Aircraft Noise Community Consultative Group - Glossary of Terms (Version As at 7 May 2020)

Aircraft Noise Community Consultative Group - Glossary of Terms (version as at 7 May 2020)

Prepared by Catherine Harland, Independent Chair ANCCG

Introduction The glossary that follows has been prepared in response to a suggestion that arose at a previous Aircraft Noise Community Consultative Group (ANCCG) meeting. The Quarterly and Annual Noise reports presented to the ANCCG include glossaries but the scope is limited with the focus primarily on noise. The wider aviation, resource management and other terms that arise in ANCCG discussions are not covered.

Non-industry members of the ANCCG are typically not technical experts in these areas. That results in "information asymmetry" i.e. industry members have more or better information/knowledge than the other party. As a consequence, the ability of non-industry members to effectively pursue the purpose and activities of the ANCCG can be constrained due to insufficient understanding. To overcome that asymmetry industry ANCCG members (Auckland Airport, Airways, BARNZ) and supporting organisations, that attend the meetings from time to time, put considerable effort into explaining terms and providing educational and briefing information. That is very much a credit to them and is appreciated.

To further assist in overcoming the information divide, this glossary has been drafted on a voluntary basis drawing on my experience over the past year as a non-industry, lay member of the Aircraft Noise Community Consultative Group (ANCCG). However, it does have limitations, as set out in the disclaimer below. My hope is that over time the glossary can be refined and improved to better assist non-industry ANCCG members, while at the same time not offending the professional, technical expertise of industry members.

Limitation Disclaimer The glossary that follows has been prepared by me with the aim of providing high level, overview explanations of terms and industry matters sufficient for non-experts i.e. lay people. It is focused on terms that arise in the Aircraft Noise Community Consultative Group (ANCCG) which is established under Designation 1100 of the Auckland Unitary Plan. That means terms are defined in a manner that is relevant for the Auckland environment, not necessarily for other parts of New Zealand or elsewhere.

The glossary draws on and is adapted from documents and information provided to the ANCCG over the years and on numerous websites with free, publicly available information. It does not purport in any way to give full, detailed technical definitions. While in most cases it is likely to be very accurate and useful, for any number of editorial or other reasons, it might not be. There may be errors. Please use your good judgement when using this resource and do not rely on it in any way for legal or other such purposes. Catherine Harland Independent Chair ANCCG 7 May 2020

Page 1 of 18 ANCCG Glossary of Terms: There may be errors, use your good judgement when using this resource-7 May 2020

A AANC Annual Aircraft Noise Contour – means an Ldn contour published AACT Auckland Airport Community by AIAL annually as a prediction of Trust provides financial assistance noise from Aircraft Operations for to help with the installation of a the following 12 months / noise mitigation package to some financial year (excluding noise homes that fall within the Annual excepted from the limit in Aircraft Noise Contours moderate conditions 5 and 6, or by virtue of aircraft noise area. The Trust is condition 8 of Designation 1100). also passionate about helping the community thrive and grow and The AANC is used to identify the provides community grants to homes that are located within the support that. predicted HANA and MANA where the Airport is required to offer a AACT was established in 2003 by sound insulation subsidy to AIAL as a condition of the property owners (see Noise Environment Court following Mitigation Package). approval for the company to build a second runway at Auckland ACI Airports Council International. Airport. The court decision (A143/2001) specified that ADS-B Automatic Dependent $250,000 per annum (adjusted by Surveillance - Broadcast. A the consumer price index each cooperative surveillance year) should be contributed by technology, in which an aircraft the company to the Trust, and be determines its position via distributed as a ‘noise mitigation’ satellite navigation and fund. The AUP (Designation 1100) periodically broadcasts it, updates that figure and requires enabling it to be tracked. The AIAL to contribute $340,670 (in information can be received by air 2017 NZD terms) per annum plus traffic control ground stations as a GST (if any), adjusted annually by replacement for secondary radar. the CPI (All Groups) from October It can also be received by other 2017. aircraft to provide situational awareness and allow self Since 2003 the Trust has separation. distributed over $4.5 million in See-MoT Technical terms and acronyms. grants for community benefit, Last updated 23/05/2018 focusing on uplifting education How ADS-B works Source-New Southern Sky website outcomes in the Manukau area. These grants are awarded to support the communities living within current and projected noise-affected areas in the vicinity of Auckland Airport.

Two Trustees are appointed by AIAL, two Trustees are appointed from the community by the Council, and one Trustee is appointed by the ANCCG.

