DOCSLIB.ORG

Shoot Development and Dieback in Progenies of Nothofagus Obliqua Javier G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shoot Development and Dieback in Progenies of Nothofagus Obliqua Javier G Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua Javier G. Puntieri, Javier E. Grosfeld, Marina Stecconi, Cecilia Brion, María Marta Azpilicueta, Leonardo Gallo, Daniel Barthélémy To cite this version: Javier G. Puntieri, Javier E. Grosfeld, Marina Stecconi, Cecilia Brion, María Marta Azpilicueta, et al.. Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2007, 64 (8), pp.839-844. 10.1051/forest:2007068. hal-00259241 HAL Id: hal-00259241 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259241 Submitted on 30 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Ann. For. Sci. 64 (2007) 839–844 Available online at: c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2007 www.afs-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007068 Original article Shoot development and dieback in progenies of Nothofagus obliqua Javier Puntieria,b*,JavierGrosfelda,b,MarinaStecconib, Cecilia Briona, María Marta Azpilicuetac, Leonardo Galloc,DanielBarthel´ emy´ d a Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina c Laboratorio de Genética Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Bariloche, Argentina d INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche CIRAD-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Université Montpellier 2, “ botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes ” (AMAP), UMR T51 (CIRAD), UMR 5120 (CNRS), UMR 931 (INRA), M123 (IRD), UM27 (UMII) TA A-51/PS2, Blvd. de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France (Received 29 December 2006; accepted 23 May 2007) Abstract – Shoot growth and dieback were compared among progenies of nursery-grown seedlings of Nothofagus obliqua belonging to seven progenies of the same provenance (Quila-Quina, Argentina). First-year shoots consisted of one growth unit (GU) and second-year shoots of one or two GUs. The probability of development of two GU was similar for all progenies. Progenies were different in terms of shoot size, terminal bud abscission, the extent of shoot dieback after shoot extension and the node of origin of the relay shoot on the first shoot. Plants with a second-year shoot consisting of two GUs had a thicker stem and more nodes than those with single-GU shoots. The selection of N. obliqua seed trees based on architectural traits suitable for forestry development at specific sites must contemplate variability among progenies and their probabilities of successful development under different conditions. shoot dieback / growth unit / plant architecture / progeny / Nothofagus Résumé – Développement et dépérissement des pousses de descendances de Nothofagus obliqua. La croissance et le dépérissement des pousses ont été comparés entre sept descendances de Nothofagus obliqua élevées en pépinière et issues d’une même provenance (Quila-Quina, Argentine). Les pousses de la première année n’étaient formées que d’une seule Unité de Croissance (UC) tandis que les pousses de deuxième année étaient constituées d’une ou deux UCs. La probabilité de développement d’une deuxième UC était constante quelle que soit la descendance. Les descendances ont montré des différences en termes de taille de pousse, d’abscission du bourgeon terminal, d’étendue de dépérissement des UC en fin d’extension et vis-à-vis du nœud d’origine de la pousse relais sur la pousse de première année. Les plantes avec une pousse de seconde année comportant deux UC avaient une tige plus épaisse et avec plus de nœuds que celles avec des pousses à une seule UC. La sélection, basée sur des traits architecturaux, d’arbres de N. obliqua issus de graines, pour qu’elle soit adaptée à la foresterie, doit prendre en compte la variabilité entre descendances et leurs probabilités de réussite et de bon développement sous des conditions diverses. dépérissement des pousses / unité de croissance / architecture des plantes / descendance / Nothofagus 1. INTRODUCTION veloped only in recent years [13] and plants from different geographical areas and/or mother trees have been genetically Trees may respond to different environmental conditions characterised [11, 18]. Nonetheless, the possible relationships through morphological and/or physiological mechanisms [5, between the genetic structure of N. obliqua plants and their / 12]. The knowledge of genetic components involved in these susceptibility to the factor s causing dieback have not been in- responses is useful especially in the case of valuable forestry vestigated so far. The architectural