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A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia

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^ARThS SOEWCES USHAH1 A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia George Olshevsky Mesozoic Meanderings #2 Published by: George Olshevsky Publications Requiring Research Post Office Box 16924 San Diego, California 92176-6924 Price: $20.00 First printing (October 24, 19i>l): 100 copies, of which this is # /C / Signed by author: j>r £Vr Contents PREFACE 1 Parasuborder: Erythrosuchia Bonaparte, Acknowledgments 3 1982 40 Technical Review 4 Parafamily: Erythrosuchidae INTRODUCTION 5 Watson, 1917 40 Materials and Methods 6 Parasuborder Rauisuchia How To Use This List: Conventions 7 Bonaparte, 1982 41 TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 13 Family: Rauisuchidae The Problems of Cladistic von Huene, 1942 41 Classifications 14 Rauisuchia incertae sedis 42 Linnaean Taxa at the Ordinal Level .. .19 Suborder Poposauria nov. 43 New Subfamilial Taxa 21 Family: Teratosauridae Cope, 1871 ... 43 ARCHOSAUR PHYLOGENY 25 Pseudosuchia incertae sedis 44 Defining Archosaurs 26 Family: Ctenosauriscidae Early Archosaurs 28 Kuhn, 1964 44 Thecodontian Orders 29 Family: Teleocrateridae Romer, 1966 .. 44 Superorder: THECODONTU Owen, 1859 . 31 Order: PARASUCHIA Huxley, 1875 44 Paraorder: PROTEROSUCHIA Family: Parasuchidae Lydekker, 1885 .44 Broom, 1906 37 Order: AETOSAURIA Family: Mesenosauridae Nicholson & Lydekker, 1889 49 Romer, 1956 37 Family: Stagonolepididae Family: Proterosuchidae Lydekker, July 1887 49 von Huene, 1914 37 Aetosauria incertae sedis 50 Proterosuchia incertae sedis 38 Order: CROCODYLIA Gmelin, 1788 .... 50 Order: ORNITHOSUCHIA Suborder Trialestia Crush, 1984 51 Bonaparte, 1971 38 Family: Trialestidae Bonaparte, 1982 .. 51 Parafamily: Euparkeriidae Suborder: Sphenosuchia von Huene, 1920 38 Bonaparte, 1971 51 Family: Erpetosuchidae Family: Pedeticosauridae Watson, 1917 38 van Hoepen, 1915 51 Family: Ornithosuchidae Family: Hemiprotosuchidae von Huene, 1908 38 Crush, 1984 51 Order: PSEUDOSUCHIA Family: Sphenosuchidae Zittel, 1887-90 39 von Huene, 1922 51 Suborder: Arcfaaeosuchia SilL 1967 39 Family: Lewisuchidae nov. 51 Family: Proterochampsidae Parasuborder: Protosuchia Mook, 1934 .52 Sill, 1967 39 Family: Protosuchidae Brown, 1933 ... 52 Family: Rhadinosuchidae Family: Platyognathidae Hoffstetter, 1955 39 Simmons, 1965 52 Family: Doswelliidae Weems, 1980 40 Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869 Contents Family: Edentosuchidae Marsh, 1876 68 Young, 1973 52 Family: Azhdarchidae Padian, 1986 .. .69 Family: Gobiosuchidae Pterodactyloidia incertae sedis 70 Osm61ska, 1972 53 DINOSAUR PHYLOGENY 71 Suborder Hallopoda Marsh, 1881 .53 Defining Dinosaurs 71 Family: Hallopodidae Marsh, 1881 ... .53 Origin of the Erect Stance 72 Order HUPEHSUCHIA Early Dinosaurs 74 Young & Dong, 1972 53 The Origins of Avian Flight 76 Family: Nanchangosauridae Comments on Dinosaur Diversity and Wang, 1959 53 Extinction 85 Thecodontia incertae sedis .53 DINOSAUR ORDERS 89 PTEROSAUR PHYLOGENY 55 Sauropodomorph Orders 95 Pterosaur Flight -56 Ornithischian Orders 97 Pterosaur Orders 57 Parasuperorder: THEROPODOMORPHA Superorden PTEROSAURU Kaup, 1834 ... ^9 nov 103 Order SHAROVIPTERYGIA nov 59 Paraorder: Basitheropoda nov 103 Family: Scieromochlidae Family: Megalancosauridae nov 103 von Huene, 1914 59 Order: LAGOSUCHIA Paul, 1988 103 Paraorder: RHAMPHORHYNCHOIDIA Family: Lagosuchidae Plieninger, 1901 59 Bonaparte, 1975 103 Family: Eudimorphodontidae Family: Lagerpetonidae Wellnhofer, 1978 59 Arcucci, 1987 103 Family: Dimorphodontidae Order HERRERASAURIA Seeley, 1870 59 Gallon, 1985 104 Family: Anurognathidae