See AACT website, See Designation 1100 Aircraft Noise Mitigation Fund, conditions 11, 12, 12A

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ADS-B The Minister of Transport intends Aeropath Aeropath is an aeronautical continued amending the CAA Rule Part 91 to information management (AIM) allow all controlled airspace and navigation services provider within NZ’s domestic airspace to with experience across 22 be designated as ADS-B countries. mandatory from 31 December It offers procedure and airspace 2021. Since 31 December 2018, design, performance based aircraft operating above flight navigation (PBN), training and level 245 (24,500 feet) have been aeronautical data services that required to be fitted with ADS-B support customers in the equipment. evolution from AIS (aeronautical There are two components of information services) to AIM, high ADS-B. ADS-B OUT is primarily quality, on time aeronautical used for surveillance purposes information. and transmits information from Aeropath is responsible for the equipped aircraft to ground ADS-B production and distribution of receivers to be used for air traffic Aeronautical Information control. ADS-B IN improves Publications (AIP), for both situational awareness for aircraft New Zealand and the Pacific. and air traffic control, and uses on-board receivers to collect Aeropath is a wholly owned information from other aircraft. subsidiary of Airways. There are no plans to make ADS-B See Aeropath website IN mandatory in New Zealand. AIAL Auckland International Airport See Apr 2019 Released Cabinet Paper, Limited. (Under the AUP Aviation Surveillance Infrastructure: ADS-B Designation 1100, AIAL has two OUT Below Flight Level 245, Approval to Consult; 5 Feb 2020 Released Cabinet representatives on the ANCCG). Paper “Moving to ADS-B, New Zealand’s new, safer aviation surveillance system” AIC Aeronautical information circular.

Aerodrome (a) means any defined area of AIP Aeronautical information land or water intended or publication published by Aeropath designed to be used either wholly (a subsidiary of Airways). This is a or partly for the landing, standard format specified by ICAO departure, and surface movement used around the world for of aircraft; and publishing information about each nation’s aviation system, including (b) includes any buildings, national regulations and installations, and equipment on or requirements, meteorological adjacent to any such area used in systems, en-route information, air connection with the aerodrome or traffic control, ATS routes, its administration. aerodrome information and See- Civil Aviation Act 1990 s2; and CAR various charts such as Part 1 CAA Consolidation, Definitions and aeronautical charts, visual charts Abbreviations, 20 Jul 2018, p23 and aerodrome obstacles. Each aerodrome has a separate section in the AIP. There are set deadlines for when changes (termed supplements) to the AIP must be submitted to Aeropath.

Access via CAA website or AIP New Zealand website

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Airport For ANCCG purposes, this means ANB Air Noise Boundary – Term set out Auckland International Airport. in the NZS 6805: 1992. For Auckland Airport that equates to Airport The land owned by AIAL which the boundary of the HANA where Precinct covers an area of approximately noise levels must not exceed 1,500 hectares. 65 dB Ldn. Chapter I of the AUP sets out ANC Actual Noise Contours – details of the Auckland Airport Represents the actual aircraft Precinct including amongst other activity that occurred in a financial matters the policies, objectives, year and uses the measured noise activities, standards and levels at three permanent noise assessment criteria. monitoring locations associated See AUP Chapter I402, operative in part with the existing AIAL runway 15 Nov 2016 (Puhunui School, Prices Road, Velodrome). Airside The movement area of an aerodrome and its adjacent ANCCG Aircraft Noise Community terrain and buildings or portions, Consultative Group. to which access is controlled. ANCCG Local Under the AUP Designation 1100, Airways Airways Corporation of Board members are appointed by the New Zealand Limited (Under the Represen- following 12 Local Boards: AUP Designation 1100, it has one tatives Māngere- Ōtāhuhu, ANCCG representative). Ōtara- Papatoetoe, Manurewa, Howick, Franklin, Maungakiekie- Airways is NZ’s air navigation Tāmaki, Albert-Eden, Puketāpapa, service provider. The company Whau, Ōrākei, Waitākere Ranges, manages NZ's 30 million square Papakura. When appointing its kilometres of airspace, providing representative Local Boards have air traffic control, surveillance, often chosen to appoint an communication, flight inspection, alternate member to attend when mapping and airspace design the primary appointee is services. Its staff deliver services unavailable. throughout NZ and in over 65 ANMR Annual Noise Management countries. Airways was Report - Each year under established in 1987, is a State Condition 9(b) of Designation Owned Enterprise and operates 1100, AIAL is required to prepare under rules set down by the CAA, an ANMR which summarises the which are developed using the ICAO's guidelines. measurements and modelling required by Condition 5(d) and See Airways website “What does Airways identifies past and future do” and The Treasury website initiatives for noise reduction. Ambient Total noise level in a specified ANNA Aircraft Noise Notification Area - noise environment. an area that is outside the HANA NZS 6805: 1992 definition - The and MANA and that will have totally encompassing sound in a future noise levels between 55 given situation at a given time, and 60dB Ldn. This is an AUP term from all sources near and far specific to managing noise at including the specific sound. Auckland Airport.

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Apron (APN) Is a defined area on a land obligation to offer noise aerodrome intended to mitigation packages and set the accommodate aircraft for the specifications of the offers, purpose of loading or unloading require an Annual Noise passengers or cargo, refuelling, Management Report and create a parking, or maintenance. Noise Mitigation Fund administered by trustees of the See CAR Part 1 CAA Consolidation, AACT with annual specified Definitions and Abbreviations, 20 Jul 2018, contributions by Auckland Airport. p32 See Designation Schedule - AIAL ASAN Activities Sensitive to Aircraft Aviation Is a membership organisation Noise. Means any dwellings, Industry established in 1950 to champion boarding houses, tertiary Association safety, represent member education facilities, marae, of New interests and help them to be integrated residential Zealand Inc. more effective in business. development, papakāinga, (AIA) See Aviation NZ website retirement village, supported residential care, educational Avsec Aviation Security Service - Avsec is facilities, care centres, hospitals an operational unit within CAA. It and healthcare facilities with an is responsible for providing overnight stay facility. services that include:

See Designation 1100, Conditions (1) p2 • Screening and searching ATC Air Traffic Control. passengers, crew, airport workers, baggage, aircraft, ATM Air Traffic Management. cargo, etc • Undertaking security patrols ATS Air Traffic Services – A set of and escorts services including air traffic • Managing the airport identity control, flight information service, card system aerodrome flight information • Collaborating with other service (AFIS), alerting service, domestic and international and any other service considered security and border agencies. by the Director to be necessary or desirable for the safe and efficient See website “Our role in aviation security” operation of the civial aviation A-weighting The process by which noise levels system. are corrected to account for the Auckland Under the AUP Designation 1100, non-linear frequency response of Council one ANCCG representative is the human ear. Represen- appointed by Auckland Council. The human ear responds more to tative frequencies between 500 hertz AUP Auckland Unitary Plan. The key (Hz) and 8 kHz and is less sensitive provisions relating to Auckland to very low and very high Airport are Designation 1100, frequency sounds. The response 1101 and 1102 which among also varies with sound level. other things create the ANCCG and its Terms of Reference, set To mimic the sensitivity of the the noise contours (HANA, MANA human ear, sound level meters and ANNA), specify the activities are equipped with filters, or which can be undertaken within settings, that apply frequency the noise contours, require a weightings. FANC to be specified each year, set noise monitoring requirements, create the

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The most commonly used filter is CAR 91 Civil Aviation Rule Part 91 – the "A-weighting" which reduces Outlines the general operating the sensitivity of the sound and flight rules, visual flight rules measuring instrument to both low (VFRs), instrument flight rules and very high frequency sounds. (IFRs) and other requirements to operate aircraft in New Zealand "A-weighting" is widely adopted airspace. and approved for measuring environmental or outdoor See consolidation documents issued via community noise, including CAA website latest date 10 May 2019 aircraft noise. CAR 93 Civil Aviation Rule Part 93 - Stipulates the special operating B traffic rules and noise abatement BARNZ Board of Airline Representatives procedures around certain of New Zealand. A not-for-profit aerodromes in New Zealand including for AIAL. These rules are incorporated society, BARNZ is in addition to the rules for the voice of NZ’s airline industry. aerodrome traffic prescribed in It works with Government, Part 91. It includes details of the regulators, businesses and local Auckland noise abatement area communities to provide cost (93.63), Departure (93.59) and savings and service improvements Approach (93.61) noise for its 27 airline and 5 non-airline abatement procedures and members; and to create an procedures that apply when using environment that fosters the existing AIAL runway between continued, sustainable growth for the hours of 2300 and 0600 by them in NZ. pilots of turbo-jet or turbo-fan powered aeroplanes (93.65). Under the AUP Designation 1100, See latest consolidation document, BARNZ has two representatives 24 Sep 2015, via CAA website on the ANCCG. CASPER A flight monitoring system made See BARNZ website available on the internet by AIAL. It combines information from air C traffic control radar and the airport noise and operations CAA Civil Aviation Authority of monitoring system to give an New Zealand - The CAA is a Crown accurate picture of air traffic Entity responsible to the Minister movements available. of Transport. It regulates civil aviation in NZ, establishing civil Information first becomes available 25 minutes after flight aviation safety and security movements have occurred, to standards, and monitoring maintain aviation security and adherence to those standards. It ensure accurate information has also enforces the ICAO’s been processed. The information standards and regulations in NZ. remains online for public use for 30 days. See CAA website Noise concerns or enquiries are CAA CAR CAA Civil Aviation Rules – these submitted via Casper located at are the NZ aviation rules that have https://flighttracking.casper.aero/akl/ been signed into law by the Minister of Transport.

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Community Under the AUP Designation 1100, whether the noise from aircraft Represen- two members are appointed to operations exceeds 60 dB Ldn tatives the ANCCG by the Chair, Council anywhere outside the HANA and Representative and one AIAL the MANA Representative. One community representative must live within • Calculate noise levels to ensure the Aircraft Noise Areas. compliance with Condition 10 of Control A facility for air traffic control in the Designation relating to the Tower the vicinity of an airport, elevated Noise Mitigation Programme. so that controllers can view the Condition 13(b) requires the extremities of the airfield. airport to calculate and report on D the noise level from engine testing activities and Condition Daytime 7.00am to 10.00pm as established 9(c) requires the airport to report in NZS 6805: 1992. on the noise complaints it dB Decibel - The unit of sound level. receives. Expressed as a logarithmic ratio of AUP Designation 1101 relates to sound pressure P relative to a activities in the Renton Road area reference pressure of Pr=20 μPa i.e. dB = 20 x log(P/Pr) and Designation 1102 relates to Obstacle Limitation Surfaces dBA The unit of sound level which has (OLS), Runway End Protection its frequency characteristics Areas (REPA) and Non- modified by a filter (A-weighted) Aeronautical Ground Light so as to more closely approximate Restriction Areas. the frequency bias of the human See Designation Schedule - AIAL ear. Designation Is the AUP designation E 1100, 1101 frameworks applicable to AIAL. Engine Is measured and managed and 1102 Among other things, Designation testing noise separately to aircraft operations 1100 sets out noise performance (arrivals/departures) as it has a criteria and noise management different character. The noise obligations for the Airport to limit for in situ engine testing comply with. The ANCCG Terms operations is 55 dB Ldn(7 day rolling of Reference are included as average) with a 75 dB LAmax Attachment A to Designation applicable from 10.00pm to 1100. 7.00am. Engine testing noise at AIAL must comply with the noise Condition 5(d) of Designation limit within an identifed area in 1100 requires AIAL to undertake the community (Figure 5 the following: Appendix 1, Designation 1100) and is measured at three different • Monitor noise from aircraft sites. operations at a minimum of three F locations associated with the existing runway which are as near FANC Future Aircraft Noise Contours – as practicable to the boundary of means each of the long term the HANA to demonstrate that predicted noise contours shown the Day/Night level of 65 dB Ldn is on the Future Aircraft Noise not exceeded outside the HANA overlay maps (Figure 4 Appendix 1, Designation 1100). • Use recognised aircraft noise Note this is an AUP term specific modelling software and noise to managing noise at Auckland monitoring data to calculate Airport.