analysis (sensu Hallé et al.) tree species. The South American deciduous species Nothofa- [14] of genetically identified progenies may help to visualize gus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst. and N. alpina (Poepp. et Endl.) the link between genetic and developmental traits and to con- Oerst. (Nothofagaceae) are considered suitable broadleaf al- tribute in the selection of seed trees for forestry establishment. ternatives to conifers for timber production in temperate re- Nothofagus obliqua has a relatively wide ecological ampli- gions due to their timber quality and growth rate, as shown tude and a large natural distribution area (about 1000 km lati- ◦ ◦ in forestries established in Europe in the second half of the tudinally and 200 km longitudinally; from 33 Sto41 30’ S in ◦ ◦ 20th century [6, 7, 33]. Both species, but especially N. obli- Chile and from 36 49’ S to 40 11’ S in Argentina). However, qua,suffer from the death of distal shoot segments (shoot its current distribution is highly fragmented as a consequence dieback), allegedly after frost damage [6]. Selection programs of glaciation events, volcanism and, more recently, human in- on N. obliqua aimed at improving productivity have been de- tervention [10]. Its fruits have a poor dispersal capacity, which restricts genetic interchange among populations and increases * Corresponding author: [email protected] the risk of genetic losses after local deforestation [8, 10]. In Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.afs-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007068 840 J. Puntieri et al. order to examine the morpho-architectural variability of N. I II obliqua populations from Argentina, a common garden plan- tation of provenances was established [28]. The results of this trial indicated that some traits are influenced by provenance, e.g. the size of the first-year shoot (an annual shoot is de- fined as an axis segment developed in one growing season) and the development, in the following years, of annual shoots consisting of two or three growth units (GU; defined as an axis segment resulting from an uninterrupted extension event). On the contrary, provenances overlapped notably regarding other traits such as the extent of shoot dieback after extension as well as the size reached by one- and two-year-old plants [28]. The present study reports the results of a progeny trial established at the same time and in the same nursery as the aforementioned provenance trial. We tested the hypothesis that seedlings of half-sib progenies within a provenance would display different shoot growth and dieback in their first two growing seasons. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1. Experimental design Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the most common struc- Achenes were manually collected from seven N. obliqua trees at tural types of the vertical axis of two-year old N. obliqua seedlings. the natural forest of Quila-Quina, the southermost population of this (A-F): Group I, the second shoot consists of one growth unit. (G-I): species in Argentina (40˚ 10’ 40” S, 71◦ 26’ 37” W; 983 m s.n.m.). Group II, the second shoot consists of two growth units (leaves and The sampled trees were at least 100 m apart from other N. obliqua lateral branches not drawn). (A, D and G): the second-year shoot de- trees. Due to the small size (∼ 1 cm long) and disperse location of rived from the first shoot’s terminal bud. (B, E and H): the second- fruits in each tree, accessibility to fruit-bearing branches was deci- year shoot derived from an axillary bud after the abscission of the sive for tree selection. Achenes were sown in containers in Septem- first shoot’s terminal bud. (C, F and I): the second-year shoot derived ber 2000 (early spring) and, after the development of the first green from an axillary bud after terminal bud abscission and dieback. Stem leaves, seedlings were installed directly on soil in the tree nursery be- segments and terminal buds that persisted after extension are white- longing to the “Unidad de Genética Forestal” of INTA EEA Bariloche filled and dead stem segments black-filled. Arrowhead: position of (Argentina; 41◦ 07’ 15” S, 71◦ 15’ 06” W; 770 m s.n.m.), about the cotyledonary node. = Limit between first-year and second-year 150 km south of Quila-Quina. The nursery soil was made by mix- shoots. A series of short black dashes represents the sequence of short ing the natural soil of the site (volcanic ash and fluvial deposits) with internodes at the base of each growth unit. fine-grained forest debris. Irrigation was provided daily. No artificial light sources were used. The nursery is surrounded by 20–30 m tall trees located about 10 m from the nursery borders, which reduced the 2001–2002. For each plant, shoots and GUs were identified non- hours of direct sunlight on the nursery. destructively using morphological criteria [2, 25]. In N. obliqua,the Differences among the seven progenies in fruit availability and limit between two GUs of a shoot is clearly recognized by the pres- seedling mortality after germination conditioned the numbers of ence of a set of 2 to 5 short internodes (< 1 mm in length) between seedlings available for this study.