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Lecture 2: Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 1/9 GEOPHYSIOLOGY: FROM PASTEUR AND HUTTON VIA VERNADSKY, REDFIELD TO LOVELOCK. 2) THE BIOSPHERE, CLIMATE STABILISATION, LOVELOCK AND DAISYWORLD A) HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF GLOBAL PHYSIOLOGY 1600 - Giordano Bruno – suggested extraterrestrial life Brought to the Campo de' Fiori, a central Roman market square, his tongue in a gag, hung upside-down naked and burned at the stake, on February 17, 1600. At his trial, he said: "Perhaps you, my judges, pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it. 1785 – James Hutton saw the earth as a self-regulating system. An abstract of Hutton's Theory was first read at meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 7 March 1785 and 4 April 1785. It was then published in Volume I of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1788. 1899 Swiss geologists Eduard Seuss introduces term Biosphere (Ger. Biosphäre) 1926 - Biosphere - Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) develops the concept: The biosphere is a stable, complex, adaptive, evolving life system with the potential of operating in the right conditions as the major geological force transforming a planet's crust and as the source of sufficient free energy to power the start-up of a technosphere Noosphere - Literally defined as "Sphere of Intelligence." Vernadsky defined "a new state of the biosphere termed noosphere in which mankind as a whole would become a new and a powerful geological entity able to transform the planet." The outcome is has not been as optimistic as Varnadsky’s idealistic prescriptions. 1934 – Redfield’s first paper addressing on the control of N and P in the oceans 1945 - Vernadsky’s article in American Scientist vol. 33; pp. 1-12 : The Biosphere and the Noosphere 1946 - George Bush born in New Haven, Connecticut 1958 – Redfield’s paper on the homeostatic control of N and P and the link to oxygen in the oceans 1972 – Gaia: the word invented by Lovelock, following a suggestion by William Golding, his neighbour and author of Lord of the Flies. Gaia Theory - a theory originated by James Hutton but popularised by Lovelock - views the Earth as a Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 2/9 physiological system that is, in a sense, alive, at least to the extent that the climate and chemical composition of the surface are self-regulated at a state favourable for life. 1974 - Formal statement of the Gaia Hypothesis and the control of the Atmosphere by Lovelock and Margulis 1983 - Daisyworld published by Watson and Lovelock 1998 - Vernadsky’s “Biosphere” translated into English B) INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE BIOSPHERE/LITHOSPHERE/NOOSPHERE C l i Biosphere Lithosphere m a t e Noosphere or Technosphere C l i m a t e Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 3/9 C) WARMING PLANET PUZZLE Temperature timecourses due to a warning Sun 40 40 20 20 Warming sun - greenhouse effect - end 0 0 15C Warming sun - greenhouse effect -start -20 -20 0C Life temperature Theperature (C) Theperature -40 -40 Warming sun - no -60 -60 greenhouse effect -4 -3 -2 -1 0 Time (109 years) 30 300 Warming sun - greenhouse 20 200 effect -start 0C Life temperature Carbon dioxide 10 100 0 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 30 300 UV y 20 200 Carbon dioxide Oxygen Ozone 10 100 Relative quantit 0 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 Time (109 years) Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 4/9 D) MECHANISMS FOR CO2 DRAWDOWN 1) Weathering 2+ - e.g. CaAl2Si2O8+ CO2 +3H2O = Ca + 2HCO3 + Al2Si2O5(OH)4 2) Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O = CH2O + O2 Both probably occur but the chemical reaction is far slower than the biological. Chemical weathering essentially transfers CO2 from the atmosphere to the oceans. The biological reaction puts O2 into the atmosphere which will generate ozone, which will cut down the UV reaching the surface. The combined effect of the photosynthetic reaction will be a cooling of the surface of the planet and a reduction in UV – both contributing to the improvement of the terrestrial system for colonisation. The deposition of organic C in the sediments give rise to oil (and later coal) deposits – which gave the basis for the industrial revolution in the mid-1700s CO2 O2 CO2 + H2OO2 + [CH2O] CO2 + H2O O2 + [CH2O] Microbial foodweb Microbial & metazoan [CH2O] foodweb Oil & Coal However, the biological system only works if there is accumulation of organic material – that is large faecal