DOCSLIB.ORG

Native Useful Plants of Chile: a Review and Use Patterns

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Native Useful Plants of Chile: a Review and Use Patterns Native Useful Plants of Chile: A Review and Use Patterns ,1 ,2 3 JAVIERA DÍAZ-FORESTIER* ,PEDRO LEÓN-LOBOS* ,ALICIA MARTICORENA , 4 5 JUAN L. CELIS-DIEZ , AND PETER GIOVANNINI 1Centro Regional de Innovación Hortofrutícola de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile 2Programa de Recursos Genéticos, Centro Regional de Investigación La Platina, INIA, Av. Santa Rosa 11.610, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile 3Herbario CONC, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile 4Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Escuela de Agronomía, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile 5Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] Native Useful Plants of Chile: A Review and Use Patterns. We compiled an inventory of the uses of the native flora of Chile by extracting uses cited in the literature until 2015. The inventory reported use citations for a total of 995 species of useful vascular plants (23% of Chile’sflora). These data were used to test the hypothesis that some plant families are overrepresented (overused) for some use categories. We used two statistical approaches: a Bayesian and an imprecise Dirichlet model (IDM). Families with a higher number of useful species are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae. However, according to both the Bayesian and IDM ap- proaches, the Grossulariaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, Nothofagaceae, Salicaceae, Rosaceae, and Bromeliaceae are overrepresented. We found 501 species with medicinal uses, 228 with edible uses, 341 used for animal fodder, 300 considered ornamental, 102 used as dyes, 89 for ritual purposes, 75 for timber, and 51 species as a source of fiber. Over 43% of the useful species are endemic to Chile, and 4.7% are threatened. Our results indicate that the plant families of Chile with greater species richness are more likely to have a higher number of useful plants. However, some families tend to be overrepresented and others underrepresented within the different use categories, suggesting a non-random taxonomic distribution pattern of flora use. Plantas nativas utilizadas en Chile: revisión y patrones de uso. En este trabajo se realizó una recopilación bibliográfica de los usos de la flora nativa de Chile publicados en la literatura hasta el año 2015. La revisión arrojó referencias de usos para 995 especies vasculares nativas (23% de la flora de Chile). Con esta información se puso a prueba la hipótesis que ciertas familias están sobre representadas en ciertas categorías de usos. Para ello se utilizó estadística Bayesiana y un modelo de distribución impreciso de Dirichlet (IDM por su sigla en ingles). Como resultado las familias taxonómicas con mayor cantidad de especies utilizadas son Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae y Solanaceae. Sin embargo, de acuerdo al análisis Bayesiano e IDM, especies pertenecientes a las familias Grossulariaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, Nothofagaceae, Salicaceae, Rosaceae, y 1 Received 15 May 2018; accepted 19 February 2019; published online ___________ Javiera Díaz-Forestier, Pedro León-Lobos, Juan L. Celis- Diez, and Peter Giovannini contributed equally to this work.. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-019- 09447-2) contains supplementary material, which is avail- able to authorized users. Economic Botany, XX(X), 2019, pp. 1–15 © 2019, by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A. ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL Bromeliaceae estarían sobre representadas en distintas categorías de uso. En total se registraron 501 especies con uso medicinal, 228 con uso comestible, 341 utilizadas como forraje para animales, 300 utilizadas como ornamentales, 102 con uso tintóreo, 89 utilizadas con fines rituales, 75 utilizadas como fuente de madera, y 51 como fuente de fibra. Más del 43% de las especies útiles son endémicas de Chile y el 4,7% se encuentra bajo alguna categoría de amenaza. Los resultados indican que las familias botánicas con mayor número de especies tienen un mayor numero de especies útiles. Sin embargo, algunas familias están sobre representadas y otras sub representadas dentro de las distintas categorías de uso, sugiriendo un patrón de distribución no aleatorio de los usos de la flora de Chile. Key Words: Useful plants, ethnobotany, traditional knowledge, South America, Chile. Introduction and Villagrán 1991; Villagrán et al. 1983), and some communities in Patagonia (Martínez The flora of Chile includes over 4500 taxa Crovetto 1968 , 1982; Massardo and Rozzi 2006). (Marticorena 1990; Rodríguez et al. 2018; Zuloaga Since the 1960s, some of the traditional knowl- et al. 2008), is highly endemic (ca. 50%) (Cowling edge associated with native plants began to be et al. 1996; Marticorena 1990), and is increasingly assessed through bioassays that characterized the under threat (Olson and Dinerstein 1998). metabolites and molecules responsible for their uses Chilean people have a long history of using native (see Arnason et al. 1995; Echeverría and Niemeyer plants, and many indigenous groups still continue 2012;Niemeyer1995). As a result, several com- to use these plants for their subsistence (Barreau pounds have been