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Shoot Development and Dieback in Progenies of Nothofagus Obliqua Javier G

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Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua Javier G. Puntieri, Javier E. Grosfeld, Marina Stecconi, Cecilia Brion, María Marta Azpilicueta, Leonardo Gallo, Daniel Barthélémy To cite this version: Javier G. Puntieri, Javier E. Grosfeld, Marina Stecconi, Cecilia Brion, María Marta Azpilicueta, et al.. Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2007, 64 (8), pp.839-844. 10.1051/forest:2007068. hal-00259241 HAL Id: hal-00259241 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259241 Submitted on 30 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Ann. For. Sci. 64 (2007) 839–844 Available online at: c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2007 www.afs-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007068 Original article Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua Javier Puntieria,b*,JavierGrosfelda,b,MarinaStecconib, Cecilia Briona, María Marta Azpilicuetac, Leonardo Galloc,DanielBarthel´ emy´ d a Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina c Laboratorio de Genética Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Bariloche, Argentina d INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche CIRAD-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Université Montpellier 2, “ botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes ” (AMAP), UMR T51 (CIRAD), UMR 5120 (CNRS), UMR 931 (INRA), M123 (IRD), UM27 (UMII) TA A-51/PS2, Blvd. de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France (Received 29 December 2006; accepted 23 May 2007) Abstract – Shoot growth and dieback were compared among progenies of nursery-grown seedlings of Nothofagus obliqua belonging to seven progenies of the same provenance (Quila-Quina, Argentina). First-year shoots consisted of one growth unit (GU) and second-year shoots of one or two GUs. The probability of development of two GU was similar for all progenies. Progenies were different in terms of shoot size, terminal bud abscission, the extent of shoot dieback after shoot extension and the node of origin of the relay shoot on the first shoot. Plants with a second-year shoot consisting of two GUs had a thicker stem and more nodes than those with single-GU shoots. The selection of N. obliqua seed trees based on architectural traits suitable for forestry development at specific sites must contemplate variability among progenies and their probabilities of successful development under different conditions. shoot dieback / growth unit / plant architecture / progeny / Nothofagus Résumé – Développement et dépérissement des pousses de descendances de Nothofagus obliqua. La croissance et le dépérissement des pousses ont été comparés entre sept descendances de Nothofagus obliqua élevées en pépinière et issues d’une même provenance (Quila-Quina, Argentine). Les pousses de la première année n’étaient formées que d’une seule Unité de Croissance (UC) tandis que les pousses de deuxième année étaient constituées d’une ou deux UCs. La probabilité de développement d’une deuxième UC était constante quelle que soit la descendance. Les descendances ont montré des différences en termes de taille de pousse, d’abscission du bourgeon terminal, d’étendue de dépérissement des UC en fin d’extension et vis-à-vis du nœud d’origine de la pousse relais sur la pousse de première année. Les plantes avec une pousse de seconde année comportant deux UC avaient une tige plus épaisse et avec plus de nœuds que celles avec des pousses à une seule UC. La sélection, basée sur des traits architecturaux, d’arbres de N. obliqua issus de graines, pour qu’elle soit adaptée à la foresterie, doit prendre en compte la variabilité entre descendances et leurs probabilités de réussite et de bon développement sous des conditions diverses. dépérissement des pousses / unité de croissance / architecture des plantes / descendance / Nothofagus 1. INTRODUCTION veloped only in recent years [13] and plants from different geographical areas and/or mother trees have been genetically Trees may respond to different environmental conditions characterised [11, 18]. Nonetheless, the possible relationships through morphological and/or physiological mechanisms [5, between the genetic structure of N. obliqua plants and their / 12]. The knowledge of genetic components involved in these susceptibility to the factor s causing dieback have not been in- responses is useful especially in the case of valuable forestry vestigated so far. The architectural analysis (sensu Hallé et al.) tree species. The South American deciduous species Nothofa- [14] of genetically identified progenies may help to visualize gus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst. and N. alpina (Poepp. et Endl.) the link between genetic and developmental traits and to con- Oerst. (Nothofagaceae) are considered suitable broadleaf al- tribute in the selection of seed trees for forestry establishment. ternatives to conifers for timber production in temperate re- Nothofagus obliqua has a relatively wide ecological ampli- gions due to their timber quality and growth rate, as shown tude and a large natural distribution area (about 1000 km lati- ◦ ◦ in forestries established in Europe in the second half of the tudinally and 200 km longitudinally; from 33 Sto41 30’ S in ◦ ◦ 20th century [6, 7, 33]. Both species, but especially N. obli- Chile and from 36 49’ S to 40 11’ S in Argentina). However, qua,suffer from the death of distal shoot segments (shoot its current distribution is highly fragmented as a consequence dieback), allegedly after frost damage [6]. Selection programs of glaciation events, volcanism and, more recently, human in- on N. obliqua aimed at improving productivity have been de- tervention [10]. Its fruits have a poor dispersal capacity, which restricts genetic interchange among populations and increases * Corresponding author: [email protected] the risk of genetic losses after local deforestation [8, 10]. In Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.afs-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007068 840 J. Puntieri et al. order to examine the morpho-architectural variability of N. I II obliqua populations from Argentina, a common garden plan- tation of provenances was established [28]. The results of this trial indicated that some traits are influenced by provenance, e.g. the size of the first-year shoot (an annual shoot is de- fined as an axis segment developed in one growing season) and the development, in the following years, of annual shoots consisting of two or three growth units (GU; defined as an axis segment resulting from an uninterrupted extension event). On the contrary, provenances overlapped notably regarding other traits such as the extent of shoot dieback after extension as well as the size reached by one- and two-year-old plants [28]. The present study reports the results of a progeny trial established at the same time and in the same nursery as the aforementioned provenance trial. We tested the hypothesis that seedlings of half-sib progenies within a provenance would display different shoot growth and dieback in their first two growing seasons. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1. Experimental design Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the most common struc- Achenes were manually collected from seven N. obliqua trees at tural types of the vertical axis of two-year old N. obliqua seedlings. the natural forest of Quila-Quina, the southermost population of this (A-F): Group I, the second shoot consists of one growth unit. (G-I): species in Argentina (40˚ 10’ 40” S, 71◦ 26’ 37” W; 983 m s.n.m.). Group II, the second shoot consists of two growth units (leaves and The sampled trees were at least 100 m apart from other N. obliqua lateral branches not drawn). (A, D and G): the second-year shoot de- trees. Due to the small size (∼ 1 cm long) and disperse location of rived from the first shoot’s terminal bud. (B, E and H): the second- fruits in each tree, accessibility to fruit-bearing branches was deci- year shoot derived from an axillary bud after the abscission of the sive for tree selection. Achenes were sown in containers in Septem- first shoot’s terminal bud. (C, F and I): the second-year shoot derived ber 2000 (early spring) and, after the development of the first green from an axillary bud after terminal bud abscission and dieback. Stem leaves, seedlings were installed directly on soil in the tree nursery be- segments and terminal buds that persisted after extension are white- longing to the “Unidad de Genética Forestal” of INTA EEA Bariloche filled and dead stem segments black-filled. Arrowhead: position of (Argentina; 41◦ 07’ 15” S, 71◦ 15’ 06” W; 770 m s.n.m.), about the cotyledonary node. = Limit between first-year and second-year 150 km south of Quila-Quina. The nursery soil was made by mix- shoots. A series of short black dashes represents the sequence of short ing the natural soil of the site (volcanic ash and fluvial deposits) with internodes at the base of each growth unit. fine-grained forest debris. Irrigation was provided daily. No artificial light sources were used. The nursery is surrounded by 20–30 m tall trees located about 10 m from the nursery borders, which reduced the 2001–2002. For each plant, shoots and GUs were identified non- hours of direct sunlight on the nursery. destructively using morphological criteria [2, 25]. In N. obliqua,the Differences among the seven progenies in fruit availability and limit between two GUs of a shoot is clearly recognized by the pres- seedling mortality after germination conditioned the numbers of ence of a set of 2 to 5 short internodes (< 1 mm in length) between seedlings available for this study.
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  • Patterns of Biological Nitrogen Fixation During 60 000 Years of Forest Development on Volcanic Soils from South-Central Chile

