A FfESOURCE UNIT ON TWENTIETH CENTURY

CHINA FOR USE IN A HIGH SCHOOL WORI9 HISTORY COURSE

A Field Report Presented to The Graduate Division Drake University

In Partial Fulfillment

' the Requi~amenta for the Degree Maatar of Soienoe in Education

- b ? Garland Seibert A RESOURCE UNIT ON TWENTIETH CENTURY

CHINA FOR USE IN A HIGH SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY COURSE

"Y

Garland Seibert

Approved by Committee :

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4 c. -4 - >; . L 'a) -

C FIAPTER PAGE I, TBE PROBLEM AND RESEARCH DESIGN . , itatement of the Problem ......

Tustification of the Problem .em...... tesearch Design and Flethodology ...... 11. SURVEY OF HIGH SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY mTBOOKS 4ND REVIEW OF LITERATIJRE ...... Survey of High School World History Textbooks . Review of the Literature ...... Chinese geography and culture ...... The Chinese Republic from 1915 to the death of Sun Yat-aen in 1925 ...... 16 The Chinese Republic from 1912 to 1925 ... 24 The Chinese Republic from 1925 to 1949 ... 32 The Communist era ...... 41 111. SUGGESTm ACTIVITIW AND PROBLESIS FOR THE STUDENT ...... 54 ActivitlesandProblems...... 54 Vocabulary Study ...... 60 ESOURCEMATERIALONCRINA . 63 Periodioal References ...... 63 Book References ...... 67 Audio-VisualAids...... 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 72 -

CHAPTER I

THE PROBm AND RESEARCH DBIOIJ

Statement --of the problem. The purpose of this project was to Prepare a resource unit for use in tb teaching of a unit on China in a world hlstory course at the high school level.

Justification --of the problem. The world hlstory Deacher, In presenting a unit on China, faces the problem of havin& to oover an immense amount of material in a limited period of the. To Insure that this important country is adequately studied in the classroom, a resource unit on it la needed. The resource unit will provide a reservoir from which my be drawn iniomation, material, and suggestions for teaching a unit on China. The reaouroe unit is not a teaching unit. Quillen and Han~pointed out thia difference. They stated:

A reaouroa unit differs from a teaching unit in that: (1) it is mde for teaohers rather than student uaa; (2) 1 used by an topica or for achiev organized

J. Quillen and L. A. Hanna, Education for 9601.1 ;r;-eas,Corn etenoe (Chicago: Scott Fom8m.n and ~on~an~,mti). -

Tms unit was prepared under me aaaumption that a period of two weeks would be alloued for classroom study.

This unit was ale0 prepared under the assumption that tb student has had some background in the study of manta early civilizations and the history of China's neighbors, auoh as Ruasia and India. The period of Chineee history from 1900 to 1961 with a brief background prior to this time hae been covered in thia unit. This period of time was selected becauae of the time limitations and the importance

A? an emphasis upon recent history.

Research design and methodblogy. Tb following are the general objectives or anticipated outcame8 of a two week unit on China in a world hlatory course. 1. An introduction to an understanding and apprsci- ation of Chineas culture. 2. The underatanding of the conflict between Chinese civilization and Western civilization. 3. An aweranass of the signif ioant developments in China's history sinoe 1900 and the way in whioh these derslopmenta hare influenced pmaent day China. 4. he realisation of the important part Red Cum and Nationalist China play in world affairs toda~e TO reaoh the general obJeotives the following plan

h.8 bean carried out in prepari~gthe resowoe The content of the unit was baaed upon a sumey of current high school world history textbooks and their resenta at ion of Chlnese hlatory. Ths resource unit includes a brief statement or china's history from 1900 to 1961. The material for this sumry has been based upon a survey of the literature per- taining to China from 1900 to 1961, This material waa organized under four headings: (1) Chinese culture and geography; (2) The Chinese Republic from 1912 to the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925; (3) The Chinese Republic from 1925 to 1949; and (4) The Communist Era, Suggested activities and problems that may be se- lected by the teaaher and used by the student to reaoh the ob jeativer hare been drawn up, A list of materials pertaining to the study of China has been compiled and groupad. They include a~~ro~riat@ books, artiolea in periodicals, and audio-viaual aids that may help meet the needs of the students. "'JRVEY OF HIGH SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY TWTBOOKk+ AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

