Language: English Original: English

PROJECT: STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA) FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN AND SONGWE REGIONS,

COUNTRY: UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY

Date: JUNE 2017

Team Leader: Stella Mandago, Senior Energy Specialist, RDGE1 Team Members: F. Oku, Senior Environmental Specialist, SNDI.1 RDGE E. Auer, Senior Social Development Specialist SNDI.1 RDGE

Appraisal Team

Divisional Manager: Negash Habtemichael, Engedasew

Regional Director: Gabriel Negatu

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT [SESA] SUMMARY

Project Title: TANZANIA GEOTHERMAL Project Number: P-TZ-FZ0-001

Country: TANZANIA Department: RDGE Division: RDGE1 Project Category: 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Tanzania has traditionally depended on hydropower and fossil fuel for power generation until the recent past when the use of Natural Gas for power generation took a lead in the power generation mix1.

The current generation mix is unsustainable largely due to persistent and frequent droughts and unpredictable fossil fuel price variations which have adversely resulted in severe power supply shortages in the country with detrimental effect oN the country’s economy. Due to this challenge, the government has decided to improve the generation mix by using other locally available sources of energy including Geothermal which is independent of the influence of weather cycles and fossil fuel price variations2.

In order to fast-track the Geothermal development in Tanzania, the Government of Tanzania (GOT) established the Tanzania Geothermal Development Company Limited (TGDC) in December 2013 as a subsidiary Company of TANESCO with institutional mandate for facilitating and expediting realization of geothermal energy development in the country. The proposed programme is aimed at assessment of geothermal resources, confirmation of the potential reservoirs by integrating the data from geophysical, geochemical and geological information of the identified reservoirs. Currently about 50 geothermal potential sites have been identified in the country by using an analog method, with an estimated geothermal potential of more than 5,000MW. Four of the most promising sites for geothermal energy include:

1) Lake Natron in Region-1000 MW; 2) Lake Ngozi and Songwe River basin in Mbeya and Songwe Regions, respectively - 800 MW; 3) Luhoi Spring site, with potential of 50 – 100MW located in Lower Rufiji Valley, Utete District; and 4) Kisaki in Morogoro 600 MW.

Tanzania plans to focus on geothermal potentials in the Mbeya and Songwe Regions, specifically at Ngozi, Songwe, Kiejo/Mbaka and Mampulo/Kasumulo for the development of geothermal energy. These sites were selected as first candidate sites as they appeared to have high subsurface temperatures compared to the other sites.

1 As of February, 2017, the total power installed capacity in the country (grid and off grid) is 1,445MW where, 615MW (43%) is from Natural Gas, 567MW (39%) from hydropower, 252MW (17%) from Fossil (HFO, GO, and Diesel) and 11MW (<1%) from Renewables Energies 2 PSMP (2016), Power Sector Master Plan of 2016 (PSMP 2016)

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A Strategic Environmental Social Assessment (SESA) has been developed by TGDC in compliance with national and international development partners E&S policy requirements. This SESA summary highlights the mechanisms within the SESA to identify potential environmental and social impacts associated with the upstream initial exploration phase of the programme and propose appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures within a robust ESMP embedded within the SESA to avoid, minimise and/or compensate for any residual environmental and social impacts associated with the works.

2. POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

The SESA has been carried out in accordance with applicable environmental, social and power sector policies, standards, regulations and legislation in Tanzania as well as relevant international ratified conventions. Environmental Regulations in Tanzania are vested in two main Institutions; the Division of Environment (DoE) under the Vice President Office (VPO) and the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC). The Division of Environment provides policy and technical backup and executes the overall mandate of the Ministry responsible for environment while the NEMC undertakes monitoring and compliance enforcement duties following clearance of EIA/ESIAs. The Programme requires environmental and social compliance with both primary and secondary national legislative requirements and applicable international development partner’s E&S policies such as the AfDB’s Integrated Safeguard Systems (ISS, 2014), the International Finance Corporation’s Sustainability Framework, 2012 and Equator Principles III.

The applicable national primary legislation include; National Environmental Policy (1997), The Environmental Management Act 2004, Strategic Environmental Assessment Regulations 2008, National Environmental Standards Compendium (NESC) 2009, Land Acquisition Act 1967, Land Act & Village Land Act 1999, Forestry Act 2002, The Wildlife Conservation Act 2009, the Water Resources Management Act, 2009 and the Employment and Labor Relation Act, 2004.

The applicable national secondary legislation include National Energy Policy, 2015, Electricity Act, 2008, Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act, 2003, Industrial and Consumers Chemicals (Management and Control) Act, 2003, Sustainable Industrial Development Policy, 1996, The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Policy, 2003, The Community Development Policy, 1996, National Gender Policy 2002, The National Transport Policy, The Livestock Policy, The Agriculture Policy of Tanzania and Agriculture Sector Development Programme (ASDP), Mineral Policy, 2009, National Tourism Policy, 1999, Human Settlement and Development Policy of 2000, and The National Investment Promotion Policy, 1996.

The Scoping report for the SESA was registered with the NEMC in January 2016 and the final draft of the SESA has been registered with the DoE of VPO accordingly in June 2017.

AfDB’s Operational Safeguard Review The project has been assigned a category 1 by the African Development bank in line with the guidelines within the bank’s ISS because the cumulative potential environmental and social impacts associated with the Exploration phase of the works (for prioritized sites 1, 3 and 5) which the Bank intends providing funding for, could be significant and irreversible. Furthermore some of the project works (provision of access roads and temporary water pipelines) could potentially result in the displacement of more than 200 people.

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Consequently Operational Safeguards (OS) 1 on Environmental Assessment have been triggered because the component activities have the potential to generate significant environmental and social impacts to identified receptors within its area of influence. Operational Safeguard (OS2) has also been triggered because it could displace about 445 persons. OS 4 on Pollution Prevention and Hazardous Substances is triggered since construction will involve use of fuels and possibly some hazardous materials. OS 5 on Labor, Working Conditions, Occupational Health and Safety is applicable since the construction will involve a significant number of construction workers.

It is worth mentioning however, that the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed works of the exploration phase in isolation are mostly site specific, limited in scope and could be managed via a robust ESMP. Site specific ESMP has therefore been developed to manage the exploratory phase works on the first three prioritised candidate sites (1, 3 & 5) to comply with the triggered applicable International Lenders’ and national policies.

A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is being prepared to address the potential impacts associated with displacement of Project Affected Persons (PAPs; about 427 PAPs will have economic impacts –farms- and about 18 PAPs will have physical impacts -houses and graves).

3. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION

Geological, geochemical and geophysical surface studies within Mbeya and Songwe regions, suggest that the Ngozi Geothermal prospect could be favorable for power generation. The proposed programme is aimed at assessment of the geothermal resources, confirmation of the potential reservoirs by integrating the geophysical, geochemical, geological and drilling techniques. Studies show that resources with reservoir temperature above 150°C can be utilized for power generation if sufficient volumes of water is available and resources with reservoir temperature lower than 150°C can be used directly for various purposes such as tourism including swimming pools, fish farms, agricultural activities such as drying of crops are recommended projects.

TGDC proposes to drill exploration wells as a part of the geothermal development programme to confirm the amount and nature of the Ngozi geothermal resource and to improve/validate the existing geoscientific model. Measured and calculated subsurface temperature, observed fluid composition and well test results, revised volumetric assessment and construction of preliminary numerical model will enable further scoping of a possible geothermal power utilization projects and geothermal direct uses in case temperature is not viable for electricity generation. If the geothermal resource is favourable for power generation, TGDC will proceed to production drilling and construction of a geothermal power plant, steam field and associated infrastructures. In case the geothermal resource is not favourable for power generation, TGDC will proceed to production drilling in collaboration with local authorities to support other geothermal direct uses such tourism include swimming pools, fish farming, agricultural activities such as drying of crops after further studies elaborated in the future.

To realize immediate results, TGDC intends to focus on the first stage of the programme; a project that will be developed in Ngozi prospect in the (Mbeya Rural and Sungwe districts) shown in Figure 3-1 overleaf. At this stage, the project will involve drilling exploration wells at three (3) locations out of five (5) proposed by external experts to identify whether the available geothermal resource is suitable for power generation.

