also being advanced tions and guidelines. The National and broad duties of protectors of open through the BRI as discussed in Chapter State Historic Preservation Acts require space to be caretakers of the biological 7. Partnership efforts regarding invasive review of state and federal projects that resources under their jurisdiction. This species policy and management and may cause any change in the quality of strategy is accomplished through the education efforts will also enhance historic and cultural properties listed on various programs described in Chapters awareness and sensitivity to the impact the National Register of Historic Places. 4, 7 and 9. The strategy recognizes of invasive species and result in mea- In New York State, the Commissioner that species and their habitats need to sures to reduce the effect of such spe- of OPRHP is responsible for conducting be protected, which may not always cies and enhance biodiversity. such reviews. The Commissioner also require management. reviews state agency actions affecting The Natural Heritage Program inven- properties eligible for the State Register. The strategy for the use of non- tory of state parks is the first compre- OPRHP review of federal and state fee acquisition techniques for scenic hensive biological inventory of the actions includes evaluation of projects and historic property has proven to entire State Park System. This inventory to assure that the projects meet the US be a useful tool for resource protec- provides information critical to the pro- Secretary of the Interior’s Standards tion as endorsed in the Open Space tection of the many sensitive and rare for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Conservation Plan. Such actions as environmental resources in state parks. Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings, as transfer of development rights, acquisi- It also allows for more sensitive siting well as guidelines for new construction tion of easements for protection of re- and efficient design to locate projects compatible with historic properties. sources, tax incentives (e.g., for historic away from sensitive resources. This preservation efforts), and zoning and inventory information also provides re- In addition to allowing for more subdivision regulations on a local level source information that is incorporated sensitive siting and efficient design to can accomplish much to preserve open locate projects away from sensitive 238 Environmental Impacts resources, the management recommen- scenic areas can be enhanced through Park Agency, and such partnerships will dations of the Natural Heritage reports the designation of Scenic Areas of be further developed and expanded. identify areas that may have been Statewide Significance under the State’s impacted by past practices that could CMP. Significant historic, archeological While youth camp experiences will be restored. Related to past practices or and cultural resources will continue to be encouraged and supported, contin- impacts of land use is the proliferation be protected, enhanced and restored ued efforts will be made to make these of invasive species. A strategy has been through ongoing programs, such as facilities more cost effective. Financial added in 2008 to prepare a compre- the State Historic Sites System, funding and operational support of user groups hensive invasive species management of historic preservation and Heritage is encouraged. It is also important that plan. This plan, to be developed under Area projects, as well as a commitment an environmental education component the guidance of the newly established to improved inventory and evaluation of youth camp programs be provided ISC and Office of Invasive Species, will of cultural resources. Ensuring facility to promote an awareness of the value ensure that New York State is fully pre- development that is compatible with of natural, cultural and recreational re- pared to prevent and combat invasive environmental limitations is consistent sources and to minimize adverse effects species, which will further enhance with flooding and erosion hazard poli- on those resources by the users. biodiversity in the state. cies which recognize coastal processes and the value of natural protective The strategy to encourage various Identifying threats to natural, cultural features including beaches, dunes, bluffs forms of organized athletic competition and recreational resources assists in and barrier islands. recognizes the success and importance preservation efforts by anticipating of such programs as the Empire State potential adverse impacts. Improved re- Policy: Support compatible Games to many segments of the State’s source inventories and evaluation help recreation and interpretive population. In addition, the Empire identify those important resources that programs. State Senior Games and Games for the may be impacted by actions occurring Physically Challenged have widened outside or within recreation resource Environmental interpretation is participation in organized competitions bounds. essential to instill an environmental which instill pride and a sense of ac- ethic in our society. Preservation and complishment to those involved. Various SCORP objectives with regard to protection of natural and cultural other athletic competitions are held resource protection are consistent resources will be ineffective without an in State Parks or are cosponsored by with, and promote, a number of coastal awareness of the value of, and proper OPRHP, such as marathons, golf tourna- policies identified in the Waterfront techniques for, preserving and protect- ments and the New York State Special Revitalization and Coastal Resources ing these resources. Proper training in Olympics. The impacts of these special Act, the State’s CMP. Open space providing interpretation and education events are usually of a temporary programs promote coastal policies is important in furthering the first action nature, and sites chosen are particularly dealing with preservation, recreational strategy. well suited for gathering of large groups use of fish and wildlife resources, public of people (e.g., well developed, few access and water recreation. Significant The action strategy regarding out- resource limitations). Site selection must coastal fish and wildlife habitats can be reach and technical assistance is also continue to be sensitive to limitations identified through inventory and evalua- necessary to deliver meaningful recre- of park facilities and resources, and tion and protected through acquisition ational and interpretive opportunities. to potential impacts on neighboring and compatible development. These State programs in these areas must be communities in terms of traffic, security, habitats can be restored and preserved made available at the local level to be noise and other considerations. Early through improved stewardship of plant truly effective. communication and coordination with and animal species and their habitats, communities is an absolute necessity. promotion of biodiversity, compliance A new action strategy in the 2008 with environmental regulations, and SCORP, preparing a state park facility There are other important consid- restoration of areas adversely impacted environmental interpretation plan, is erations in the provision of interpre- by past practices. Scenic resources consistent with OPRHP’s environmental tive and recreational programs. These in the coastal area are among the education initiative. A broad plan is programs must be geared towards resources to be protected; in some needed to include staffing, training, in- availability to all potential users: the cases these are natural (e.g., geologi- frastructure and cooperation with part- disabled, underprivileged and other un- cal resources such as Niagara Falls), in ners. OPRHP has often partnered with derserved populations. Without properly others, man-made (e.g., Montauk Point other key education/interpretive agen- qualified and trained personnel, recre- lighthouse). The protection of coastal cies, such as DEC and the Adirondack ational and interpretive programs may 239 Environmental Impacts be inappropriate and ineffective. OPRHP involvement in, environmental protec- the manner in which recreation and must also take the lead in assisting oth- tion and sustainability. This is critical as interpretive programs are provided will er agencies to enhance recreational and discussed in the beginning of this policy be consistent with coastal policies. interpretive programs. It must be noted discussion. Losing touch with nature that all of these actions necessitate a around us makes us forget its value Creating Connections commitment of funds and personnel to and dampens the desire to protect it. beyond the Parks interpretation and recreation. Connection to nature among the young, and new connections or reconnections Policy: Develop comprehensive OPRHP and DEC continue to provide among adults, will increase not only recreationway, greenway and important interpretive opportunities, awareness but prompt action on the and interpretation of significant natural part of citizens to protect the environ- heritage trail systems. and cultural resources will be encour- ment and promote sustainable actions. Greenways combine open space aged at a statewide level. As indicated initiatives with recreationway and trails previously, opportunities for natural and Also new to this SCORP is to es- programs. These efforts are described in cultural resource observation, interpre- tablish a comprehensive education Chapter 5. tation, and education are essential to and outreach effort regarding invasive provide users with an awareness of the species. This comprehensive plan was It is appropriate that emphasis be value of those resources. This, in turn, recommended by the ISTF as a critical given to metropolitan areas and water creates new generations with a greater component of a strategy for control- and other corridors, since these are the appreciation of the need to preserve our ling invasive species. This plan will be areas of the greatest activity and inter- resources. developed jointly by the Department est. Trail and greenway systems can be of Agriculture and Markets and DEC, expanded through conventional means Identifying and encouraging the as cochairs of the ISC, and with full like acquisition, but emphasis should creation and preservation of greenway participation by all member agencies also be given to managing existing systems connecting significant habitat as well as the Invasive Species Advisory corridors to take advantage of use po- areas also promotes uses compatible Committee to be formed by the ISC as tential, as well as encouraging involve- with those resources, provided that con- described in Chapter 7. ment of municipal governments such as nectivity, as discussed in Chapter 5, is through grants programs. preserved in providing recreational uses The action strategy regarding the of the greenway systems. New York State Museum’s system of An interconnecting system of interactive computer kiosks has been trails, recreationways and greenways Interpretive programs, opportunities expanded to include other exhibits and will increase trail opportunities and for observation, and educational uses to provide information on important accessibility. are relatively passive uses and usually natural and cultural resource issues. require limited capital construction, Since the Museum houses the BRI, the Developing and maintaining trails thereby further ensuring resource pro- Museum is the perfect venue for pro- will require partnerships between tection. In certain cases, investments in moting an understanding of biodiversity. federal, state and local governments, interpretive centers may be warranted. As an example of an exhibit focusing on not-for-profit organizations, trail groups Where interpretive structures are need- important resource issues, the Museum and private landowners. Various SCORP ed, priority is given to sensitive adaptive is developing a major invasive species action strategies previously discussed, reuse of existing structures, if available, exhibit for 2008-09 that will explain particularly with regard to implementa- to limit the need for new construction. invasive species, their impacts on biodi- tion of the Open Space Conservation Providing direct access for interpretive versity, and provide real world examples Plan and use of fee and non-fee acquisi- purposes may affect the very resources that people can relate to. tion techniques, as well as communica- to be interpreted. Where access to tion and coordination discussed later resources such as wetlands is necessary, Compatible recreation and inter- in this section, relate to the strategy to design of trails must be cognizant of pretive programs generally do not encourage partnerships in development environmental protection. adversely impact coastal areas and are and maintenance of trails. Such partner- thus consistent with coastal policies. ships should include all potential trail Another strategy new to the 2008 Such actions as interpretive programs users. SCORP is to reconnect people with promote recreation policies and recre- nature through education and interpre- ational use of fish and wildlife re- The Canal Recreationway System tive programs, which will empower sources. Site specific review should be seeks to preserve a system of exist- the public with a greater role in, and conducted as applicable to assure that ing linear open space corridors, and 240 Environmental Impacts encourages passive uses, environmental environs for future generations. The This is a new policy to the 2008 education, and historic interpretation. program recognizes the outstanding re- SCORP, and it reflects the importance of source values, including natural, scenic natural connections to the maintenance The use of transportation and utility and recreational, possessed by many and enhancement of biodiversity. We corridors to extend trail systems can be river areas in the State. The regulations must ensure that landscapes and buffer beneficial to the multiple-use concept. provide for the management, protec- lands that surround our parks are pro- Such corridors lend themselves natu- tion, enhancement and control of land tected from encroaching development rally to the development of trails; they use and development in designated and incompatible land uses. We should are nearly ready-made facilities with river areas. The interests of landown- foster the development of “connec- little need for additional development. ers in the enjoyment and use of their tions” of protected lands, greenways, Where these corridors are still in use for properties is protected and enhanced and trails so that people and wildlife their primary purposes, recreational use to help insure that recreation and other can move across New York’s landscapes. must not conflict with those purposes. uses are consistent with preservation In order to protect these natural con- Examination of potential health and of the designated rivers. Additional seg- nectors, it is important first to inventory safety risks of high voltage lines must ments can be proposed for inclusion on and identify the ecosystems that should be included in evaluation of utility cor- the list. be connected, and then to encourage ridors for recreational purposes. DOT’s the protection and/or acquisition of programs to enhance transportation Trails have the ability to promote the critical connectors. One way in which corridors with such facilities as trails heritage of the State through inter- this policy will be promoted is through and bikeways were described in Chapter pretation. These Heritage Trails can be a BRI grant to identify and prioritize 7, and are promoting energy efficiency linked by motorized and non-motorized land parcels adjacent to State Park land and health in addition to recreational trails. In many cases, the story that suitable for acquisition based upon their opportunities. needs to be told occurs over an ex- potential to protect and enhance biodi- tended area that can only be linked by versity. Refer to “hot spots” discussion Chapter 5 described the importance a trail. Heritage Areas are implemented under “Preserve and protect natural and of volunteers in the development and through management plans developed cultural resources.” maintenance of trailways. Volunteer at the local level with technical assis- participation must continue to be tance from the State. The SEQR process This policy furthers coastal poli- encouraged to provide the greatest pos- is one of the tools used in providing cies regarding protection of fish and sible service with limited dollars. public input and agency coordination in wildlife resources. Also, through care- planning and project implementation. ful balancing of protection and use of As described in Chapter 5, state and these corridors as discussed in Chapter federal agencies provide technical as- The policy to develop comprehensive 5, recreation and public access policies sistance in a variety of ways. Planning trail systems is consistent