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FIR Flight Information Region – GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System Airways controls all domestic and - A satellite navigation system international air traffic travelling with global coverage. Examples within NZ’s FIR, which totals 30 include the United States Global million square kilometres - one of Positioning System (GPS) and the the largest areas of airspace in the Russian GLONASS. The European world. Union plans to launch Galileo The NZ domestic FIR covers the entire while China plans to launch country and surrounding coastline BeiDou-2. with both 'controlled' and 'uncontrolled' airspace. See MoT Technical terms and acronyms. The Auckland Oceanic FIR covers 26 Last updated 23/05/2018 million square kilometres of the Pacific and Tasman Oceans, extending Satellite systems such as GPS can from the South Pole to 5 degrees provide navigation information to south of the equator. Airways is aircraft systems to allow responsible for aircraft flying between navigation without ground based 24,500 feet and 46,000 feet in this systems. sector. Within the FIRs, there are also GPS Global Positioning System. GPS is areas of uncontrolled airspace, the only GNSS used for aviation in where (light) aircraft are not New Zealand. GPS is owned by separated by a controller but the U.S. government and is receive information and advice to operated and maintained by the ensure they can conduct their U.S. Air Force. flights safely. See Airways website “The airspace we H control” FMC Flight Management Computer. HANA High Aircraft Noise Area - the area that will have future noise levels FMS Flight Management System. greater than Ldn 65 dB. Note this is an AUP term specific to G managing noise at Auckland Airport. GA General Aviation. The AUP policy framework for the GANP Global Air Navigation Plan [ICAO] - HANA discourages establishment is the strategy to achieve a global of new dwellings and new interoperable air navigation activities sensitive to aircraft noise system offering safe, secure and (ASAN) e.g. New ASAN (excluding efficient air transport for people tertiary education facilities) are classified as Prohibited Activities and goods worldwide, while (A29). New tertiary education limiting the impact of aviation on facilities and additions or the environment. The GANP alterations to existing ASAN other serves as a worldwide reference than existing dwellings are Non- to transform the air navigation Complying Activities (A30). system in an evolutionary and Additions or alterations to an inclusive manner so that no State existing dwelling are Restricted or Stakeholder is left behind. The Discretionary Activities (A31). Plan is reviewed every 3 years. There is also a requirement for The 6th edition was adopted at the new ASAN to install acoustic 40th Session of the ICAO Assembly insulation and related ventilation held in Montréal, Canada during and/or air conditioning systems to 24 Sep-4 Oct 2019. achieve an internal noise limit of 40 dB Ldn. See AUP D24. Aircraft Noise Overlay

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I Industry The aviation industry has many Associations associations including: IATA International Air Transport Association. • Aviation Industry Association ICAO International Civil Aviation of New Zealand Inc. (AIA) Organization - a specialised • Board of Airline agency of the United Nations Representatives of responsible for the safe and New Zealand (BARNZ) orderly development of the • New Zealand Airports world’s aviation industry. It was Assocation (NZAA) established in 1944 to manage the • New Zealand Airline Pilots’ administration and governance of Association (NZALPA) the Convention on International • New Zealand Aviation Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention). ICAO works with the Federation Inc. (NZAF) Convention’s 193 Member States Industry Under the AUP Designation 1100, and industry groups to reach Represen- one ANCCG member is appointed consensus on international civil tative from a freight forwarder or aviation Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) manufacturer etc. and policies in support of a safe, INM Integrated Noise Model (“INM”) efficient, secure, economically was referenced in a legacy (pre- sustainable and environmentally November 2019) version of responsible civil aviation sector. Designation 1100. Aircraft noise See ICAO website modelling software is frequently IFR Instrument Flight Rules. IFRs are updated and refined, so established for aircraft that fly referencing a specific model was and navigate by reference to identified as inappropriate and instruments in the cockpit. IFR- deleted. INM was a computer classified aircraft can operate in model developed by the US all flyable weather conditions day Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) or night and within clouds. IFR- to evaluate aircraft noise impacts classified aircraft can also fly using in the vicinity of airports. In May visual references outside the 2015 the FAA replaced it with the cockpit (horizon, buildings, flora Aviation Environmental Design etc.) this may be done when they Tool (AEDT) software system. are close to an airport and positioning to land. Flights using a ISO 20906: International Organization for SMART Approach flight path 2009 Standardization (ISO) standard for operate under IFRs using cockpit undertaking unattended instruments. monitoring of aircraft sound in the vicinity of airports. See 4.1 Operating Procedures, footnote 8, in 2015-2016 Yellow U23 SMART Approach Flight Path Trial, Final Report 2018, p.18

ILS Instrument Landing System - an antenna array based at the airport that guides aircraft in to land.

