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Improvements in Wireless Communication and Support for WMSN in IEEE 1451 Improvements in Wireless Communication and Support for WMSN in IEEE 1451 Leonardo Maccari Rufino, Rodrigo Vieira Steiner, Rodrigo Valceli Raimundo, Antônio Augusto Fröhlich Laboratory for Software and Hardware Integration, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Email: {leonardo,rodrigo,rodrigovr,guto}@lisha.ufsc.br Abstract—The IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standard Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) have the aims at establishing a common interface to promote interopera- potential to enable many new applications, for instance, mul- bility among the myriad of transducers currently in the market. timedia surveillance sensor networks, traffic avoidance and Nonetheless, the acceptance of the standard in the realm of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) seems to be constrained by control systems, advanced health care delivery, automated apparently incompatible operational semantics: while ordinary parking advice, smart homes, environmental monitoring, and transducers deployed in control networks usually operate at so on [3]. Nonetheless, the IEEE 1451 standard does not deal fixed periods, or even as slaves of master controllers, wireless with this type of networks. This paper proposes an adaptation sensors mostly avoid such regimens due to its inherent energy to the IEEE 1451 project in order to enable its utilization and bandwidth utilization inefficiency. In this paper, we propose a reconciling strategy based on Transducer Interface Module in WMSN. To achieve this, we have included information Initiated Message (TIM-IM) that enables Wireless Transducer in TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet), such as the Interface Modules (WTIM) to communicate efficiently with description of data stream (audio or video). We have also a Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP). We also added two new commands to the set of messages described propose an adjustment to the IEEE 1451 project in order to by the standard, in order to notify the receiving side that a enable its use in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN). The proposed solution has been validated through a prototype multimedia stream is starting/ending. implementation with expressive efficiency gains. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the IEEE 1451 family. Section III shows the related Keywords-IEEE 1451, Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks, TIM Initiated Message work. The proposed TIM-IM is described in Section IV, and the adjustment in the standard to support WMSN is presented in Section V. Section VI shows the results. Finally, I. INTRODUCTION Section VII concludes the paper. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are composed by sensor II. IEEE 1451 FAMILY nodes capable of monitoring a phenomenon around them and communicating via radio frequency. Factors such as mobility The IEEE 1451 standards family defines a set of com- among nodes, heterogeneity in communication, and diversity mon communication interfaces for connecting transducers to of sensors make WSN highly vulnerable to failure. Aiming to microprocessor-based systems, instruments, and field networks solve these problems, the IEEE 1451 family was created. in a network-independent environment [4] [5]. It’s aim is Nevertheless, past efforts to bring IEEE 1451 to the realm to reduce the industry’s effort to develop and migrate to of WSN focused mainly on interoperability, without major networked smart transducers. concerns about efficiency and conformance to the traditional A. TIM and NCAP semantics of such networks [1] [2]. The reconciling strategy To achieve transducers-to-network interchangeability and proposed in this paper is built around the concept of informa- transducer-to-networks interoperability, the IEEE 1451 stan- tion freshness. Instead of polling Wireless Transducer Interface dards family divides the parts of a system into two general Modules (WTIMs) for fresh information about sensed data, categories of devices: Transducer Interface Module (TIM) Network Capable Application Processors (NCAPs) can rely on and Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP). TIM is the Transducer Interface Module Initiated Messages (TIM-IM) a module that contains the communication interface, signal feature of IEEE 1451 and let WTIMs report new information conditioning, analog-to-digital and/or digital-to-analog con- whenever there is new data to be reported. version and, in many cases, the transducer. A TIM may In this context, WTIMs can decide whether an observed range in complexity from a single sensor or actuator to units variation in sensed data is to be reported or simply ignored. In containing many transducers (sensors and actuators). NCAP is the worst-case, that is, in a constantly changing environment, the hardware and software that provides the gateway function this strategy spares NCAP request messages, thus improving between TIMs and user network or host processor. network bandwidth and also mote’s energy consumption since the sensor no longer needs to constantly listen the channel for B. TEDS NCAP request messages. Whereas in case of relatively stable A key feature of an IEEE 1451 smart transducer is the environments, efficiency can be largely improved. specification of the standardized Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) and their formats. TEDS contains manufacturer- The standard specifies some operating modes for the op- related information about the sensor, such as manufacturer eration of transducers. The choice of the sampling mode name, sensor types, serial number, measurement range, ac- continuous sampling in combination with either the transmis- curacy, and calibration data. sion mode streaming when a buffer is full or streaming at a TEDS provides many benefits, for instance, it enables self- fixed interval forms an operating mode known as streaming identification of sensors or actuators and provides long-term operation. A sensor operating in this mode must acquire data self-documentation. TEDS reduces human error and eases field and transmit them to NCAP when the reading set is completed, installation, upgrade, and maintenance of sensors. And it also without the need to receive additional commands from NCAP. provides plug-and-play capability. Thus, the readings taken by a sensor can be sent autonomously C. Family Members and automatically. Currently the family consists of six active standards and one III. RELATED WORK in development. This work is related to two of them: IEEE Song and Lee [8] [9] describe an implementation of the 1451.0 and IEEE 1451.5. proposed IEEE 1451.0 and 1451.5 standards using the Java The IEEE 1451.0 introduces the concept of TIM and NCAP programming language. This system consists of two wireless connected by a media specified by another member of the nodes, NCAP and WTIM, which communicate with each family. It also develops a set of common functionality for the other using the standard interfaces through 802.11 wireless whole family, which is independent of physical communica- communication modules. Three examples are discussed in tion media and includes the basic functions required to control these papers. The first example focuses on wireless node and manage smart transducers, common communication pro- announcement and discovery using the publisher-subscriber tocols, and media-independent TEDS formats [6]. model. The second example focuses on request-response of The IEEE 1451.5 introduces the concept of Wireless Trans- sensor data using the client-server model. Finally, the third ducer Interface Module (WTIM), connected wirelessly over example focuses on request-response of sensor TEDS using an approved radio communication module to a NCAP. The the client-server model. In these works, when NCAP needs to approved radios (Dot5AR) are: IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4, collect data from WTIM, it must take the initiative by sending IEEE Bluetooth, and IEEE ZigBee technologies [7]. a request, causing the mote to send a response back to it. Our D. TransducerChannel work differentiates from these because WTIM is able to start TransducerChannel is the name given by the standard to the transmission of information without a previous request sent the combination of transducer and the components of sig- by NCAP, saving the network bandwidth. nal conditioning and conversion associated with it, such as Gilsinn and Lee [10] discuss the IEEE 1451 interface for ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter). Each TransducerChannel smart sensors, and possible solutions for creating a wireless is associated with an identification number of 16 bits, which interface for the standard. Most sensors require an energy works as destination address of commands sent by NCAP, source, such as an electric power supply or battery, to power beyond distinguishing the TransducerChannels in TIM. TIM the sensing element and associated electronics. Thus, the receives the identification number 0, and any command to authors comment that low-power wireless sensors would be this address is intended for the TIM itself and not for an useful in locations where maintenance is performed regularly individual TransducerChannel. When NCAP wants to send and batteries could be changed as part of that maintenance. a request to a specific TransducerChannel, it must send the Another way to energize the sensors would be getting energy message to the TIM’s physical address, such as an IP (Internet from their surrounding, thus a power conversion device would Protocol) address, and the IEEE 1451 command must contain be designed to take energy from heat, light, sound, vibration,
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