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Impacts of Mining Activities on Land Cover and Forest Stock in Mbozi District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

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Impacts of Mining Activities on Land Cover and Forest Stock in Mbozi District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania i IMPACTS OF MINING ACTIVITIES ON LAND COVER AND FOREST STOCK IN MBOZI DISTRICT, MBEYA REGION, TANZANIA HAMIS PATRICK NZUNDA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA 2013 ii ABSTRACT A study was conducted in three villages of Nanyala ward in Mbozi District to assess the impact of mining activities on land cover and forest stock. Landsat images of 1991, 2000 and 2011 were used to assess the trend of land cover changes. The Forest was stratified into mined and un-mined forest area. A concentric circular shaped sample plot with sampling intensity of 0.19 % was used. 70 sample plots were laid and measurements were taken for estimation of stocking, basal area, volume and tree species diversity. Structured and semi structured questionnaire were administered to randomly selected 90 households in three villages adjacent to the mining area. Spatial data was analyzed by Arc View GIS version 9.3 and ERDAS Imagine version 3.2.and MS Excel was used to analyze N/ha, G and V, while Shannon Wiener Index of Diversity data was analyzed using PAST. ANOVA was used to determine the significant different of forest parameters at p<0.05. Quantitative Social economic data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. The results of land cover derived from landsat images from 1991 to 2011 shows the increase of mining area from 0.77 ha to 517.44 ha and bush land from 397.91 ha to 807.61 ha, while forest area decreased from 567.55 ha to 0.77ha. Average number of stems per hectare in un- mined area was 151.31 ±31 (SE) N/ha and in mined area 25.01± 6.276 (SE) N/ha, mean basal area for un-mined forest area was 2.50 ± 0.26 (SE) m2/ha and in mined forest area was 0.21 m2/ha. The mean volume for un-mined area was 9.61 ± 0.19m3/ ha and 0.51 ± 1.18 m3/ha for mined forest area. Shannon Wiener Index of Diversity shows more species in un-mined forest than mined forest 1.29 ± 0.63 (SE) and 0.36 ± 0.08 (SE) respectively. The finding shows that the drivers of land cover changes are mining activities which accounted for 50 %, charcoal burning 27.8 %, uncontrolled bush fires 11.1 %, fire wood 6.7 % and 4.4 % crop cultivation. Comparatively, limestone processing signifies to have more effects to the environment than granite extraction. The study recommends iii conducting environmental auditing and mitigation studies against these damages including regular inspections should be executed to keep these activities of mining under control as stipulated in Environmental Management Act No 20 of 2004. iv DECLARATION I, Hamis, P. Nzunda, do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture, that this dissertation is my original work and that it has neither been submitted nor being concurrently submitted for degree award in any other institution. _______________________ ____________________ Hamis. P. Nzunda Date (MSc. Candidate) The above declaration confirmed by: _______________________ ____________________ Dr. J. J. Kashaigili Date (Supervisor) v COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of Agriculture in that behalf. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dr. J.J. Kashaigili, of the Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture for his tireless supervision, encouragement, guidance, valuable suggestions and remarkable interest which paved a way to the fulfillment of my research work. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. Nzunda. E.F. of the Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture for his valuable guidance in forest data analysis. I am very grateful to the District Executive Director for Mbozi District Council for granting me a leave of absence and financial support for making my study possible. I sincerely, thank my friends Sondi Joseph, Thomas C. Sawe, Joachim Mshana and Frank Zakayo who have patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this dissertation. Lastly but not least, I would like to express special appreciation to my wife; Rehema Haonga for her earnest prayers, moral support, patience and wise handling of family matters during my absence. My thanks also go to my children: Martin, Sandra and Tekla for their tolerance in so many ways including my limited attention throughout the coursework and research period. vii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my mother Frostina Mwasenga and my uncle Yolamu Mgallah and his wife for their love and paved the way for me to recognize the value of education; also to my wife: Rehema Haonga and my children for their tolerance during my long absence from home for the entire study period. May our almighty God bless them forever, EMEN. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... iv COPYRIGHT ...................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. vi DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................ xv LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................. xvi LIST OF ABBEVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ............................................................. xvii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem Statement ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Justification ................................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 General objective ......................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Specific objectives ....................................................................................... 5 1.4.3 Research questions ....................................................................................... 5 1.5 Conceptual Framework for the Study ........................................................................ 5 ix CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................... 7 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 7 2.1 Land Cover and Land Use Change ............................................................................ 7 2.2 Land cover/use change ............................................................................................... 8 2.3 Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System ........................................... 9 2.3.1 Utilization of landsat image ......................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Land covers change detection ...................................................................... 9 2.3.3 Geographical Information System ............................................................. 10 2.3.4 Image classification ................................................................................... 11 2.3.5 Accuracy classification .............................................................................. 11 2.4 Forest Stock Determination ..................................................................................... 12 2.4.1 Impact of mining activities on forest stock ................................................ 13 2.4.2 Shannon-Wiener Index of Diversity (H') ................................................... 13 2.5 Impacts of Mining on the Environment ................................................................... 14 2.6 Mining and Mineral Exploration in Mbozi District ................................................. 14 2.7 Relevant Policies to Mining and Land use/ Cover Changes .................................... 15 2.7.1 The National Environmental Management Policy 1997 ............................ 15 2.7.2 Tanzania Mineral Policy 1997 and Mining Act No. 14 of 2010 ............... 15 2.7.3 The National Land Policy
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