Family: Staurikosauridae Nopcsa, 1928 60 Galton, 1977 104 Family: Rhamphorhynchidae Family: Herrerasauridae Seeley, 1870 60 Benedetto, 1973 104 Rhamphorfaynchoidia incertae sedis 62 Herrerasauria incertae sedis 104 Order PTERODACTYLOIDIA Paraorder: THEROPODA Marsh, 1881. .105 Plieninger, 1901 62 Parasuborder Ceratosauria Family: Pterodactylidae Marsh, 1884 105 Bonaparte, 1838 62 Family: Podokesauridae Family: Germanodactylidae von Huene, 1914 105 Young, 1964 63 Family: Halticosauridae Family: Ctenochasmatidae von Huene, 1956 106 Nopcsa, 1928 64 Family: Ceratosauridae Family: Pterodaustridae Marsh, 1884 emend. Gilmore, 1920 .106 (Bonaparte, 1971) 64 Family: Megalosauridae Family: Dsungaripteridae Huxley, 1869 107 Young, 1964 64 Family: Abelisauridae Family: Ornithocheiridae Bonaparte & Novas, 1985 109 (Seeley, 1870) 65 Family: Noasauridae Family: Criorhynchidae Bonaparte & J. Powell, 1980 110 Hooley, 1914 67 Ceratosauria incertae sedis 110 Family: Anhangueridae Suborder: Spinosauria nov. 110 Campos & Kellner, 1985 67 Family: Baryonychidae Family: Tapejaridae Kellner, 1989 67 Charig & Milner, 1986 110 Family: Nyctosauridae Bennett, 1989 . .68 Family. Spinosauridae Stromer, 1915 .110 Family: Pteranodontidae Contents ii Mesozoic Meanderings #2 Suborder: Carnosauria Order: BRONTOSAURIA nov 129 von Huene, 1920 HI Parasuborden Prosauropoda Parafamily Eustreptospondylidae von Huene, 1920 129 Paul, 1988 HI Family Thecodontosauridae Lydekker, Family: Allosauridae Marsh, 1878 111 1890 129 Family: Itemiridae Kurzanov, 1976 .. .113 Family Anchisauridae Marsh, 1885 .. 129 Family. Dryptosauridae Marsh, 1890 .114 Family Massospondylidae Parafamily: Aublysodontidae von Huene, 1914 130 Nopcsa, 1928 114 Family Yunnanosauridae Family: Tyrannosauridae Young, 1942 130 Osborn, 1905 115 Family Plateosauridae Marsh, 1895 .. 131 Carnosauria incertae sedis 117 Family Melanorosauridae Parasuborden Protoavifonnes von Huene, 1929 133 Chatterjee, 1991 119 Family Blikanasauridae Family: Protoavidae Chatterjee, 1991 . .119 Gallon & van Heerden, 1985 133 Suborder Coelurosauria Suborder: Sauropoda Marsh, 1878 135 von Huene, 1914 119 Family Barapasauridae L. B. Halstead Family. Compsognathidae & J. Halstead, 1981 135 Cope, 1875 119 Parafamily Cetiosauridae Family Coeluridae Marsh, 1881 119 Lydekker, 1888 136 Family Avisauridae Family Brachiosauridae Brett-Surman & Paul, 1985 121 Riggs, 1904 137 Suborder Ornithomimosauria Family Camarasauridae Cope, 1877 .140 Barsbold, 1976 121 Family Euheiopodidae Kuhn, 1965... 141 Family Ornithomimidae Family Diplodocidae Marsh, 1884 ... 142 Marsh, 1890 121 Family Dicraeosauridae Family Deinocheiridae von Huene, 1956 143 Osm61ska & Roniewkz, 1970 122 Family Titanosauridae Suborder Deinonychosauria Lydekker, 1885 144 Colbert & D. A. Russell, 1969 123 Family Chubutisauridae Parafamily Archaeopterygidae del Corro, 1974 146 Huxley, 1871 123 Sauropoda incertae sedis 146 Family Dromaeosauridae Order: SEGNOSAURIA D. A. Russell, 1969 123 Barsbold & Perle, 1980 147 Family Troodontidae Gilmore, 1924 . .125 Family Segnosauridae Perle, 1979 ... 147 Suborder. Oviraptorosauria Family Therizinosauridae Barsbold, 1976 125 Maleev, 1954 147 Family Caenagnathidae Segnosauria incertae sedis 147 R. M. Sternberg, 1940 125 Superorder ORNITHISCHIA Family Elmisauridae Seeley, 1888 149 Osm61ska, 1981 126 Paraorder: LESOTHOSAURIA nov 149 Family Oviraptoridae Family Lesothosauridae Barsbold, 1976 126 L. B. Halstead & J. Halstead, 1981 .149 Family Ingeniidae Barsbold, 1986 126 Lesothosauria incertae sedis 149 Suborder: Avimimiformes Paraorder ANKYLOSAURIA Chatterjee, 1991 126 Osborn, 1923 150 Family Avimimidae Kurzanov, 1981 . .126 Parafamily Scelidosauridae Theropoda incertae sedis 127 Cope, 1869 150 Superorder SAUROPODOMORPHA Family: Nodosauridae Marsh, 1890 .. 