A Case Study on Dual Naming in Old Maps

KIM Shin*

It is a matter of nationality for the map maker to use any place name on the world map. However, it can be said that the naming that appears on the map should be jointly used and jointly operated by several countries. The place name that appears on the map is a global standard. In particular, sea names are associated with navigation, which can be a fatal hazard to safe navigation. In particular, the sea is operated by a large number of vessels, and strict navigation control is required. Therefore, it can be said that the navigation designation as the guideline is extremely important. Then, how should a sea nomination be determined? The contents of this study are related to the analysis of the published world old map. Now the 20th century has passed and the 21st century is beginning. If the names other than the sea names agreed by the coastal nations such as the North Sea and the Black Sea, Red Sea, Yellow Sea use the agreed names, and if they do not accept them, it would be desirable to use the sea names desired by each country. However, the name of the Japan Sea was published in 1929 by the International Hydrographic Organization as "limits of Oceans and Seas" (S. 23). There has been controversy for decades since then, but the coastal states are still unable to find a name they agree with. The East Sea is the easternmost place on the Eurasian continent, and it seems to be the most reasonable name in the case of the North Sea. Korea currently claims the East Sea and Japan claims the Sea of Japan. If the problem is not resolved, EAST SEA / JAPAN SEA, which is the most universally valid and cannot be owned by a certain country, is considered as a desirable alternative.

INTRODUCTION

Until now, we have been studying for a long time with the name of the sea surrounded by Korea, North Korea, Japan and Russia. The purpose of the study was to see how the name of the sea surrounded by various countries should be written. It is believed that there was some principle in determining the name of the sea. It would have been possible to make decisions based on direction as shown in the general nomenclature.

* President, The Korea Academy of East Sea, Professor Emeritus, Kyung Hee University, Korea

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Otherwise, it could have been determined by features such as color. In this study, we study the sea which has similar environment to the East Sea. The South Korea has proposed the East Sea / Japan Sea to the International Hydrographic Organization. In this study, we try to analyze the historical basis of naming the sea. In this study, we try to find out the case of naming the seas in the world and analyze what stage of the process has reached the present. For this purpose, this study analyzes sea name from the 17th century to the 20th century and studies the case.

DUAL NAMING OF SEA NAME

Was there any case of Dual naming sea? Korea has proposed to the International Hydrographic Organization the name of the East Sea as the East Sea and the Sea of Japan. The problem raised here is whether or not there is an international case of marine names. In order to analyze this, we analyzed the sea which is dual named as the sea name among the old maps produced from the 17th century to the 20th century. There are seven cases where the name of the sea are dual naming. Many of them were found in the East Sea (Japan Sea) and the North Sea. And the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the Yellow sea, the White sea and the Baltic sea.

ANALYSIS OF THE CASE WHERE THE NAME OF THE SEA IS DUAL NAMED

Dual or multiple naming case of the North Sea

1. Environment of the North Sea The North Sea is an example of a typical dual sea name marked. Some typical examples are the German Sea, the English Sea, the Danish Sea, and the French Sea. All are names of countries facing the sea. Among them, the name of the North Sea is considered special except for the names of these countries. From a European point of view, the North Sea is located in the most northern part of the European continent. The latitude is about 48 degrees (IHO, S. 23). For hundreds of years, each of the North Sea coastal nations named their seas at their respective locations, and as a result they were determined to be called the North Sea in before 1928, the 'Limits of oceans and seas' published by the International Hydrographic Organization(S. 23). Of course, there was a lot of struggle and argument among the countries in the process, but the coastal countries seem to have agreed on the common name of the North Sea. 2. Naming of the North Sea Through history various names have been used for the North Sea. One of the earliest recorded names was Septentrionalis Oceanus, or "Northern Ocean," which was cited by Pliny. The name "North Sea" probably came into English, however, via the Dutch "Noordzee", who named it thus either in contrast with the Zuiderzee ("South Sea"), located south of Frisia, or because the sea is generally to the north of the Netherlands. Before the adoption of "North Sea," the names used in English were "German Sea" or "German Ocean", referred to the Latin names "Mare Gemanicum" and "Oceanus