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Figure 3.1: Location of the Five candidate site within the Mbeya Region

Stages of Geothermal Development. The typical stages and activities for a geothermal development (exploration through to production) together with their associated potential environmental and social impacts is summarized in Table 3-1 overleaf. These includes Exploration, Drilling, Construction, Operation and Abandonment. However, the SESA and its embedded site specific ESMP for the initial three prioritized sites (1, 3 & 5) will cover just the initial exploration phases and their associated potential environmental and social impacts for each stage of the development process.

Figure 3.2 shows the associated schedule timeline for each phase of the project development works on the three prioritized candidate sites through to full production and the relevant environmental and social instruments that needs to be developed beyond the exploration phase of which this project covers. It can be inferred that the initial exploratory phase covers a limited time scope but will generate the critical data about the reservoirs to assess their suitability of their end-uses.

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Table 3.1: Stages of the Geothermal Development Stage Phases Activities Purpose/environment concerns E&S Impact

Exploration i. Reconnaissance i. Early geoscientific studies, i. Access to field Very limited impact and completely reversible inventory ii. Planning of exploration ii. Selection of promising areas Very limited impact and completely reversible ii. Detailed surface Detailed Geoscience studies Conceptual model – drilling targets Very limited impact and completely reversible study Drilling i. Exploration drilling i. Installation of access roads, well Detailed study based on Excavation, roads/pads construction, noise, air quality, dust, erosion, traffic, resettlement, pads, water intake, water storage environmental assessment landslides, potential increase in crime, potential risk of child abuse, potential gender related tanks and water pipelines. SEA/ESIA/EIA risks such as gender based violence and increase in prostitution Upcoming part of the ii. Drilling activities SESA/ESMP Road/well pad construction, noise, air quality, vegetation clearance, potential increase in programme- Ngozi crime, potential risk of child abuse, potential gender related risks such as gender based violence exploration drilling and increase in prostitution Project iii. Well testing SESA/ESMP geothermal gases, geothermal liquid, noise, potential increase in crime, potential risk of child abuse, potential gender related risks such as gender based violence and increase in prostitution. ii. Production drilling i. Installation of access roads, well ESIA air quality, vegetation clearance, potential increase in crime, potential risk of child abuse, pads, water intake, water storage potential gender related risks such as gender based violence and increase in prostitution tanks and water pipelines. ii. Drilling activities ESIA Noise, water usage, potential increase in crime, potential risk of child abuse, potential gender related risks such as gender based violence and increase in prostitution iii. Well testing Constituents of water and steam geothermal gases, geothermal liquid, noise, potential increase in crime, potential risk of child discharge abuse, potential gender related risks such as gender based violence and increase in prostitution. Construction i. Development wells i. Brine ponds Same as above (production & injection) ii. Construction of the i. Power plant and cooling tower ESIA Same as above but impacts may be reduced by careful planning power plant, steam ii.Steam gathering system Same as above but impacts may be reduced by careful planning field & transmission iii.Electrical power lines ESIA Resettlement, land, traffic, noise, vegetation, visual impacts, potential increase in crime, line potential risk of child abuse, potential gender related risks such as gender based violence and increase in prostitution.. iv. Local road system Temporal traffic increase. iii. Commercial testing geothermal gases, geothermal liquid, noise, potential increase in crime, potential risk of child abuse, potential gender related risks such as gender based violence and increase in prostitution.. Operation and i.Generate electricity i.Operation of the installed facilities Emission of geothermal gasses, water abstraction, water discharge/recharge, surface activity, Maintenance visual impacts. ii.Periodic addition of new wells ESIA may be required based on Limited impacts compared to the previous installed facilities and existing well pads are used Tanzanian legislation and contracts (several wells can be drilled from each pad). If not new access roads and well pads have to be with official stakeholders. installed. iii. Well testing geothermal gases, geothermal liquid, noise. iv. Maintenance Very limited impact. Well discharge may be limited temporarily. ii. Direct application Develop potential of medium and ESIA The potential impact depends on what form of direct use will be chosen (food drying, spa low enthalpy resources facilities, green houses etc.). Commission/ unused boreholes can be hidden or Surface disturbances recovered to large extend. Abandonment plugged

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Figure 3.2: Project Schedule for Exploration Studies and Potential Drilling

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

The baseline studies undertaken by the SESA studies covered the physical, biological and socio-economic baseline conditions -at both a regional and local scale- for the immediate project’s area of influence as summarized in the following paragraphs.

4.1 Physical Baseline Data

Climate

The Mbeya Region has four distinct climate periods (December – Februrary; March – May; June – September and October – November), which characterize this distribution of rainfal and temperatures within the region as followsthe general circulation. Mbeya climatic characteristics in temperature and rainfall are summarized in Table 4-1 overleaf.

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Table 4.1: Temperature and Rainfal Distribution in the Mbeya Region Dry Season May-November Wet Season December-April Average Annual Rainfall 1,017mm Average Annual Evaporation 1,420mm Mean max. 24 ºC Temperatures Mean min. 10 ºC

Mean avg. 170C

Topography The Mbeya Region covers about 60,500km2 and lies between 32 and 35 E longitude and between 7 and 9 30' S latitude. The southern part of the region is mountainous and hilly, covered by Mporoto and the Mbeya ranges. The northern part is relatively flat with high plains between the eastern Rift valley (in which the Great Ruaha River runs) and the western Rift Valley draining to Lake Rukwa.

The altitudes in the region vary from 1,000m to 2,900m above sea level. The features of the region are the uplifted and warped plateaus which cover most of the area and which are remnants of the Gondwana lying between 1,800m and 3,000m of altitude. The Mount Rungwe volcano is the highest peak with an altitude of 2,960m above sea level. The Mporoto Ridge lies southeast of Mbeya Municipality. To the north, a vast and smooth pediplain, part of the African erosion surface lies between 1,200m and 1,800m in altitude, with wide valleys hosting major rivers.

Soils The highlands of Ngozi Programme area have rich volcanic soils suitable for intensive agricultural production and potential for growing maize, coffee, beans, bananas, Irish potatoes as well as production of livestock farming. These areas are inhabited by small and large scale farmers. The lowland areas are inhabited by nomadic pastoralists and small scale farmers. The soils of the programme area are diverse in nature. Within the concession area, soils vary by topography from mountains to plains and seasonal swamps. Most parts of the concession area have deep well-drained soils but there are isolated parts with shallow soils. Water logging occurs mainly in patches on plains and along watercourses. The main soil types in the programme area re the dark-brown volcanic soils found on Poroto Forest Reserves nearly to Lake Ngozi. The soils on the southern slopes of Poroto Forest Reserves are generally shallow and rocky. They appear to be less fertile as indicated by the kind of vegetation which dominates these slopes. Inside the caldera the soils appear to be deep and quite fertile with high agricultural potential. On the western side, the slopes are well vegetated indicating deep fertile soils. There are intensive agricultural activities on these areas. There is less evidence of soil erosion except along the cattle tracts. These slopes (on the western side) are well covered with grass which reduces incidences of soil erosion

Surface Water The Mbeya Region drains into the following three drainage basins: i. The southern parts of the Mporoto mountains and the Rungwe Range drains into the Kiwira, Lufilyo, Mbaka and Songwe draining southward into Lake Nyasa and finally towards the Indian Ocean through Shire and Zambezi Rivers.

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ii. The northern part drains through the Sisimba, Nzovwe and the Mbalizi Rivers flowing into the Songwe River and Zira River and finally into the Songwe River basin draining to Lake Rukwa iii. The eastern part drains through the Gwili, Mwambalizi and Mlowo rivers, into Kimani, Chimala and Igurusi tributaries and finally into the Great Ruaha River which drains into the Rufiji River (Indian Ocean);

Studies3 show that the surface water runoff pattern in the region corresponds closely to the general unimodal rainfall pattern. Streams start rising in November, with maximum flows in March/April and recessing from May to September with low flows in October and November. In the northern parts of Mbeya where annual rainfall is below 500-800mm, streams run dry every year and mean annual runoff is estimated to be below 2l/s/km2. In the southwestern highlands where annual rainfall is about 1,200-2,600mm, the streams are perennial with mean annual runoff exceeding 10l/s/km2.

Exploration drilling will use water from sources available within and nearby to the project areas. The project has been given approval (abstraction permit obtained) to abstract to a maximum of 60% of water from the identified rivers as required by regulations. 40% is left in the river course for other downstream use.