150 von Huene, 1932 129 Family: Ankylosauridae Brown, 1908 .153 Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869 Contents Order: STEGOSAURIA Marsh, 1877 ... .155 Family: Ceratopsidae Marsh, 1888 ... 161 Parafamily. Huayangosauridae Parasubfamily: Eucentrosaurinae Galton, 1990 155 nov 161 Family: Stegosauridae Marsh, 1877 .. .155 Subfamily: Chasmosaurinae Paraorden PACHYCEPHALOSAURIA Lambe, 1915 163 Maryanska & Osmdlska, 1974 157 Ceratopsidae incertae sedis 164 Parafamily: Pisanosauridae Order ORNITHOPODA Marsh, 1871... 165 Casamiquela,1967 157 Parafamily: Hypsilophodontidae Parafamily: Heterodontosauridae Dollo,1882 165 Kuhn, 1966 157 Family: Dryosauridae Parafamily: Chaoyoungosauridae Milner & Norman, 1984 167 nov. [nomen nudum] 158 Family. Camptosauridae Parafamily: Homalocephalidae Marsh, 1885 167 (Dong, 1978) 159 Parafamily: Iguanodontidae Family: Pachycephalosauridae Cope, 1869 168 C. M. Sternberg, 1945 159 Family: Hadrosauridae Cope, 1869 ... 170 Order: CERATOPSIA Marsh, 1890 160 Family. Lambeosauridae Parafamily: Psittacosauridae von Huene, 1948 174 Osbora, 1923 160 Omithischia incertae sedis 177 Parafamily: Protoceratopsidae EXCLUDED TAXA 179 Granger & Gregory, 1923 161 REFERENCES 183 Contents iv Mesozoic Meanderings #2 Preface HERE WAS A TIME in the early 1970s and Peter Dodson of the University of Pennsyl­ Twhen accumulating dinosaur names was vania sponsored my membership in the Society one of my hobbies. In this I was assisted by the of Vertebrate Paleontology. (I may eventually University of Toronto Computer Centre, which follow one of Ralph Molnar's original sugges­ because I worked there as a staff programmer tions and add the remaining crocodilians and and graduate student gave me free access to the Mesozoic birds to my table, but for now the their IBM System/360 computer. This I used to other archosaurs are handful enough.) maintain and occasionally print various lists of In the late 1970s, a freelance publishing ven­ things I was interested in; it was a convenient ture (stemming from another of my computer medium for editing my databases and produc­ lists) I had. initiated paid off. This prompted ing typographically clean output. me to terminate my computer-science doctoral When, in the mid-1970s,
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    “main” — 2011/2/10 — 15:59 — page 247 — #1 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2011) 83(1): 247-265 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc Titanosauriform teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan HARUO SAEGUSA1 and YUKIMITSU TOMIDA2 1Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Yayoigaoka 6, Sanda, 669-1546, Japan 2National Museum of Nature and Science, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan Manuscript received on October 25, 2010; accepted for publication on January 7, 2011 ABSTRACT Sauropod teeth from six localities in Japan were reexamined. Basal titanosauriforms were present in Japan during the Early Cretaceous before Aptian, and there is the possibility that the Brachiosauridae may have been included. Basal titanosauriforms with peg-like teeth were present during the “mid” Cretaceous, while the Titanosauria with peg-like teeth was present during the middle of Late Cretaceous. Recent excavations of Cretaceous sauropods in Asia showed that multiple lineages of sauropods lived throughout the Cretaceous in Asia. Japanese fossil records of sauropods are conformable with this hypothesis. Key words: Sauropod, Titanosauriforms, tooth, Cretaceous, Japan. INTRODUCTION humerus from the Upper Cretaceous Miyako Group at Moshi, Iwaizumi Town, Iwate Pref. (Hasegawa et al. Although more than twenty four dinosaur fossil local- 1991), all other localities provided fossil teeth (Tomida ities have been known in Japan (Azuma and Tomida et al. 2001, Tomida and Tsumura 2006, Saegusa et al. 1998, Kobayashi et al. 2006, Saegusa et al. 2008, Ohara 2008, Azuma and Shibata 2010).