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Germanicus". Other common names in use for long periods were the Latin terms "Mare Frisicum", as well as their English equivalents, "Frisian Sea". 3. The modern names of the sea The modern names of the sea in local languages are: Danish: Nordsøen, Dutch: Noordzee, Dutch Low Saxon: Noordzee, French: Mer du Nord, West Frisian: Noardsee, German: Nordsee, Low German: Noordsee, Northern Frisian: Weestsiie (literally meaning "West Sea"), Norwegian: Nordsjøen, Nynorsk: Nordsjøen, Scots: German Ocean, Swedish: Nordsjön, Scottish Gaelic: An Cuan a Tuath, West Flemish: Nôordzêe and Zeeuws: Noôrdzeê. 4. Countries that border the sea The North Sea (Latin: Mare Germanicum) is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, with an area of around 570,000 square kilometres (220,000 sq mi.) Dual or multiple naming case of the Red Sea 1. Case study of the Red Sea It is analyzed that there is a case where the name is also dual named in Red Sea. A representative example is Sanson's map in 1655. In this map, RED SEA is named MER ROUGE ou GOLFE D'ARABIA. However, it was decided to be RED SEA in before 1928(S.23) issued by the International Hydrographic Organization. 2. Countries that border the sea The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley. 3. The International Hydrographic Organization defines The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows: On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (27°57•N 34°36•E) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinai Peninsula].On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (12°40•N 43°30•E) and Ras Siyyan (12°29•N 43°20•E). 4. Names of Red Sea Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρ ὰ Θ ά λασσα),

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Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic: •• • • •

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Georgian language , IPA: [ʃɑvi zɣ vɑ] Laz and Mingrelian languages – , IPA: [utʃɑ zuɣɑ], or simply , IPA: [zuɣɑ], "Sea" Romanian language Marea Neagră, (pronounced [ˈ

KIM Shin 71 antipodal body of water for them. As the name could have only been given by a people that were well aware of both the northern "black/dark" and southern "red" seas, it is therefore considered probable that it was given its name by the Achaemenids (550–330 BC). A map of Asia dating to 1570, entitled "Asiae Nova Descriptio", from Abraham Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, labels the sea Mar Maggior ("Great Sea", cf. Latin mare major). English-language writers of the 18th century often used the name "Euxine Sea" (/ˈjuːksɪn/ or /ˈjuːkˌsaɪn/) to refer to the Black Sea. Edward Gibbon, for instance, calls the sea by this name throughout The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. During the Ottoman Empire period, the Black Sea was called either Bahr-e Siyah or Karadeniz, both meaning "the Black Sea" in the Ottoman Turkish. The modern names of the Black Sea (Chyornoye more, Karadeniz, etc.), stretch only back to the 13th century. 4. Countries that border of Black Sea About a third of Europe drains into the Black Sea, including the countries of Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey and Ukraine.

Baltic Sea

1. The International Hydrographic Organization defines The Baltic Sea flows out through the Danish straits; however, the flow is complex. A surface layer of brackish water discharges 940 km3 (230 cu mi) per year into the North Sea. Due to the difference in salinity, by salinity permeation principle, a sub-surface layer of more saline water moving in the opposite direction brings in 475 km3 (114 cu mi) per year. It mixes very slowly with the upper waters, resulting in a salinity gradient from top to bottom, with most of the salt water remaining below 40 to 70 m (130 to 230 ft) deep. The general circulation is anti-clockwise: northwards along its eastern boundary, and south along the western one. The difference between the outflow and the inflow comes entirely from fresh water. More than 250 streams drain a basin of about 1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), contributing a volume of 660 km3 (160 cu mi) per year to the Baltic. They include the major rivers of north Europe, such as the Oder, the Vistula, the Neman, the Daugava and the Neva. Additional fresh water comes from the difference of precipitation less evaporation, which is positive. 2. Name of the Baltic Sea (1) Name in other languages The Baltic Sea was known in ancient Latin language sources as Mare Suebicum or even Mare Germanicum. Older native names in languages that used to be spoken on the shores of the sea or near it usually indicate the geographical location of the sea (in Germanic languages), or its size in relation to smaller gulfs (in Old Latvian), or tribes associated with it (in Old Russian the sea was known as the Varanghian Sea). In

