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Nuclear Power Plants 78 ARE YOU READY? ARE YOU READY? 79 tion exposure. The second zone covers a broader area, usually up to a 50-mile Nuclear Power radius from the plant, where radioactive materials could contaminate water sup- Plants plies, food crops and livestock. Understanding radiation Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are unstable. An unstable atom gives off its excess energy until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is radiation. Each of us is exposed to radiation daily from natural sources, including the sun and earth. Small traces of radiation are present in food and water. Radiation also is released from man-made sources such as x-ray machines, television sets and mi- crowave ovens. Nuclear power plants use the heat generated from nuclear fission in a contained environment to convert water to steam, which powers generators to pro- duce electricity. uclear power plants operate in Radiation has a cumulative effect. The most states in the country and longer a person is exposed to radiation, produce about 20 percent of the N the greater the risk. A high exposure to nation’s power. Nearly three million Amer- radiation can cause serious illness or icans live within 10 miles of an operating death. The potential danger from an acci- nuclear power plant. dent at a nuclear power plant is exposure Although the construction and operation to radiation. This exposure could come of these facilities are closely monitored and from the release of radioactive mate- regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Com- rial from the plant into the environment, mission (NRC), accidents at these plants usually characterized by a plume (cloud- are possible. An accident could result in like) formation of radioactive gases and dangerous levels of radiation that could particles. The area the radioactive release affect the health and safety of the public may affect is determined by the amount living near the nuclear power plant. released from the plant, wind direction and speed, and weather conditions. The Local and state governments, federal major hazards to people in the vicinity of agencies and the electric utilities have the plume are radiation exposure to the emergency response plans in the event of body from the cloud and particles depos- a nuclear power plant incident. The plans ited on the ground, inhalation of radioac- define two “emergency planning zones.” tive materials, and ingestion of radioactive One covers an area within a ten-mile ra- materials. dius of the plant where it is possible that people could be harmed by direct radia- If an accident at a nuclear power plant were to release radiation in your area, FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY 80 ARE YOU READY? ARE YOU READY? 81 local authorities would activate warning will be told right away. No action sirens or another approved alerting meth- on your part will be necessary. od. They would also instruct you through • Alert—A small problem has oc- the Emergency Alert System (EAS) on local curred, and small amounts of ra- television and radio stations on how to diation could leak inside the plant. protect yourself. This will not affect you. You should The three ways to minimize radiation ex- not have to do anything. posure are: distance, shielding and time: • Site Area Emergency—A more • Distance. The more distance between serious problem. Small amounts of you and the source of the radiation the radiation could leak from the plant. better. In a serious nuclear power plant If necessary, state and county offi- accident, local authorities will call for cials will act to assure public safety. an evacuation to increase Area sirens may be sounded. Listen the distance between you to your radio or television for and the radiation. safety information. • Shielding. Like distance, The three ways • General Emergency—The the more heavy, dense to minimize most serious problem. Radia- material between you and radiation tion could leak outside the the source of the radiation plant and off the plant site. exposure The sirens will sound. Tune the better. This is why are distance, local authorities could ad- to your local radio or television vise you to remain indoors shielding and station for reports. State and if an accident occurs at time. county officials will act to a nearby nuclear power protect the public. Be pre- plant. In some cases, the pared to follow instructions walls in your home would promptly. be sufficient shielding to 2. Learn your community’s protect you. warning system. Nuclear power plants • Time. Most radioactivity loses its are required to install sirens and other strength fairly quickly. In a nuclear warning systems (flash warning lights) power plant accident, local authorities to cover a ten-mile area around the will monitor any release of radiation plant. and determine when the threat has • Find out when the warning systems passed. will be tested next. • When tested in your area, determine What to do before a nuclear power whether you can hear and/or see sirens and flash warning lights from plant emergency your home. 1. Know the terms used 3. Obtain public emergency information to describe a nuclear emergency: materials from the power company • Notification of Unusual Event—A that operates your local nuclear power small problem has occurred at the plant or your local emergency services plant. No radiation leak is expected. office. If you live within 10 miles of the Federal, state and county officials power plant, you should receive these FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY 80 ARE YOU READY? ARE YOU READY? 81 materials yearly from the power com- • Review the public information mate- pany or your state or local government. rials you received from the power company or government officials. 4. Learn the emergency plans for schools, day care centers, nursing homes and 3. Evacuate if you are advised to do so. other places where members of your • Close and lock doors and windows. household frequent. Learn where people would go in case of evacuation. • Keep car windows and vents closed; Stay tuned to your local radio and tele- use re-circulating air. vision stations. • Listen to radio for evacuation routes and other instructions. 5. Be prepared to evacuate. • See the “Evacuation” chapter for • Prepare an emergency evacuation important details. supply kit (see the “Emergency Plan- ning and Disaster Sup- 4. If you are not advised to plies” chapter). evacuate, remain indoors. Learn your • Consider your trans- • Close doors and windows. portation options. If community’s warning system • Turn off the air conditioner, you do not own or drive ventilation fans, furnace and and the emergency a car, ask your local other air intakes. emergency manager plans for schools, about plans for people day care centers, • Go to a basement or other underground area if possible. without private ve- nursing homes hicles. (See the “Evac- and other places • Keep a battery-powered uation” chapter for your household radio with you at all times. important details.) frequents. 5. Shelter livestock and give them stored feed, if time What to do during a permits. nuclear power plant emergency 6. Do not use the telephone unless abso- lutely necessary. Lines will be needed 1. Listen to the warning. Not all incidents for emergency calls. result in the release of radiation. The incident could be contained inside the 7. If you suspect exposure, take a thor- plant and pose no danger to the public. ough shower. 2. Stay tuned to local radio or television. • Change clothes and shoes. Local authorities will provide specific • Put exposed clothing in a plastic information and instructions. bag. • The advice given will depend on • Seal the bag and place it out of the the nature of the emergency, how way. quickly it is evolving and how much 8. Put food in covered containers or in radiation, if any, is likely to be re- the refrigerator. Food not previously leased. covered should be washed before being • Local instructions should take pre- put in containers. cedence over any advice given in this handbook. FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY 82 ARE YOU READY? ARE YOU READY? 83 What to do after a nuclear power plant emergency 1. If told to evacuate, do not return home until local authorities say it is safe. 2. If you were advised to stay in your home, do not go outside until local authorities indicate it is safe. 3. Seek medical treatment for any unusu- al symptoms, like nausea, that may be related to radiation exposure. 4. See the “Shelter” and “Recovering from Disaster” chapters for more information. FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY.
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