  • Xjiiie'icanj/Useum

    Xjiiie'icanj/Useum

    XJiiie'ican1ox4tatreJ/useum PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK 24, N.Y. NUMBER 2I8I JUNE 4, I964 Relationships of the Saurischian Dinosaurs BY EDWIN H. COLBERT1 INTRODUCTION The word "Dinosauria" was coined by Sir Richard Owen in 1842 as a designation for various genera and species of extinct reptiles, the fossil bones of which were then being discovered and described in Europe. For many years this term persisted as the name for one order of reptiles and thus became well intrenched within the literature of paleontology. In- deed, since this name was associated with fossil remains that are frequently of large dimensions and spectacular shape and therefore of considerable interest to the general public, it in time became Anglicized, to take its proper place as a common noun in the English language. Almost every- body in the world is today more or less familiar with dinosaurs. As long ago as 1888, H. G. Seeley recognized the fact that the dino- saurs are not contained within a single reptilian order, but rather are quite clearly members of two distinct orders, each of which can be de- fined on the basis of many osteological characters. The structure of the pelvis is particularly useful in the separation of the two dinosaurian orders, and consequently Seeley named these two major taxonomic categories the Saurischia and the Ornithischia. This astute observation by Seeley was not readily accepted, so that for many years following the publication of his original paper proposing the basic dichotomy of the dinosaurs the 1 Chairman and Curator, Department ofVertebrate Paleontology, the American Museum of Natural History.
  • Dinosaurs British Isles

    Dinosaurs British Isles

    DINOSAURS of the BRITISH ISLES Dean R. Lomax & Nobumichi Tamura Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett (Natural History Museum, London) Skeletal reconstructions by Scott Hartman, Jaime A. Headden & Gregory S. Paul Life and scene reconstructions by Nobumichi Tamura & James McKay CONTENTS Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett.............................................................................10 Foreword by the authors........................................................................................11 Acknowledgements................................................................................................12 Museum and institutional abbreviations...............................................................13 Introduction: An age-old interest..........................................................................16 What is a dinosaur?................................................................................................18 The question of birds and the ‘extinction’ of the dinosaurs..................................25 The age of dinosaurs..............................................................................................30 Taxonomy: The naming of species.......................................................................34 Dinosaur classification...........................................................................................37 Saurischian dinosaurs............................................................................................39 Theropoda............................................................................................................39