72 SESSION II modern languages it is known by the equivalents of "East Sea", "West Sea", or "Baltic Sea" in different languages: (2)"Baltic Sea" is used in English In the Baltic languages Latvian (Baltijas jū ra; in Old Latvian it was referred to as "the Big Sea", while the present day Gulf of Riga was referred to as "the Little Sea") and Lithuanian (Baltijos jū ra); in Latin (Mare Balticum) and the Romance languages French (Mer Baltique), Italian (Mar Baltico), Portuguese (Mar Báltico), Romanian (Marea Baltică) and Spanish (Mar Báltico); in Greek (• • • ••• ή Θ ά λασσα Valtikí Thálassa); in Albanian (Deti Balltik); in Welsh (Môr Baltig); in the Slavic languages Polish (Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk), Czech (Baltské moře or Balt), Slovenian (Baltsko morje), Bulgarian (Б алтийско море Baltijsko More), Kashubian (Bôłt), Macedonian (Балтичко • ••• Baltičko More), Ukrainian (Балтійське море Baltijs•ke More), Belarusian (Балтыйскае мора Baltyjskaje Mora), Russian (Балтийское море Baltiyskoye More) and Serbo-Croatian (Baltičko more / Балтичко море); in Hungarian (Balti-tenger). (3) In Germanic languages, except English, "East Sea" is used, as in Afrikaans (Oossee), Danish (Østersøen), Dutch (Oostzee), German (Ostsee), Icelandic and Faroese (Eystrasalt), Norwegian (Østersjøen), and Swedish (Östersjön). In Old English it was known as Ostsæ; also in Hungarian the former name was Keleti-tenger (due to German influence). In addition, Finnish, a Finnic language, has calqued the Swedish term as Itämeri "East Sea", disregarding the geography (the sea is west of Finland), though understandably since Finland was a part of Sweden from the Middle Ages until 1809. (4) In another Finnic language, Estonian, it is called the "West Sea" (Läänemeri), with the correct geography (the sea is west of Estonia). 3. Countries that border the sea Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden. Countries that are in the drainage basin but do not border the sea: Belarus, Czech Republic, Norway, Slovakia, and Ukraine. The Baltic Sea drainage basin is roughly four times the surface area of the sea itself. About 48% of the region is forested, with Sweden and Finland containing the majority of the forest, especially around the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland.

Yellow Sea

1. Environment of the Yellow The Yellow Sea or West Sea is located between China and Korea. The name is given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula. Its name comes from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storms that turn the surface of the water golden yellow. The Yellow Sea is one of four seas named after common colour terms — the others being the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the White Sea.

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2. Countries that border of the Yellow China, Korea, DPRK

White Sea

The White Sea is Russia's sea facing and it is called White Sea, meaning that it is covered with snow in winter and looks white. The White Sea was named in several languages, but it was named White Sea. The White Sea (Russian: Белое море, Béloye móre; Karelian and Finnish: Vienanmeri, lit. Dvina Sea; Nenets: Сэрако ямʼ, Serako yam) is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. The whole of the White Sea is under Russian sovereignty and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. Administratively, it is divided between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts and the Republic of Karelia. The White Sea is one of the four seas named in English (and in other languages such as French) after common colour terms — the others being the Black Sea, the Red Sea, and the Yellow Sea. East Sea 1. Environment of the East Sea Another model is the East Sea. The East Sea is the easternmost sea in the Asian continent. The East Sea has also been called by various names. Typical examples are the East Sea, the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Korea, the East Sea, the Eastern Sea, and the Oriental Sea. There are also maps of the Sea of Korea and the Sea of Japan that map the East Sea with other names. And there was also a map of Korea and the Eastern, There is also a map showing the Korean Sea in the East Sea and the Sea of Japan in the sea where Japan is facing the Pacific Ocean. 2. East Sea and direction However, the name of the East sea was published in 1928(S. 23) by the International Hydrographic Organization as "Japan Sea". There has been controversy for decades since then, but the coastal states are still unable to find a name they agree with. The East Sea is probably the most reasonable name in the case of the North Sea as 41 ° 43 'N, 141 ° 46' E (Kim shin, 2017, Berlin Seminar) located in the easternmost part of the Eurasian continent.

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3. Countries that border of the East Sea Korea, Japan, DPRK, Russia

CASE STUDY OF THE EAST SEA

There are five cases where the East Sea is mentioned in the old maps.