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bioclimatic and Phytosociological Diagnosis of the Species of the Nothofagus Genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America
    International Journal of Geobotanical Research, Vol. nº 1, December 2011, pp. 1-20 Bioclimatic and phytosociological diagnosis of the species of the Nothofagus genus (Nothofagaceae) in South America Javier AMIGO(1) & Manuel A. RODRÍGUEZ-GUITIÁN(2) (1) Laboratorio de Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC). E-15782 Santiago de Com- postela (Galicia, España). Phone: 34-881 814977. E-mail: [email protected] (2) Departamento de Producción Vexetal. Escola Politécnica Superior de Lugo-USC. 27002-Lugo (Galicia, España). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Nothofagus genus comprises 10 species recorded in the South American subcontinent. All are important tree species in the ex- tratropical, Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forests of Chile and Argentina. This paper presents a summary of data on the phyto- coenotical behaviour of these species and relates the plant communities to the measurable or inferable thermoclimatic and ombrocli- matic conditions which affect them. Our aim is to update the phytosociological knowledge of the South American temperate forests and to assess their suitability as climatic bioindicators by analysing the behaviour of those species belonging to their most represen- tative genus. Keywords: Argentina, boreal forests, Chile, mediterranean forests, temperate forests. Introduction tually give rise to a temperate territory with rainfall rates as high as those of regions with a Tropical pluvial bio- The South American subcontinent is usually associa- climate; iii. finally, towards the apex of the American ted with a tropical environment because this is in fact the Southern Cone, this temperate territory progressively dominant bioclimatic profile from Panamá to the north of gives way to a strip of land with a Boreal bioclimate.
    [Show full text]
  • Commonality and Variability in the Structural Attributes of Moist Temperate Old-Growth Forests: a Global Review ⇑ Sabina Burrascano A, William S
    Forest Ecology and Management 291 (2013) 458–479 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Review Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: A global review ⇑ Sabina Burrascano a, William S. Keeton b, Francesco M. Sabatini a, , Carlo Blasi a a Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy b Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA article info abstract Article history: Temperate forests have been fundamentally altered by land use and other stressors globally; these have Received 3 August 2012 reduced the abundance of primary and old-growth forests in particular. Despite many regional studies, Received in revised form 15 October 2012 the literature lacks a global synthesis of temperate old-growth structural characteristics. In this study Accepted 18 November 2012 we compare literature derived data on mature and old-growth moist temperate forests with the aim of: (i) exploring global commonalities; (ii) investigating sources of variability among systems; and (iii) highlighting data gaps and research needs. We compiled a dataset of 147 records from 93 papers, and Keywords: analyzed a set of structural indicators: basal area, stem density, large living trees, live aboveground bio- Literature search mass, quadratic mean diameter, and coarse woody debris volume. These indicators were contrasted Forest dynamics Sustainable forest management between mature and old-growth age classes at a global level and across continents and broad forest Carbon sequestration types, testing for significance through Monte-Carlo permutation procedure. We also related structural Biodiversity indicators to age, climatic and geographical descriptors.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequestrate Fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus Forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota)
    Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Trierveiler-Pereira, L., Smith, M. E., Trappe, J. M., & Nouhra, E. R. (2015). Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Mycologia, 107(1), 90-103. doi:10.3852/13-302 10.3852/13-302 Allen Press Inc. Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Mycologia, 107(1), 2015, pp. 90–103. DOI: 10.3852/13-302 # 2015 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Sequestrate fungi from Patagonian Nothofagus forests: Cystangium (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira1 Ectomycorrhizal, hypogeous fungi in the Basidio- PPGBOT, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal mycota and Ascomycota are important components of do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 91501-970 the forest soil environment. Not only do they function Matthew E. Smith as nutrient absorbing organisms for their tree hosts, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, these fungi also improve soil conditions (Perry et al. Gainesville, Florida 32611 1989) and interact with a variety of forest organisms (Trappe and Luoma 1992). In particular, they are an James M. Trappe important food source for animals in ectomycorrhizal Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon forests (Maser et al. 1978, Claridge et al. 2002, Vernes State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 et al. 2004, Claridge and Trappe 2005, Trappe et al. Eduardo R. Nouhra 2006, Vernes 2010, Katarzˇyte˙ and Kutorga 2011, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal Schickmann et al. 2012), including those of Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, (Perez Calvo et al. 1989, Nouhra et al. 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Morphology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae, Fagales) and Its Phylogenetic Significance
    Acta Palaeobotanica 56(2): 223–245, 2016 DOI: 10.1515/acpa-2016-0017 Pollen morphology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae, Fagales) and its phylogenetic significance DAMIÁN ANDRÉS FERNÁNDEZ1,*, PATRICIO EMMANUEL SANTAMARINA1,*, MARÍA CRISTINA TELLERÍA2,*, LUIS PALAZZESI 1,* and VIVIANA DORA BARREDA1,* 1 Sección Paleopalinología, MACN “B. Rivadavia”, Ángel Gallardo 470 (C1405DJR) C.A.B.A.; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva (LASBE), Museo de La Plata, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n° (B1900FWA) La Plata; e-mail: [email protected] * Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Received 31 August 2016, accepted for publication 10 November 2016 ABSTRACT. Nothofagaceae (southern beeches) are a relatively small flowering plant family of trees confined to the Southern Hemisphere. The fossil record of the family is abundant and it has been widely used as a test case for the classic hypothesis that Antarctica, Patagonia, Australia and New Zealand were once joined together. Although the phylogenetic relationships in Nothofagus appear to be well supported, the evolution of some pollen morphological traits remains elusive, largely because of the lack of ultrastructural analyses. Here we describe the pollen morphology of all extant South American species of Nothofagus, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM), and reconstruct ancestral character states using a well-supported phylogenetic tree of the family. Our results indicate that the main differences between pollen of subgenera Fuscospora (pollen type fusca a) and Nothofagus (pollen type fusca b) are related to the size of microspines (distinguishable or not in optical section), and the thickening of colpi margins (thickened inwards, or thickened both inwards and outwards).
    [Show full text]
  • Nothofagus Alpina, N. Obliqua Y N. Dombeyi)
    BOSQUE 22(1): 11-26, 2001 $/)ERVTXHYQ2 Microclima y regeneración natural de Raulí, Roble y Coigüe (Nothofagus alpina, N. obliqua y N. dombeyi) Microclimate and natural regeneration of Nothofagus alpina, N. obliqua y N. dombeyi PETER WEINBERGER, CARLOS RAMIREZ Instituto de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile SUMMARY The natural reproduction of Nothofagus alpina, N. dombeyi and N. obliqua was examined at 74 locations in Bío- Bío, Malleco and Cautín provinces (Chile). Relationships between the occurrence and growth of young plants and some microclimatic variables were studied by means of multivariate analyses. N. alpina is restricted to conditions of low light (<27%) and reduced evaporation, as well as to moderate air and soil temperatures. It avoids situations that involve frost hazard during the vegetation period. In comparison, N. obliqua is a typical heliophyte, preferring open sites of intensive light and high