The proposed drilling site number one, NB-1 will tap water from River Halanzi, the water permit from Lake Rukwa basin Authority has been granted. The proposed drilling site number three, NB-3 will tap water from River Swaya, the water permit from Lake Nyasa basin Authority has been granted. The proposed drilling site number five, NB-5 will tap water from River Mbalizi, the water permit from Lake Rukwa basin Authority has been granted. River Swaya, Halanzi and Mbalizi are all permanent (flow throughout the year) and the flow rate ranging from 1500 – 4500 litre per minute (25-75 L/s) which has been determined during the dry season. During drilling, water will be drawn from the identified rivers and stored in tanks which will feed the drilling pad by gravity. The drilling operation will require 20L/sec (1200L/min) from the storage tanks, and will take thirty (30) days for each well. The amount of water abstraction is little compared to the rivers minimum flow rate determined during dry season, hence there will be no impact to downstream use. Water sample from the three rivers has been collected for chemical baseline data, now in laboratory for analysis. Trace elements results will be presented and discussed in the final report.

Groundwater The Mbeya Songwe Water Sources Study by Wanjohi & MMK (1997) reports the following findings related to groundwater occurrence. The evaluation indicated that groundwater in the Mbeya area occurs within: i. Outwash talus along scarp bases; ii. Permeable beds within Rungwe volcanics; iii. Terraces associated with older lake beds; iv. Sandstones and conglomerates of Karroo formation; v. Saturated weathered zone of granites and other basement types; vi. Fault or fissure zones

3 Mbeya Songwe Water Sources Study by Wanjohi & MMK (1997)

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Groundwater availability can be estimated based on borehole yields. The variation in physiographic and climate of Mbeya and Songwe Regions to a large extent have cause much diversity in the geology and the soil type. Large area of these Regions is predominantly crystalline and mainly felsic gneiss and granite rocks covered with thick layers of volcanic and alkali basalt. Limestone lacustrine rocks form the base in much of Kyela and Usangu plains. In the arable areas soils are most commonly of moderate fertility, coarse of medium texture and varying from sandy loam, alluvial soils to cracking clays. Two types of soils occupy the central parts: pumice layered soils of varying maturity and sesquioxidic-kaolinite – leached soils (see Moore, 1971).

In general, the soil in the vicinity of the proposed well pads is very permeable. The proposed exploration drilling will not use ground water. However, during execution of the project, drilling mud will stored in lined settling ponds where will be left for water to evaporate. With this arrangement, no ground water contamination will take place. The project design safe enough as far as ground water contamination is concerned

4.2 Biological Baseline Data

The biological baseline studies covered both flora and faunal presence and distribution on both regional and local scale.

Flora baseline data The programme area is mainly located in mixed of the Albertine Rift Montane Forests and Central Miombo Woodlands ecoregions, which is listed on the Global 200 Ecoregions (Figure 5-4). The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by WWF as priorities for conservation in order to protect world biodiversity.

According to the WWF, as an ecoregion, Central Miombo4 Woodlands should be a global priority for conservation, due to its species richness and concentrations of large mammals including some that undertake seasonal migrations. It is composed of several habitat types comprising mainly tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and scrublands.

Also the Albertine Rift Montane Forests Ecoregion is an area of exceptional faunal and floral endemism. These forests also support many endangered species such as the Mountain gorillas and Eastern Lowland gorillas which are effective target for much of the current conservation investment in the area.

The floral habitat types within the area consist of Miombo Woodlands, Mosaic Croplands Vegetation, Closed to open broadleaved evergreen to Semi-Deciduous Forest and Open Needle leaved Deciduous or Evergreen Forest.

Protected Areas Figure 4.1 overleaf shows both national and internationally designated protected areas such as Mount Rungwe NatureReserve and within the project’s area of influence. However, for the proposed three drilling sites, all access roads, water pipelines and water intake (for drilling sites NB1 and NB3) are not within protected area (Poroto FR) which is bio-

4 Miombo is a vernacular word for a tree species in the Brachystegia genus. It is a woodland ecosystem which is dominated by tree species in the genera Brachystegia, Julbernadia and Isoberlinia. Frequently associated species are Marquesia macroura, Pericopsis angolensis, Erythophleum africanum and Parinari curatelifolia.

SESA Summary Page 9 of 33 Tanzania Geothermal Development Project, Tanzania diversity hotspot for flora and fauna. Only the water pipeline for drilling site NB5 will pass through Poroto FR about 2km.

Figure 4.1: Location of Protected Areas in relation to proposed Exploration sites (Source: WCS, 2015)

Fauna baseline data All of the faunal natural habitats of Ngozi crater are degraded and are continuing to be heavily impacted by encroachment from human activity5.

Also WCS-T (2012) collected baseline data in Poroto Forest Reserve and it identified Rungwe Dwarf Galago and three horned chameleon (chameleon fuelleborni) chameleon which are not listed in IUCN REDLIST but is endemic to Tanzania. The Rungwe Dwarf Galago (Galagoides sp.), a bush baby recently discovered by WCS, is also listed as one of the world‘s 25 rarest primates.

5 (pole cutting and production of charcoal; S. Loader pers. comm. June 2012; logging, agricultural encroachment, burning and unregulated tourism; T. Davenport pers. comm. September 2012)

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Other fauna which are likely to appear in programme area are Baboons, black monkeys, black monkeys, different species of small snakes and large snakes and wild animals like mongoose.

Birds Tanzania is a very important country for birds with a total of 1,052 species of birds, of which 24 are breeding endemic, and 45 species are globally threatened (Birldlife International, 2015). Some of the endangered bird species include: Grey-crowned Crane, Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) and Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) and restricted range species in the East African region such as Spot-flanked Barbet (Tricholaema lachrymose), Bare-faced go-away- Bird (Corythaixoides personata) and Black-lored Babbler (Turdoides sharpie) (BirdLife International, 2015). Restricted-range species are species present in only 7.3 million km2 of remaining natural habitat (about 5% of the world’s land area) (Stattersfield, et al 1998). Three Important Bird Areas (IBA) are located in the programme area: Umalila Mountains, Mount Rungwe and Kitulo Plateau.

None of these bird areas fall in the proposed drilling sites but are near to Poroto FR whereby there may be possibility of impact to birds migratory routes from those mentioned areas (Umalila Mountains, Mount Rungwe and Kitulo Platea and other locally designated ones). These will be assessed in an ESIA following successful outcome of each of the initial three prioritised sites.

4.3 Socio-Economic Baseline Data The SESA studies identified various socioeconomic baseline conditions on both reginoal and local scale. Baseline data on social infrastructure such as population distribution, schools, hospitals (clinics), markets, roads, land tenure and mode of communal livelihood –mainly farming- were identified. However, none of these services is projected to be impacted negatively by the proposed exploration phase of the geothermal development works. Further site specific socio-economic baseline data will be undertaken as part of the ESIA studies following successful outcome of any of the first three prioritised candidate sites of the programme.

Population Distribution Tables 4.2 and 4.3 shows the regional and local population distribution of the communities within which the Geothermal Development Programme will be undertaken.

Areas that need to be considered along the proposed program implementation have been identified in the baseline study. The proposed geothermal development programme covers large area in two regions, five districts, several wards, villages and streets/sub villages.

Table 4.2: Geothermal Development Programme Coverage (Source: Field Survey, 2016) Regions Districts/Councils Wards Mbeya Mbeya City Council Mwasanga Council Swaya Coincil Swaya District Council Ntaba Kyela Njisi Itope Songwe Mbozi Nanyala

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According to 2012 census, the total population of Mbeya Region was 2,707,410 of which 1,409,672 were females (52.1%) and 1,297,738 were males (47.9%). The Region represented 6.0% of the total population of which was 43,625,354 in 2012.