identified with potential use for et al. 2016; De Mösbach 1992; Smith-Ramirez the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, agricultural, 1996; Villagrán and Castro 2004), generating a and environmental industries (CORFO 2007). large body of local plant knowledge. In this work, While information about the botanical resources of Buseful plant^ is defined as a plant used by people, Chile and their traditional and current use may be according to Hill (1937). documented in some areas, it is vastly dispersed and The first Spanish exploratory voyages in southern inadequately synthesized. Many publications have been South America recorded valuable information on the limited to a few indigenous groups or localities, to use of native plants by indigenous people, prior to specific use categories, and by the heterogeneous meth- Chile’s Spanish colonization (e.g., Bivar in the 16th odological approaches of diverse research fields (e.g., century; Ovalle and Rosales in the 17th century) botany, biology, anthropology, chemical, and conserva- (Marticorena and Rodríguez 1995). Since 1753, bo- tion biology, among others). Furthermore, some publi- tanical explorations began to provide descriptions cations, such as unpublished theses, dissertations, gov- and records of the flora of Chile that gradually ernment agency documents, and technical reports, are enriched the available information on uses and ap- not widely accessible. Hence, the scattered data prevent plications (e.g., Molina, Gay, and Phillippi and a proper understanding of thecurrentstateofknowl- Reiche in the 19th century, among others) edge of Chile’s flora, limiting both the analysis of plant (Marticorena and Rodríguez 1995). Anthropologi- use patterns and comparative analyses with other floras. cal and ethnobotanical studies in Chile, initiated Since 2007, the Plant Genetic Resources Pro- at the end of the 20th century, compiled valuable gram of Chile (by the Instituto de Investigaciones and detailed information about the uses of native Agropecuarias (INIA)) has been developing a data- plants by local communities. These ethnobotan- base of all native useful plant species, with the aim of ical studies focused particularly on indigenous compiling the state of current knowledge of uses to communities in the north of Chile (Aldunate first allow information access and collaboration et al. 1981, 1983;Cárdenas1998;Castroetal. among researchers, planners, policy makers, and 1982; Munizaga and Gunkel 1958; Plath 1968; indigenous populations (Ningthoujam et al. Serracino et al. 1974; Villagrán et al. 1998a, b, 2012). It will also support the protection of indig- 1999, 2003; Villagrán and Castro 1999, 2004), enous knowledge against erroneous IP claims the Mapuches from Southern Chile (Bragg et al. (Gaudillière 2014) and help prioritize the collection 1986;DeMosbach1992;Gumucio1999;Gusinde of seeds. Last, it will contribute towards informed 1936), local communities on the islands of the decision-making for a sustainable use of endangered Chiloé Archipelago (Chaer and Jerez 1999;Meza species (Moerman et al. 1999; Smith et al. 2000). 2019] DÍAZ–FORESTIER ET AL.: NATIVE USEFUL PLANTS OF CHILE Additionally, an analysis of the useful plants at families had the same likelihood of having useful the national level can also improve our understand- plant species. ing of large-scale patterns, i.e., discerning which plant families have a higher richness of useful species and which are overrepresented in proportion to Materials and Methods their number of total species (useful and non-use- ful). These findings can provide information on the ASSESSMENT OF CHILE’S FLORA AS A BASELINE FOR selection of useful plants made by humans across THIS STUDY different cultures and regions (Moerman et al. 1999), guide bioprospecting efforts towards the The total flora of Chile, its origin, endemism, groups of species that are more likely to yield new and the nomenclature of its taxa were based and drugs or functional foods (Zhu et al. 2011), and assessed on the catalogue of the flora of Chile by contribute to the understanding of traditional Rodríguez et al. (2018), with a total list of 4262 knowledge itself (Saslis-Lagoudakis et al. 2012). species (excluding subspecies or varieties) belonging Diverse studies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bioclimatic and Phytosociological Diagnosis of the Species of the Nothofagus Genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America
    International Journal of Geobotanical Research, Vol. nº 1, December 2011, pp. 1-20 Bioclimatic and phytosociological diagnosis of the species of the Nothofagus genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America Javier AMIGO(1) & Manuel A. RODRÍGUEZ-GUITIÁN(2) (1) Laboratorio de Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC). E-15782 Santiago de Com- postela (Galicia, España). Phone: 34-881 814977. E-mail: [email protected] (2) Departamento de Producción Vexetal. Escola Politécnica Superior de Lugo-USC. 27002-Lugo (Galicia, España). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Nothofagus genus comprises 10 species recorded in the South American subcontinent. All are important tree species in the ex- tratropical, Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forests of Chile and Argentina. This paper presents a summary of data on the phyto- coenotical behaviour of these species and relates the plant communities to the measurable or inferable thermoclimatic and ombrocli- matic conditions which affect them. Our aim is to update the phytosociological knowledge of the South American temperate forests and to assess their suitability as climatic bioindicators by analysing the behaviour of those species belonging to their most represen- tative genus. Keywords: Argentina, boreal forests, Chile, mediterranean forests, temperate forests. Introduction tually give rise to a temperate territory with rainfall rates as high as those of regions with a Tropical pluvial bio- The South American subcontinent is usually associa- climate; iii. finally, towards the apex of the American ted with a tropical environment because this is in fact the Southern Cone, this temperate territory progressively dominant bioclimatic profile from Panamá to the north of gives way to a strip of land with a Boreal bioclimate.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile: a Journey to the End of the World in Search of Temperate Rainforest Giants
    Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Chile: A Journey to the end of the world in search of Temperate Rainforest Giants Valdivian Rainforest at Alerce Andino Author May 2017 1 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Contents 1. Title Page 2. Contents 3. Table of Figures/Introduction 4. Introduction Continued 5. Introduction Continued 6. Aims 7. Aims Continued / Itinerary 8. Itinerary Continued / Objective / the Santiago Metropolitan Park 9. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 10. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 11. Jardín Botánico Chagual / Jardin Botanico Nacional, Viña del Mar 12. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 13. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 14. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued / La Campana National Park 15. La Campana National Park Continued / Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 16. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 17. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 18. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued / Volcano Osorno 19. Volcano Osorno Continued / Vicente Perez Rosales National Park 20. Vicente Perez Rosales National Park Continued / Alerce Andino National Park 21. Alerce Andino National Park Continued 22. Francisco Coloane Marine Park 23. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued 24. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued / Outcomes 25. Expenditure / Thank you 2 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Figures Figure 1.) Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Alerce Andino [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 2. Map of National parks of Chile Figure 3. Map of Chile Figure 4. Santiago Metropolitan Park [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Bosque Pehuén Park's Flora: a Contribution to the Knowledge of the Andean Montane Forests in the Araucanía Region, Chile Author(S): Daniela Mellado-Mansilla, Iván A
    Bosque Pehuén Park's Flora: A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Andean Montane Forests in the Araucanía Region, Chile Author(s): Daniela Mellado-Mansilla, Iván A. Díaz, Javier Godoy-Güinao, Gabriel Ortega-Solís and Ricardo Moreno-Gonzalez Source: Natural Areas Journal, 38(4):298-311. Published By: Natural Areas Association https://doi.org/10.3375/043.038.0410 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3375/043.038.0410 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E ABSTRACT: In Chile, most protected areas are located in the southern Andes, in mountainous land- scapes at mid or high altitudes. Despite the increasing proportion of protected areas, few have detailed inventories of their biodiversity. This information is essential to define threats and develop long-term • integrated conservation programs to face the effects of global change.
    [Show full text]
  • Shoot Development and Dieback in Progenies of Nothofagus Obliqua Javier G
    Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua Javier G. Puntieri, Javier E. Grosfeld, Marina Stecconi, Cecilia Brion, María Marta Azpilicueta, Leonardo Gallo, Daniel Barthélémy To cite this version: Javier G. Puntieri, Javier E. Grosfeld, Marina Stecconi, Cecilia Brion, María Marta Azpilicueta, et al.. Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2007, 64 (8), pp.839-844. 10.1051/forest:2007068. hal-00259241 HAL Id: hal-00259241 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259241 Submitted on 30 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Ann. For. Sci. 64 (2007) 839–844 Available online at: c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2007 www.afs-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007068 Original article Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua Javier Puntieria,b*,JavierGrosfelda,b,MarinaStecconib, Cecilia Briona, María Marta Azpilicuetac, Leonardo Galloc,DanielBarthel´ emy´ d a Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina c Laboratorio de Genética Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Bariloche, Argentina d INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche CIRAD-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Université Montpellier 2, “ botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes ” (AMAP), UMR T51 (CIRAD), UMR 5120 (CNRS), UMR 931 (INRA), M123 (IRD), UM27 (UMII) TA A-51/PS2, Blvd.