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J M

Jet aircraft An aircraft powered by an engine MANA Moderate Aircraft Noise Area - that develops thrust by a turbofan the area that will have future that bypasses air around the core noise levels between Ldn 60 dB of the engine, ejecting a jet of and 65 dB. Note this is an AUP gaseous combustion products. term specific to managing noise at Auckland Airport. Jets rely on encased turbine engines to move the aircraft The AUP provisions for the MANA forward and do not have deem new dwellings in a residential zone as Permitted propellers. Passenger jets that where the average density does use AIAL include for example, the not exceed one dwelling per Airbus A380, A320/321neo, A350, 400m2 or the maximum density Boeing 777-200/300ER, Boeing controls within the Flat Bush 787-9 Dreamliner, Boeing 737. Precinct (A37). Where those densities are exceeded, the K activities become Restricted kt Knot/s. Discretionary (A38). There is also a requirement for L new ASAN to install acoustic insulation and related ventilation LAeq (t) The equivalent continuous (time- and/or air conditioning systems to averaged) A-weighted sound achieve an internal noise limit of level. This is commonly referred 40 dB Ldn. to as the average noise level. See AUP D24. Aircraft Noise Overlay Mana Under the AUP Designation 1100, The suffix "t" represents the time whenua two ANCCG members are period to which the noise level Represen- appointed by mana whenua. relates, e.g. (8 h) would represent tative a period of 8 hours, (15 min) would represent a period of 15 MLAT Multilateration - is a more recent minutes and (2200-0700) would ground-based surveillance technique that is used in the represent a measurement time airspace around Queenstown between 10.00pm and 7.00am. Airport, as radar is impracticable in the terrain. LAmax The A-weighted maximum noise level. The highest noise level A number of ground stations or which occurs during the interrogate and receive replies measurement period. from aircraft SSR (Secondary Lmax Surveillance Radar) transponders. The system calculates the position Ldn The day night noise level which is of the aircraft using the time calculated from the 24 hour LAeq difference between the arrival of with a 10 dB penalty applied to a reply at four or more ground the night-time (2200-0700 hours) stations and presents a display of LAeq. Note Ldn is the noise the traffic on monitors in an Air measurement adopted in the AUP Traffic Control Tower. in relation to measuring aircraft Multilateration targets are noise relating to Auckland Airport. typically updated once per second, compared with five- second intervals for radar targets. MLAT systems that cover broader areas are known as Wide Area Multilateration (WAM). See Surveillance on NSS website and MoT National Airspace Policy Q&A 22/07/2014

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N Night time There is no night time restriction restriction - on flights using the existing National Is the Government’s response to Auckland Auckland Airport runway. It is Airspace the GANP which ICAO issued in able to operate 24/7. However Policy (2012) 2007. It recognised the step- there are noise abatement change from land-based procedures provided for under navigational aids to performance- CAR Part 93 between 11.00pm based navigation (PBN) and 6.00am. technology used in the SMART Approach flight paths. Once constructed and operational, under Condition 4 of New Is the programme to implement the AUP Designation 1100, the Southern the National Airspace and Air Northern Runway will have night Sky (NSS) - Navigation Plan and modernise time restrictions in place. Non-Jet NZ’s airspace and air navigation National and Jet aircraft between the hours system. It sets out the practical Airspace of 10.00pm and 7.00am, will not steps required to make an and Air be permitted to depart to or effective transition to the use of Navigation arrive from the east except in next generation technologies, Plan (2014) limited circumstances. That manage airspace as demand means Northern Runway flights increases, and to enhance during those hours must arrive aviation safety over ten years. It and depart over the Manukau is a multi-agency programme led harbour i.e. no night flights / by the CAA. Members of the NSS noise effects over Papatoetoe, Working Group such as Airways, Ōtara or Ormiston. the Ministry of Transport, MetService, Aeropath and airlines Night STARs In mid-2018 Airways, BARNZ and lead various work streams. AIAL proposed new night time Standard Terminal Arrival Routes. See NSS website Rather than tracking over the city, Night time 10.00pm to 7.00am as established a new northern approach would in NZS 6805: 1992. cross over Whangaparaoa and then track down the Gulf off the 11.00pm to 6.00am (traffic North Shore. Likewise a new density timing, see Night time southern approach would cross restriction explanation for over Franklin before turning left. Auckland). The new approaches would overfly 65% fewer people than existing routes and the Person Event Index (PEI) would reduce by 50%. Consultation with Local Boards occurred and flying commenced 1 September 2018 with reduced night overflights of the central suburbs/Takapuna areas and higher altitude overflying for Stillwater/Pukekohe areas.