with, and can be advanced as well. assistance is provided by various state advances coastal policies. Such systems agencies and programs such as the assist in protecting and increasing the Policy: Improve cooperation and LWRP process. Coordination is pro- levels and types of access to public coordination between all levels vided through the New York State Trails water-related recreation resources of government and the private Council which has been expanded. and facilities. The greenway concept sector in providing recreational promotes water dependent and water Protection and maintenance of biodi- opportunities and in enhancing enhanced recreation, as well as preser- natural and cultural resource versity was discussed elsewhere in this vation of historic and cultural resources chapter. The resource base provided by (through such programs as Heritage stewardship. trail corridors was discussed in Chapter Trails). This is accomplished while Since promoting the policy of coop- 5. Greenway systems thus contribute providing primarily passive uses and eration and coordination is integral to to biodiversity, and their importance minimizing effects related to intensive the success of implementing other poli- in connecting significant habitat areas development. Recreationways along cies, implementation of this policy must should be taken into consideration in shorelines promote coastal policies with take place in all SCORP programs. system plans. regard to development, scenic quality, public access, and recreation. As described in Chapter 7, the Wild, Communication and coordination Scenic and Recreational Rivers System among recreation providers needs to Policy: Protect natural connec- be constantly improved in order to is designed to preserve rivers in free- tions between parks and open flowing condition, and to protect their minimize duplication of effort. This in space areas turn will maximize recreational facilities 241 Environmental Impacts and services provided, while lowering through products developed under the Effective zoning, such as waterfront overall costs of providing recreation at partnerships. zoning discussed under water-oriented various levels of government and by the recreation, and through such programs private sector. OPRHP and other agen- There are many State Parks and as LWRPs or historic districts, is a use- cies include coordination with other Historic Sites that could be utilized ful tool for resource protection and recreation providers in planning for more fully if information on them were enhancement. Support for technical recreational facilities and programs at more readily available. Many people do assistance is necessary to assure that public recreation sites. not realize that some of these facilities such zoning is not only effective, but even exist. Likewise, support for dis- carried out so as to protect the rights of Facilitating citizen participation in semination of information on available landowners. planning and development activities is programs is needed for this strategy to integral to such efforts as facility plan- be effective. Consistency among programs at vari- ning, which must involve contributions ous levels of government is important from the general public, interest groups Support of urban recreation initia- to assure protection of resources, and and other agencies. This should include tives is a SCORP strategy which re- also relates to the first action strategy such strategies as public meetings, sponds to the needs of urban areas. In under this policy. scoping and hearings as needed to pro- order to provide new opportunities in vide input on issues that will affect the urban areas, creative use must be made Encouragement of private sector in- public. Technological advances such as of existing school, community, and park volvement is important for continuance teleconferencing and webcasts should facilities. Outreach, encouragement of and enhancement of recreation and be used whenever possible to increase public transportation to distant parks, preservation which might not other- the effectiveness of public involvement facilitation of pedestrian access and wise be possible. OPRHP guidelines for efforts. Regional Advisory Committees coordination with community groups public/private partnerships are provided (RACs) established under the open are all necessities for successful urban in Chapter 9. These guidelines were de- space planning process provide an ex- recreation programs. Through environ- veloped in the context of the Agency’s ample of continuing public involvement mental interpretation and other pro- mission and were thus designed for in major issues. Such citizen participa- grams, better use can also be made of consistency with the stewardship aspect tion efforts, and those relating to proj- urban open space to create an aware- of the mission. As discussed in that ects of a smaller scope, have resulted ness of important natural resources section, the guidelines could be adapted in better plans, programs and projects even within the confines of urban areas. by other agencies. Proper guidance which are more easily implemented by Urban recreation programs such as can be given by working closely with virtue of more thorough, up-front plan- concerts, sports clinics, etc. are gener- private sector providers. Involvement of ning and general consensus on what is ally cost effective, involving limited outside organizations can help agen- to be carried out. new facility needs, and promote energy cies address conservation and habitat conservation. management issues, thus serving other The policy of improving recreation for action strategies. underserved populations is an impor- The idea of developing a public tant function of OPRHP as the agency constituency for parks and recreation Conservation and youth service primarily responsible for guiding the continues to grow. This constituency corps such as the Student Conservation provision of recreation in the State. results in increased support for parks Association (SCA) program continue to This also relates closely to the action and recreation and improved relations enhance the preservation of recreation- strategy to improve communication with the public. al, natural and cultural areas. The SCA and coordination among recreation has partnered with DEC and OPRHP providers. The State is committed to encourag- for a number of years to enhance open ing innovative partnerships in protec- space and parklands, particularly within The next strategy reflects opportuni- tion, stewardship, and provision of natu- the Hudson River Estuary area, as well ties to develop partnerships between ral, cultural and recreational resources. as to provide meaningful experiences recreational, historic and cultural Cooperative agreements provide an for corps members. facilities with colleges, universities and excellent mechanism for coordination other educational institutions. These of effort. Coordination among agencies Two strategies under this policy have efforts can respond to the needs of on all governmental levels is necessary, been added to SCORP 2008. Facilitating each cooperator. Both the facility and as well as with private organizations regional coordination and cooperation the educational institution benefit involved in providing recreational and to address complex resource issues open space opportunities. which cross political and jurisdictional 242 Environmental Impacts boundaries will enhance ecosystem- and PRISMs can also promote coastal Another new policy in 2008, this based management and promote the policies. reflects a commitment for State Parks ability of New York State to respond to to be a leader in demonstrating “green regional or global issues such as climate Sustainability technologies.” An agency-wide sus- change. Supporting the functions of tainability initiative to adopt energy grass-roots partnerships around the Policy: Employ ecosystem-based efficient technologies, green building State to ensure prevention and rapid management to ensure healthy, design, fuel efficient vehicles, and green response to new invasive species is a productive and resilient ecosys- products procurement will provide a specific example of a complex issue tems which deliver the resources framework for similar efforts by other crossing jurisdictional boundaries. The people want and need. recreational providers. Seventeen action PRISMs discussed in Chapter 7 bring strategies to promote this policy have together all the involved entities while New to SCORP 2008, this policy been identified. These strategies are pulling in volunteers and increasing responds to the initiative of the relatively self-explanatory within the understanding of invasive species. Ocean and Great Lakes Ecosystem context of the concepts discussed in Conservation Act, but also broadens it Chapter 6. While all of these strategies The Natural Heritage Trust and to apply statewide within the SCORP are important to promoting sustainabil- legislative initiatives provide excellent umbrella. This policy recognizes that ity, the one that reaches beyond OPRHP mechanisms for local governments, not- ecosystems do not recognize man-made is the strategy to incorporate criteria for-profit organizations, as well as state boundaries. Ecosystem-based man- into recreational grant/project rating agencies in providing preservation and agement was explained in Chapter 4 systems that provide additional credits/ recreation functions which also other- under Stewardship and the governing points for incorporating the use of sus- wise might not be possible. principles of coastal ecosystems listed tainable design and green technologies. in Chapter 7 (DOS). Ecological health Nontraditional providers of com- and integrity relates to sustainability, Trends, Issues and munity recreation, such as schools and discussed under the next policy. It is developers of residential or commer- Needs imperative that decisions be informed cial facilities, can help fill local gaps by sound science that recognizes The goal of measuring the supply in terms of recreational deficiencies. ecosystems and their interconnections of recreation in the State, estimating Cooperation and coordination with such between land, air and water. When risks the needs of the citizenry and project- potential providers is therefore of great to ecosystems are uncertain, caution is ing this information in the future is importance in carrying out SCORP. essential. Understanding of coastal sys- met through the processes described in Chapter 3. The results provide an At all levels of government, volun- tems as well as ecosystem-based man- objective framework for the evaluation teer organizations assist in mainte- agement should be promoted. This links of future impacts upon the recreation nance of such recreational facilities as back to interpretive programs discussed system, as well as provide guidelines for trails, group camps and athletic fields. earlier, and is needed for agencies and the allocation of recreation resources. Continued and increased assistance by the public to be empowered to protect By continuing to improve communica- volunteers should be encouraged to ecosystems. tion and coordination among public and help maintain and expand recreation This policy promotes coastal poli- private recreation providers, an action delivery where possible. Proper super- cies as well as the intent and require- strategy within this SCORP discussed vision and guidance of volunteers by ments of the Ocean and Great Lakes earlier, the information network on regular park staff is absolutely neces- Ecosystem Conservation Act. The policy recreation supply can continue to sary, however, to assure consistent is the first step in incorporating ecosys- improve. Inventories and analyses will maintenance standards and protection tem-based management into programs be furthered by ongoing uses of GIS and of natural and cultural resources. and activities of not only OPRHP, but other technologies. All of the cooperation and coordina- of recreation providers throughout the While information is generated on tion strategies are supportive of coastal state. supply and demand, it can also be used policies. LWRPs and Historic Maritime in evaluating the impact of recreational are examples of the types of coopera- Policy: Improve and expand the use on the environment, particularly tive efforts undertaken in the coastal statewide commitment toward whether a facility is being used within area. Other cooperative programs environmental sustainability in its capacity or exceeding proper use already discussed, such as trail efforts all parks, recreation and historic sites and support facilities. levels. 243 Environmental Impacts As described in Chapter 3, three in impacts due to overuse and compac- necessary, as well as research to en- primary surveys are used in estimating tion of soil. There is a need for addi- hance resource protection in providing recreational demand which provide the tional research on campground impacts and using trails. These are both identi- means for input by the general public, and development of alternative devel- fied as strategies in Chapter 2 and were park professionals and park visitors. In opment methodologies to minimize discussed earlier in this section. some cases, balance is needed between the adverse impacts of campground professional judgment of recreational development. Land Conservation needs and actual desires of the public and Resource Stew- for additional facilities. Park profession- Winter activities involve a range of als may be biased by such aspects as impacts, from low-intensive snow shoe- ardship maintenance concerns for swimming ing to more intensive downhill skiing The Open Space Conservation Plan facilities, whereas park visitors and the and snow boarding. The latter activities included a GEIS which assessed the im- general public may not recognize such will continue to be provided primarily pacts of recommendations of the plan. maintenance costs or possibly envi- by the private sector, with a likely em- Recreation and open space provide ronmental costs associated with new phasis on expansion or redevelopment numerous benefits to society, direct intensive recreational facilities. of existing facilities due to costs and approval processes. Provision for com- and indirect, short-term and long-term. As in the past, this SCORP recognizes fort stations and warm-up facilities for There are both tangible and intrinsic that urban recreation needs are a major lower intensive outdoor activities such values associated with recreation. These component of the State’s total recre- as skating is important; such facilities can be characterized as tourism and ational need. While urban areas still must be provided in an environmentally visitor expenditures, environmental have the greatest need for active rec- sensitive manner. protection, quality of life and reduction reation, there will be greater need in or in public service requirements. Tourism near urban areas for more nature-based Trail activities include some winter and economic development programs recreation such as camping, hiking and sports such as cross-country skiing. An must take into account the important winter sports. Changing populations emphasis should be placed on small, lo- contribution of natural and cultural and ethnic diversity are also recognized. calized facilities to minimize the extent resources to these programs. As indicated in Chapter 2 due to demo- of development required and to best Adverse impacts identified in the graphic changes, activities with high meet the needs of users who are seek- GEIS for the Open Space Conservation entry costs, such as golf and downhill ing areas close to home. Walking and Plan were those primarily associ- skiing, will decrease in total participa- hiking are also popular trail activities. ated with the development and use of tion. Such activities also have a greater These generally involve low intensity resources acquired for enhanced public tendency to cause adverse environmen- development, and are usually provided access and/or use. Measures to mini- tal impacts compared to other activities on public lands. Cross-country ski areas mize any adverse impacts were identi- such as trail uses. There will also be an can be adapted for summer trail use, fied, such as appropriate design and increase in trail uses such as biking, and or vice versa. Registered snowmobiles construction techniques, preparation for cultural activities such as historic have been on the decline. It is expected of master plans or unit management sites and museums. There will be a need that energy pressures will continue plans based on resource inventories, for non-fuel activities due to pressures to decrease the use of snowmobiles and a commitment to provide sufficient on energy supplies. Generally, there will unless greater fuel is developed within resources for adequate stewardship. be a trend towards recreational uses the industry. ATVs and other off-road Economic benefits include the anticipat- that will have less intensive impacts. vehicles are used by a