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Soybean Spiders: Species Composition

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Soybean Spiders: Species Composition LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN NOTICE: According to Sec. 19 (a) of the University Statutes, all books and other library materials acquired in any man- ner by the University belong to the University Library. When this item is no longer needed by the department, it should be returned to the Acquisition Department, University Library. ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY SOYBEAN SPIDERS: SPECIES COMPOSITION, POPULATION DENSITIES, AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION Charles D. LeSar and John D. Unzicker 1100-1100 Biological Notes No. 107 State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education I Illinois Natural History Survey Natural History Survey Division Urbana, Illinois- July 1978 Soybean Spiders: Species Composition, Population Densities, and Vertical Distribution Charles D. LeSar and John D. Unzicker Spiders are receiving considerable attention as po- als of this report and Dr. W. LaBerge, D. Webb, and identified insect prey. Le- tentially important predators of arthropod pests of J. Bouseman, who Lloyd agricultural crops because of increased interest in the Mere, Technical Illustrator, and Larry Farlow, Tech- development and use of integrated pest-management nical Photographer, both of the Illinois Natural His- systems. tory Survey, drew and photographed the illustrations. Studies concerning spiders in agricultural crops Robert M. Zewadski, Technical Editor of the Survey, have been conducted by Chant (1956) and Dondale edited the report for publication. (1956 and 1958), apples; Putman (1967), peaches; Howell & Pienkowski (1971) and Yeargan & Don- MATERIALS AND METHODS dale alfalfa; Fox & Dondale (1972), hay- (1974), Species Composition and Population Densities fields; and Muma (1975), citrus. However, there is a paucity of research on spiders in row crops. The Five different fields were sampled, two adjacent few such studies that have been made are by Whit- fields in 1975 and three widely separated fields in 1976. All were located in Tazewell and Champaign comb et al. (1963) and Leigh & Hunter (1969), cot- counties. Tazewell County, in west-central Illinois, ton; and Bailey 8; Chada (1968), grain sorghum. In- vestigations of arthropod populations in soybeans, in- and Champaign County, in east-central Illinois, are approximately 85 miles apart. All of the fields cluding qualitative lists of spiders present during the had growing season, have been carried out by Barry been in corn-soybean rotation for several years. Each of had some grassy or uncultivated areas adja- (1973)', Neal (1974), and Deitz et al. (1976). How- them insecticides ever, reports quantifying spider populations, showing cent on the south and/or west. No were colonizing rates, and listing prey preferences of the applied to the soybeans during the growing season; dominant spider species in row crops are lacking. however, preemergence herbicides were used. The prevailing is southwest with shifts The data that will be presented here should help to summer wind to the west or northwest when thunderstorms occur. fill the void of information on spiders in one of the most important row crops, soybeans. Large fields were selected (15-28 ha) to minimize The investigation was divided into two parts. the possibility of any unwanted encroachment of spi- ders from peripheral areas that would bias the colo- The first deals with colonization times and rates, pop- ulation densities, and species composition within the nization data. weekly series 30 samples was taken in rows soybean field from the time the soybean plants ap- A of suction pear above the ground in late May until they are of each soybean field by means of a D-Vac machine, having a suction head 357 in diameter. harvested in the fall, usually in late September. In mm the second part determinations were made of the Each sample therefore covered 357 mm along the primary locations of the major spider species on the row. This sampling method was selected after com- quantitatively soybean plant and of the diurnal movements of spi- paring samples taken by D-Vac with net cloth into ders where possible. Sampling for information on samples taken by sweep and by beat species locations and diurnal movements was not be- which the spiders are shaken or beaten from the vege- net yielded 34 percent fewer spi- gun until the soybean plant had reached maturity tation. The sweep the beat cloth 19 percent fewer spiders than and colonization by the major spider species was rel- ders and Fig. 1 the correlation atively complete. These events occurred about the did the D-Vac method. shows the beat cloth and the D-Vac samples (r = 2nd week of August, and sampling was continued un- between 0.864) , with the slope of