sign in sign up
<<
Home , Mani Bhavan

TRJ VOL. 3 ISSUE 5 SEP-OCT 2017 ISSN: 2454-7301 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2454-4930 (ONLINE) Impact of Mahatma ’s Political Philosophy on Women Dr. Rita Devi Department of Political Science, Sachdeva Girls College Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India

Abstract - as a social and political reformer honesty of the Mahatma Gandhi, the love and respect he had played an important role in attempting to eradicate the social for the women, can never be doubted. He is truly the best wrongs committed against the women of the country through guide and friend of the women of the world. The present study ages. Mahatma Gandhi’s ideology was very respectful to aims at attaining of status by women as inspired or guided by women and supportive to their uplift. He had made significant Mahatma Gandhi and socio-political change as the result of contributions for the enhancement of the status of women in justified place of women promoted by Mahatma Gandhi’s India. Throughout his life campaigned for the upliftment of political philosophy. the socially downtrodden. It is essential to look at women's status prevalent in the 20th Century to understand in depth, Keyword - avail, upliftment, self-relient, conservative, the role that Mahatma Gandhi played in improving the customs, philosophy, nationalism, position of women in society. Mahatma Gandhi took the responsibility of shouldering a social campaign that led to a I. INTRODUCTION major re-orientation of the common notion of women in the In the Vedic time women perceived high status and Indian society. In 19th and 20th our country was in such a participated actively in the political discussions. They were wretched situation like social evils like Child Marriage and allowed to perform religious ceremony with their husband and Dowry System were rampant. Only handful women on that even preached the same but with course of time women lost time could avail of education and attend schools. According to their status in the society and they were confined in the four Mahatma Gandhi, education for women was the need of the walls. In the early 19th century few elite women leader time that would ensure their moral development and make formed women organizations, but there was lack of spirit of them capable of occupying the same platform as that of men. nationalism. Later on due to the efforts of Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi was of the opinion that until and unless the spirit of nationalism arose among them all irrespective of women, on the basis of education and knowledge do not find class or status. These women came out on the national front their proper place in social and economic fields, they could for the cause of freedom. The sudden and massive entry of not achieve self- respect for themselves. Nor they could women into Salt in 1930, opened up for common become self- dependent in any of the walks of life. In his women further opportunities, which they were getting in the lifetime Gandhi inspired people to take concrete and practical Vedic time. Mahatma Gandhi, known as the Father of Nation, initiatives regarding women education which will bring them is the key source for inspiration and guidance in making of out of these old conservative customs and rules, which were Independent India. The movements under the leadership of responsible for their mental and social slavery. Women under Mahatma Gandhi brought women into mainstream. Scholars his ages took a milestone to step towards re-establishing their working, on the status of Indian women opine those many identity in the society. Mahatma Gandhi’s inspiring ideologies changes which have occurred in the traditional conception of boosted their morals and helped them to rediscover their self- role and status of women through new opportunities for socio- esteem. Not only there was a general awakening among the economic pattern and political rights, during the 1930s and women, but under his leadership they entered into the 1940s. The Indian National Congress had become a mass National mainstream, taking parts in the National movements. based organization under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Participation of women in public and political gave them a There was a widespread commitment to equality of women. new prestige and status. According to him “To call women the Mahatma Gandhi did encourage the participation of women in weaker sex is a libel; it is men’s injustice to women.” Women the National Movement. Mahatma Gandhi included several participated in large numbers in mass movements led by women among his lieutenants who followed Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi and this made a big breakthrough in Indian as the supreme commander. women’s lives. Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy influenced millions of women on the time of freedom struggle and if we II. METHODOLOGY say about the present scenario the views expressed by the Methodology depends mainly on the aim of the nature of the Mahatma and the actions undertaken by him may not go problem coupled with the availability of the type of the data entirely because the times have irreversibly changed but the i.e. secondary in order to achieve the main objective. The