and similar particles are produced – i.e. the evolution of the metazoa. E) GAIA HYPOTHESIS (Lovelock J. E. and Margulis, L. 1974 Atmospheric homeotatsis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis. Tellus 26 1-9) In “GAIA, A New Look at Life on Earth”, published in 1979, Lovelock defines the Gaia Hypothesis: “This postulates that the physical and chemical condition of the surface of the Earth, of the atmosphere, and of the oceans has been and is actively made fit and comfortable by the presence of life itself. This is in contrast to the conventional wisdom which held that life adapted to the planetary conditions as it and they evolved their separate ways For some reason Redfield’s then existing work was not taken as an example of Gaia and the first example of a Gaian mechanism was the so called CLAW DMS hypothesis for cloud formation put forward by Charlston et al in 1987 (Nature 1987 326 655-661) Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 5/9 E) DAISYWORLD (Watson, A. J and Lovelock, J E. 1983, Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld. Tellus 35B 284-289) This came out of a need to put some substance to the Gaia hypothesis. The model considers the temperature on flat planet heated by a warming sun. The surface of the planet is grey and it’s albedo is 0.5, i.e. it reflects 50% of incident radiation. The heating of the planet is followed over in increase in solar luminosity form 0.6 to 1.8, which results in a temperature rise from -5 to 70ºC The growth of all three types of daisies have a identical temperature response, that cardinal points are growth begins at 5ºC, ceases at 40ºC, the optimum growth temperature (22.5ºC) is placed symmetrically between the two, see figure Grey daisies White daisies Black daisies The Temperature Consequence of the Varying Albedos of the Daisies It is populated with black and/or white daisies which have albedos of 0.25 and 0.75 respectively. The former, as they absorb more heat, warm the local environment, the latter cool it, relative to the non-occupied areas. The planet has also been populated by grey daisies which have the same albebo and the planet’s surface and although they grow they do not have any effect on the albedo of the course of the temperature rise The growth of the daisies themselves is affected by temperature (see below)and this provides feeback Temperature/growth Response of the Daisies 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 Relative growthrate 0 Optimumtemperature = 22.5C 0 1020304050 Temperature Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 6/9 Barren Planet or Planet Populated by Grey Daisies 40 20 % Covered Planet 0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity 70 50 30 10 Local Temperature -100.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity Planet populated by Black Daisies 40 20 % Covered Planet 0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity 70 -ve feedback 50 30 10 Local Temperature +ve feedback -100.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 7/9 White Daisies 40 20 % Covered Planet 0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Population collapses Solar Luminosity 70 50 -ve feedback 30 10 Local Temperature -100.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity Mixed Black & White Daisies 40 20 Covered% Planet 0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity Population collapses 70 -ve feedback 50 30 10 +v feedback Local Temperature -100.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 8/9 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Local Temperature Local Local Temperature 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 -100.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity Solar Luminosity 70 70 50 50 30 30 10 10 Local Temperature Local Temperature -100.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 -100.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Solar Luminosity Solar Luminosity Agouron_PW_Lecture_2 9/9 Evolutionary & Gaia Lenton T. M. (1998) Gaia and natural selection. Nature 394 439-447 Lovelock proposed that Gaia behaved as a single organism and had evolved to control the planetary environment to its “comfort”. This was a complete anathema to the Darwinists (particularly the Oxford evolutionist Richard Dawkins, so-called “Darwin’s rottweiler”), whose bedrock philosophy lies in evolution by competition, in their view without competition there can be no evolution. Evolution cannot occur if there is only one organism. This started off a long, and in the Darwinists’ view, uncompleted debate. .
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