evaporation rates, and can even survive night temperatures around the freezing point. The microclimatic requirements of N. dombeyi were generally very similar to those of N. alpina within the investigated region. The ecological classification, particularly of the latter, is discussed in this paper. Key words: Nothofagus, reproduction, microclimate, light, temperature. RESUMEN En 74 sitios ubicados en las provincias de Bío-Bío, Malleco y Cautín (Chile) se estudió la regeneración natural de Nothofagus alpina, N. dombeyi y N. obliqua. Mediante análisis multivariados se examinan las relaciones entre presencia y brote de estados juveniles con diversas variables microclimáticas. N. alpina crece en condiciones de baja luminosidad relativa (< 27% de la luz a pleno sol), evaporación reducida y temperaturas ambientales (aire y suelo) moderadas.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Patterns of Flora and Fauna in Southern Chilean Coastal Rain
    Biodivers Conserv (2007) 16:2627–2648 DOI 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Distribution patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating Natural History and GIS Cecilia Smith-Ramı´rez Æ Iva´n Dı´az Æ Patricio Pliscoff Æ Claudio Valdovinos Æ Marco A. Me´ndez Æ Juan Larraı´n Æ Horacio Samaniego Received: 17 August 2005 / Accepted: 19 May 2006 / Published online: 27 October 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006 Abstract Knowledge of species richness centers is necessary for the design of conservation areas. In this study, we present a GIS analysis of two years of field data on animal and plant diversity distributions in evergreen, coastal rain forests of southern Chile (39°30¢–41°25¢ S). Despite their high endemism, these forests have remained largely unprotected. Field records were complemented with data from museum collections and scientific literature. We used selected environmental vari- ables (evapotranspiration, altitude) and, in some cases, forest types as predictors of species distributions. Our study focused on the distribution of forest bryophytes, vascular plants, soil invertebrates, amphibians and birds. We generated distribu- tional maps for each taxa based on their field records in the study area, comple- C. Smith-Ramı´rez (&) Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity (CASEB), P. Universidad Cato´ lica and Fundacio´ n Senda Darwin (FSD), 1220, Valdivia, Chile e-mail: [email protected] I. Dı´az Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida and FSD, Gainesville, FL, USA P. Pliscoff FSD, Roman Dı´az 390, dpto. 902, Providencia, Santiago, Chile C.
    [Show full text]
  • Robles in Lagunas De Epulauquen, Argentina: Previous and Recent
    Azpilicueta et al. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 2014, 87:24 http://www.revchilhistnat.com/content/87/1/24 REVIEW Open Access Robles in Lagunas de Epulauquen, Argentina: previous and recent evidence of their distinctive character María M Azpilicueta1*, Mario J Pastorino1,2, Javier Puntieri2,3, Fernando Barbero1,2, Alejandro Martinez-Meier1, Paula Marchelli1,2 and Leonardo A Gallo1 Abstract The northernmost ‘robles’ of Argentina, located in Lagunas de Epulauquen (northwest Patagonia), are considered a population of Nothofagus obliqua, even though they differ in some respects from individuals of other populations of the species. In order to analyse a possible genetic basis of their distinctive character, we revised previous information and added new evidence based on biochemical (isozyme) and molecular (chloroplast DNA and nuclear microsatellite) markers, as well as quantitative trait variation (seed traits, leaf morphology, plant architecture and field performance). The comparison of Lagunas de Epulauquen specimens with specimens from other areas in Argentina demonstrated their genetic distinction. Glacial history, in conjunction with hybridisation processes, provides support for the main hypothesis to explain these results. Future research lines are proposed, aimed at identifying the taxonomic status of the Lagunas de Epulauquen population. The conservation value of these forests is highlighted. Keywords: Nothofagus obliqua; Taxonomy; Patagonia; Glacial history; Interspecific hybridisation Resumen Los robles más septentrionales de la Argentina, ubicados en Lagunas de Epulauquen (noroeste de Patagonia) son considerados una población de la especie Nothofagus obliqua, pero presentan características diferenciales respecto al resto de las poblaciones argentinas de esa especie. El presente trabajo reúne información generada previamente y otra original que demuestra el carácter genéticamente distintivo de esa población.
