Der Outsider

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Der Outsider Colin Wilson Der Outsider Eine Diagnose des Menschen unserer Zeit Mit einer Einführung von Eugen Gürster Scherz & Goverts Verlag Stuttgart 1957 Deutsche Übertragung von Lieselotte und Hans Rittermann Titel der englischen Originalausgabe: The Outsider Erschienen bei Victor Gollancz, London 1956 Broadbent: ... Ich finde die Welt ganz gut, gut genug: eigentlich finde ich sie recht amüsant. Keegan (ihn mit ruhigem Staunen betrachtend): Sie sind zufrieden? Broadbent: Als vernünftiger Mensch, ja. Ich sehe keine Übel in der Welt – ausgenommen, selbstverständlich, natürliche Übel –, die nicht durch Freiheit, Selbstregierung und englische Einrichtungen geheilt werden könnten. Ich glaube das, nicht weil ich ein Engländer bin, sondern weil das eine Sache des gesunden Menschenverstandes ist. Keegan: Sie fühlen sich also in der Welt zu Hause? Broadbent: Selbstverständlich. Sie nicht? Keegan: (aus den tiefsten Tiefen seiner Natur) Nein. Bernhard Shaw: John Bulls andere Insel, IV. Akt Inhalt 0 Einführung ..................................................................................................................................2 1 Das Reich der Blinden ................................................................................................................9 2 Welt ohne Werte .......................................................................................................................19 3 Der romantische Outsider .........................................................................................................31 4 Der Versuch der Daseinsbewältigung.......................................................................................45 5 Die Schmerzschwelle................................................................................................................67 6 Die Frage nach dem wahren Ich ...............................................................................................91 7 Die große Synthese .................................................................................................................110 8 Der Outsider als Mensch der inneren Schau...........................................................................126 9 Der Durchbruch aus dem Kreislauf ........................................................................................153 Quellennachweis..........................................................................................................................174 Personenregister ................................................................................................................................ Angus Wilson in Dankbarkeit 1 Einführung Dies ist ein Buch, bei dem es unmöglich ist, von der Person seines Autors abzusehen. Und kaum wichtiger als sein Inhalt sind die Umstände, unter denen es zustandegekommen ist. Colin Wilsons »Outsider« gehört zu jenen Büchern, deren Erscheinen niemand erwartet hat und die für viele Kritiker und Leser eine Verlegenheit bedeuten, weil sie in kein Gedanken-Schema unterzu- bringen sind. Der Autor ist 25 Jahre alt, der Sprößling einer Londoner Arbeiterfamilie, der kei- nerlei höhere Schulbildung in sich aufgenommen hat. Mit 16 Jahren war seine Ausbildung in einer öffentlichen Schule abgeschlossen. Auf Grund eines erfolgreich bestandenen Examens für mittlere Beamte wurde er mit 17 Jahren einer Steuerbehörde in Leicester zugeteilt. Er hat diese Tätigkeit, wie er später versichert, immer gehaßt. Bald darauf wird er in die Royal Air Force einberufen. Nach halbjähriger Militäxzeit wird er frei und faßt den Entschluß, nie mehr in seine Beamtentätigkeit zurückzukehren. Zu diesem Entschluß hat seinen eigenen Worten zufolge ein Satz beigetragen, den er bei H. G. Wells gefunden hat: »Wenn dir dein bisheriges Leben nicht gefällt, dann kannst du es ändern.« Colin Wilson durchwanderte einen Sommer lang ganz England, nahm da und dort Zufallsarbeit auf und schlief meistens im Freien. Für eine kurze Zeit reiste er nach Frankreich, wo er unter den Einfluß eines extravaganten Bruders der Tänzerin Isidora Duncan geraten ist. Wilson versichert, daß Duncans »Philosophy of Actionalism« (Philosophie des Ausdrucks durch Tätigkeit) auf ihn nicht ohne Eindruck geblieben ist. Duncan vertrat unter anderern die Meinung, der wahre Künstler müsse heutzutage imstande sein, auch alle praktischen, von seiner Zeit geforderten Tätigkeiten auszuüben. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach England erhielt der Autor sich durch die Arbeit am Leben, die er gerade vorfand, einmal als Angestellter eines Bestattungsinstituts, ein andermal als Kellner in einem Espresso-Cafe. Um die Miete zu sparen, hatte er monatelang auf der Hampsteader Heide am Rande Londons in einem Schlafsack geschlafen. Während er am Abend als Kellner arbeitete, las und schrieb er tagsüber in dem großen Lesesaal des Britischen Museums. Colin Wilson scheint zu jenen Autodidakten zu gehören, die plötzlich durch einen starken äußeren Eindruck oder durch die Bekanntschaft mit einem einzigen Buch zum Bewußtsein ihrer eigentlichen Natur und Aufgabe kommen. Die Lektüre einer populärwis- senschaftlichen Zeitschrift, die ihm mit 11 Jahren in die Hände fiel, betrachtet er auch heute noch in der Rückerinnerung als entscheidendes Ereignis in seiner geistigen Entwicklung. Mit 13 Jahren, gesteht er, habe er alles zusammengelesen, was in den Leihbibliotheken seiner Nach- barschaft an populärwissenschaftlichem Lesestoff aufzutreiben war. Es ist bezeichnend für ihn, daß er sich schon mit 14 Jahren gedrängt fühlte, an einem Buch zu schreiben, in dem er, zunächst zu eigenem Gebrauch, alle bisher erarbeiteten Erkenntnisse der Menschheit zusammenfassen wollte. Noch heute, nach elf Jahren, erinnert er sich, welchen geistigen Schock für ihn die erste Bekanntschaft mit Bernard Shaw, und zwar mit dessen Schauspiel »Mensch und Übermensch« bedeutete, das er zufällig im Dritten Programm des Britischen Rundfunks zu hören bekam. Colin Wilson ist also ein Amateur im weitesten Sinne des Wortes; und erst wenn wir uns klar sind, daß sein Buch vom Outsider das Buch eines Amateurs ist, eines Autodidakten, der mit einer Lesebesessenheit ohne Beispiel alles in sich aufzunehmen versucht hat, dessen er in seiner Le- bens- und Arbeitssphäre habhaft werden konnte, können wir seine Bedeutung richtig würdigen. Sein Buch ist ein Paradox, ja ein Ärgernis, – nicht nur darum, weil hier ein junger Mann ohne jegliche akademische Schulbildung den Anspruch erhebt, gewissermaßen die geistige Summe aus unzähligen wissenschaftlichen und schöngeistigen Werken zu ziehen, die ihm in die Hand geraten sind, und auf Grund einer unbändigen geistigen Leidenschaft sich an die Aufgabe herantraut, »das Wesen der Erkrankung der Menschheit um die Mitte des zwanzigsten Jahr- hunderts« zu diagnostiziezen. Nicht wenige unter uns werden mit 24 Jahren im Aufblitzen einer Erkenntnis, die uns neuartig und unvergleichlich vorkam, das elektrisierende Gefühl erlebt haben, daß man eigentlich der Mitwelt seine Vision vom Dasein mitteilen müßte. Aber unser Buch blieb ungeschrieben, weil unsere Vision in keine deutliche Gestalt zusammenfließen wollte und doch wohl auch, weil wir die anhaltende geistige Leidenschaft nicht aufbrachten, um Welt und Leben aus unserem eigenen, so spürbar begrenzten Gesichtswinkel aus darzustellen. Colin Wilson ist solcher anhaltenden Passion fähig gewesen, er hatte die geistige Besessenheit, die nö- tig war, um seinen Mitmenschen klarzumachen, daß die Welt um ihn herum deshalb so aus den 2 Fugen war, weil sie für seinen Outsider-Typus keinen rechten Platz mehr hatte. Nichts wäre leichter, als ihm nachzuweisen, daß die beachtlichen Kenntnisse und Erkenntnisse, die er in einer stupenden Leseleidenschaft sich angeeignet hat, immer noch fragmentarisch und zufällig sind. Wesentlicher ist, daß er, der mit der täglichen Not des Existenzkampfes früh bekannt geworden war, während seines selbstgewählten Exils im Lesesaal des Britischen Museums die Einsicht gewonnen hat, daß der Menschheit nicht so sehr durch bessere soziale Systeme, durch generelle Hebung des Lebensstandards als durch die Neubesinnung auf etwas geholfen werden konnte, das er freilich vage genug als eine »neue Religion« bezeichnet. Sein Buch hätte wohl nicht den aufsehenerregenden Erfolg in den Ländern englischer Sprache erzielt, ja kaum einen Verleger gefunden, wenn er nicht den Einfall gehabt hätte, das geistige Unbehagen seiner Zeitgenossen, das er in seinen zahllosen Lesestunden immer deutlicher heraus- spürte, in einen erkennbaren Typus zu verdichten. Vielleicht ist er auf der richtigen Spur, wenn er unsere Epoche als die des Outsiders bezeichnet. Gewissermaßen schlagartig hat Colin Wilson unsere Zivilisation durch Herausarbeitung gerade des Typus definiert, für den sie keine Ver- wendung hat. Man sagt über eine Gruppe, einen Verein, einen Klub etwas sehr Defnitives aus, wenn man ihn durch die Aufzeigung der Typen beschreibt, die ihm unter keinen Umständen angehören können – oder angehören wollen. Nicht mit Unrecht haben Londoner Kritiker be- merkt, daß der Outsider durchaus kein zeitgenössischer Sonderfall sei, – ja, daß im Grunde alle größeren und kleineren Geister, die Geschichte gemacht haben, alle Merkmale dieses Typus aufweisen. Trotzdem trifft dieser Einwand nicht das Wesentliche an dem vorliegenden Buch. Ich glaube, daß unsere Zeit deutlicher als andere dadurch bestimmt ist, daß sie die auch in ihr unvermeidlichen Outsider-Figuren in extreme und lebensgefährliche Situationen hineintreibt und damit ihre möglichen und wünschenswerten Einwirkungen auf die Insider wenn nicht ad absurdum führt,
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