I. SURVEY OF HIGH SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY TE31TBOOKS

Phe 8urveey of current high school world bistopy textbook8 covered eight standard claaaroom textbooks. The purpose of thia portion of the study was to determine the content and presentation of China by different authors. The following hlatory textbooks were uaed in this survey: Becker, Carl, Sidney Painter, and YuShan Han. The Past 1m.that Lives Todap. New York: Sllver ~urdettTm~any, Flaok, C. Em, Our World History. Boston: Ginn and Companp, 1960. Habberton, William, and Laurence V. Roth. Manta Achievement Throu~h-the Ages. Chicago: Laidlow Brothers, 1954.

Hughes, Ray 0. The Makiq of Toda 1s World. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, rnc., m6- Lane, F'raderia C., Erio F. Goldman, and Erling M. Hunt. . Hew York: Harcourt, Brace and

Rogers, Lester B., Fhy Adma, and Walker Brown. Stor Nationr. New York: Henry Bolt and Company, d Wallbank, Walter T. Manta Story. Chicago: Scott, Poresnan, and Company, 1961- Wallbank, Walter T., and Arnold Fletcher. Hiatorx. Chicago: Soott, Foresman -

Tha ~ofl~entof EneSe textbooks showed a tendency of

the ~uDJ~c~matter to be grouped into general topics, such a8 religion* language, ad foreign relations. Areas of arts, crafts. and way of life Were grouped under the headi~gof oulture. Other events, such as Tb Open Door Policy, Ths Boxer ~ebellion,and The Opium War were placed under the

general heading of Chinara foreign relations. There were eight general toplo divisions. All eight textbook8 presented selectione upon the religions of China. China's culture was treated in varying degrees by all eight authors. Four of the eight gave more

emphasis upon art. Five authors presented the family ryatem extensively, two mentioned it and one omitted it. Only three of the eight textbooks presented Chitmca geography and clirmte and its effect upon the countryfa history. This may be a weak point in textbook presentation. All eight textbook8 gave varying emphasis on the following topics: Chinava foreign mlationa; Chinara Revolution; the Republic of China; and Cammuniat China. There is a time span between writing and actual publishing or textbooks. This cauaea the lateat or cumant Matory of China in textbooks to be out of date. It important that the world hl8t0~yteacher realize this and rupplement the textbook or textbooks with ex~rienoesthat perzain the present Theae experiences could include the use current periodical8 8 newspapers, and public an" private printed pamphlets on current events,

II* REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Much has been written about China and the Chinese people, The review of ths literature la limited to a brief summary on twentieth century China. A selected reading list is presented at the end of this report for a wider, more ex- tenaive study of China, . *

Chinese Geography -and C ulbua-~

Geography. Geographic factors influenoe the way in whioh a people or civilization develop and a study of geogra- phy reveals much with regard to how a people make their liviag. The rollowing is a brief summary of the clbate, area, natural reaourcea, and population of China, China has a varied climate. The seasonal monsoon winds play the biggest part in determining China's alate. ~hesemonsoons are not aa regular or steady as those round in India, The reliability or rainfall in China 18 not great a. it 18 in India. Intense radiation over Mongolia and Siberia results in the worldla most extensive high- pressure arepa in the winter. At that time of year grape 7 -~~aoaof cold, dry, bavy COntlnental ahmove southward and bring clear weather across China. In the summer ths winds blow from the sea to the land, bringillg in moisture. he rainfall in China variea from over three hundred inches a year in the southeast to almost zero in the northwest. south China is humid, North China is aubhumid, and Outer China ia arid, China is exposed to typhoons which develop in the equatorial doldrums near the meeting of the northeast and aoutheaat trade-wind air masses. During the fall and summer a total of ten to forty typhoons uaually cone close enough to China to influence its weather, however, only 1 four or five centers actually reach the coast. The difference in temperature between North and South China is reduced in am.er but greatly accentuated in winter. Summer temperatures are often over one hundred degree8 Fahrenheit. The growing aeason varies frm twelve montha In South China, reven montha in the Yellow River basin, five 2 months in the Northeaatern Provinces, to four montha in Tibet, The Comunirt ruled Peopla'r Republic of China has an estimated area of 3,691,502 square miles with a population of

keorg. 8. Cre~aey,Land of the Million (Aeu York: McOraw-Hill Book Company, 15nm PP. -