See Runway 23L Night Arrival Procedures presentation to ANCCG, 5 Jun 2018

NM Nautical Miles.

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NMP Noise Management Plan – as Noise Under the AUP, the airport is described in Condition 9 of the Mitigation required to offer a noise AUP Designation 1100. Package mitigation package to property owners in the HANA and MANA, Noise A sound that is unwanted by, or whose properties fall within the distracting to, the receiver. Annual Aircraft Noise Contours Noise CAA Noise Rules (CAR Part 93) do (AANC). abatement provide for noise abatement The subsidy offered by the airport procedures procedures to operate at depends on the location of the Auckland Airport between house within the AANC, and 11.00pm and 6.00am. When applies to exisiting buildings used there is a tailwind less than for an ASAN that exisited at 5 knots and air traffic conditions 10 December 2001, and allow, flights between 11.00pm- 18 November 2019 (for those 6.00am can takeoff (depart) to properties shown within the area the west and can land (arrive) included in Attachment C to from the west i.e. over the Designation 1100). Any buildings Manukau Harbour. This is subject commencing use as an ASAN after to ATC operational requirements. these dates do not qualify for a noise mitigation package as this is Noise The process for making a required to be installed at the Complaint complaint about aircraft noise at time of construction. The Procedure Auckland Airport can be found on subsidies and criteria for an offer AIAL’s website, see: https://corporate.aucklandairport.co.nz/c are: orporate-responsibility/managing-aircraft- 100% subsidy – for properties in the noise HANA with the airport paying the full A person can make a complaint cost of installing the noise mitigation package using the on-line Casper flight tracking system at 75% subsidy – for properties in the https://flighttracking.casper.aero/akl/ MANA with the airport paying 75% of (hit ‘submit complaint’ on left the cost of installing the noise mitigation package. hand menu) or by calling 09 256 8133 anytime. Home owners within the MANA can apply for financial assistance from the AACT to cover the 25% contribution they need to have a noise mitigation package installed. Noise mitigation installed in homes includes: ventilation system, thermal grade ceiling insulation to all habitable rooms (HANA only), mechanical kitchen extractor fan, heat pump in the principal living room. Double glazing is not provided. The sound insulation must be designed to ensure an internal noise level of 40 dB Ldn or less will be achieved in habitable rooms and sleeping areas and rooms for convalescing and learning. Windows must be closed and ventilation provided to ensure compliance with the internal noise limit and Building Code.

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Noise AIAL is required to monitor New Zealand Brings together member mitigation implementation of the Noise Aviation associations across all the sectors programme Mitigation Programme as set out Federation of General Aviation to exchange monitoring in Condition 10 of Designation Inc. (NZAF) ideas and issues that can be 1100 and provide a written report collectively debated and then to Auckland Council setting out its presented to the relevant findings in detail at six monthly regulating authority. It intervals each year. collectively forms the largest single Aviation lobby organisation Non-jet Means any aircraft that is not a in NZ. NZAF is represented on all aircraft turbo-jet or a turbo-fan powered the sector reference groups and aircraft. For the avoidance of advisory panels within the Civil doubt turbo-prop aircraft are non- Aviation Authority. jet aircraft. See aviation federation website See Designation 1100, Conditions (1) p3 NZS 6805: NZ Standard 6805 “Airport Noise Northern The future runway that will be 1992 Management and Land Use Runway located to the north of the Planning.” was developed as a Airport’s existing terminal (RWY Standard to ensure people living facilities with an operational 05L/23R) close to an airport or aerodrome length of 2,983 metres once are properly protected from the constructed. effects of aircraft noise, while also NoR Notice of Requirement – As a recognising the need to be able to Requiring Authority under the operate an airport efficiently. Resource Management Act (RMA) The Standard uses a system in 1991, the AIAL proposed which a limit is set for the average alterations to the AUP daily amount of aircraft noise Designations 1100 and 1102 to exposure that is permitted in the provide for a longer and realigned vicinity of an airport. Northern Runway at Auckland Airport. That NoR was confirmed O on 18 November 2019, with the OCB Outer Control Boundary – Term altered designations becoming set out in the NZS 6805: 1992. For operative in the AUP. Auckland Airport that equates to NZ Airports Is the industry association for NZ's the boundary of the ANNA where Association airports and related businesses. It noise levels must not exceed Inc. is a not-for-profit organisation 55 dB Ldn. with members that operate across Operational Is the length of Runway available 41 airports. length and suitable for the ground run of See nzairports website an aircraft taking off, in accordance with the Civil Aviation NZALPA New Zealand Airline Pilots’ Advisory Circular 139-6 Revision 5 Association - is an industrial union dated 9 August 2016 called the of workers representing pilots and "Take-Off Run Available" or air traffic controllers employed in "TORA". NZ. See Designation 1100, Conditions (1) p3 See NZALPA website

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P PEI The "Person-Events Index" was developed by the Australian PBN Performance-based Navigation – Department of Transport and uses GPS technology so aircraft Regional Services, as a means of can follow flight paths to a far assessing an airport’s noise greater degree of accuracy. impact on a population.