The Eastern Sea and the Sea of Japan

There are cases where the East Sea is named as the Eastern Sea and the Sea of Japan. A representative map is a map of the Korean Affairs Institute.

Figure 1. Korean Affairs Institute, , 1934, Korea Map Collection

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Case study of Archetyping of the East Sea and the Korean Sea

There are cases where the East Sea is named as Oriental Sea and Korea Sea. A typical old map is a map produced by De L'Isle.

Figure 2. De L’Isle, G, 1715

Case of old map with sea of Korea and sea of Japan

There is map that dual named with sea of korea and sea of japan.

Figure 3. De Vaugondy, R.,1751

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Old map with the sea of korea as east sea and sea of japan as the Western Pacific Ocean

There is a map showing the East Sea as the Sea of korea and the Western Pacific Ocean as the sea of Japan.

Figure 4. Bellin, 1752

The East Sea as the North Sea of Japan.

In 1744, a map produced by Isaac Tirion in Germany marks the East Sea as the North Sea of Japan.

Figure 5. Isaac Tirion, 1744

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DUAL NAMING CASE OF S.23 Case of East Sea In S 23, an example of the dual name of the sea was discovered in 2005. Naikai or Inland Sea are examples. In fact, the name japan sea has been mentioned twice in S 23. The Japan Sea is divided into Japan Sea and Naikai or Inland Sea, and is also referred to as Naikai or Inland Sea(Kim, Shin, The Name and Limit of the East Sea, Jiyongsa, 2005, pp.288-305). Analysis on the "Limits of Ocean and Seas" "Limits of Ocean and Seas," published by IHO in 1928, 1937 was analyzed, and examples of dual-naming were analyzed. From the time when "Limits of Ocean and Seas"(International Hydrographic Oganization) was published first, many cases in which the names of the seas were recorded together was discovered.

1. The case of being recorded together

• "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 • Greenland or Norwegian Sea • The Archipelago (Aegean Sea) • Andaman or Burma Sea • South China Sea or Nan Hai • Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai • Yellow Sea or Huang Hai • Naikai or Inland Sea • The Coastal Waters of Alaska and British Columbia (2) "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 • Greealand or Norwegian Sea • Laptev Sea (or nordenskjöld Sea) • Irish Sea and St. George's Channel • The Archipelago(Aegean Sea) • Andaman or Burma Sea • South Cnina Sea or Nan Hai • Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai • Yellow Sea or Hwang Hai • Naikai or Inland Sea • The Coastal Water Waters of Alaska

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• and British Columbia

2. The change of the sea names

(1) The change of Greenland or Norwegian Sea

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 Greenland or Norwegian Sea b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 Greenland Sea or Norwegian Sea

(2) The Archipelago (Aegean Sea)

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 The Archipelago (Aegean Sea) b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 The Archipelago (Aegean Sea)

(3) Andaman or Burma Sea

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 Andaman or Burma Sea b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 Andaman or Burma Sea

(4) South China Sea or Nan Hai

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 South China Sea or Nan Hai b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 South China Sea or Nan Hai

(5) Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai

(6) Yellow Sea or Huang Hai

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928

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Yellow Sea or Huang Hai b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 Yellow Sea or Hwang Hai Huwang has become Hwang.

(7) Naikai or Inland Sea

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 Naikai or Inland Sea b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 Naikai or Inland Sea

(8) The Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia

a. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1928 The Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia b. "Limits of Ocean and Seas" 1937 The Coastal Waters of Alaska and British Columbia

CONCLUSION

The results of the analysis of the name of the seas are as follows. First, certain principles have been applied to the naming of seas. Second, the name of the sea surrounded by various countries has a deep relationship with the society, culture, economy and politics of the country. As a result, it seems that dual or multiple place names were used in one sea. Third, the dual or multiple names are listed in single name until the publication of S.23 in 1928. Fourth, the principle changed to single name changed to the color of the sea (Yellow, Black, White, Red), the direction (North) and the shape (Baltic), but the name of the country (Japan) was used in the East Sea. Fifth, According to this principle, Japan Sea should be named as East Sea, blue sea or East Sea / Japan Sea. Sixth, it can be seen that the dual name was re-created in s.23, published in 1928.

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