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    PérezAvailable et al.:on-line Nitrogen at: http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ fixation in a chronosequence 189 Patterns of biological nitrogen fixation during 60 000 years of forest development on volcanic soils from south-central Chile Cecilia A. Pérez1*, Frank M. Thomas2, Wladimir A. Silva1, Bernardo Segura3, Belen Gallardo4 and Juan J. Armesto1,4 1Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile 2Geobotany, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Behringstraβe 21, Universität Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany 3Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile 4Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published online: 9 April 2014 Abstract: Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a key process for ecosystem development on new substrates. On young volcanic substrates, the near absence of nitrogen (N) and the presence of available phosphorus (P) in the soil should stimulate the activity of diazotrophic, N-fixing, bacteria. Our main hypothesis is that ecosystem N gain through BNF is tightly coupled to the development of progressive and maximum phases of ecosystem succession, as element contents build up. We investigated ecosystem development in a well-established 60 000-year-old chronosequence in Llaima volcano, south-central Chile. Tree basal areas and total carbon (C), N and P contents in soils showed declining trends over the millennial chronosequence following maximum values between 326 and 3470 years of succession. Maximum rates of BNF (3–6 kg N ha–1 year–1) were recorded in the interval from 776 to 3470 years of substrate age, partly associated with high soil C and P contents, and with the lowest denitrification rates in the chronosequence (0.17–0.42 kg N ha–1 year–1).
  • Phylogenetic Relationships and Time-Calibration of the South American Fossil and Extant Species of Southern Beeches (Nothofagus)

    Phylogenetic Relationships and Time-Calibration of the South American Fossil and Extant Species of Southern Beeches (Nothofagus)

    Phylogenetic relationships and time-calibration of the South American fossil and extant species of southern beeches (Nothofagus) BÁRBARA VENTO and FEDERICO A. AGRAÍN Vento, B. and Agraín, F.A. 2018. Phylogenetic relationships and time-calibration of the South American fossil and extant species of southern beeches (Nothofagus). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (4): 815–825. The genus Nothofagus is considered as one of the most interesting plant genera, not only for the living species but also due to the fossil evidence distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. Early publications postulated a close rela- tionship between fossil and living species of Nothofagus. However, the intrageneric phylogenetic relationships are not yet fully explored. This work assesses the placement of fossil representatives of genus Nothofagus, using different search strategies (Equal Weight and Implied Weight), and it analyses relationships with the extant species from South America (Argentina and Chile). The relationships of fossil taxa with the monophyletic subgenera Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Nothofagus and the monophyly of the clades corresponding to the four subgenera are tested. A time- calibrated tree is generated in an approach aiming at estimating the divergence times of all the major lineages. The results support the inclusion of most fossil taxa from South America into the subgenera of Nothofagus. The strict consensus tree shows the following species as closely related: Nothofagus elongata + N. alpina; N. variabilis + N. pumilio; N. suberruginea + N. alessandri; N. serrulata + N. dombeyi, and N. crenulata + N. betuloides. The species N. simplicidens shares a common ancestor with N. pumilio, N. crenulata, and N. betuloides. This contribution is one of the first attempts to integrate fossil and extant Nothofagus species from South America into a phylogenetic analysis and an approach for a time-calibrated tree.