THE RESEARCH JOURNAL (TRJ): A UNIT OF I2OR theresearchjournal.net 25 | P a g e

TRJ VOL. 3 ISSUE 5 SEP-OCT 2017 ISSN: 2454-7301 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2454-4930 (ONLINE) study has been carried out with the help of recently developed be economically independent, but would also add to the research technique, method and furthermore different types of resources of middle class, sometimes even the sole source of data from different sources published in magazines, journals subsistence for lower class families. Once addressing women, and books has been collected. he said that refuse to be the slaves of your own whims and fancies, and the slaves of men. Refuse to decorate yourselves, A. Objectives and do not go in for scents and lavender waters, if you The present study has been conducted in the light of following (women) want to give out the proper scent, if must come out objectives: of your heart, and then you will captivate not man but • To examine the role played by Mahatma Gandhi to humanity. inspire the women • To study the enhanced power of women due influence of Though Mahatma Gandhi never challenged the traditional set Gandhian philosophy up, he inspired women to carve out their own destinies within. • To highlight that Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy is of Women learnt from Mahatma Gandhi that one can be strong effect in this changing scenario even if seemingly weak to protest against injustice. They realized that they do not have to accept the norms of male The main thrust of the study is the “Impact of Mahatma dominated politics. They evolved their own perspectives and Gandhi’s Political Philosophy on Women”. It has been formulated their own methods. Mahatma Gandhi could see considered imperative to provide study of the Gandhian woman as connected with service and not with power. influence on women and their participation in freedom movement as well as their emancipation even in today’s C. Mahatma Gandhi’s Philosophy on Women world. Women for Mahatma Gandhi were embodiments of virtues like faith, sacrifice, humility, tolerance and knowledge. B. Mahatma Gandhi’s Inspiration to Women ‘Women are the incarnation of . Ahimsa means A letter written to Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur from Wardha on infinite love, which again means infinite capacity for 20-10-1936, Gandhi wrote: ‘If you women would only realize suffering. He admired women’s qualities of self-suffering and your dignity and privilege and make full use of it for mankind, spirituality, as can be seen by his words that to me the female you will make it much better than it is. But man has delighted sex is not the weaker sex. It is the nobler of the two. in enslaving you and you have proved willing slaves ill the According to Mahatma Gandhi to call women the weaker sex slave and the slave holders have become one in the crime of is a libel. It is man's injustice to women. The capability of degrading humanity. My special function from childhood, you enduring suffering can be witnessed only in the women. With might say, has been to make women realize her dignity.’ the emergence of Mahatma Gandhi, a new conception of women gradually gained prevalence. For Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Ghandhi was fully aware of the exploitation of women were not mere toys in the hands of men, neither their women in and outside their homes, but he also thought that a competitors. Men and women are essentially endowed with person cannot be exploited without his or her will or the same spirit and therefore have similar problems. Men and participation. Mahatma Gandhi admitted that he learnt the women both are the complement of each other. The wife is not technique of non-violent passive resistance from women, the husband's slave but she is the companion of man and his especially from his wife and mother. He observed and studied help-mate and an equal partner in all his joys and sorrows. She women in his own home and came to perceive women as is as free as the husband to choose her own path. She has the equal partners in the home and society, not merely as wives right to participate in the very minutest details in the activities and mothers. However, for Mahatma Gandhi equality of the of man. Gandhi is the champion of the rights of women as sexes does not mean equality of occupations, as well women’s equal partner of men. Mahatma Gandhi cited the instances of occupations are more conducive to peace than war. ancient role models who were embodiments of Indian womanhood like Sita, Savitri and Draupadi to show that Mahatma Gandhi believed that economic freedom would play Indian women could never be feeble. a vital role in the empowerment of women. He consistently inspired and motivated women for spinning yarn and weaving In detail, the first Non Co-operation Movement of 1921, cloth. Once, addressing women at Nadiad, in 1919, Mahatma Mahatma Gandhi Consciously involved women in an attempt Gandhi suggested that rather than spending so much time in to link their struggle with struggle for national independence, temples, women should spin for few hours everyday. but the programme for women was devised in a way that they Mahatma Gandhi felt consisted in serving the motherland. He could remain at home and still contribute to the movement. As believed that the success of the was a part of Non Co-operation, Congressmen were asked to possible only if women spun yarn and weave cloth in large boycott government educational institutions, law courts and numbers. Spinning yarn would not only enable the women to