small percentage ed increase in value of adjacent lands Providing recreational opportunities at of the population and most trails are and in tourism. Cumulative benefits are the local level will be subject to local on private lands. Biking is a favorite of associated with the implementation of review processes, including SEQR if many, young and old, and is expected a comprehensive, coordinated, system applicable. to increase. Bike trails can be provided in association with improvements in approach to the conservation of the Camping may include resource- transportation corridors as well as with State’s resources. intensive development, especially due other trail facilities. Mountain biking The Open Space Conservation to an increased demand for recreational can cause conflicts both with other us- Plan included New York’s Coastal and vehicle (RV) camping facilities which ers (such as horseback riders) and with Estuarine Land Conservation Program usually require paving and higher resources when bikers ride off trails. (CELCP) which was established to capacity water and sewer (or pump-out) Communication and cooperation among protect important coastal and estuarine facilities. Even tent camping can result all types of trail users and providers is 244 Environmental Impacts areas, and discussion of consistency will and promote proper stewardship adverse environmental impacts may be with coastal policies was also included of trails and associated natural and significant, the programs are subject to in the plan. cultural resources. The goals and actions SEQR. Many of the programs described identified encourage trails that are in Chapter 7 are themselves designed Stewardship of the state’s natural, better designed, more compatible with to protect resources, such as Heritage cultural and recreational resources the natural and cultural resources and Programs, wetlands, fish and wildlife, is essential to protect them. Through more accessible to the public. The goals biodiversity, and coastal programs. stewardship programs as described in are considered in the evaluation process Following is a further discussion of the Chapter 4 as well as in other chapters for trail grant programs. Site specific latter and its relationship to SCORP. of SCORP, potential adverse impacts of environmental reviews are conducted recreational development and use are for projects and generic environmental The State’s Coastal Management and minimized and consistency with coastal reviews are conducted for statewide Inland Waterways programs, adminis- policies is assured. plans. tered by the Department of State (DOS), are carried out in partnership with local Creating Connections The Greenways section discussed governments and state and federal Beyond Parks and specific greenway programs that are agencies. These programs are designed also subject to public review processes to better manage coastal resources and Open Spaces and are designed to both promote and advance revitalization of waterfront protect greenway resources. communities. Chapter 5 discussed the need to protect biodiversity connections between Many of the connections discussed New York State developed a Coastal natural areas and ways in which to in Chapter 5 are coastal resources and Management Program (CMP) and promote these connections. Programs are fully integrated with or are part of enacted implementing legislation to enhance biological connectivity the coastal program, thus promoting (Waterfront Revitalization and Coastal will minimize adverse environmental coastal policies related to public access, Resources Act) in 1981. The CMP is impacts of development of connections. recreation, historic and scenic resources, based on a set of 44 coastal policies There is a need, as discussed, to balance as well as natural resources such as that guide coastal management actions resource protection and use through fish, wildlife and water. at all levels of government in the State such strategies as environmental plan- and ensure the appropriate use and ning and education. The critical junction Sustainability protection of coasts and waterways. The between human activity and natural coastal policies are grouped into the environment includes our urban parks, Sustainability, as described in following categories: greenways, and open spaces. It is in Chapter 6, strives to create a balance these natural settings that people, dur- •• Development Policies with nature and thus promoting sus- ing their recreational pursuits, can fully •• Fish and Wildlife Policies tainable practices and ecosystem-based experience – see, smell, touch, taste and •• Flooding and Erosion Hazards Poli- management limits adverse impacts hear – and learn about nature. And, it cies on the environment. By incorporating is from these personal and high quality •• General Safeguards sustainability policies in SCORP, recre- recreational experiences that people •• Public Access Policies ation can be provided in a manner that will nurture a sense of reverence, con- •• Recreation Policies is in harmony with the environment, nectedness, and stewardship for the •• Historic and Scenic Resources Poli- and coastal policies can be promoted, natural environment – and thus develop cies as previously discussed. their own environmental ethic. •• Agricultural Lands Policy •• Energy and Ice Management Poli- The focus of the Trails section is Statewide Programs cies to provide statewide direction in the •• Water and Air Resources Policies Chapter 7 describes numerous State’s network of trails. As discussed The full text of the coastal policies in Chapter 5, an update underway to programs that provide recreation and protect natural and cultural resources can be found at: http://nyswaterfronts. update the Statewide Trails Plan will com/consistency_coastalpolicies.asp provide statewide framework for trails within the state. These programs are subject to environmental review and greenways. Such issues as overuse, Decision-making standards and illegal use, and conflict among user processes and balancing of policies as described earlier in this chapter. This procedures known as “consistency groups and landowners will be consid- provisions” ensure coordination of ered in development of the plan and GEIS is not designed to evaluate the impacts of each of these programs. Where governmental decision-making that 245 Environmental Impacts affects the achievement of the State’s protecting natural and cultural resourc- Chapter, is an important component of coastal policies. Consistency review is es. Likewise, the resources themselves the planning process. Individual project the decision-making process through benefit through public ownership and planning also incorporates environmen- which proposed actions and activities protection. tal review requirements. are determined to be consistent or inconsistent with the coastal policies Similar to State Parks, the Forest During the 1970s, OPRHP undertook of the CMP or approved LWRPs. State Preserve, State Nature and Historical studies and gathered data on a variety agencies are also required to follow Preserve and State Forests provide of environmental and management fac- certain consistency review procedures extensive recreational and open tors for each park. This information was for direct or funding actions and for any space benefits. The Unit Management the basis for development of a classifi- action, including permits, for which they Planning process addresses resource is- cation system for lands in the State Park are an involved or lead agency pursuant sues regarding DEC lands and provides System. The concept of this classifica- to the SEQR and for which an EIS may specific guidance for wise management. tion system was to identify the capabil- be necessary. Criteria are set forth whereby additional ity of parkland to support various park recreational access can be provided functions, and thus provide guidance for The CMP was developed in coopera- within the limitations of the resources land use and management practices. tion and with assistance from OPRHP to support such use. and DEC, and promotes SCORP policies. Under the New York State Park Land Consistency of SCORP policies with the OGS promotes preservation and use Classification System, (OPRHP, 1980), CMP is discussed in this chapter under of State lands for recreational use by parks and other recreational facilities the discussion of the Policy Framework. facilitating land transfers to municipali- within the jurisdiction of OPRHP were ties for such purposes. The lands are grouped together into clusters giving State Outdoor Recre- perpetually protected by requiring rever- a general indication of those facilities ation System sion to the State if the specific purpose which shared certain types of character- is no longer pursued. OGS also provides istics. These clusters were then de- As described in Chapter 8, some communities with access rights in lands picted along a scale showing intensive of the State’s most significant natural underwater to promote coastal uses. development at one end, and primitive and cultural assets are contained in Submerged cultural resource protection development limits on the opposite State Parks, Forest Preserves, and other is also promoted by OGS in cooperation end. Metropark, Marine Park, Historic lands under OPRHP and DEC jurisdic- with other agencies. Site, Parkway and Linear Park were all tion. Further, the State provides natural, included at the highest development Numerous other state agencies that cultural and recreational opportunities end of the scale. At the opposite end enhance open space and recreation on lands administered by numerous were Park Preserve, Cartop Boat and opportunities were also discussed in other state agencies and provides Fisherman Access, Historic Preserve and Chapter 7. Together, state agencies pro- environmental and recreation pro- Primitive Trailway. vide a wide range of such opportunities grams in areas beyond the boundaries and resources open the public. The classification system in the Plan of state lands. Clearly, stewardship of has been updated to reflect changes in state lands and continued provision of classification philosophy. The classifica- services to the public are extremely im- Resource Planning for tion framework shown in Figure 4.8 is portant to the overall provision of open the State Park System a refined matrix from that in the 1980 space and recreational opportunities to classification report, and includes DEC the public, as well as to the protection SCORP provides the basis for recre- classifications to provide a more com- of natural and cultural resources in the ation planning in the State; OPRHP and plete picture of major state recreational State. DEC use it in other planning efforts to provide a unified system. The planning facilities. In addition, Environmental Nearly 80% of the State Park System processes of both OPRHP and DEC in- Education and Underwater Sites were is in natural areas with a wide range of clude land classification systems and fa- added as categories. Consideration geological features, ecological habitats cility planning. Successive levels of plan- of the Underwater Historic Preserve and plant and animal species. The ben- ning ensue, to specific facility plans and category was to accommodate con- efits of the system are not only derived budget planning. These specific plans cerns with respect to preservation by the park visitor but through intrinsic analyze natural, cultural and recreation of shipwrecks and other underwater value, knowing the resources exist and resources and evaluate alternative archeological sites. The addition of are protected. As discussed earlier, there management strategies. Environmental an Underwater Reserve category are multiple benefits for the citizens in review, as described earlier in this provides for creation of reserves for 246 Environmental Impacts significant natural aquatic communities. recommendations on significant propos- The SCORP priority system assures The components of the classification als (such as the adoption of a State that consideration is given to an appro- system (Figure 4.8 and Table 4.1) have Park Master Plan) to Executive staff. The priate balance of SCORP policies when been included in past SCORPs and are group meets every two weeks to coordi- evaluating and ranking applications for considered the adopted framework for nate and facilitate the review process. federal and state assistance in acquir- evaluating the classifications of all State ing or developing recreation or open Park facilities contained in the 1980 Through the framework of SEQR, space resources. Projects which directly report. The criteria established in SCORP EMB provides guidance regarding relate or contribute to SCORP or other are used in evaluating classifications for mitigation measures in undertaking state programs receive a relatively high all State Park units. projects, such as providing erosion and priority, and those identified in adopted sediment controls or protecting rare regional or local plans also receive As new information becomes avail- plants or animals nearby. Guidance is priority. Protection of ecological, histori- able or through the master planning also provided regarding restoration of cal and open space resources is another process a classification for a facility can disturbed areas. Advice is given con- important factor. Negative impacts on also be reevaluated and changed on an cerning the desirability of planting spe- these resources would result in a lower individual basis, if appropriate. cies indigenous to the area (refer also rating. Through continuous agency to discussion on invasive plants under review and input from providers and the The section on OPRHP master plan- Biodiversity in Chapter 4). public, evaluation assures that a proper ning in Chapter 8 provides a discussion balance of policies and fair distribution of the need for, and content of, master Implementation of monies is achieved. plans and resource or interim management guides. Adequate staff, time and To fully implement the policy and Chapter 9 also provides a discus- financial resources are required for assessment process, specific and pro- sion of the types of partnerships which proper planning. Facility development grammatic actions have been outlined can be utilized in implementation of decisions cannot be made without all in each chapter. The policies and action SCORP policies. Such partnerships and the information needed to make wise strategies in Chapter 2 represent one of programs play an increasingly impor- decisions benefiting the public while the cornerstones of the implementation tant role in providing quality recreation preserving resources. Integral to the process, translating policies into the de- and assuring resource protection. The decision-making process is review livery of recreation services and protec- partnership philosophy is supported under SEQR which provides a planning tion of natural and cultural resources. throughout SCORP, particularly under framework and mechanism for public the policy to improve cooperation and input in planning. Implementation vehicles such as coordination in providing recreational state and federal funding were listed opportunities and in enhancing natu- The Adirondack and Catskill SLMPs and discussed in Chapter 9. These ral and cultural resource stewardship for both the established land clas- programs also help fund actions which between all levels of government and sification systems are based on land implement SCORP policies. Chapter 9 the private sector. unit characteristics and their capacity also discusses the allocation of state to withstand use. These plans serve and federal funds for recreation and Environmental justice must be to protect and preserve resources by open space projects. The policies, needs an overarching goal in providing defining conforming and nonconform- assessment and program initiatives recreational facilities and services. ing uses and providing for removal of are translated into criteria for evaluat- Environmental justice, described under nonconforming uses. Similar planning ing projects in an objective manner. DEC programs in Chapter 7, responds processes for DEC lands outside the The system is utilized for various grant to the need to reach underserved Forest Preserve are also subject to pub- programs and other programs under the communities. lic review and involvement. SCORP umbrella. SCORP guides allocation of funds to areas in greatest need, Implementation strategies advance A Resource Management Group along with the extent to which they fur- numerous coastal policies, including (RMG) in OPRHP, comprised of the ther SCORP policy directions. The rating those related to development, public technical bureau directors, provides a system is revised on an annual basis to access and recreation. multidisciplinary and statewide ap- reflect changing priorities and initiatives proach to review of capital and other within the context of the most recent projects affecting agency facilities, SCORP policies and actions. programs and policies. RMG provides

