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Lexicological View of the Language of the Sport Commentaries

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Lexicological View of the Language of the Sport Commentaries Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích Pedagogická fakulta Katedra anglistiky Diplomová práce Lexicological view of the language of the sport commentaries Lexikologický pohled na jazyk sportovních komentátorů Vypracoval: Marek Mesz Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Leona Rohrauer České Budějovice 2015 PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že svoji diplomovou práci jsem vypracoval/a samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své diplomové práce, a to v nezkrácené elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů. V Českých Budějovicích dne ……………………………. Marek Mesz Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Mgr. Leona Rohrauer, for her guidance, never ending patience, helpful comments and understanding. I would like to thank also to my family for their support during difficult times. I would like to also mention Kevin Fitzpatrick who helped me with the language as a native speaker. ABSTRACT The diploma thesis deals with the speech of sport commentaries and expressions used by sport commentators during sport broadcast. The thesis focuses on the lexicological level of their speech. The theoretical part at first presents a short summary of language of sport journalism and then the major part of the theoretical part is dedicated to meaning. Several different approaches to meaning are presented in this part as well as definition of meaning itself. Theoretical part also defines semantic change and it focuses on polysemy and homonymy and their distinction. The practical part is dedicated to the occurrence of polysemous and homonymous words among arbitrary chosen sport terms. The diploma thesis should contribute to the further study of the language of sport commentaries. The thesis should also be useful for the scientific and public society and it should serve as a link between those two areas. ANOTACE Diplomová práce se zabývá výrazy komentářů sportovních událostí, a také výrazy použitími sportovními komentátory během sportovních přenosů. Práce se zaměřuje na lexikologickou stránku sportovních komentářů. Teoretická část podává krátké shrnutí sportovní žurnalistiky, ale hlavní část je věnována významu. V této části jsou prezentovány různé přístupy k významu, společně s definicí a rozdělením významu. Dále jsou zde vysvětleny změny ve významu a jeho rozšíření, následované definicí polysémie, homonymie a jejich rozlišení. Table of contents: Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 Theoretical part .................................................................................................................... 12 1. Sport journalism .......................................................................................................... 12 1.1 General Characteristics of Sport Journalism ............................................................. 12 1.2 Function ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Characteristic Features .............................................................................................. 14 2. Meaning in Language .................................................................................................. 16 2.1 Sign system of Language ........................................................................................... 17 Approaches to meaning and to the sign system ............................................................... 17 2.1.1 Saussure’s approach ............................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Ogden/Richard’s approach “Semiotic Triangle” .................................................... 21 2.1.3 Bühler’s “Organon Model” .................................................................................... 22 2.1.4 “Holist” approach ................................................................................................... 23 2.1.5 Monosemic versus polysemic approach ................................................................. 23 3. Meaning ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Types of meaning ...................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Seven types of Meaning (according to Leech) .......................................................... 27 4. Semantic change and Extensions of meaning ............................................................. 29 4.1 Types of semantic change ......................................................................................... 30 4.2 Causes of semantic change ........................................................................................ 30 4.3 Types of semantic change ......................................................................................... 32 4.3.1 Main types of the change ........................................................................................ 32 4.3.2 Lower-level patterns ............................................................................................... 36 4.3.3 Additional semantic changes .................................................................................. 37 5. Polysemy ..................................................................................................................... 38 5.1 The basic definition ................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Variants of Polysemy ................................................................................................ 39 5.2.1 Linear relations of polysemes ................................................................................. 39 5.2.2 Non-linear polysemy .............................................................................................. 41 5.2.3 Systematic polysemy .............................................................................................. 43 5.3 Approaches to polysemy ........................................................................................... 44 5.4 The importance of context ......................................................................................... 44 6. Homonymy .................................................................................................................. 44 6.1 Classification of Homonyms ..................................................................................... 45 6.1.1 Proper homonyms ................................................................................................... 45 6.2 Sources of homonymy ............................................................................................... 46 6.3 Polysemy versus Homonymy .................................................................................... 46 Practical part ........................................................................................................................ 49 7. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 49 7.1 Expectations from the research.................................................................................. 52 8. Usage of metaphor and metonymy .................................................................................. 52 8.1 Metaphor in sport ...................................................................................................... 52 8.2 Metonymy in sport .................................................................................................... 55 9. Hyperbole and pejoration in sport ................................................................................... 57 9.1 Hyperbole .................................................................................................................. 57 9.2 Pejoration ................................................................................................................... 58 10. Homonymy and polysemy in the language of sport commentators .............................. 59 The appearance of homonymy and polysemy in basketball terminology ....................... 60 10.1 Homonymy .............................................................................................................. 60 10.2 Polysemy ................................................................................................................. 62 10.3 The ratio of homonymy and polysemy in the research ........................................... 66 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 68 Resumé ...............................................................................................................................
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