THE RESEARCH JOURNAL (TRJ): A UNIT OF I2OR theresearchjournal.net 26 | P a g e

TRJ VOL. 3 ISSUE 5 SEP-OCT 2017 ISSN: 2454-7301 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2454-4930 (ONLINE) legislatures, and to defy the government and its unjust laws in come forward and show their participation, willingly and a peaceful manner, but the constructive programme of happily, in performing domestic tasks as well as rearing and Swadeshi pivoted around boycott of British goods, and the bringing up of children, Mahatma Gandhi’s ideal of woman as spinning and weaving of Khadi. The restoration of spinning to a home maker may act as a protective shield for her. Mahatma its central place in India’s peaceful campaign for deliverance Gandhi had suggested that woman has a right to decide for from the imperial yoke gives her women a special status. He herself. She may remain single and fulfill her wishes of being sees women as a potential resource for the success of his a progressive working woman. moments both political and social and advocates their increased participation. There is something in Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas that is essentially radical. He did not see women as helpless objects However Mahatma Gandhi’s socio-political philosophy, as far of reform. Neither did he think of bringing change only in as he addresses to the question of gender equality is some spheres of life such as marriage or education. His vision progressive but constructed on patriarchal values. According of change was comprehensive. He connected the moral with to Mahatma Gandhi, a woman is the companion of man, gifted the political, the social and the economic, presenting an with equal mental capacities. She has an equal right of eclectic view of life. freedom and liberty with him. Mahatma Gandhi strongly believed that the happiness of mankind will be realized only D. Women Active Role before Independence when women and men coordinate and advance equally, for Mahatma Gandhi call to women and large scale participation each is the companion of the other. In fact, one cannot live of women in the freedom movement brought about changes in without the other’s active help. As souls man and woman are the perception of other nationalist leaders as well. In 1885 the equal. Mahatma Gandhi emphasized upon the economic Indian National Congress was founded and in its 1889 independence of everyone – both men, as well as women. Bombay session, ten women participated. Equality between Since nature has created sexes as complements of each other, men and women was accepted as one of the objectives in the their functions are also defined as are their forms. Mahatma Fundamental Rights Resolution of the Indian National Gandhi strongly criticized the socio-cultural customs and Congress in 1931. Many women who fought for the country’s rituals that had held women in a subordinate position for freedom also became active on the issues of women’s rights. centuries. Taking a critical and rational approach, Mahatma The period of early 20th century saw the emergence of many Gandhi said that ‘it is good to swim in the waters of tradition women’s organizations. The Women’s India Association but to sink in them is suicide.’ (WIA) was founded in 1917 by Margaret Cousin, an Irish and an Indian nationalist, the National Council of Indian Women Mahatma Gandhi remarked that the wages payable to women (NCIW) in 1926 and All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) for an hour’s spinning should be the same as are paid to men in 1927. In the 1920s and 1930s women participated actively and we know that equal wages for equal work is an important in the movement. Thousands of women aspect of feminist thought. He remarked, the times have were jailed during their participation in when changed when man was regarded as woman’s master. That we Mahatma Gandhi urged people to break the salt law by do not admit this is a different matter. God has made man and making salt themselves .Thus women participation in the woman one complete whole. One must not lord over the other. national movement helped in breaking several of the old Woman thought Mahatma Gandhi is the personification of barriers of tradition and custom. strength, endurance and self-sacrifice but she does not realize what tremendous strength she possesses. Once a woman Mahatma Gandhi's call to women to involve themselves in the realizes this, she can exhibit to the world the infinite strength freedom struggle had far-reaching results in changing their that is latent in her. The beauty of a woman does not consist in outlook. On the call of Mahatma Gandhi they boldly took the beauty of her clothes and jewellery, but in the purity of her parts in the National Movements. Many women in their heart. It was this immense faith in Mahatma Gandhi laid individual lives shed their age-old prejudices against the caste emphasis on the dignity of household work i.e. both men and system. They had no hesitation in leaving the boundaries of women need to be educated equally in homework because the their protected homes and going to the jail. They even broke home belongs to both. Mahatma Gandhi strongly felt that men their glass bangles. Women's participation in the freedom must participate in the house work and reduce the drudgery of struggle feminized nationalism and helped them to liberate women’s homework. Therefore Mahatma Gandhi even a from age-old traditions. century before could perceive the hardships that woman would face performing the dual responsibility i.e. of a home E. Women Active Role in Politics after Independence maker and of a professional woman contributing towards the The political background of women participants show that economic subsistence of the family. Until and unless men they are far away from the equal status along with men. Women do not come forward to participate in the public