    [Show full text]
  • Commonality and Variability in the Structural Attributes of Moist Temperate Old-Growth Forests: a Global Review ⇑ Sabina Burrascano A, William S
    Forest Ecology and Management 291 (2013) 458–479 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Review Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: A global review ⇑ Sabina Burrascano a, William S. Keeton b, Francesco M. Sabatini a, , Carlo Blasi a a Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy b Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA article info abstract Article history: Temperate forests have been fundamentally altered by land use and other stressors globally; these have Received 3 August 2012 reduced the abundance of primary and old-growth forests in particular. Despite many regional studies, Received in revised form 15 October 2012 the literature lacks a global synthesis of temperate old-growth structural characteristics. In this study Accepted 18 November 2012 we compare literature derived data on mature and old-growth moist temperate forests with the aim of: (i) exploring global commonalities; (ii) investigating sources of variability among systems; and (iii) highlighting data gaps and research needs. We compiled a dataset of 147 records from 93 papers, and Keywords: analyzed a set of structural indicators: basal area, stem density, large living trees, live aboveground bio- Literature search mass, quadratic mean diameter, and coarse woody debris volume. These indicators were contrasted Forest dynamics Sustainable forest management between mature and old-growth age classes at a global level and across continents and broad forest Carbon sequestration types, testing for significance through Monte-Carlo permutation procedure. We also related structural Biodiversity indicators to age, climatic and geographical descriptors.
    [Show full text]
  • Parklane Elementary Global Forest Tree Walk
    Parklane Elementary Global Forest Tree Walk LEARNING LANDSCAPES Parklane Elementary Global Forest Tree Walk 2015 Learning Landscapes Site data collected in Summer 2014. Written by: Kat Davidson, Karl Dawson, Angie DiSalvo, Jim Gersbach and Jeremy Grotbo Portland Parks & Recreation Urban Forestry 503-823-TREE [email protected] http://portlandoregon.gov/parks/learninglandscapes Cover photos (from top left to bottom right): 1) Cones and foliage of a monkey puzzle tree. 2) The fall color of a Nothofagus alpina. 3) Cupressus dupreziana in its native range. 4) Students plant and water a young tree. 5) The infl orescence of a Muskogee crape myrtle. 6) Closeup of budding fl owers on a sycoparrotia twig. 7) The brightly-colored fruit of the igiri tree. 8) The fl ower of a Xanthoceras sorbifolium. ver. 1/30/2015 Portland Parks & Recreation 1120 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 1302 Portland, Oregon 97204 (503) 823-PLAY Commissioner Amanda Fritz www.PortlandParks.org Director Mike Abbaté The Learning Landscapes Program Parklane Elementary School The fi rst planting at the Parklane Elementary Global Forest Learning Landscape was in 1999, and since then, the collection has grown to nearly 80 trees. This tree walk identifi es trees planted as part of the Learning Landscape as well as other interesting specimens at the school. What is a Learning Landscape? A Learning Landscape is a collection of trees planted and cared for at a school by students, volunteers, and Portland Parks & Recreation (PP&R) Urban Forestry staff. Learning Landscapes offer an outdoor educational experience for students, as well as environmental and aesthetic benefi ts to the school and surrounding neighborhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphoanatomy of Nothofagus Alessandrii Seeds and Its Use in the Variability of Populations
    Gayana Bot. 70(1): 101-109, 2013 ISSN 0016-5301 Morphoanatomy of Nothofagus alessandrii seeds and its use in the variability of populations Morfoanatomía de semillas de Nothofagus alessandrii y su uso en la variabilidad de poblaciones RAFAEL Mª NAVARRO-CERRILLO1*, RÓMULO SANTELICES2**, ALBERTO RUIZ RODRÍGUEZ1, ANGEL CABELLO LECHUGA3 1Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales s/n, 14071 Córdoba, España. 2Departamento de Ciencias Forestales y Centro Tecnológico del Secano, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile. 3Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile. *[email protected]; *[email protected]. ABSTRACT Nothofagus alessandrii is an endangered species that is endemic to the Mediterranean area of Chile. There is no information on the anatomical structure of its seeds and there are few studies on the morphometric and germination differences between its populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the morpho-anatomical structure of seeds of N. alessandrii in order to compare the morphology and germination four geographically distinct populations. This was done by selecting seeds of four different origins covering the entire latitudinal distribution of the species and measuring their size, shape, dry weight and germination in order to perform a comparative analysis. Results showed that the anatomical structure of N. alessandrii seeds is similar to that of other species of the Fagaceae family such as Fagus sylvatica. No differences were found between seeds from the four different origins in morphological characteristics or germinative power.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequestrate Fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus Forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota)
    Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Trierveiler-Pereira, L., Smith, M. E., Trappe, J. M., & Nouhra, E. R. (2015). Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Mycologia, 107(1), 90-103. doi:10.3852/13-302 10.3852/13-302 Allen Press Inc. Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Mycologia, 107(1), 2015, pp. 90–103. DOI: 10.3852/13-302 # 2015 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira1 Ectomycorrhizal, hypogeous fungi in the Basidio- PPGBOT, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal mycota and Ascomycota are important components of do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 91501-970 the forest soil environment. Not only do they function Matthew E. Smith as nutrient absorbing organisms for their tree hosts, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, these fungi also improve soil conditions (Perry et al. Gainesville, Florida 32611 1989) and interact with a variety of forest organisms (Trappe and Luoma 1992). In particular, they are an James M. Trappe important food source for animals in ectomycorrhizal Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon forests (Maser et al. 1978, Claridge et al. 2002, Vernes State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 et al. 2004, Claridge and Trappe 2005, Trappe et al. Eduardo R. Nouhra 2006, Vernes 2010, Katarzˇyte˙ and Kutorga 2011, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal Schickmann et al. 2012), including those of Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, (Perez Calvo et al. 1989, Nouhra et al. 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Nothofagus Obliqua) (Mirb) Oerst
    Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 63: 49-60, 1990 Hibridación natural entre roble (Nothofagus obliqua) (Mirb) Oerst. y raulí (N. alpina) (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst, en bosques del sur de Chile Natural hybridization between Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb) Oerst. and N. alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst in forests of southern Chile 1 CLAUDIO DONOSO, JUAN MORALES y MAGDALENA ROMERO 1 Instituto de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; 2 Instituto de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile RESUMEN La existencia de híbridos entre Nothofagus alpina y N. obliqua se postuló a partir de observaciones de individuos con características intermedias encontrados en "renovales" de la precordillera andina de Talca y en plantas de vivero obteni- das en Valdivia con semillas de raulí de la región. Con muestras obtenidas de ambos tipos se intentó comprobar la hipótesis utilizando las técnicas del índice de hibridación de Anderson y el análisis comparativo de las características anatómicas de las hojas y de la madera y el análisis cromatográfico de flavonoides de las hojas. Los resultados consti- tuyen evidencia de que N. obliqua y N. alpina hibridizan en forma natural, fenómeno que habría ocurrido preferente- mente en áreas donde se han desarrollado "renovales" mixtos por efecto de alteraciones pasadas. Algunos resultados sugieren la posibilidad de introgresión hacia las poblaciones de N. obliqua. Palabras claves: Hibridación natural, Nothofagus obliqua, Nothofagus alpina, índice de hibridación, flavonoides, introgresión. ABSTRACT Hybridization between Nothofagus alpina and N. obliqua is suggested from observations of trees with intermediate characteristics in second-growth mixed forest of the Andean mountains of Talca, and among nursery plants of N.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Morphology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae, Fagales) and Its Phylogenetic Significance
    Acta Palaeobotanica 56(2): 223–245, 2016 DOI: 10.1515/acpa-2016-0017 Pollen morphology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae, Fagales) and its phylogenetic significance DAMIÁN ANDRÉS FERNÁNDEZ1,*, PATRICIO EMMANUEL SANTAMARINA1,*, MARÍA CRISTINA TELLERÍA2,*, LUIS PALAZZESI 1,* and VIVIANA DORA BARREDA1,* 1 Sección Paleopalinología, MACN “B. Rivadavia”, Ángel Gallardo 470 (C1405DJR) C.A.B.A.; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva (LASBE), Museo de La Plata, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n° (B1900FWA) La Plata; e-mail: [email protected] * Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Received 31 August 2016, accepted for publication 10 November 2016 ABSTRACT. Nothofagaceae (southern beeches) are a relatively small flowering plant family of trees confined to the Southern Hemisphere. The fossil record of the family is abundant and it has been widely used as a test case for the classic hypothesis that Antarctica, Patagonia, Australia and New Zealand were once joined together. Although the phylogenetic relationships in Nothofagus appear to be well supported, the evolution of some pollen morphological traits remains elusive, largely because of the lack of ultrastructural analyses. Here we describe the pollen morphology of all extant South American species of Nothofagus, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM), and reconstruct ancestral character states using a well-supported phylogenetic tree of the family. Our results indicate that the main differences between pollen of subgenera Fuscospora (pollen type fusca a) and Nothofagus (pollen type fusca b) are related to the size of microspines (distinguishable or not in optical section), and the thickening of colpi margins (thickened inwards, or thickened both inwards and outwards).