Table 4.3: Population and Households per Council, 2015 Councils Area Population Population Villages Population/ (km2) (km2) Village Mbeya CC 214 421,965 1,972 - 2,331 Chunya 29,219 318,137 11 86 3,699 Kyela 1,322 242,580 183 92 2,637 Mbarali 16,632 329,132 20 102 3,227 Mbeya DC 2,432 334,391 137 141 2,372 Rungwe 1,242 371,451 168 155 2,396 Busokelo 969,14 96,348 99 56 1,890 (Source: Mbeya Regional Secretariat, 2016, National Bureau of Statistics 2012)

Ethnic groups The main ethnic groups in Mbeya Region are Nyakyusa, Ndali, Nyiha, Nyamwanga, Bungu and Safwa. Others who form significant minorities are the Kisi, Malila, Masai, Kinga, Hehe, Wanji, Sukuma and the Sangu. The Nyakyusa are mainly in Kyela, Mbeya and Rungwe districts while the Sukuma, Sangu, Hehe, Kinga and Masai predominate in .

The ethnic compositions of are the Nyiha and Nyamwanga in Mbozi and Ndali and Walambya in . Other small ethnic groups include the Malila and Nyakyusa.

Indigenous people There is no specific national policy on indigenous peoples (IPs) in Tanzania. In 2007, Tanzania voted in favor of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) but the Government does not recognize the existence of any IPs in the country. The Pastoralists Indigenous Non-Governmental Organizations (PINGO) Forum was first established in 1994. PINGO is an advocacy coalition of more than 50 indigenous people’s organizations working in Tanzania for the rights of the marginalized indigenous pastoralists and hunter-gatherer communities. According to their website and a 2016 status report compiled by the PINGO coordinator, there are four groups self-identifying as indigenous peoples in Tanzania: two hunter-gatherer groups, namely the Akie and Hadzabe; and two pastoralist groups, namely the Barabaig and Maasai where are not within Mbeya region.

The Ngozi project will take place at sites where the following ethnic groups may be present: Nyakyusa, Ndali, Nyiha, Nyamwanga, Bungu and Safwa. Others who form significant minorities in Mbeya Region are the Kisi, Malila, Maasai, Kinga, Hehe, Wanji, Sukuma and the Sangu. However, the Nyakyusa and Safwa are mainly in Mbeya and Rungwe districts; these ethnic groups are not part of the four groups self-identifying as IPs. While not addressed as IPs according to international lender standards based on the Government of Tanzania’s stance and PINGO’s analysis, these ethnic minorities are addressed as community members.

Land tenure and uses The land tenure system comprises mainly titled and customary tenure. Titled land ownership mainly exists in urban areas such as Mbeya City Rungwe, Kyela and Mbozi urban while

SESA Summary Page 12 of 33 Tanzania Geothermal Development Project, Tanzania customary tenure is mostly in rural area. During the consultative meetings the district and ward officials, reported that people get land through three main systems namely; inheritance, government allocation and buying.

The planned geothermal development programme areas are relatively degraded with patches of forest and the sites with geothermal potential are located on the foot slopes of these forested hills. The most prominent are the Poroto Hill Forest Reserve and Mount Rungwe Nature Reserve. The dominant land use in all sites visited is agriculture i.e. crop cultivation and livestock keeping. The intensity of crop cultivation is more prominent around Ngozi sites particularly site NB-1 and site NB-5 while site NB-3 is located in a fair flat area with pine plantation. The three drilling sites which will be used for exploration work are located within areas characterized by intensive cultivation of Irish potatoes and vegetables and are characterized by rough terrain where ownership of land are customary tenure system. The remaining sites are either in bush area or fallowed land and used as livestock grazing.

Other land uses include mining activities for Marble and limestone in Songwe site, exploration of natural gas programmes in Rungwe and Kyela and conservation activities in Mbeya and Rungwe districts.

Economic activities and livelihoods Agriculture contributes most of the Mbeya region’s cash income mainly from maize, sorghum, finger millet, cassava, beans, groundnuts, cowpeas, rice, cotton, tobacco, potatoes, banana, wheat, coffee, sunflowers, cocoa, onions, and pigeon peas’ production.

Agriculture as the main economic activity in Mbeya and Songwe regions is undertaken by the Nyakyusa, safwa, Wanyiha, Nyamwanga and Ndali. The main export crops produced are coffee, tea cardamom. Other crops such as banana, rice, beans and maize are produced on small – scale peasant for local for consumption. Alongside crop cultivation by the Nyakyusa, safwa and other ethnic groups, the Masaai and are involved in livestock keeping. The nature of agricultural and livestock keeping activities undertaken by these ethnic groups requires sufficient amount of land which is becoming scarce due to increasing number of people and need for more food and cash crop production.

Songwe region has diverse agro-ecological zones making it possible to grow many types of crops. The major food crops grown in the area include maize, paddy, sorghum, finger millet, bulrush millet, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, groundnuts and beans while the cash crops grown in the district are coffee, simsim and sunflower.

Livestock keeping is also an important undertaking in Mbeya and Songwe Regions. Typical livestock kept include cattle, goats, sheep, poultry and pigs.

Mining & Manufacturing Mbeya region has a high potential for investment in the mining sector. The mineral deposits in Mbeya include coal, gold, ion, limestone, marble travertine, kaolin, copper, salt and apatic/niobium and a variety of gemstones which remain largely unexplored to date. Songwe region is endowed with valuable minerals and attractive rocks that can be used for different purposes. Salt, limestone, coal, red garnet, gold, rhodolite and travertine are identified in many places of Songwe region. Four major areas have been identified to have a large stock of mineral deposits including Ng’amba Mountain (Marbles), Songwe (Marbles), Mahenje (pozolana soil), Magamba (coal), and Gold in Idiwili and Hezya mountains. This opportunity is not yet fully

SESA Summary Page 13 of 33 Tanzania Geothermal Development Project, Tanzania utilized because the mining activities of for example gold, limestone and travertine in the region is mainly undertaken by small scale artisanal miners who have poor equipment which leads to low production of minerals with negative implication to environments.

Mbeya and Songwe regions have several manufacturing industries which are important to the regions and national economy in general. The manufacturing industries in both regions Mbeya Cement Company Limited, New Mbeya Textile Mills, Mbozi Coffee Curing, Coca-Cola plants, Mbeya Consolidated mines, Industries under Small Industries Development organization (SIDO) such as Pemacco, Common Facilities Workshop (CFW), Tea processing

Tourism Mbeya region has several tourist attractions such as the Mountain Rungwe, Mbeya peak and Kyejo, and sandy beaches on the shores of the Lake Nyasa. The Rift Valley (Usangu Plains) ecological features of the tropical rain forests, Usangu game reserve, Utengule wetland, Lake Ngozi, Sanic (similar to lake Lomond in England), Daraja la Mungu Biodiversity (Natural Bridge) and Isongole (Fishing Camps), Kaporogwe (Waterfalls) and Lake Masoko (greater lake) for sport fishing in Rungwe District. Also there are Fisheries camps at Mpunguti and Kyejo Nature Reserve.

Tourism is an important economic activity in Songwe region as well, including cultural, historical and ecological tourism. One of the most famous tourist attractions in include, the Meteorite (popularly known as KIMONDO in Kiswahili).

Health services and facilities Health services and facilities in Mbeya and Songwe regions are provided by both government and private sectors. Mbeya region provides quality services using the existing health facilities. The number of health services and health facilities in the region are shown in Table 4.4 below.

Table 5-10. Number of Health Facilities and Services Increase (2013/2014 – 2015/2016) No. Health Facilities 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 1 Hospitals 20 20 20 20 2 Health centers 36 36 38 37 3 Dispensaries 374 374 365 412 4 CTCs 68 68 82 94 5 PMTCT/OB+ 349 350 354 354 6 VMMC 15 17 21 21 7 VCTs 157 157 57 57 8 PITCs 254 254 270 270 9 YFSs/SRHs etc. 366 366 183 183 Source; Regional Medical Doctor’s Office, 2016

Mbeya region is promoting Public Private Partnership (PPP) whereby the private health sector facilities account for 28% of the total facilities in the region. Most of these facilities are located in remote areas of the region. There are organized mobile health services for some specialized services like eye services care, treatment of HIV/AIDS services, surgery and mental health services. There are several private pharmacies offering wide range of essential and non- essential drugs.

Health services and health facilities in Songwe region include dispensaries, health centers, clinics and hospitals, operated by regional administrations and districts. This system is supplemented by private providers and mission hospitals.

