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Reconfigurable Adaptive Wireless Sensor Node

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Reconfigurable Adaptive Wireless Sensor Node Reconfigurable Adaptive Wireless Sensor Node A THESIS BY RENTAO WANG IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ken Deevy, Principal Supervisor Joe O’Mahony, Supervisor Submitted to Waterford Institute of Technology, 2019 Abstract This thesis describes the design and development of a new wireless sensor node technology called the Reconfigurable Adaptive Wireless Sensor (RAWS) Node. The RAWS node technology has the ability to adaptively support different analogue sensors by reconfiguring its hardware resources in an autonomic, flexible and scalable way. The research employs programmable mixed-signal hardware as the enabling technology and utilises the hardware reconfigurability as the foundation for implementing the research concepts. A sensor identification scheme has been developed which enables the RAWS node to identify a large number of sensors and acquire the key parameters and attributes of the connected sensor. The research has also developed three adaptive reconfiguration techniques which combine the sensor parameter and attribute information with the dynamic reconfigurability to autonomically adapt the mixed-signal hardware in real-time to different analogue sensors. These features are realised while keeping the power consumption of the system at a low level. Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. i List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. viii List of Publications ........................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Overview ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Context .................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Research Concepts .............................................................................................................. 16 1.6 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 21 1.7 Contribution ........................................................................................................................ 22 1.8 Thesis Organisation ............................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Programmable Hardware Technologies .............................................................................. 24 2.2 Smart Sensor Standards ...................................................................................................... 47 2.3 Wireless Communication Protocols .................................................................................... 61 Chapter 3 System Architecture and Design .................................................................................. 73 3.1 Design Approach ................................................................................................................. 73 3.2 RAWS Node System Architecture ....................................................................................... 76 3.3 Wireless Network Design and Development ...................................................................... 81 i Chapter 4 Sensor Identification Scheme ...................................................................................... 96 4.1 Feasibility Analysis of the Sensor Characteristics Classification Approach ......................... 96 4.2 IEEE 1451.4 TEDS based Sensor Identification .................................................................. 105 4.3 Sensor Identification Scheme Summary ........................................................................... 120 Chapter 5 Adaptive Reconfiguration Techniques ....................................................................... 121 5.1 The Principle of Adaptive Reconfiguration ....................................................................... 121 5.2 Adaptive Reconfiguration Techniques .............................................................................. 136 5.3 Adaptive Reconfiguration Techniques Summary .............................................................. 157 Chapter 6 System Functionality Testing and Analysis ................................................................ 158 6.1 Testing Approach .............................................................................................................. 158 6.2 Wireless Communication Functionality Test .................................................................... 160 6.3 Sensor Identification Scheme Test .................................................................................... 167 6.4 Adaptive Reconfiguration Test and Analysis ..................................................................... 177 6.5 Power Consumption Test .................................................................................................. 207 Chapter 7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 216 Appendices .................................................................................................................................. 223 Appendix A – WSN Node Platforms Analogue Capabilities .................................................... 223 Appendix B – Switched Capacitor Circuit Basic Theory .......................................................... 230 Appendix C – IEEE 1451 Standards .......................................................................................... 232 Appendix D – Wireless Communication Protocols Review ..................................................... 236 Appendix E – Principles of ZigBee Networking and Communications .................................... 253 Appendix F – IEEE 1451.4 Relevant Information ..................................................................... 261 Appendix G – 1-Wire Signalling ............................................................................................... 265 Appendix H – PSoC Blocks Complete Circuit Diagrams ........................................................... 268 ii Appendix I – Other Test Results .............................................................................................. 270 Appendix J – RAWS Research Publication ............................................................................... 277 References .................................................................................................................................. 284 iii List of Figures Figure 1 Illustration of WSN .......................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2 Overview of WSN applications ........................................................................................................ 6 Figure 3 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Node ............................................................................................ 7 Figure 4 The traditional technology for supporting multiple analogue sensors & actuators .....................12 Figure 5 Illustration of the key research concepts ......................................................................................16 Figure 6 Illustration of the programmable hardware technology ..............................................................17 Figure 7 Programmable mixed-signal hardware technology for supporting multiple analogue sensors ...18 Figure 8 Illustration of idea of the first sensor identification approach .....................................................19 Figure 9 Illustration of idea of the second sensor identification approach ................................................20 Figure 10 Illustration of the Programmable Analogue Hardware Architecture ..........................................25 Figure 11 Continuous time CAB ...................................................................................................................26 Figure 12 Switches capacitor Integrator .....................................................................................................27 Figure 13 Different configuration variations of a switched capacitor circuit ..............................................28 Figure 14 General architectural block diagram of the FPAA device ............................................................30 Figure 15 General architectural block diagram of
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