THE RESEARCH JOURNAL (TRJ): A UNIT OF I2OR theresearchjournal.net 27 | P a g e

TRJ VOL. 3 ISSUE 5 SEP-OCT 2017 ISSN: 2454-7301 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2454-4930 (ONLINE) affairs independently. Due to the efforts of reformers like from his days in South Africa till the end of his life bears Mahatma Gandhi, now Indian women have become active evidence to the fact that they never failed his expectations. participants in every Indian election. They have served in both houses of Parliament and in the State Legislatures, as well as Women organized public meetings, sold khadi and wore khadi rural politics. Along with this Mahatma Gandhi foresees that cloth as uniform, started picketing shops of liquor and foreign India’s future depends on women participation in rural goods, they broke Salt Law by preparing contraband salt, they politics, because more then 80% people live in villages in picketed liquor and burned foreign cloth, braved lathis and India. So after the introduction of Panchayati Raj, leadership bullets and went to jail. The other women who did not go to among women is becoming more common in the rural areas, the jail devoted themselves developing alternative life style which surely will lead to realize the dream of Mahatma and socio economic structures based on the Gandhian Gandhi, i.e. Ram-Rajya, in other words Panchayati Raj. philosophy of sustainable development. They came forward to face all sorts of atrocities, including inhuman treatment by F. Political Status of Women police officers and imprisonment. They came forward to give The question of political status of women is a matter of all that they had like their wealth and strength, their jewellery concern for all who advocate social justice and more for them and belongings, their skills and labour etc. who speak strongly for total development. Women are good managers this has been accepted by many scholars. For an However, under the leadership of the great patriot Sarojini effective role of women in political system the most important Naidu, Congress President in 1925 and leader of All India factor is equal opportunity for women. This has been accepted Women Conference, a section of elite women not only built by political sociologist that the political status of women can support for their cause of women’s equality but also formed be defined on the degree of equality and freedom enjoyed by an alliance with the nationalist movement for the ouster of the women in the shaping and sharing of power and in the value British by linking freedom for women with freedom for India. given by society to this role of women. Leadership of Mahatma Gandhi acted as major forces in the achievement of A. Plans and Policies for Women in the Changing equal status for women. Undoubtedly Mahatma Gandhi Scenario wanted to build a society based on cardinal virtues of justice, India being the most popular country in the world, its 80% peace and equality. He stood as a great political and social people lives in rural and are dependent on agriculture. In the reformer and felt that India has to be strengthened from its field of agriculture women has to play a substantial very roots. Mahatma Gandhi’s vision was to bring equality in contribution. They do the sowing, harvesting, processing and the society. He dreamt to give equal representation to women many other courses directly connected with agriculture. Their in politics at national level. The 73rd Amendment in the involvement in the informal sector is also great. The work Constitution is therefore made to fulfill the above aimed or done by them is not remunerative. As such, women in the objects, as it being the call of the hour as measures are taken society have substantial contribution in the economic field or by the government about above said. After 73rd Amendment sphere without any remuneration in their personal account. In large numbers of women are coming in the rural politics but at addition women have primary responsibility of children and the national level it is still distant dream. household chores depending on the socio-culture climate. The women have variation in their roles assigned to them by the III. ANALYSIS society. Social, cultural and attitudinal factors affect the status Women have always been obviously working as a vital factor of women in society at every stage. In such cases only of societal unity and development in all societies. In 20th attitudinal change can help in bringing the desired results. century in India it was left to Mahatma Gandhi to give Along with this in the changing scenario government policies direction, strength and inspiration to a vast all-embracing and plans are contributing in great extent to strengthen women national movement which was to draw into its vortex women position in the society. During the United Nations Decade for in large numbers. By identifying himself with the masses, Women 1976-1985, government adopted policies to enhance with the disinherited and the forgotten millions, he stirred the the role of women in development and after a decade progress depths of our national conscience as no leader has done before has been achieved in the field of health and schooling. or ever since. With remarkable foresight and with the Whereas the government of India in the sixth five year plan experience he gained in South Africa he assessed the strength made a turning point in the sphere of women, a separate inherent in women. He realized that the only way to rise their chapter on women and development was included in the plan sense of patriotism and awaken in them national documents. consciousness and social responsibility. Mahatma Gandhi had tremendous faith in women's inherent capacity for non- For the development of women a threefold strategy on violence. His experience of women participation in politics education, employment and health was made. First time it was