    [Show full text]
  • SOM and Biomass C Stocks in Degraded and Undisturbed Andean and Coastal Nothofagus Forests of Southwestern South America
    Article SOM and Biomass C Stocks in Degraded and Undisturbed Andean and Coastal Nothofagus Forests of Southwestern South America Francis Dube 1,* and Neal B. Stolpe 2 1 Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Concepción, Victoria 631, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile 2 Soils and Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Vicente Méndez 595, Casilla 537, Chillan 3812120, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-41-220-4982 Academic Editors: Philip J. Polglase and Mark E. Harmon Received: 31 August 2016; Accepted: 2 December 2016; Published: 20 December 2016 Abstract: Grazing and over-exploitation can severely degrade soil in native forests. Considering that productivity in ecosystems is related to soil organic matter (SOM) content and quality, the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the influence of degraded (DEF), partly-degraded (PDF), and undisturbed (UNF) Nothofagus forests on the stocks of carbon (C) in tree biomass and SOM; (2) evaluate fractions of SOM as indicators of sustainable management; and (3) use the Century model to determine the potential gains of soil organic C (SOC). The forests are located in the Andes and Coastal mountains of southern Chile. The SOM was fractionated to separate the light fraction (LF), macroaggregates (>212 µm), mesoaggregates (212–53 µm), and microaggregates (<53 µm). In two measurement periods, the SOC stocks at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths in macroaggregates were on average 100% higher in the Andean UNF, and SOC was over twice as much at 20–40 cm depth in Andean DEF.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Geography of Chile PLANT and VEGETATION
    Plant Geography of Chile PLANT AND VEGETATION Volume 5 Series Editor: M.J.A. Werger For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7549 Plant Geography of Chile by Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 123 Dr. Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Instituto de Geografia Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago Chile [email protected] ISSN 1875-1318 e-ISSN 1875-1326 ISBN 978-90-481-8747-8 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8748-5 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8748-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ◦ ◦ Cover illustration: High-Andean vegetation at Laguna Miscanti (23 43 S, 67 47 W, 4350 m asl) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Carlos Reiche (1860–1929) In Memoriam Foreword It is not just the brilliant and dramatic scenery that makes Chile such an attractive part of the world. No, that country has so very much more! And certainly it has a rich and beautiful flora. Chile’s plant world is strongly diversified and shows inter- esting geographical and evolutionary patterns. This is due to several factors: The geographical position of the country on the edge of a continental plate and stretch- ing along an extremely long latitudinal gradient from the tropics to the cold, barren rocks of Cape Horn, opposite Antarctica; the strong differences in altitude from sea level to the icy peaks of the Andes; the inclusion of distant islands in the country’s territory; the long geological and evolutionary history of the biota; and the mixture of tropical and temperate floras.