247 Environmental Impacts Perhaps one of the most important of time, funds, and energy resources, Cumulative cumulative effects of SCORP is also the but overall the benefits of preservation, least tangible. The implementation of stewardship and providing recreation Impacts recreational and resource protection outweigh these commitments. programs through the SCORP policies The primary effect of the 2008 substantially enhances the physical and The policies stated in SCORP will SCORP is to promote the policies psychological well being - the quality of not result in any significant increase in identified in Chapter 2. These relate to life - of the residents of the State. energy consumption associated with such aspects as increasing coordina- recreation activities. On the contrary, tion; preserving resources, expanding The furthering of the quality and several of the policies and action strate- water recreation, recreationways and quantity of recreational services and gies (e.g., emphasis on open space interpretive programs; and improving programs has substantial beneficial near metropolitan areas and sustain- maintenance, operation, research and effects on economic activity, as well ability) will promote reduction in energy management. as preservation and recreation oppor- consumption by recreation providers tunities, within affected communities. and users. These policies should offset Chapter 3 identifies major recreation- Implementation of efficiently designed increased energy use which would be al needs in all counties of the State). plans for recreational facilities often associated with extension of activity As may be expected the greatest level contributes to the attractiveness of a seasons through enclosure of outdoor of need exists within the metropolitan municipality for investment by busi- recreational facilities. areas of the State, especially in the New nesses. Thus, the facilities and programs York City metropolitan area. Activity flowing from SCORP are an important Since SCORP is a general plan, maps in Chapter 3 provide an indica- adjunct to factors leading to economic identification of program-specific or tion of where the highest levels of need recovery and development. Growth site-specific adverse impacts, including exist within the State. Rehabilitation of usually occurs in the State where there those which are unavoidable, will be existing facilities and the acquisition is already a sufficient base of tourism, accomplished during future planning and development of new facilities is re- transportation and support services. and environmental review of programs quired to satisfy this demand. Regional These existing and recognized centers and projects. Although specific adverse and statewide approaches need to generally stabilize existing investments impacts associated with the application be considered, as well as innovative and services. Identification of the need of SCORP policies cannot be identified, approaches to make the facilities more for recreational services and facilities adverse impacts may arise when one accessible. Accomplishing this will have is based primarily on existing popula- or a group of SCORP policies are given cost and environmental implications. tion and on growth projections. While more emphasis over other policies. Also, Some of the types of needed recreation recreational development in the past while implementation of SCORP policies facilities will have greater impacts on occurred on a large scale, such efforts and objectives will generally promote the environment than others. Trails and are unlikely to happen again in the coastal policies, overemphasis of par- informal picnic areas will have less of foreseeable future. Where new parks are ticular SCORP policies can in turn create an impact than swimming pools and developed in otherwise relatively low potential conflicts with coastal policies. ball fields. However, for some sites, such developed areas, additional growth may Minimizing the chance of SCORP and as brownfields, any recreation develop- be induced. Most projected recreational other applicable policies conflicting with ment will be an environmental improve- development will occur in response to one another is accomplished through ment. Public health and safety con- growth. planning, environmental review, public siderations must be incorporated into participation and priority rating systems. planning for recreational opportunities. Application of the goals and policies Adequate resource inventories and mas- of SCORP to the development of recre- ter plans are needed, however, to be The cumulative effects of applying ation proposals requires commitment of most effective in planning and environ- the policies and objectives of the 2003 planning resources. Resources are com- mental review of recreational programs SCORP in a systematic manner will be mitted through programs or projects and facilities. substantially beneficial. Existing rec- identified within state or federal legisla- reational services to the public will be tive action or through gifts to the State. New policies and initiatives within maintained while at the same time pro- SCORP helps determine the priority this SCORP, including additional plan- tection of natural and cultural resources for use of these committed resources. ning, ecosystem-based management will be ensured. Implementation of the programs which and sustainability, will facilitate proper are guided by SCORP will result in irre- balancing of the SCORP policies and versible and irretrievable commitments advance environmentally sensitive recreational development and use. 248 Environmental Impacts Chapter 11 - Responses to Comments