the regression line indicat- til 15 September. ing that the D-Vac retrieves about 1.2 more spiders We would like to thank Drs. W. H. Luckmann, than does the beat cloth from 5.25 of soybean row. P. W. Price, and M. Kogan for their critical apprais- m Papers by Dumas et al. (1964) , Howell & Pienkowski This paper is published by authority of the State of Illinois. IRS Ch. and Shepard et al. give data on the 127. Par. 58.12. It is a contribution to the Illinois Soybean Entomology (1971), (1974) Program supported bv the Illinois Natural History Survey, the Illinois limitations and timing of various sampling methods. Agricultural Experiment Station, NSF-SC-OOlft, and the Illinois Soybean Program Operating Roard. This paper is part of a thesis which was sub- Transect samples taken in 1975 showed a much mitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor higher spider population (up to three times greater) of Philosophy in Entomology at the University of Illinois. Dr. Charles D. LeSar is an Associate Professor of Life Sciences at Illinois Central College. during the early portions of the growing season in East Peoria. Dr. John D. Unzicker is an Associate Taxonomist, Section of first peripheral rows (about 20 wide) than Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification, Illinois Natural History Survey. the 20 m GO . a habitat in which most of the soil is shaded, humid- of the majority of the spiders (Duffey 1962) . The ity levels increase, and there is an abundance of food small sizes of most foliage-inhabiting spiders preclude and shelter for the arthropod population. their ability to disperse far enough into a field from Sampling the newly emerged soybean plant in the borders to colonize any area other than the edges early June indicates virtually no overwintering spicier except by ballooning. Thus, the arthropods that are species that live primarily on the foliage. The field found in the field as the soybean plants are becoming is essentially a monocultural island surrounded by established in early June are there as a direct result hayfields, pastures, and fields planted in other crops. of colonization from adjacent areas or of ballooning Therefore, the theory of island biogeography devel- or flying greater distances. Over 4,100 spider spec- imens (from oped by Mac Arthur R: Wilson (1967) provides, with 30 weekly collections and from vertical modifications, the basis for this investigation in which sampling) representing 19 families and 77 species the spider population is monitored to determine im- were collected from soybean foliage during two grow- ing seasons migration into the soybean field. Price 8: Waldbauer (Table 1) (1975) have discussed crop islands in agricultural The data from three combinations of fields and/ ecosystems and their possible roles in pest manage- or years were analyzed and compared for species di- ment. Price (1976) has recently written on insect versity. Table 2 shows a, H', and QS values and the colonization in soybeans, emphasizing the potential correlation of species diversity from one field to an- importance of island biogeography concepts as they other and from 1975 to 1976. All values were ob- apply to row crops. tained from counts of all spiders collected from each Nearly all of the arthropods, especially those spe- field throughout the entire growing seasons of 1975 cies found primarily on the foliage, find their way and 1976. into the field during the growing season by migra- A comparison of data from fields A and B of 1975 tion. Migration is accomplished either by flight, in with data from all fields of 1976 shows that species the case of most insects, or by ballooning, in the case diversity was higher in 1975, when a very wet growing Table 1— Spiders collected from soybean foliage in Illinois during 1975 and 1976. Agelenidae Linyphiidae Salticidae Agelenopsis kastoni Chamberlin & Ivie Frontinella pyramitela (Walckenaer) Agassa cyanea (Hentz) Agelenopsis sp. Meionela fabra (Keyserling) Eris marginata (Walckenaer) Cicurina pallida Keyserling Meioneta micaria" (Emerton) Eris pincus (Kaston) Anyphaenidae Meionela unimaculata (Banks) Habronallus rutherfordi (Gertsch & Microlinyphia pusilla* Sundevall Mulaik) Anyphaena peclorosa L. Koch Termesseellum formicum (Emerton) Henlzia palmarum (Hentz) Aysha gracilis (Hentz) Oxysoma cubana Banks Lycosidae Melaphidippus galathea (Walckenaer) Metaphidippus protervus* (Walckenaer) Wulfila saltabunda (Hentz) Pardosa milvina* (Hentz) Phidippus audax' (Hentz) Araneidae Micryphantidae Tutelina elegans (Hentz) Acanlhepeira stellata (Walckenaer) Catabrithorax plumosus (Emerton) Tetragnathidae Araneus quttalatus (Walckenaer) Ceratinops rugosa (Emerton) Mimognatha foxi (McCook) Araniella displicata (Hentz) Ceratinopsis laliccps (Emerton) Tetragnatha laboriosa" Hentz Argiope aurantia Lucus Ceratinopsis nigriceps Emerton Tetragnatha
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