THE RESEARCH JOURNAL (TRJ): A UNIT OF I2OR theresearchjournal.net 28 | P a g e

TRJ VOL. 3 ISSUE 5 SEP-OCT 2017 ISSN: 2454-7301 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2454-4930 (ONLINE) clearly spelt out that economic independence would accelerate reservation for the seats for women in Parliament and State improvement in the status of women and suggested the setting Legislature was proposed. up of cells at the district level for increasing women’s participation through self-employment. It also stressed that B. Gandhi’s Dream into Reality research and survey were to be instrument assessing women’s Independence brought women Constitutional guarantees of participation. It referred as usual to the need of increasing justice, liberty, equally and dignity for the individual’s rights enrollment of girls at the elementary level, promotion of and directive principles of the Constitution. In 1952 women functional literacy and encouraging the promotion of were first allowed to stand in election, but representation in education for women in backward area. In health; family Lok Sabha never rose above 8%. Indira Gandhi had been the welfare, maternal and child welfare services work to be archetype for women who were trying to obtain a place in the improved. An extend attention paid to women’s nutrition. The power structure in Post Independent India. 33.3 % quota in employment was to be made through greater skill training. Lok Sabha is yet to be attained. Scholars working on the status Support service plans were also made for labour welfare like of Indian women opine that many changes have occurred in basic amenities at the work place, better living conditions, the traditional conception of role and status of women through maternity benefits and education. In the Seventh Five Year new opportunities for education and employment, emergence Plan (1985-1990) efforts were made to review the of new socio-economic pattern and privileges or equal legal achievement of six five year plans of women. It stressed on and political rights. Women are competing with men on an confidence building and awareness of their rights, so that equal footing and have entered into occupations which were women realize their own potential for development. It also considered as the domain of men. The Directive Principles of emphasis the integrated development project for women State Policy in Part IV of the Constitution incorporate the covering health, education, nutrition, creation of employment, policy goals of welfare state. Some Articles deal with women application of technology and science. Eighth Five Year Plan indirectly while a few others concern women directly and reviewed the progress of earlier plans relating to women. It have a special bearing on their status. The Child Marriage launched the benefit derived by women from the Integrated Restraint Act 1930, Hindu Marriage Act 1955, The Immoral Rural Development Programme, Trysem and Jawahar Rojgar Traffic Prevention Act 1956, Hindu succession Act 1956, Yojana for the development of women and child in urban area. Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Women’s participation in the industrial sector especially small Act 1956 Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, The Child Marriage scale, Khadi and in village industry increased considerably. Restraint Amendment Act 1976, The Commission of Sati National Commission for Women was notified on 1st January, Prevention Act 1587 and some other regulations or 1992. The subsequent commission with certain modifications amendments relating to women were also passed to give them came into being thereafter. The greatest success of the nation the place of dignity, equality, opportunity and protection. commissions for women has been in spreading awareness regarding women by touring in various states of a country. C. Perspective They have sensitized heads of state governments and other It can be said without an idea of doubt that Mahatma Gandhi political leaders and also heard women ‘en mass on many experimented in all a century ago and shown the way for the occasions. This has spread the message that there is an empowerment of women and the improvement of the status of autonomous body that cares for women. Simultaneously, due women in the country. No doubt, women are inspired or care in this regard was also emphasized in the ensuing five inspiring and coming into power but still they have to walk a years plans. The Eighth Five Year Plan identifies a major long distance to be fully empowered without any thrust area in the strategy for women’s development, the discrimination. In reality still we can see an opposite picture formation and strengthening of grass-root level. In addition to of the empowerment of women. It is a great regret for us that above various poverty alleviation programmes of rural even today employment of women is still restricted in some development sector 40% benefits have been reserved for the areas. They are not allowed to enter into certain jobs, beyond poor women as in the Eighth Five Year Plan a strategy of doctors, nurses, teachers and clerical jobs. In the family the employment and income generation for main streaming women become the victim of domestic violence and in the women into national developments has been adopted. The society they are also exploited by the social evils like dowry National Commission for Women Act 1991 was set up a system, prostitution etc. Women are already suffering the statutory body to act as an advocate of women’s interest. The malnutrition, which inevitably will be their children’s fate as Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2000) has important objectives well. If women are supported and empowered all of society for women’s development. For the first time, it states benefits but even today in this 21st century Mahatma Gandhi’s categorically that for empowering women as the agents of vision seems remains unfulfilled in reality. There is a lot of social change and development, a national policy for need to work to strengthen the women to meet the dream of empowerment of women would be formulated. Need for the Mahatma Gandhi.