This section contains the re- This section is organized by category. completion of the 534-mile Canalway sponses to the comments received Following each category heading there Trail System.” by OPRHP on the 2009-2014 Draft is a summary of the comments received. Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Following each summarized comment is Response: Recreation Plan (SCORP) and Generic the Agency’s response. Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS). This action strategy was added. The draft Plan/GEIS was issued October Vision and Policies 22, 2008. Comment: Comment: Two public hearings were held, Page 15 - “Improve access opportu- one at 3:00 PM and one at 7:00 PM, The Action Strategy, “Improve nities…” This showcases a great need November 5, 2008 in the Conference access to opportunities for regular to develop an Off-highway vehicle trails Room of the Resource Center at Peebles physical activity with an emphasis on system. Those of us from the capital dis- Island State Park, Waterford, NY. The providing trails, parks and recreational trict must travel at least an hour away two public hearings were conducted facilities that are in close proximity to from our homes and often to another by OPRHP staff from the Planning and where people live, work and/or go to state to enjoy the outdoors and our Environmental Management Bureaus. A school, particularly facilities that can be chosen hobby. Development of such a total of 18 people attended the hear- reached by walking and bicycling.”, is network could greatly benefit the state. ings. The hearing officer, Pam Otis of so central to a comprehensive out- OPRHP, provided guidelines on the con- door recreation plan that it should be Response: duct of the hearing, an overview of the elevated to an overall policy. next steps in the environmental review OHVs are not permitted or treated process, and she entered documents Response: as a recreation program on state lands. into the record. Robert Reinhardt of The Recreation Trail Program provides OPRHP made a presentation giving an This Action Strategy was promoted to grants to support motorized trail devel- overview of the content and purpose of a policy under the Creating Connections opment on private lands that are open SCORP. The hearings were then opened theme and action strategies to support for public use. to the floor to take oral statements. the policy have been developed. Nine persons provided oral statements Comment: and three letters were submitted as Comment: written statements for the record. Page 16 - “Creating Connections Under the Policy, “Apply research beyond the parks - Policy” - Bullets 3-6. The public comment period was techniques and management practices The listed objectives provide an avenue closed November 21, 2008. During to improve and expand parks and other for opportunities for the state to work the public comment period the Agency open spaces.” add an additional ac- with responsible interested parties received eight letters and e-mails tion strategy, “Conduct studies of the (like local and national OHV enthusiast providing both editorial and substan- impacts of parks and trails on the state organizations). tive comments on the 2009-2014 Draft and local economies.” SCORP/GIES. A listing of persons and Response: organizations that attended the hear- Response: ings and/or provided written comment The State will continue to coordinate is included. This action strategy was added. with various trail organizations including motorized trail user organizations. OPRHP appreciates the time and effort that persons interested in recre- Comment: ation within NYS have invested in their Under the policy, “Develop compre- review and comment of the 2009-2014 hensive recreationway, greenway, blue- Draft SCORP/GEIS and their participa- way and heritage trail systems.” add the tion in the public hearings. following action strategy: “Ensure full 249 Environmental Impacts Trends, Issues and generated on a case by case basis using Comment: Needs data from other sources. In the previous SCORP ATV use was Comment: Comment: projected to increase. In this SCORP ATV use is projected to decrease. However, Comments were made regarding Observations and comments were ATV use has been growing continually the use of the General Public Survey in made about the recreation demand for since 1986 with only 2 years of decline. determining demand for OHV, ATV or Off-highway vehicle facilities not being On what criteria is OPRHP basing this OHM uses across the state. Particularly represented or absent from the SCORP. predicted 4% decline? the poor response rate to the survey In addition, the recreation demand and the fact there was no place on the does not represent the number of NYS Response: survey form for users to indicate their residents that travel to other states to participation levels in OHV activities. As noted earlier, the discussion on recreate because appropriate facilities It is suggested that SCORP Planning ATV and ORV recreational needs and do not exist. involve regional plans to address the demands has been expanded in the text Response: needs and resources of this group and (Chapter 3 – Trends, Issues and Needs). that the OHV activity should be added to all surveys, to prevent under-repre- The discussion on ATV and OHV rec- Comment: sentation of participation. reational needs and demands has been expanded in the text. Without a plan for access for off-road Response: vehicles there are less and less places Comment: to ride and there are very few private Alternative and better survey properties available for riding forcing methods are being explored for future The General Public Survey does not us to take other avenues. Some run planning efforts. OPRHP will consider illegally on to state lands. With some- account for out-of-state residents that separating out the various types of mo- come to NY. thing planned or state run you can stop torized uses in future survey efforts. the illegal use. Why can’t NYS provide Response: land for OHV users? We need places to Comment: enjoy our recreation just like the people The General Public Survey is de- you provide land for now. We should be Table 3.16 shows revenue from ATVs signed to gain information from New allowed equal opportunities, but instead is decreasing yet Table 3.17 shows that York State residents. Information about we are denied. registrations are increasing. ATV rev- out – of – state residents is obtained enues should be increasing and accord- through other survey methods on a park Response: ing to NYSORVA it is. by park basis. As stated earlier, OHVs are not Response: permitted or treated as a recreational Comment: activity or program on state lands. The revenue figures reported in The Recreation Trail Program provides Despite the fact the ATV and OHV SCORP were generated from ATV regis- grants to support motorized trail devel- use is growing in New York State, in tration fees. During this time period an opment on private lands that are open Table 3.22 there is no Relative Index of increase in the registration fee was infor public use. Need for OHV, ATV or OHM. There needs stituted for the development of a trails to be. system. Due to changes in legislation Comment: Response: this fee increase was removed in subsequent years. As a result of over payment A comment was made that on RTP in registration fees, DMV provided Relative Index of Need figure could grant rating forms there is a project eli- refunds. Inconsistencies between Tables not be generated for ATV or OHV gibility criteria that the proposed project 3.16 and 3.17 are being researched activities due to the limited number of must be identified in the SCORP. OHV further. respondents for these activities from the use is not represented in the SCORP General Public Survey. If a need index is and there is no Relative Index of Need required for these activities one can be provided in Table 3.22.