PBN procedures allow curved The PEI allows the total noise load approach paths to runways and generated by an airport to be the ability for aircraft to be computed by summing, over the established on the extended exposed population, the total runway centreline much closer to number of instances where an the runway than is possible using individual is exposed to an aircraft a ground-based ILS. These shorter noise event above a specified approach paths result in fuel and noise level over a given time carbon emission savings and period. potentially fewer residents being over flown if they can be designed The index has deliberately been to overfly commercial or open expressed in a form which gives space areas. non-experts (eg decision-makers & community representatives) PBN also allows constant descent some feel for the magnitude of when aircraft are on final the noise load. approach to a runway, allowing aircraft to remain at higher The PEI and the related Average altitudes for longer and engines to Individual Exposure (AIE) metric run at lower power settings. PBN are useful for considering how technology almost eliminates the noise is shared around or traditional step-down approach, concentrated within a local where aircraft descend in steps population. separated by intervals of level See DOTARS (2000, Mar) Discussion Paper: flight and higher engine thrust Expanding Ways to Describe and Assess (see Figure below). Aircraft Noise, pp40-44

PBN was first used at Auckland Airport in 2012. A small number of PBN approach paths were implemented in Auckland in 2015 following a trial known as the ‘SMART Trial’ with a further PBN approach going live in 2019 after trials in 2016/17. Ongoing trials of new PBN approach paths occur from time to time.

Page 14 of 18 ANCCG Glossary of Terms: There may be errors, use your good judgement when using this resource-7 May 2020

R REPA Runway End Protection Areas – are areas in which, statistically, Radar A radio detection device which there is a risk of aircraft landing or provides information on range, takeoff incidents. It is desirable azimuth and/or elevation of that the risk from such a hazard objects. Current technologies be reduced by limiting the range include: of activities permitted in the • Primary surveillance radar (PSR) REPAs and the number of persons transmits a radio signal that is that can be exposed. AUP reflected back to the radar by Designation 1102 sets out aircraft. The range and bearing of requirements intended to restrict each aircraft detected is development within the REPA in presented to the air traffic order to control the number of controller. PSR cannot identify people on the ground at any one aircraft, and does not rely on location and time. aircraft systems. Residual Ambient noise remaining when • Secondary surveillance radar sound specific noise (such as aircraft (SSR) not only detects and noise) is suppressed. measures the range and bearing NZS 6805: 1992 definition - The of aircraft, but also requests total sound remaining at a given additional information from the position in a given situation when aircraft itself, such as its identity the specific sounds under and altitude. It relies on aircraft consideration are supressed or being equipped with a mode A/C are an insignificant part of the transponder. Transponders are total (ambient) sound. mandatory in New Zealand controlled airspace. RNAV Area Navigation is a method of See NSS website, Current Technologies (pronounced navigation that allows an aircraft “AR-NAV”) to choose any course within a How Radar works Source-New Southern Sky website network of ground-based navigation beacons, or GNSS aids, or a combination, rather than navigating directly to and from the beacons. This can reduce flight distances, reduce congestion, and allow flights into airports without ground-based navigation beacons.

RNP Required Navigation Performance - is a type of PBN that allows an aircraft to fly a specific path between two 3-dimensionally defined points in space. RNP requires on-board performance RCL Runway Centre Line monitoring and alerting so that the pilot is notified early of any reduced satellite coverage, and is therefore a more robust system.

Page 15 of 18 ANCCG Glossary of Terms: There may be errors, use your good judgement when using this resource-7 May 2020

RWY Runway. Means a defined RWY 05R Existing AIAL runway. When the rectangular area on a land wind direction switches to aerodrome prepared for the easterly, the runway direction landing and takeoff of aircraft. changes and aircraft use Runway 05R, where arriving aircraft land The existing AIAL runway located on the western end of the runway to the south of the Airport's overflying the Manukau Harbour, terminal facilities has an and departing aircraft take off to operational length of 3,635 the east overflying Papatoetoe. metres. Mode of operation in Easterly Wind Conditions – flights arrive See Designation 1100, Conditions (1) p.3 from South West and depart to North East The runway is orientated north- east to south-west. Aircraft must take off and land into the wind.

See 4.1 Operating procedures, in 2015- 2016 Yellow U23 SMART Approach Flight Path Trial, Final Report 2018, p.18

RWY 23L The existing AIAL runway’s mode of operation is called either See 4.1 Operating procedures, in 2015-2016 Yellow U23 “Runway 23L” or “Runway 05R”, SMART Approach Flight Path Trial, Final Report 2018, p.19 representing the abbreviated magnetic compass direction of the Runway All runways are numbered based runway. In Auckland, the naming on the magnetic azimuth prevailing wind is from the south (compass bearing) in which a west and under these conditions runway is oriented. There are 360 aircraft use Runway 23L, where degrees on a compass rose. departing aircraft take off towards Runway numbers are determined the west over the Manukau by rounding the compass bearing Harbour, and arriving aircraft land of one runway end to the nearest on the eastern end of the runway, 10 degrees and truncating the last overflying Papatoetoe. digit, meaning runways are numbered from 1 to 36. Mode of operation in Westerly Wind Conditions – flights arrive from North East and depart to South West A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each direction separately: e.g., "Runway 05" in one direction is "Runway 23" when used in the other. The two numbers differ by 18 (= 180°).