THE RESEARCH JOURNAL (TRJ): A UNIT OF I2OR theresearchjournal.net 29 | P a g e

TRJ VOL. 3 ISSUE 5 SEP-OCT 2017 ISSN: 2454-7301 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2454-4930 (ONLINE) IV. CONCLUSION [2]. M. Seth, Women and Development: The Indian Experience, Mahatma Gandhi’s analysis of social evils, his consistent Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2002. efforts for the liberation of women and his immense faith in [3]. G. Forbes, Women in Modern India: The New Cambridge women’s moral strength made an impact on women’s struggle History of India, Cambridge University Press, 1996. [4]. B. Nelson and N. Chowdhary, Women and Politics Wordwide, for rights and equality as an integral part of the struggle for New Haven, Yale Uni. Press, London, 1994. national independence. Women participated in large numbers [5]. K. Chadda, Reading Gandhi, Kanishka Publishers and in ‘mass’ movements led by him and this made a big Distributers, New Delhi, 2008. breakthrough in Indian women’s lives. In 1885 the Indian [6]. K. C. Vidya, Political Empowerment of Women at the National Congress was founded and in its 1889 Bombay Grassroots, Kanishka Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, session, ten women participated. Mahatma Gandhi call to 2007. women and large scale participation of women in the freedom [7]. B. Arnold, Political Theory: The Foundation of Twentieth movement brought about changes in the perception of other Century Political Thought, Princeton University Press, 1959. nationalist leaders as well But there is another aspect also as [8]. U.S. Mohan, The Message of Mahatma Gandhi, Publication Jawaharlal Nehru who was influenced by the liberal views on Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi, 1968. women’s question in the west was in agreement with [9]. U. Mehta, The Multi-Dimensional Thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi that without economic freedom other Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya, Mumbai, 2003. aspects of women’s equality would not be realized.

st In general now in this 21 century, in spite of legal and constitutional guarantees, women are still lagged behind almost all sectors. To come out of the problems of women status and strength development strategy to empower women is felt essential at broad base as Mahatma Gandhi desired. Development strategy of empowerment should mainly be concerned with employment and asset generation coupled with skill oriented education and vocational training. A preconceived development strategy studded with emphasis on employment, education, health, nutrition, sanitation etc. Critical elements that contribute to the quality of human life, more so in the rural sector, may prove to be effective in the long run to raise the status of women but in men dominated societies with social and political institutions biased in favor of gender discrimination, may not prove to be effective enough to take them out of the downward gravitational pull. To empower women we want the Public Distribution System to be strengthened and the women’s reservation bill providing 33 percent reservation in Lok Sabha to be passed. Here are some examples of women’s representation in Panchayats and Nagarpalikas which has proved that they can even deliver the good jobs, such types of examples are required on the part of women representation each and everywhere throughout the country.

No doubt, today the empowerment of women has become one of the most important concerns but still it is a daydream. Mahatma Gandhi had shown the way for the empowerment of women and the development of the status of women and we have to walk on the guided path to achieve or fulfill the dream of Mahatma Gandhi in true sense.

V. REFERENCES [1]. K. D. Chatophadya, Indian Women’s Battle for Freedom, Navjivan Publication House, New Delhi, 1983.

THE RESEARCH JOURNAL (TRJ): A UNIT OF I2OR theresearchjournal.net 30 | P a g e