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Education Mbeya region has a total of 704 pre- primary and primary schools with a total number of 326,534 pupils (159,330 boys and 167,204 girls). There are 152 secondary schools which have a total of 84,290 students of which 40,177 are boys and 44,113 girls. There are seven high learning institutions. There are several 157 primary and secondary schools in Songwe region owned by the government and private organizations. Mbozi has 2 nursing and medicine training Institutes one being owned by the Government. Mbozi Mission Hospital has officially opened a Nursing Training Institute with capacity of 120 Students at Diploma level.

Archaeological and cultural heritage Cultural officers and other heritage stakeholders in the region confirm that Mbeya and Songwe are endowed with cultural heritage sites that have been registered. These include a meteoritic site in Mlangali, Nanyala hot springs and Nanyala historical bat caves in Mbozi. There are two cultural heritage sites in with historic human footprint and traditional smithing sites in Nkala and Ngwala ritualistic stone and mountain in .

Potential impacts to these identified cultural heritage sites will be avoided, minimised and/or compensated for via the proposed ESMP and Monitoring Plan within the SESA.

5. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

The SESA considered project alternate analyses for both site location and technical design which showed comparative advantages of progressing with the proposed Geothermal Development Programme. The alternate analyses covered; (i) The Do-Nothing Option (ii) Analysis of Potential Power Resources and the Proposed Programme, (iii) Alternative, Geothermal Resource Uses (iv) Geothermal power plant technology options and (v) Gas emissions from different types of power plants.

The first three prioritised candidate sites were carefully selected to avoid and/or minimise environmental and social impacts from the project development works as detailed out in the following paragraphs.

Location of drilling sites

The planned design area of each of the three proposed drilling site is 8000m2 (80m x 100m) to minimize ground clearance especially during the exploratory phase. Furthermore, all three sites are greater than 2 km from centers of villages and settlements hence less impacts to the communities. Additionally, the final sites will result in the least need for payment of compensation due to project related displacement.

Location of access roads The preferred access routes to the three initial prioritized sites for the exploration phase have been chosen to avoid and/or minimize potential displacements of communities and other physical assets due to the planned project works.

Site 1 (NB–1) is located in Nsongwi Juu village, Ijombe Ward, in Mbeya Region. The site has been marked to cater for drilling pad, camp, offices, water storage tank etc. The opted access road was best considered to minimize the impacts, the one with minimal impacts in term of community disturbances. The access road to NB-1 starting from Uyole Kati

SESA Summary Page 15 of 33 Tanzania Geothermal Development Project, Tanzania to Itambalala up to the well pad location will involve construction of two bridges (across Simwalwayo stream and Kombo stream), the proposed road has been deviated to avoid complications with higher terrain. Another access road option studied was the one from Uyole kati toward Ngoto area upto the well pad location. The route involves construction of three bridges (across Nkonbolo stream, Halanzi stream and Gole stream). The terrain in this route is so hilly (higher terrain) and will involve more disturbances to the community.

Site 3 (NB–3) is located in Goye village, Ndanto Ward, Rungwe District in Mbeya Region. The access road to NB-3 is starting from Mbeya One to T-off point towards the well site. This was the only best option available in the site.

Site 5 (NB–5) is located in Nsenga village, Swaya Ward, Mbeya Rural District in Mbeya Region. The drilling site has been marked to cater for drilling pad, camp, offices, water storage tank etc. The access road to NB-5 starting from Iyunga to Ikuti up to the well pad location. Another access road option studied starts s the one from Halengo junction toward the well pad location. The route involves construction of one bridge (across Nzovwe stream). This option involves more disturbances to the community, as there are number of schools along the way to the drill site location namely Halengo and Swaya primary schools, Nzonda haki and Swaya secondary schools, Swaya market center and Nzovwe Roman Catholic Church.

6. Climate Change Impacts

The project will boost electricity generation in Tanzania, reduce dependency on hydrocarbon and other non-renewable sources which will result in significant reduction of emission in GHGs. Geothermal technology is considered environmentally benign and GHG emissions are negligible when compared with other technologies that involve combustion of fossil fuels. As the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) estimated, “When comparing the CO2 emissions data obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Energy Information Administration (EIA) for coal and natural gas power plants, the average rate of carbon dioxide emissions for coal-fired power plants and natural gas power plants are 997.9kg CO2/MWh and 390.5kg CO2/MWh, respectively.

Geothermal systems generally produce significantly less emissions, approximately 179.8kg CO2/MWh and 27.13kg CO2/MWh for flash power plant and dry steam power plant respectively6.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

The SESAESIA has developed an ESMP to manage the residual environmental and social impacts associated with the project development works following identification and analysis of all the potential environmental and social impacts. The ESMP contains mitigation measures developed in line with the hierarchy of mitigation with their associated cost, names of the responsible implementing units/agencies, monitoring indicators and reporting frequencies to assess both compliance and performance as summarized in Table 7.1 overleaf;

6 Source: Climate Registry 2012, EIA 2013e, EPA 2011, and NRC 2010

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Table 7.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Exploration Phase of the Geothermal Development works

Exploration phase - Drilling and well testing

Anticipated Social & Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Environmental Management Measures Plan and estimate Impacts Responsibilities in USD/year Air quality management and monitoring during drilling and well testing -Air pollution Equipment and vehicles shall be properly maintained Contractors Throughout TGDC shall monthly inspect vehicles and 140,000 -Increased NOx in a fully serviceable condition to further Minimize air the project engines maintenance to ensure that they are in a emisson pollution. fully serviceable conditions to minimize Sensitize construction workers on suppression of idling gaseous pollution. vehicles and machinery.

Emission of The well heads shall be equipped with a blow-out Drilling Drilling The drilling contractor shall daily during the 40,000 geothermal gases (CO2 preventor to manage gas-kicks during drilling. contractor and testing drilling and testing phase inspect ventilation of and H2S). All on-site workers shall be equipped with a personal confines spaces where H2S can accumulate. This -CO2 can accumulate H2S detector with an alarm set to 5 ppm. shall be audited every other week by TGDC. in confined spaces. In case H2S level reaches 5 ppm, workers shall consult -H2S can have serious with on-site manager. All work on site shall be health effects in high terminated if H2S levels reaches 10 ppm. concentrations. Provision of adequate ventilation of occupied buildings to avoid accumulation of hydrogen sulphide gas.

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Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate Environmental Responsibilities in Impacts USD/year Solid and liquid waste. Management of water pollution, land quality and waste generation during drilling and well testing Increased waste Waste bins shall be provided (by contractors) for waste storage Drilling During Drilling contractor shall daily inspect 120,000 from the well prior to collection. The waste bins shall allow recycle of organic contractor, drilling availability of containers/ waste bins that allow sites. waste, metals, plastic, etc. TGDC and and testing recycle of organic waste metals and plastic. Resource recovery will be encouraged once the project takes off Municipal/Distri TGDC shall monitor waste control (availability to limit waste and recover non-recyclables. ct Authority of waste bins), waste transport and disposal Waste transported by vehicles shall be covered to prevent every other week scatter by wind. TGDC shall monitor waste control (availability of waste bins), waste transport and disposal every other week. Increased liquid Containers for waste liquid shall be available on the Contractors, During The drilling contractor shall daily inspect 10,000 waste from the construction sites (including drill sites). The containers shall TGDC and drilling availability of containers designed for liquid drilling sites. be designed for liquid waste storage. Contractors shall provide Municipal/Distri and waste storage. Risk of and maintain such barrels. ct Authority testing. TGDC shall inspect liquid waste control and leakages/ Proposed management measures are discussed in the row availability of containers for liquid waste every pollution from below (sanitary facilities). other week. sanitation facilities. Risk of leakages/ During drilling and well testing, the drilling contractor will Contractors, During The drilling contractor shall daily inspect 110,000 pollution from construct temporal sanitation facilities (toilets) at campsite but TGDC and drilling functioning of toilets and latrines used by sanitation should far from water sources to be used by workers at the site Municipal/Distri and workers, TGDC shall every other week inspect facilities. to minimize environmental pollution that could occur. ct Authority testing. the availability and functioning of toilets and Utilization of water closet latrines with a digestive septic tank latrines used by workers to ensure function and soak away pit at campsite. according to the EMP. Sensitization of workers on the rationale of using the sanitary facilities Pollution of Circulation ponds, lined with waterproof material will be Contractor, During TGDC shall, prior to spudding of each well 100,000 surface- and designed and constructed at each well pad. The pods shall be TGDC and Lake drilling inspect the lining of the circulation ponds. groundwater. used for drilling fluid circulation during drilling and to collect Nyasa and Lake and well TGDC is responsible for assessing the chemical geothermal liquid during well testing. Rukwa Water testing composition of the water in the ponds. The

