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Proquest Dissertations Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-57464-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-57464-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE SEA CUCUMBER CUCUMARIA FRONDOSA FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHERY IN THE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR REGION By © Justin J0 So A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Ocean Sciences Centre and Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's (Newfoundland and Labrador) Canada 25 August 2009 ABSTRACT The biological traits of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa relevant from both ecological and resource management perspectives were investigated; including distribution, growth and predation on juveniles and adults, and population genetics. Natural densities were mainly dependent on substrate type and location. Spawning occurred from March to May in response to increasing phytoplankton abundance and larvae settled in ca. 5 weeks. Growth of juveniles and adults was slow (indicating ca. 25 years to reach market size) with seasonal patterns correlated with food supply. Juveniles of S. endeca fed upon post-metamorphic sea cucumbers, whereas adult feeding rates were modulated by temperature and biased towards small and injured sea cucumbers, suggesting that trawling may exacerbate predation pressure. Population genetic parameters are consistent with persistence in refugia through the last glacial maximum and local genetic patchiness is likely due to variations in recruitment. A precautionary management approach is advisable to ensure the sustainability of the fishery. n ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people I need to thank for my M.Sc. This project was truly a collaboration in every sense of the word and I would not have been able to do this without the help of all the people involved from government, industry and academia. I am grateful to my supervisor Annie Mercier and to Jean-Francois Hamel for their thoughts, support and guidance. Their curiosity and enthusiasm will always have a lasting impact on me and I was lucky to have such great people to work with. Thanks to Sven Uthicke at the Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS), who with great patience half a world away, guided me through population genetics. I also appreciated the comments and input of my committee members, Ian Fleming and Don Deibel and my examiners Bruce MacDonald and Dawn Marshall. From the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DFA), Lew Barrett provided me with unwavering support and insight into the fishery. His drive and passion to see a sustainable, economically viable sea cucumber fishery were a constant inspiration for this project. Thanks to, Don Stansbury and Elaine Hynick from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) who provided me with invaluable data on the fishery. Information and data on the habitat utilization study provided by Paul Winger and Chris Keats (Marine Institute) was much appreciated. This project could not have succeeded without help from people all across the North Atlantic. The following personnel from DFO, DFA and the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) assisted me greatly in sample collection in Canadian waters; Tim Siferd, Martin Curtis, Guy Parsons, Shawn Melindy, Pat Mackey, Tyson Russell, Joe in Drew, Vonda Wareham, Rabindra Singh, Bill Dennis, Darrell O'Brien, Sherrylynn Rowe, Bill MacEachern, and Juliette Francis. The following processors and local harvesters aided me in sample collection in Canada; Reginald Russell, Wayne Russell, Ed Russell, Baxter Hedderson, Wayne Minor, Danny Loveless, Chester Davis, Brian Sullivan, Stanley Lahey, Jules LeBlanc, Bruce Stewart, L. Arragutainaq, Bert Lambert, Todd Saunders, Derrick Kearly, Harvey Richardson, Elmina Richardson, Roger Foulem, Joey Angnatok, Martin Guay, Boyd Oram, Hollis Fowler and in Iceland; Kari Olafsson. The following colleagues and researchers helped with collections in Canada; Philip Sargent, Bob O'Donnell, Renee Boland, Will Coffey, in the United States; Scott Feindel, James Berke, in Norway; Christoffer Schander, Halldis Ringvold, Trond Jorgensen, and in Russia; Elena Gudimova, Peter Zolotarev. Special thanks to my colleague Zhao Sun for her help and advice over the last two years and to all the students in the Mercier lab; Gina Doyle, Chris Negrijn, Nikita Laite and Meghan Goobie who put up with me and helped me with my sampling and data collection. Sincere thanks as well to Matt Rise and Jules Dore for use of their laboratories and equipment. The following people also graciously assisted me in some way or another throughout my M.Sc: Lana Combdon, Daryl Jones, Connie Short, Pascal Kriwy, Scott Grant, Nicholas Duprey and the staff and collegues of the Ocean Sciences Centre (OSC) and Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS). Finally, thanks to my family and friends for their support throughout my graduate studies. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS xi LIST OF APPENDICES xiii CO-AUTHORSHIP STATEMENT xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1-1 1.1 Sea cucumber fisheries 1-2 1.2 Overview of the biology of Cucumaria frondosa 1-3 1.3 Emerging Cucumaria frondosa fishery 1-8 1.4 Background information for the present study 1-10 1.5 Objectives of research 1-13 1.6 References 1-15 1.7 Figures 1-25 CHAPTER 2: ABUNDANCE, GROWTH AND PREDATION PRESSURE IN JUVENILES AND ADULTS OF CUCUMARIA FRONDOSA (ECHINODERMATA: HOLOTHUROIDEA): KEY FACTORS IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT 2-1 2.1 Abstract 2-2 2.2 Introduction 2-3 2.3 Materials and Methods 2-9 2.4 Results 2-19 2.5 Discussion 2-28 2.6 Acknowledgements 2-47 2.7 References 2-49 2.8 Tables 2-65 2.9 Figures 2-70 CHAPTER 3: TRANS-ATLANTIC GLACIAL PERSISTENCE: RECONCILING PATTERNS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AND LIFE HISTORY TRAITS IN CUCUMARIA FRONDOSA (ECHINODERMATA: HOLOTHUROIDEA) 3-1 v 3.1 Abstract 3-2 3.2 Introduction 3-3 3.3 Materials and Methods 3-7 3.4 Results 3-12 3.5 Discussion 3-14 3.6 Acknowledgements 3-24 3.7 References 3-26 3.8 Tables 3-39 3.9 Figures 3-44 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY 4-1 4.1 Biology and ecology of Cucumariafrondos a 4-2 4.2 Implications for the fishery 4-6 4.3 Future research 4-7 4.4 References 4-11 4.5 Tables.................................................................................. ..4-16 APPENDICES I V vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Mean measurements of whole specimens of Cucumaria frondosa from various substrates on the St. Pierre Bank. The number of specimens in each set is indicated (n) and standard deviation is noted in brackets. See text for description of measures and substrate 2-65 Table 2-2: Description of main substrate types on the St. Pierre Bank, Newfoundland and Labrador 2-66 Table 2-3: Initial size classes used for the growth study of Cucumaria frondosa in the laboratory. Food supplemented classes are noted with an "F". IW represents immersed weight; WW represents wet weight; CL represents contracted length and CW represents contracted width 2-67 Table 2-4: Development of Cucumaria frondosa in the laboratory. A new stage was established when ca. 50 % of embryos reached it. Larvae were reared under ambient photoperiod and temperature (-1 to 0 °C) 2-68 Table 2-5: One way AN OVA of immersed weight between replicates of Cucumaria frondosa in size Classes 4-8. See Table 2-2 for size class details 2-69 Table 3-1: Diversity measures for populations of Cucumaria frondosa using 618 bp of COL The number of samples per site (N), unique haplotypes (H) and polymorphic sites (PS) are listed as well as Fu's Fs neutrality value. Standard deviation is noted in brackets and significant values are shown in bold 3-39 Table 3-2: Effective migration rates of populations of Cucumaria frondosa between three regions in the North Atlantic calculated with MIGRATE (Beerli 2008). Upper and lower 95 % profile confidence limits are noted in brackets 3-40 Table 3-3: Pairwise FST values of Cucumaria frondosa across the North Atlantic calculated with 16002 permutations of haplotypes.
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