The "L" and "R" designate the relative position (left or right) of See 4.1 Operating procedures, in 2015-2016 Yellow U23 each runway respectively when SMART Approach Flight Path Trial, Final Report 2018, p.18 approaching/facing its direction.

SAR Search and Rescue.

SARPS Standards and Recommended Practices [ICAO].

Page 16 of 18 ANCCG Glossary of Terms: There may be errors, use your good judgement when using this resource-7 May 2020

SEL or LAE Sound Exposure Level - The sound SMART Smart Approach flight paths are level of one second duration Approach technically known as Required which has the same amount of Flight Paths Navigation Performance, which is energy as the actual noise event a type of PBN. measured. Usually used to SMART Approaches use satellite- measure the sound energy of a based navigation and enable particular event, such as a train aircraft to burn less fuel, emit less pass-by or an aircraft flyover. carbon dioxide and fly more SIDs and Routes that guide aircraft from quietly. They contribute to STARs and to runways are known as international aviation carbon Standard Instrument Departures dioxide-emission reduction (SIDs) and Standard Terminal proposals and are aligned with Arrival Routes (STARs). the New Zealand Government’s National Airspace and Air SIDs and STARs have specified Navigation Plan. procedures, including directional and height limits which pilots are Five SMART Approach flight paths required to observe when flying currently operate at Auckland out of and into a destination Airport, three from the north (Auckland), unless instructed (Green X23A, Blue X05A, Yellow otherwise by Airways. U23A) and two from the south (Red Y23, Black Y05). A flight While flight paths are often path trial is currently underway thought of and shown as a single from the south (Orange S23). lines on a map, it is usually not possible for all aircraft following a Blue X05A and Green X23A flight traditional flight path to fly paths can only be used 7.00am to precisely along the same line. In 10.00pm with a maximum of 10 practice individual flight paths flights per day on each of these tend to occur within flight paths. Yellow U23A can only be corridors that can be a number of used 7.00am to 10.00pm with a kilometres wide. The exception to maximum of six flights per day, this is when performance-based which may be increased to a navigation (PBN) paths (see maximum of 10 subject to certain SMART Approach Flight Paths) are conditions, including consultation used. There is considerable on the proposal with the ANCCG. variation in the flight paths Black Y05 and Red Y23 are aircraft fly day-to-day, for reasons available 24 hours per day including weather, airspace uncapped. congestion and activity at other See 9.1 Yellow U23A SMART Approach aerodromes (e.g. Ardmore and Decision, in 2015-2016 Yellow U23 SMART Whenuapai). Approach Flight Path Trial, Final Report 2018, p.58 See 4.2 Traditional flight paths, in 2015- 2016 Yellow U23 SMART Approach Flight See “Flying Smarter” on AIAL website Path Trial, Final Report 2018, p.19 including the explanatory video-Feb 2016

See “Auckland flight paths” on AIAL website including the explanatory video- Feb 2016

Page 17 of 18 ANCCG Glossary of Terms: There may be errors, use your good judgement when using this resource-7 May 2020

Surveillance Surveillance involves monitoring V the relative position of aircraft in flight so Air Traffic Control can VFR Visual Flight Rules. VFRs are ensure the right amount of established for aircraft that fly separation to prevent collisions. and navigate by visual references The transition to satellite-based outside the cockpit. VFR aircraft surveillance involves the use of usually fly in clear skies during the ADS-B technology. Other current day, not within clouds or in technologies include Radar (PSR adverse weather, and not and SSR) and Multilateration normally at night. (MLAT). Specific details for each airport’s See Surveillance on NSS website flight rules are published in New Zealand’s Aeronautical T Information Publication (AIP).

TAIC Transport Accident Investiation See 4.1 Operating Procedures, footnote 8, Commission is an independent in 2015-2016 Yellow U23 SMART Approach Flight Path Trial, Final Report 2018, p.18 Crown Entity responsible to the Minister of Transport. TAIC’s W principal purpose is to determine the circumstances and causes of WPT Waypoint - is a specified [selected aviation, marine, and geographical location (latitude/ rail] accidents and incidents with longitude coordinates, altitude a view to avoiding similar ignored) used to define an area occurrences in the future, rather navigation route or the flight path than to ascribe blame to any of an aircraft employing RNAV person. (area navigation).

See TAIC website and TAIC Act 1990, s4 GPS-based waypoints are given an identifier that typically consists of Taxiway A defined path on an aerodrome five characters - letters, digits, or for the taxiing of aircraft, a combination of both e.g. LOSGA, intended to provide a link ANKOT, VIBAG. between one part of the aerodrome and another. Auckland Airport has a number of standard routes (STARs and SIDs), TORA Take-off run available – see managed by air traffic control, Operational length. which aircraft can take when Turboprop An aircraft powered by thrust arriving and departing. Each aircraft from a propeller that is turned by standard route has waypoints, a gas turbine engine. Turboprop much like intersections in the sky, aircraft are commonly used for through which aircraft may pass. regional domestic services in NZ See “Auckland flight paths” on AIAL and include aircraft such as the website ATR-72 500/600, Dash 8- X Q300/400 and smaller aircraft such as Beech 1900D, Cessna Caravan, Britten Norman Islander. Y

U Z

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