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Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate Environmental Responsibilities in Impacts USD/year Solid and liquid waste. Management of water pollution, land quality and waste generation during drilling and well testing The chemical composition of the water in the pond shall be Basin composition shall be compared to national tested before disposed into local rivers. Authorities. requirements before disposed into local rivers. Water disposal shall be managed to prevent erosion/flooding in local rivers. Potential Circulation ponds, lined with waterproof material will be Contractor, During TGDC shall weekly inspect the status of 25,000 shortage of designed and constructed at each well pad. This allows the TGDC and Lake drilling circulation ponds in use and the water water for local drill rig to reuse water in the pond and limit water usage. Nyasa and Lake and well circulation. communities. Rukwa Water testing Basin Authorities. Soil and water Refueling and maintenance of large vehicles will not take Drilling During The drilling contractor shall ensure that drill 25,000 contaminated by place at the designated site. contractor, drilling cuttings are stored in an adequate distance from hazardous All hazardous materials to be stored in appropriately bund TGDC and Lake and rivers and watercourses. TGDC shall inspect the materials. containers and placed on concrete floor. Nyasa and Lake testing. location of such materials weekly and require Spill response kits shall always be available and easily Rukwa Water relocation when needed. reachable on site. Basin TDGC shall inspect weekly storage of fuel and Preparing and displaying on site spill response procedures. Authorities. other hazardous chemicals to ensure proper Workers shall be trained on spill response and preventive spill storage (e.g. double containment). procedures according to the Spill Response Plan (8.3.6). TGDC shall inspect availability (and use) of drip Deposition of excavated/drilling materials shall be kept away pans to catch oil in case vehicles and machines from all watercourses and rivers. have to be fueled or repaired on site. TGDC shall Fuel, drums and other chemicals shall be stored in storage areas every other week inspect storage and disposal of with secondary containment to prevent spill of hazardous waste oil and fuel. materials. TGDC shall every other week inspect if “good Provision of drip-pans for catching oil to vehicles being fueled housekeeping” within the project area to ensure or repaired, and stationery machinery. New and waste oil and that vehicles are not fuelled or repaired on site, to fuel to be stored carefully and safely on-site until used, or ensure that vehicles are not washed in removed from site to an appropriate facility for its safe disposal, watercourses and to ensure that waste disposal is or re-used in an environmentally safe and sound procedure. controlled.

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Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate Environmental Responsibilities in Impacts USD/year Solid and liquid waste. Management of water pollution, land quality and waste generation during drilling and well testing Except in an emergency, no vehicle will be fueled, lubricated TGDC shall verify if new workers have received or repaired except within the bounds of a project camp or depot. proper spill response training. Similar precautions will be applied to paint or other chemicals or potentially toxic materials of any sort. Vehicles shall not be washed in any watercourse. Disposal of any waste material in an uncontrolled manner and especially into the rivers is prohibited.

Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate Environmental Responsibilities in Impacts USD/year Noise management and monitoring during drilling and well testing Noise levels Adhere to speed limits. Drilling Throughout Noise levels along the perimeters of the project 150,000 along the Restrict traffic at night-time. contractor and the duration area shall be monitored weekly by TGDC and perimeters of the Vehicles and equipment will be maintained and serviced as TGDC of the recorded to insure that activities at the site are project area may required to ensure functioning of silencers. project. not exceeding standards. rise above Noise levels along the perimeters of the project area shall be TGDC shall daily inspect that construction work maximum day- monitored and recorded to insure that activities at the site are is only carried out during day-time hours. and night time not exceeding standards. TGDC shall monthly inspect vehicles and levels. Workers will be provided with personal protective equipment engines maintenance to ensure that they do not (PPE) such as ear muffins/masks during construction and generate excessive noise. especially workers working in noisy areas. Additionally work will be carried out during the day. Vehicles and machines shall be maintained and serviced as required to ensure they do not generate excessive noise.

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Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate Environmental Responsibilities in Impacts USD/year Noise management and monitoring during drilling and well testing Silencers (mufflers) shall be used during well testing to limit noise from discharging wells.

Noise levels in In case noise levels during drilling are above requirements of Contractors During TGDC shall daily inspect that construction work 8,000 the vicinity of TZS 932:2006 in nearby villages, drilling operation will only drilling and is only carried out during day-time hours. well pads during be carried out at day-time hours. Drilling contractor will be testing TGDC shall every other week inspect the usage drilling and well requested to use drilling techniques that limit noise of PPE among the workers. testing may rise generation. above maximum The use of silencers is a worldwide standard during well day- and night tests. The use of silencer appropriate for the estimated time levels. discharge will be required during well tests. Noise levels along the perimeters of the project area shall be monitored and recorded to insure that activities at the site are not exceeding standards. Workers will be provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) such as ear muffins/masks during construction and especially workers working in noisy areas.

Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate in Environmental Responsibilities USD/year Impacts General health and safety and occupational health and safety during drilling and well testing Risk of Appropriate personal protection gear (such as nose muffins, Contractors, Throughout Constructors shall daily inspect workers use of 10,000 respiratory tract helmets, ear mask and safety clothing) and good construction TGDC and the project. personal protective equipment. Bi-weekly audits diseases due to site management will be provided. OSHA. by TGDC. increased dust. Access roads and well pads shall be watered regularily during dry periods to prevent dust formation.

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Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate in Environmental Responsibilities USD/year Impacts

Fatalities and The drilling contractor will be required to deliver Contractors, Throughout Constructors shall daily inspect workers use of 210,000 injuries due to Occupational Health and Safety plan relevant for their role in TGDC and the project. personal protective equipment. Bi-weekly audits accidents within- the project. The plans shall be evaluated by OSHA experts OSHA. by TGDC. and around the appointed by TGDC before contracts are signed. Contractors shall daily inspect clear and easy project areas. A well-stocked First Aid kit (administered by qualified first- access to first aid kits and other emergency aid personnel) shall be maintained at the construction site. equipment such as fire distinguishers. Bi- The first-aid personnel shall also be responsible for primary weekly audits by TGDC. treatment of ailments and other minor medical cases as well TDGC shall monthly inspect if workers have as providing some health education to the workforce. received adequate safety training. Awareness of the people including workers on the dangers TGDC shall weekly inspect if safety measures and make them understand how to protect themselves and and safety equipment is in place. others. TGDC shall evaluate HSE plans provided by Supervisors will ensure that safety measures are in place and contractors prior to signing contracts. are enforced (implemented) including safety equipment. The contractor shall provide adequate training to construction workers on the health impacts of the construction and shall provide protective gears to construction workers.

Outbreak of water The drilling contractor will ensure that the construction site is Contractors, Throughout Contractors shall daily inspect hygienity of 10,000 borne diseases hygienically kept with adequate provision of facilities TGDC and the adequate facilities such as toilets and access to such as cholera including waste disposal receptacles, clean toilets, Municipal/District duration of safe drinking water. Bi-weekly audits by and diarrhea. firefighting and clean and safe water supply. Health the project TGDC. department. Accumulation of The well heads shall be equipped with a blow-out preventer Contractors, During The drilling contractor shall daily during the 10,000 H2S and CO2 in to manage gas-kicks during drilling. TGDC and drilling and drilling and testing phase inspect ventilation of confined spaces. All on-site workers shall be equipped with a personal H2S NEMC. well confines spaces where H2S can accumulate. H2S in detector with an alarm set to 5 ppm. testing. The drilling contractor shall daily inspect the concentrations In case H2S level reaches 5 ppm, workers shall consult with usage and conditions of all personal H2S that may irritate on-site manager. All work on site shall be terminated if H2S detectors. people and cause levels reaches 10 ppm.