    [Show full text]
  • Nothofagus Alpina, N. Obliqua Y N. Dombeyi)
    BOSQUE 22(1): 11-26, 2001 $/)ERVTXHYQ2 Microclima y regeneración natural de Raulí, Roble y Coigüe (Nothofagus alpina, N. obliqua y N. dombeyi) Microclimate and natural regeneration of Nothofagus alpina, N. obliqua y N. dombeyi PETER WEINBERGER, CARLOS RAMIREZ Instituto de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile SUMMARY The natural reproduction of Nothofagus alpina, N. dombeyi and N. obliqua was examined at 74 locations in Bío- Bío, Malleco and Cautín provinces (Chile). Relationships between the occurrence and growth of young plants and some microclimatic variables were studied by means of multivariate analyses. N. alpina is restricted to conditions of low light (<27%) and reduced evaporation, as well as to moderate air and soil temperatures. It avoids situations that involve frost hazard during the vegetation period. In comparison, N. obliqua is a typical heliophyte, preferring open sites of intensive light and high evaporation rates, and can even survive night temperatures around the freezing point. The microclimatic requirements of N. dombeyi were generally very similar to those of N. alpina within the investigated region. The ecological classification, particularly of the latter, is discussed in this paper. Key words: Nothofagus, reproduction, microclimate, light, temperature. RESUMEN En 74 sitios ubicados en las provincias de Bío-Bío, Malleco y Cautín (Chile) se estudió la regeneración natural de Nothofagus alpina, N. dombeyi y N. obliqua. Mediante análisis multivariados se examinan las relaciones entre presencia y brote de estados juveniles con diversas variables microclimáticas. N. alpina crece en condiciones de baja luminosidad relativa (< 27% de la luz a pleno sol), evaporación reducida y temperaturas ambientales (aire y suelo) moderadas.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Patterns of Flora and Fauna in Southern Chilean Coastal Rain
    Biodivers Conserv (2007) 16:2627–2648 DOI 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Distribution patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating Natural History and GIS Cecilia Smith-Ramı´rez Æ Iva´n Dı´az Æ Patricio Pliscoff Æ Claudio Valdovinos Æ Marco A. Me´ndez Æ Juan Larraı´n Æ Horacio Samaniego Received: 17 August 2005 / Accepted: 19 May 2006 / Published online: 27 October 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006 Abstract Knowledge of species richness centers is necessary for the design of conservation areas. In this study, we present a GIS analysis of two years of field data on animal and plant diversity distributions in evergreen, coastal rain forests of southern Chile (39°30¢–41°25¢ S). Despite their high endemism, these forests have remained largely unprotected. Field records were complemented with data from museum collections and scientific literature. We used selected environmental vari- ables (evapotranspiration, altitude) and, in some cases, forest types as predictors of species distributions. Our study focused on the distribution of forest bryophytes, vascular plants, soil invertebrates, amphibians and birds. We generated distribu- tional maps for each taxa based on their field records in the study area, comple- C. Smith-Ramı´rez (&) Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity (CASEB), P. Universidad Cato´ lica and Fundacio´ n Senda Darwin (FSD), 1220, Valdivia, Chile e-mail: [email protected] I. Dı´az Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida and FSD, Gainesville, FL, USA P. Pliscoff FSD, Roman Dı´az 390, dpto. 902, Providencia, Santiago, Chile C.
    [Show full text]