250 Environmental Impacts

Response: Response: ment activities and advise on revisions to the statewide trails plan.” Relative Index of Need figure could The language was added within the not be generated for ATV or OHV Trails section of the Chapter. Response: activities due to the limited number of respondents for these activities from the Comment: A broader statement has been added General Public Survey. If a need index is regarding the development of regional required for these activities one can be Add an action: “Create and distrib- trail committees to coordinate and generated on a case by case basis using ute educational materials for land- promote the development of regional data from other sources. owners concerned about liability and trail systems. trespassing.” Creating Connections Comment: Response: Comment: Add the action: “Annually convene This action has been added to the an interagency working group to OPRHP is encouraged to pursue implementation section under Trails. provide input on trail planning for New making connections by improving road York and coordinate trail development, systems within the parks for transporta- Comment: operation, maintenance, and promotion tion and bicycling. across all applicable state and federal Add an action: “Create and distrib- government entities.” Response: ute educational materials for landowners concerned about liability and Response: OPRHP will continue to evaluate trespassing.” alternatives to improving multi-modal This action has been added to the transportation within the state park Response: implementation section under Trails. system. This action has been added to the Comment: Comment: implementation section under Trails. Page 92 Table 5.1a Four-wheel Drive Coordinate with DOT is using the Comment: Class Requirements: Class 4 states 70” road shoulders inventory to make the width, 105” max wheelbase. This needs connections and complete the state- Modify the action Update the to be updated based on current statis- wide trails system. Statewide Trails Plan – Strengthen this tics. “70 inch width” should be updated action by giving some time frame such to “80 inches or less.” The width of Response: as Update the Statewide Trails Plan many OHV’s has changed considerably. every five years. OPRHP will continue to coordinate Response: with DOT to complete a statewide trail Response: system. The Four-wheel Drive Class This action has been changed to Requirements Table 5.1a has been Comment: reflect a plan update every five years. changed as suggested.

The recognition of universal acces- Comment: Comment: sibility and encouragement of trail use for persons with mobility impairments is Add the action: “Create regional Add the following action: “Establish supported. Add language that reflects advisory groups representing the inter- a grant program funded through the that universally accessible trails not only ests of local conservationists, outdoor EPF and administered by Parks & Trails provide opportunities for persons with and sports enthusiast groups, federal New York, to improve the capacity of disabilities– but for small children and agencies involved with greenways and park and trail not-for-profits, which seniors as well. heritage corridors in New York State, often work in partnership with local metropolitan planning organizations governments, to create and steward the and trail user groups that will convene state’s trails and parks.” to review trails planning and develop-

251 Environmental Impacts Response: New Yorkers who report that it is safe, sale is completed, the roads are usu- accessible and comfortable for them to ally removed from motorized use and This is a recommendation that walk or bike near their homes or work- become available for hiking, mountain requires a legislative change that would sites (#14); 2)Increase the percentage of biking, skiing and snowmobiling.” A expand the EPF to not-for-profits in New Yorkers who walk or bike regularly clause for four wheel drive truck and a year when EPF funding is not be- for leisure and for transportation (#15). ATV use needs to be added. This theme ing expanded. The primary focus for One of the potential action steps for is recurrent throughout the entire 2009- any changes relative to EPF during this second objective speaks directly 2014 SCORP. this period will be for administrative to SCORP: “Promote the use of New considerations. York State parks as a means of increas- Response: ing physical activity for individuals and Comment: families.” Four wheel drive vehicles are allowed on Public Forest Access Roads on State Clarify the action: Revise the Parks Response: Forest lands. DEC does not have an and Recreation Law to further define off-road vehicle recreation program on OPRHP’s responsibilities for trails. The text of this chapter has been State Forest lands. Further explanation is needed regard- updated to reflect this information and ing what changes OPRHP wishes to the reference has been added. Comment: propose. Comment: DEC needs to have a means of Response: classifying the multi-use long distance The document should mention the trails within their jurisdiction. Presently, This action has been deleted from statewide rail Plan DOT is drafting these trails are often overlooked as the document. It was determined that right now. The goals of SCORP should DEC resources as they do not fit in any further defining OPRHP’s responsibilities be reflected in and compatible with existing categories such as wildlife for trails can be done through adminis- those of the rail plan. The Rail Plan and management areas, unique areas, state trative actions. SCORP should recognize and promote forests, or the forest preserve. Examples the potential of existing rail corridors, of such trails include the Genesee Valley Statewide Programs active and inactive, to serve both rail Greenway, Lehigh Valley Trail by Naples, and multi-use trail purposes and estab- and the Groveland Secondary Trail. Comment: lish guidelines for better integration of rail corridors with the state’s expand- Response: The plan needs to demonstrate bet- ing network of multi-use trails, thus ter linking and coordination with the contributing to a more comprehensive DEC is in the initial stages of de- Department of Health’s programs that alternative transportation system. veloping a Statewide State Forest promote physical activity to combat the Management Plan and will consider this population’s top heath issues. Response: as the document evolves. Response: OPRHP will coordinate with DOT. Comment:

Information regarding the The State Outdoor Where does the Statewide Trails Plan Department of Health’s programs has Recreation System fit in the planning hierarchy figures in been added to this chapter. Chapter 8? Comment: Comment: Response: The section on DEC’s Public Forest The Statewide Trails Plan is now Reference the Department of Access Roads says: “The smaller sea- shown in Figure 8.5 Planning Hierarch Health’s plan, Cardiovascular Health sonal-use-only roads are often devel- for OPRHP. It is included in the grouping (CVH) in New York State: A Plan for oped as a result of a timber sale. While of plans considered to provide state- 2004 – 2010. Two community sec- the sale is in progress, these “haul” wide guidance. tor objectives from the CVH plan are roads provide the timber harvester with relevant to and should be noted in this the means to enter and extract forest SCORP: 1)Increase the proportion of products from the sale area. Once the

252 Environmental Impacts Implementation Comment: Response: Comment: OHV users and their trails can pro- Given the existing policies limiting vide access to remote areas in emer- OHV trails on State lands, local com- Add: Parks & Trails New York gency or rescue situations. munities and private landowners should Capacity Building Grants Program consider the economic benefits in Administered by Parks & Trails New Local OHV clubs have been contract- providing trail opportunities. York, this program provides grants ed by local law enforcement to assist to help 501 (c)(3) park and trail not- with emergency and rescue situations Comment: for-profits better fulfill their missions; because the OHV users have better improve their reach, effectiveness, and equipped vehicles and knowledge of OHV users make a large contribu- impact; leverage more resources; and the land. tion to the state’s economy through increase community support for and purchases of OHVs and modifications to involvement in park and trail planning, Response: their vehicles development, and stewardship. The contribution OHV users provide Response: Response: in emergency situations is appreciated. This type of function is different than Noted. Information regarding this grant providing a recreation program. program has been added to this chapter. Comment: Comment: General Comments on Very little money is needed to The local OHV clubs maintain pass- develop and plan and rehab some OHV Recreation Activities able trails by cutting back vegetation trails. and repairing eroded areas on a volun- Comment: teer basis so they can keep the trails. Response:

Off-highway vehicles have co-existed Response: Noted. with other trail user groups. The assistance of volunteers in main- Comment: Response: taining trails is important for all trail user groups and should be commended Other states have managed to SCORP recognizes both shared use for their efforts. combine walking, OHV and ATV use all and single use trails. in one park just through the expansion Comment: Comment: of uses. OHV clubs give back to the commu- Response: OHV users have the as much right nity through special events and chari- as other users to enjoy the woods and table activities. Under certain conditions, shared use trails. trails can be successful while in other Response: situations single use trials are more We “tread lightly” and respect what appropriate. we have and we work with others to This is a positive step in expanding maintain trails. trail opportunities within a community. Comment: Response: Comment: Even though OHV clubs and users OPRHP and DEC recognize the desire volunteer their time, equipment and NYS is not taking advantage of of OHV users. However, there are other materials to improve and maintain tourism dollars generated by OHV us- factors to be considered that determine trails, opportunities get taken away in ers because there is no statewide trail the allowable uses on state lands. favor of other uses. Even in areas where system. OHVs and other uses have co-existed.

253 Environmental Impacts Response: Comment: Comment:

Noted, there may be other factors Developing ORV facilities and trails Many editorial comments were also that facilitated the closure of trails for doesn’t cost a lot of money. We prefer received. These comments are com- OHV use. shorter trails that may take a day to prised of providing updated or corrected drive one mile. information on specific text. Comment: Response: Response: There are very few clubs that are showing a decline in membership, in Noted. These edits have been made and are fact, membership is growing. included in the final document. Comment: Response: Please consider the growing number Trail organizations are important of Off-road Highway Vehicles that are in advocating the interests of the trail increasingly looking to use our vehiles users. in “off-road” settings such as trails and OHV parks. The Creating Connections Comment: Chapter Table 5.1 shows trail types for 4-wheel drive vehicles I would welcome I am continually looking for areas to this type of recreation on NY state land. use my vehicle in an off-road situation that is legal, accessible and challenging. Response: It is getting increasingly more difficult to recreate in the manner I choose Although OHV trails do not exist on within New York State. Please consider state lands, OHV groups should contin- full sized 4 wheel drive enthusiasts as ue to coordinate with State agencies. you develop the new plan for New York. Comment: Response: The term “Motorized Access” should Noted. The OHV discussion within the not include snowmobiles. It is a mis- SCORP has been modified as a result of leading term that portrays an image the public comments. that allowable uses include more than just snowmobiles. Comment: Response: Other states have facilities and opportunities for OHV users, why can’t Noted. NYS provide something so we are not look at as rogue outcasts but as sup- Other Comments porters of our local communities? Comment: Response: The agency received a number of There are many factors that State comments in support of the entire plan agencies must consider in providing or for specific sections, policies or ac- OHV trails on State lands. Currently tions within the plan. recreation OHV trails are not allowed. There is funding support through the Response: Recreational Trails Program that can assist with the development and main- The agency thanks these persons tenance of such trails on municipal and and organizations for taking the time to private lands. review and comment on the plan. 254 Environmental Impacts Hearing Attendees and Commentors

Attendee/ Commentor Organization Mark Welner Ivan Vamos NYS Bicycling Coalition Brian Malloy NYS Museum Steve Alheim East Coast 4-Wheel Drive Association Fran Dougherty Fran Gotcsik Parks and Trails New York Stephen Sforza Adirondack Jeeps Gerard Cartaino Adirondack Jeeps Josh Kirschman Ken Jones John Schnieder Adirondack Jeeps Floyd Miller Adirondack Jeeps Derek Sanderson Adirondack Jeeps Bill Tarvin Mohawk 4WD Club William Hensel III Mohawk 4WD Club / Schoharie County Jeep Club William A. Hensel Jr. Off Highway Vehicle Use Scot Pignatelli Adirondack Jeeps Michelle Sforza Adirondack Jeeps Robin Dropkin Parks and Trails New York Bill Rudge NYS Department of Environmental Conservation Region 3 Andy Miller Hudson Valley 4 Wheelers Laura Haight NYPIRG Scott Keller Hudson River Valley Greenway Sharon Leighton NYS Canal Corporation Andrew Labruzzo NYS Department of State

255 Environmental Impacts

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White, Heather (2008); “Connecting Today’s Kids with Nature: A Policy Action Plan”; http:// www.nwf.org/kidsoutside/pdf/ 265 Credits Credits

State of New York David A. Paterson, Governor

New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Carol Ash, Commissioner

Andy Beers Executive Deputy Commissioner

J. Winthrop Aldrich Deputy Commissioner for Historic Preservation

Tom Alworth Deputy Commissioner for Natural Resources

Glen Bruening Counsel

Peter Finn Deputy Commissioner for Finance and Administration

Liz Gordon Special Assistant to the Commissioner

Daniel Kane Deputy Commissioner for Operations

Eric Kulleseid Deputy Commissioner for Open Space Protection

Eileen Larrabee Director of Communications

266 Credits OPRHP Regional Directors

Central New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Robert Hiltbrand, Regional Director

Finger Lakes New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Tim Joseph, Regional Director

Long Island New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Ronald Foley, Regional Director

New York City New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Rachel Gordon, Regional Director

Palisades Interstate Park Commission Jim Hall, Executive Director

Saratoga-Captial District New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Alane Ball-Chinian, Regional Director

Taconic New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Jayne McLaughlin, Regional Director

Thousand Island New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Kevin Kieff, Regional Director

Western District Mark Thomas, District Director-Assistant Deputy Commissioner

Raymond Goll, Deputy General Manager (Niagara Frontier New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region)