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Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate in Environmental Responsibilities USD/year Impacts illnesses in very Provision of adequate ventilation of occupied buildings to TGDC shall verify contractors inspection every high avoid accumulation of hydrogen sulphide gas. other week. concentrations. Shortage of water Flow rates of rivers used for water abstraction during drilling Contractor, During The water level/flow rate in the water resource 2,000 for local will be evaluated and compared to the drill rig consumption. TGDC and Lake drilling shall be evaluated daily. In case the water level communities. Nyasa and Lake threatens availability for local communites, Rukwa Water drilling shall be stopped. Basin uthorities. Fatalities and Place signs and posters close to and at the construction sites Contractors, Throughout TGDC shall inspect every other week if signs 20,000 injuries due to with information about the dangers that may occur at these OSHA and TGDC the and posters are in place. TGDC shall discuss accidents within- places. duration of safety awareness to local communities on and around the Plan safety awareness campaign for local people where the the project meetings in villages close to the construction- project areas. potential dangers are emphasized. and drilling sites. Set up local emergency reporting channels to report any TGDC shall monthly inspect documents potential dangers resulting from the construction, drilling or required in the Road Safety Plan (RSP), carry testing activities. out visual traffic inspection and evaluate the The contractors shall follow the Road Safety Plan (Appendix accordance with the RSP. 4) to avoid accidents related to traffic. Geology and erosion. Management and monitoring during drilling and well testing Soil erosion that Access roads and well pads shall be designed to limit erosion. Drilling During During drilling and well testing, TGDC shall 5,000 may decrease artificial water courses receiving water from well pads shall contractor and drilling and inspect if water courses are constructed with land quality and be constructed with solid material (e.g. concrete) to prevent TGDC well testing solid material to prevent erosion. This shall be spoil surface erosion. done at the beginning of the project. TGDC waters. shall use the opportunity during heavy rain to inspect the functioning of erosion preventive measures.

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Anticipated Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Cost Social & Management Measures Plan and estimate in Environmental Responsibilities USD/year Impacts Loss/disturbance of biodiversity due to vegetation clearance during drilling and well testing Disturbance of Construction work will be restricted to daytime hours. Drilling During TGDC shall inspect daily if drilling and well 3,000 fauna due to Lights from the drill rig during night time hours shall be contractor, TFS drilling and testing activities may be disturbing outside the noise and light managed to limit potential impact. and TGDC well well pads. disturbance. testing. TGDC shall evaluate potential impacts from lights at the beginning of drilling each well. Increased human Add corridor for access roads. Local communities will be Drilling During The drilling contractor shall keep a logbook 3500 presence may encouraged to avoid such activities to prevent fragmentation contractor and drilling and with traffic information. disturb local of existing habitat and loss of species TGDC well TGDC shall evaluate if restricted access to fauna and cause testing. roads close to the forest reserve limits human habitation loss. presence every two weeks.

Anticipated Social Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost & Environmental Management Measures Plan and estimate in Impacts Responsibilities USD/year Social management and monitoring during drilling and well testing Potential benefit Recruitment of workers from local communities Contractors, Prior to At the beginning of the construction phase and 10,000 for local Employment shall be on equal opportunities for both genders Community construction operation phase, TGDC shall inspect if workers communities. Local communities shall be encouraged to produce quality Development and from local communities have been recruited as goods and services in shops in the project area. Officer and throughout required in the EMP. Contractors are not allowed to employ children under 18 years village leaders. the project Review job descriptions and written contracts. old. and TGDC At the beginning of the construction phase and A recruitment and participation plan (Appendix 2) describes monthly thereafter, TGDC shall inspect the the objectives and methodology. gender ratio among workers and evaluate if women have been encouraged to apply for jobs. TGDC shall monthly inspect if local communities have been encouraged to provide quality goods and service. TGDC shall monthly inspect if children under the age of 18 are working on the site.

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Anticipated Social Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost & Environmental Management Measures Plan and estimate in Impacts Responsibilities USD/year The drilling and Speed of cars shall be reduced with road signs and speed Contractors, Prior to the TGDC shall every other week evaluate if and 10,000 testing may cause bumps. In addition, drivers shall attend a meeting on Community project and how road signs and speed bumps work to increased traffic to responsible driving. Development throughout reduce speed. well pads, Noise will be limited by the use of silencers during well Officer and the duration increased noise testing. village leaders. of the and emission of H2S emitted to the atmosphere during well testing may irritate and TGDC project. geothermal gases people’s respiratory system. (mainly H2S). Influx of people All PAP’s will be required to channel their grievances through Contractors, Prior to TGDC shall weekly and monthly inspect if 2,000 and resettlements village leaders and they will be submitted to TGDC Community construction there is any grievances from the community due to the respectively. All grievances raised will be correctly Development and and that issues being address and resolved. construction of documented Officer and throughout access roads and village leaders. the project well pads may and TGDC have negative impacts on security of local communities During Contractors through cooperation with community councils, Contractors, Prior to -TGDC and contractors shall ensure there is 3,000 construction of village leaders and TGDC shall provide a highly good Community construction worker’s grievance mechanism in place. access roads and working conditions for workers on encouraging of gender councils, and -Mitigate potential problems between workers well pads may balance employment opportunities and avoidance of village leaders. throughout and community members. have negative discrimination and TGDC the project -Ensure there is a workers code of conduct in impacts on place. workers in terms of working conditions Influx of people TGDC in corroboration with NGO, community development Contractors, Prior to TGDC shall quarterly within a year 2,000 due to the officer and contractor should raise awareness to the local Community construction demonstrate awareness campaign to the construction of community and staffs Development and community access roads and Officer, village throughout well pads may the project

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Anticipated Social Proposed management Measures and Objective of Implementation Timescale Monitoring Indicators and Frequency Cost & Environmental Management Measures Plan and estimate in Impacts Responsibilities USD/year have negative leaders. and impacts on TGDC HIV/AIDS, gender based violence, early pregnancies, unwanted pregnancies and child protection to the local communities

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DECOMISSIONING PLAN A decommissioning plan has not been developed for the exploratory phase of the Geothermal Development -especially for the first three prioritized candidate sites- because the final end - use which will inform the decommissioning plan of the sites are not yet known until after the exploration, drilling and testing works have been completed.

As project and site specific decommissioning plan shall be included within the site specific ESIAs to be developed for each of the viable sites post the exploration phase to manage the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the closure and end of life risks associated with each proposed end use.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PROGRAM

The ESMP in Table 7.1 contains the monitoring indicators, reporting frequency and responsible entities as well as budget to ensure effective implementation during the implementation phase of the Exploration phase of each of the first three prioritized sites.

ESMP Implementation Arrangement: The selected consultant and drilling contractors shall provide adequate human and financial resources on an ongoing basis to achieve effective implementation of the ESMP and assure continuous improvement of environmental performance during the exploration phase.

The environmental and social management personnel for the ESMP implementation will comprise of the following;  Consultant and Contractor Project Manager (PM) and HSE Manager/Consultant who shall take overall responsibility for effective implementation of the ESMP and prepare monitoring report to assess compliance in line the specified reporting frequency specified in Table 7.1  TGDC’s Environment Manager and team of six staff (four environmental officers and two sociologists) will monitor implementation of the ESMP by the Consultant and contractor HSE Manager to assess effectiveness of implementation and compliance.  The Environment Team at TGDC shall review all the monitoring reports to assess compliance, submit to the appropriate statutory government agencies to comply with legislative and permitted conditions.  The Environment Team at TGDC shall assist the consultant and contractor HSE Manager and team to provide the necessary community engagement and sensitization on the ESMP to obtain the social license to enable effective implementation.  Local and district authority officers shall form part of the ESMP implementation as the project level to ensure continuous Stakeholder Engagement (and Grievance Management Redress ) throughout the exploration phase of the works.

Estimated Budget for ESMP Implementation To effectively implement the mitigation and monitoring measures recommended in the ESMP, a total estimated budget of USD $ 1,038,500 has been proposed for implementation of the management plans and monitoring activities during the Exploration phase of the works. The cost element shall be included within the final costing for the design and consultancy phase of the exploration works to ensure availability of adequate financial resources for effective implementation of the ESMP.

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Capacity Assessment of TGDC Tanzania Geothermal Development Company Limited (TGDC) was established 2013 as a subsidiary of the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) under the Ministry of Energy and Minerals with mandates to explore opportunities to generate power using geothermal energy. The company is governed by the Board of Directors and its management structure is as shown in Figure 8-1 below.

An Environment Manager is in charge of E&S issues within TGDC and performance his/her duties under the Director of Technical Services. He is assisted by a team of E&S specialists as detailed in Table 8-1 overleaf.