    [Show full text]
  • Subantarctic Forest Ecology: Case Study of a C on If Er Ou S-Br O Ad 1 E a V Ed Stand in Patagonia, Argentina
    Subantarctic forest ecology: case study of a c on if er ou s-br o ad 1 e a v ed stand in Patagonia, Argentina. Promotoren: Dr.Roelof A. A.Oldeman, hoogleraar in de Bosteelt & Bosoecologie, Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland. Dr.Luis A.Sancholuz, hoogleraar in de Ecologie, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina. j.^3- -•-»'.. <?J^OV Alejandro Dezzotti Subantarctic forest ecology: case study of a coniferous-broadleaved stand in Patagonia, Argentina. PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag vand e Rector Magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit dr.C.M.Karssen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 7 juni 2000 des namiddags te 13:30uu r in de Aula. f \boo c^q hob-f Subantarctic forest ecology: case study of a coniferous-broadleaved stand in Patagonia, Argentina A.Dezzotti.Asentamient oUniversitari oSa nMarti nd elo sAndes .Universida dNaciona lde lComahue .Pasaj e del aPa z235 .837 0 S.M.Andes.Argentina .E-mail : [email protected]. The temperate rainforests of southern South America are dominated by the tree genus Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae). In Argentina, at low and mid elevations between 38°-43°S, the mesic southern beech Nothofagusdbmbeyi ("coihue") forms mixed forests with the xeric cypress Austrocedrus chilensis("cipres" , Cupressaceae). Avirgin ,post-fir e standlocate d ona dry , north-facing slopewa s examined regarding regeneration, population structures, and stand and tree growth. Inferences on community dynamics were made. Because of its lower density and higher growth rates, N.dombeyi constitutes widely spaced, big emergent trees of the stand. In 1860, both tree species began to colonize a heterogeneous site, following a fire that eliminated the original vegetation.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Biological Nitrogen Fixation During 60 000 Years of Forest Development on Volcanic Soils from South-Central Chile
    PérezAvailable et al.:on-line Nitrogen at: http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ fixation in a chronosequence 189 Patterns of biological nitrogen fixation during 60 000 years of forest development on volcanic soils from south-central Chile Cecilia A. Pérez1*, Frank M. Thomas2, Wladimir A. Silva1, Bernardo Segura3, Belen Gallardo4 and Juan J. Armesto1,4 1Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile 2Geobotany, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Behringstraβe 21, Universität Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany 3Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile 4Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published online: 9 April 2014 Abstract: Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a key process for ecosystem development on new substrates. On young volcanic substrates, the near absence of nitrogen (N) and the presence of available phosphorus (P) in the soil should stimulate the activity of diazotrophic, N-fixing, bacteria. Our main hypothesis is that ecosystem N gain through BNF is tightly coupled to the development of progressive and maximum phases of ecosystem succession, as element contents build up. We investigated ecosystem development in a well-established 60 000-year-old chronosequence in Llaima volcano, south-central Chile. Tree basal areas and total carbon (C), N and P contents in soils showed declining trends over the millennial chronosequence following maximum values between 326 and 3470 years of succession. Maximum rates of BNF (3–6 kg N ha–1 year–1) were recorded in the interval from 776 to 3470 years of substrate age, partly associated with high soil C and P contents, and with the lowest denitrification rates in the chronosequence (0.17–0.42 kg N ha–1 year–1).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships and Time-Calibration of the South American Fossil and Extant Species of Southern Beeches (Nothofagus)
    Phylogenetic relationships and time-calibration of the South American fossil and extant species of southern beeches (Nothofagus) BÁRBARA VENTO and FEDERICO A. AGRAÍN Vento, B. and Agraín, F.A. 2018. Phylogenetic relationships and time-calibration of the South American fossil and extant species of southern beeches (Nothofagus). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (4): 815–825. The genus Nothofagus is considered as one of the most interesting plant genera, not only for the living species but also due to the fossil evidence distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. Early publications postulated a close rela- tionship between fossil and living species of Nothofagus. However, the intrageneric phylogenetic relationships are not yet fully explored. This work assesses the placement of fossil representatives of genus Nothofagus, using different search strategies (Equal Weight and Implied Weight), and it analyses relationships with the extant species from South America (Argentina and Chile). The relationships of fossil taxa with the monophyletic subgenera Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Nothofagus and the monophyly of the clades corresponding to the four subgenera are tested. A time- calibrated tree is generated in an approach aiming at estimating the divergence times of all the major lineages. The results support the inclusion of most fossil taxa from South America into the subgenera of Nothofagus. The strict consensus tree shows the following species as closely related: Nothofagus elongata + N. alpina; N. variabilis + N. pumilio; N. suberruginea + N. alessandri; N. serrulata + N. dombeyi, and N. crenulata + N. betuloides. The species N. simplicidens shares a common ancestor with N. pumilio, N. crenulata, and N. betuloides. This contribution is one of the first attempts to integrate fossil and extant Nothofagus species from South America into a phylogenetic analysis and an approach for a time-calibrated tree.
    [Show full text]