Allegany New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Michael Miecznikowski, General Park Manager

Genesee New York State Park, Recreation and Historic Preservation Region Richard Parker, General Park Manager

267 Credits OPRHP Bureau Directors

The following bureaus and individuals made significant contributions, particularly on elements relating to their functional responsibilities: Thomas B. Lyons Frederick Smith Director of Resource Management Director of Empire State Games

Robert Reinhardt Steven Spalten Director of Resource and Facility Planning Director of Information Systems

James Sponable Kate McKee Director of Real Property Director of Labor Relations

John Eberhard Sharron Apholz Director of Capital Programs Director of Business Office Management

Harold Hagemann Rich Schiafo Director of Concessions Management Sustainability Coordinator

Paul Laudato Marc Talluto Counsel Director of Health, Safety and Emergency Response and Recovery Ruth Pierpont Director of Bureau of Field Services Major Gregory Stewart New York State Park Police James Gold Director of Historic Sites Bureau

Brian Kempf Director of Marine Services

Deborah Keville Director, Regional Programs

Sandy Ostrander Director of Budget and Finance

Carmen Cunningham Affirmative Action Officer

Alex Roth Executive Director of Natural Heritage Trust

Kevin Burns Chief of Grants

Cheryl Giroux Director of Personnel 268 Credits OPRHP Staff

The 2008 New York Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan is a product of the continuing planning process of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. The Bureau of Resource and Facility Planning has the primary responsibility for developing the plan. However, its development would not have been possible without the valuable contributions of other agency staff; other state agencies; park, recreation, and preservation organizations; and private citizens as identified in the “Acknowledgements” section.

Overall supervision of the SCORP Program was provided by: Robert W. Reinhardt, Director of Resource and Facility Planning

Resource and Facility Planning Bureau Staff Salim Adler, Park Planner Charles Barthe, Cartographer III Wesley A. Bartlett, Associate Economist Colin Belle, Park and Recreation Aide VII Diana Carter, Associate Natural Resource Planner Christina Croll, GIS Manager/Senior Natural Resource Planner Richard Doll, Park and Recreation Aide VII Antoinette Giglio, Secretary Lynne Gort, Park and Recreation Aide Activity Specialist Mark Hohengasser, Park Planner Nathan Krish, Park and Recreation Aide VI Suk Yung Lee, Natural Resource Planner Kathleen Nahm, Secretary Elisabeth Pezzolla, Park Planner Kurt Seitz, Regional Planning Student Intern Rachel Selsky, Regional Planning Student Intern

Other OPRHP Contributors Pamela Otis, Associate Environmental Analyst Nancy Pierson, Associate Environmental Analyst Karen Terbush, Environmental Analyst II Ray Perry, Environmental Educator III Amanda Stein, Natural Resource Stewardship Coordinator Kristen Cady-Sawyer, Natural Resource Steward Pamela Sinko, Artist/Designer IV Stephen Lewis, Director of Housing and Snowmobile Unit Rich Schiafo, Sustainability Coordinator Overall coordination and editorial responsibility for the entire SCORP document was provided by Diana Carter of OPRHP’s Bureau of Resource and Facility Planning. Pamela Otis of the Environmental Management Bureau played an invaluable role in preparing the environmental impact sections of the plan.

269 Credits Interagency Support DEC Staff

Coordination of input from the Department of Environmental Conservation was provided by: Francis Sheehan, Assistant Division Director, Lands and Forests

Additional contributions from the Department of Environmental Conservation were provided by: David Forness, Bureau Chief, Bureau of State Land Management Jeffrey Mapes, Public Management Intern, Division Direction Charles Vandrei, Agency Historic Preservation Officer, Bureau of State Land Management Thomas Wolfe, Bureau Chief (retired), Bureau of State Land Management Peter Frank, Bureau Chief, Bureau of Forest Preserve Management Heather Carl, SUNY Research Assistant, Bureau of State Land Management Dylan Walrath, Environmental Program Specialist 1, Bureau of State Land Management Carole Fraser, Universal Access (ADA) Program Coordinator, Bureau of State Land Management Sara Richards, Intern, Division Direction Nancy Beard, Citizen Participation Specialist, Hudson River Estuary Program Steven Sanford, Director, Office of Invasive Species Coordination Patricia Riexinger, Division Director, Division of Fish, Wildlife & Marine Resources Douglas Stang, Assistant Director, Division of Fish, Wildlife & Marine Resources John Major, Bureau Chief, Bureau of Wildlife Arthur Newell, Bureau Chief, Fish and Wildlife Services Gordon Batcheller, Wildlife Services Section Head, Bureau of Wildlife Robert Sandford, Wildlife Planning and Coordination Section Head, Bureau of Wildlife Ed Woltman, Public Use and Extension Section Head, Bureau of Fisheries Karen Chytalo, Marine Habitat Protection Section Head, Bureau of Marine Resources Lisa Holst, State Wildlife Grants Coordinator, Bureau of Fisheries Daniel Rosenblatt, Wildlife Diversity Section Head, Bureau of Wildlife Fred Mushacke, Tidal Wetlands GIS & Investigation Unit Leader (retired), Bureau of Marine Resources, East Setauket Michael Schiavone, Wildlife Biologist, Game Bird Management Unit, Bureau of Wildlife Tom Folts, General Manager Forest Parks, Bureau of Recreation Deanne Blanke, Park Engineer, Bureau of Construction and Design Donald Zelaszny, Great Lakes Programs Coordinator, Division of Great Lakes, Buffalo Monica Kreshik, Associate Counsel and Environmental Justice Coordinator, Office of Environmental Justice

270 Credits Other Agencies

Carmella Mantello, Richard Harris — Canal Corporation Eric Ophardt — Department of Transportation George Stafford, Andrew Labruzzo — Department of State Greg Kline — Department of Motor Vehicles Charles Sheifer, John Carstens — Office of General Services Robert Haggerty — Department of Agriculture and Markets Greg Olsen — Office for the Aging Programs Andrew Davis — Department of Public Service Brian Malloy — New York State Museum Douglas Sackett, Deborah Spicer — Department of Health Greg Jones — Office of Advocate for Persons with Disabilities Elizabeth Campochiaro, Scott Keller — Hudson River Valley Greenway Walter Linck — Adirondack Park Agency Christine Costopoulos — Empire State Development Corporation John Osinski — New York Power Authority

271 Credits Regional Office Addresses OPRHP Allegany State Park Region Palisades Interstate Park Commission Region 5 Allegany State Park Administration Building Route 86, P.O. Box 296 2373 ASP Route 1, Suite 3 Bear Mountain, NY 10911-0427 Ray Brook, NY 12977-0296 Salamanca, NY 14779 (845) 786-2701 (518) 897-1394 (716) 354-9101 Saratoga/Capital District Park Region 19 Roosevelt Drive Region 6 Central New York Park Region Saratoga Springs, NY 12866-6214 317 Washington Street 6105 E Seneca Turnpike (518) 584-2000 Watertown, NY 13601-3787 Jamesville, NY 13078-9516 (315) 785-2242 (315) 492-1756 Taconic Park Region Staatsburg, NY 12580 Region 7 Finger Lakes Park Region (845) 889-4100 615 Erie Boulevard West 2221 Taughannock Park Road Syracuse, NY 13204-2400 P.O. Box 1055 Thousand Islands Park Region (315) 426-7408 Trumansburg, NY 14886-1055 Keewaydin State Park (607) 387-7041 Alexandria Bay, NY 13607 Region 8 (315) 482-2593 6274 E. Avon-Lima Rd Genesee Park Region Avon, NY 14414-9519 1 Letchworth State Park (585) 226-2830 Castile, NY 14427-1124 DEC (585) 493-3600 Region 9 Region 1 270 Michigan Avenue State University of New York Long Island Park Region Buffalo, NY 14203-2999 Building 40 Belmont Lake State Park (716) 851-7009 Stony Brook, NY 11794-2356 Box 247 (631) 444-0373 Babylon, NY 11702-0247 (631) 669-1000 Region 2 1 Hunters Point Plaza New York City Park Region 47 -40 21st Street Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Long Island City, NY 11101-5407 Bldg. (718) 482-6516 163 West 125th Street, 17th floor NY, NY 10027 Region 3 (212) 866-3100 21 South Putt Corners Road New Paltz, NY 12561-1696 Niagara Frontier Park Region (845) 256-3042 Prospect Park P.O. Box 1132 Region 4 Niagara Falls, NY 14303-1132 1150 N. Westcott Road (716) 278-1770 Schenectady, NY 12306-2014 (518) 357-2398

272