Figure 8.1: ESMP Implementation Organizational Structure within TGDC

Table 8-1: TGDC E&S Capacity Development Plan Field of expertise Organization Available Needed Required Remark Sociologists TGDC/TANESC TGDC/TANESCO will work together 2 2 0 O with E&S experts from the consultant Environmental experts TGDC/TANESC 2 2 0 O Technical Experts Geologist, TGDC 3 3 0 Geochemist and Geophysicist} Engineers (Civil, Mechanical) TGDC and 2 2 0 TANESCO GIS Specialist/ Land Surveyor TGDC and TANESCO 4 1 0

Bio diversity experts (Botanist, Hired Hired experts will work together with 2 2 2 Zoologist) (UDSM/SUA) TGDC/TANESCO E&S experts Air and Noise experts Hired (UDSM- BICO/TIRDO) Hired experts will work together with 0 2 2 TGDC/TANESCO E&S experts

Seismicity expert Hired 0 1 1 Archaeologist Hired 0 1 1 SESA Summary Page 29 of 33 Tanzania Geothermal Development Project, Tanzania

Training and Competency TGDC has planned to strengthen capacity for E&S with additional recruitments as detailed in Table 8.1 to ensure adequate capacity support for the project implementation. Furthermore, capacity development in training is also planned in the specified specialist E&S modules (See Table 8.2 below) to ensure staff are abreast with best industry, relevant guidance and literature in the applicable areas to effectively discharge their duties during the project implementation phase.

Table 8.2: Proposed ESMP Capacity Building Training TRAINING NEEDS ATTAINED REQUIRED Modules Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Training required on; by MacDonald through ESMP/WB support -AfDB new E&S policy, Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) -Climate change, by MacDonald through ESMP/WB support -Social impact assessment and Resettlement, -Environmental Monitoring and Auditing, Stakeholder engagement Plan (SEP) by MacDonald -Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR), through ESMP/WB support - Project closure assessment and evaluation, Sustainable development goals by UNU-GTP Kenya -Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) Geothermal Training Program in Environmental Sciences by UNU-GTP-Iceland Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) by MacDonald through ESMP/WB support

Stakeholder Engagement and Grievance Redress The ESMP of the SESA contains a generic outline of an SEP and GRM. However a project specific SEP incorporating a GRM shall be developed by TGDC to allow effective communication with all Affected Communities and other Interested Parties through the exploration development phases of the works. The objectives of the GRM which shall be formalized shall be: i. To provide stakeholders with a clear process for providing comment and raising grievances ii. To allow stakeholders the opportunity to raise comments/concerns anonymously through using the community suggestion boxes to communicate iii. To structure and manage the handling of comments, responses and grievances, and allow monitoring of effectiveness of the mechanism; and iv. To ensure that comments, responses and grievances are handled in a fair and transparent manner, in line with TGDC internal policies, international best practice and lender expectations

9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

In compliance with Part XIV of the Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004, consultations and public participation exercises have been carried out with Interested and Affected parties (I&AP’s) as part of the SESA development process. The consultation took the following forms; i. Public consultation meetings. ii. Focus group discussion. iii. Interviews with different key informants in relation to the proposed program and their implication to environment.

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iv. Printed materials such as brochures which were distributed to different stakeholders in order to widen their understanding about the program. v. Physical visits to various sites and discussion with communities surrounding the program area. vi. Public awareness campaign. vii. Identification of vulnerable groups and Encouraging women participation

Table 9.1 contains a summary some of the focused group and public meeting consultations undertaken during the development of the SESA.

Table 9.1 Types of Stakeholder consultations held with key I&APs DATE ACTIVITIES 22nd August, 2016 Consultation with; Mbeya Regional Office, TANESCO Mbeya Region, Mbeya Mine Zone Office, Mbeya EWURA, Lake Rukwa Basin Office,Tanzania Forest Services – Zone Head quarter,World Conservation Society – Tanzania, Mbeya Rural District 23rd August, 2016 Consultation with; Rungwe District Council Authorities, Busokelo District Council Authorities, Lake Nyasa Basin Authority, Site visit at Kilambo hot spring in Ilamba village and discussion with village leaders,Ndato, Kinyala and Swaya Wards in District Council,Consultation with Ward and village leaders and communities in the proposed drilling site wards at Ndato, Swaya and Kinyala Wards 24th August, 2016 Focus group discussion and consultation with; Ntaba Ward Development, Committee, Swaya Ward Development Committee, Ndanto Ward Development Committee, Site visit in potential Geothermal sources at Ngozi 25th August, 2016 Consultation with; Council Authorities, Itope Ward Development Committee, Njisi Ward Development Committee, Site visit at Kalambo and Njisi hot springs, Village leaders and communities at Njisi and Seko Mtaa 26th August, 2016 Consultation with; Songwe Regional Secretariat, Mbozi District Council Authorities, Consultations with TANESCO, Songwe Region, NGO – Action Development Project, Site visit at Nanyala Hot spring. 27th August, 2016 Consultation with; Nanyala Ward Development Committee in Mbozi District, Swaya Development Committee in Mbeya District Council – Mbeya Rural, Isongole Ward Development Committee in Mbeya District Council – Mbeya Rural, Ijombe Ward Development Committee in Mbeya District Council – Mbeya Rural,Site visit to potential Geothermal drilling sites at Swaya and Isongole villages in Mbeya Rural 29th August, 2016 Consultation with; Mbeya City Council Authorities and Further consultation with WCS 01st – 08th Consultation with; Ministry of Water and Irrigation, TANESCO , Ministry of Land, housing September, 2016 and Human Settlement Development

The stakeholders were informed about the proposed project and the intention of the proponent to carry out a SESA to ensure the environmental and socio-economic sustainability of the proposed project, and to identify major issues of concerns from stakeholders. Stakeholders had various opinions and concerns with regard to the proposed geothermal development program. Such opinions include stakeholders experience in implementing the development program, conflict of interest and general benefits of the program. Stakeholders raised several issues including Land acquisition and compensation, Migration and population growth, Economic potentials, Environmental pollution, Environmental/biodiversity issues, Interference with existing regional, district and town plans and master plans, Trans-boundary issues, Water availability, demand and pollution, Community Health and safety, Project contribution to urban and rural electrification, Fair compensation and resettlement process and Recruitment of local workers during construction and maintenance works.

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10. CONCLUSION

Implementation of the Regional Geothermal Development Programme will have significant positive impacts on the medium to long-term basis. The programme will have both direct and indirect impacts on job creation and social - economic development within the areas surrounding the viable sites within the two regions (Mbeya and Songwe) and the country at large.

However, implementation of the programme could also have some negative implications related to water use and availability, landscape change due to cutting and filling associated with infrastructure development (including roads), loss of land due to programme land acquisition, loss of biodiversity due to deforestation and environmental pollution and contribution to climate change.

TGDC has therefore developed a SESA to guide the general potential environmental and social impacts associated with the programme. The SESA in this particular case has site specific ESMP to guide the early exploration phase of the programme development to assess the viability and subsequent end-uses of the first three prioritized candidate sites. It is important to note that Site specific ESIAs and RAPs (where needed) shall be developed under different project design and scope following successful exploration phase to manage the potential environmental and social impacts associated with construction and full development and operation of the sites which prove viable for the identified end-uses.

In consideration of the above, there is no major environmental or social issue to impede the implementation of the planned exploration phase of the Geothermal Development Programme which if viable is expected to generate and several MW of renewable electricity to boost national power supply and specifically provide the Mbeya and Sognwe Region and surrounding areas with carbon free source of electricity to promote economic development. The immense benefits that will be derived from the proposed projects are significantly greater than the short- term environmental and social impacts. TGDC has further committed to mobilize the funds that will be required to ensure effective implementation of the ESMP through capacity development (additional recruitment and training of key E&S staff) within the team.

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REFERENCES AND CONTACTS

Final Draft (SESA), 2017: Strategic Environmental And Social Assessment (SESA) For The Development Of Geothermal Resources In Mbeya And Songwe Regions, Tanzania. Final Draft, June 29, 2017.

For more information, please contact:

For AfDB  Felix Oku, Senior Environmental Specialist: [email protected]  Erika Auer, Senior Social Development Specialist: [email protected]  Stella Mandago, Senior Energy Specialist: [email protected]

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