1 669,000,0U(J. The national is^ government of the Republic of China on Formosa claim0 an island area of 13,885 aquare miles with a population of 10,917,841.~ Lass than 15 per cent of all China has suitable land

forma, allmate, and 8011 for any agrioultural use. Three- - - -

fifths of China laI inhabited by about one per cent of the population. Thla thinly populated area la made up of the mountalnoua platea.u of Tibet, the desert plateau of Mongolia, and the arid depression of inland drainage of Sinkiang. The majority of the population lives in the fertile eastern plains, which are watered by the Hwang, the Yangtze, and the Si (Weat) Rivers. Almost all of' the level lands are fertile flood plains whloh have been aubjeat to flooda causing widenpread destruction of property and famine. Large

areaa have been seriously eroded and are now unproductive, man-made deaerts. 3 Rice is Chi,name premier crop. TWOcrop8 of rice a ye- may be grown in Southern China. One crop or rice a year may be grown as far north as the Yangtce River. Rioe growing in North China ia limited to a row irrlgated areas

l~avi~iaP. Dudley, and John J. Smith, The Americana Annual 1962 (New York: Americam ~orporation,Ssi6~),p. 138.

*1bld-* p. 747. 3~ressey~OJ. G., pp. 46-47. because 1s 1s eltner too dry or the rain comes too late in the summer. Wheat is the major crop in Northern China followed by barley, millet, soybeans and kaoliang. Kaoliang is a grain aorghum which resembles broomcorn. Prior to World War I1 China followed the United States as the eecond largeat producer of corn. The mulberry tree is cultivated largely for the silkworms which feed on it. Tea bushes are I raised on the hlllsldes of all South China provinces. 1 !

Wle China's total production of wheat and rice are among the largest in the world, it acarcely suffices to feed her I large population whioh depend8 upon cereals for 90 per cent of their diet. China's chief mineral resource is coal, China has a modest iron-ore reaerve of about a billion and a hall tons of good quality ore. Mort of the Iron ore is loaated at a distance from the aoal, the exception being in Manchuria, China appears lacking in petrolem, although large deposits

of oil rhals are being- prooessed. Lead, zinc, sulphur, mer- cury, gold, mnganere, tuagaten, and antimony appear in modest amounts. There is a shortage of chromim, nickel, 2 molybdenum, cobalt, md vanadium,

'1bid-* n pp. 116-125. 2~.E. Spenoer, Asia Psst b South (New York: John Wile7 and sons, 1.0.. lqm,~$1- 10 Culture The Cbnese people have a rlch and complex heritage that goes back to antiquity. The following is a brief 8umrY of the language, mafor religions, family system, and arts and craft8 that make up the culture of China. China has a uniform written language, but the spoken tongue varies conaiderably. The Chinese language is one of the oldeat living languages. Chinese is a piotographic language, not an alphabetical language. Each Chinese character symbolizes a meaning or idea. Chinese is composed of thousands of characters which must be individually memo- rized by anyone who learns to read and write. Divergencies of the spoken Chineae are mainly those or pronunciation and intonation. Following World War I, the wThoueand Charaoter Mas8 Education Movement" attemptad to reduce the large vooabulary or the cl8asical language to a more practical size.' This movement brought education within the reach of the conxnon man. A literary renaiseance and the mraa eduoation movement together stimulated the growth of a large volume of popular literature, whloh expressed social discontent and national aentimant, The literary revolution enabled the Communists to use eifeotive printed prop.~ndae

l~elmut(3. Callis, China Confuoian and Communist (new York: Holt and ~ompa~nc.,19591,T 7 The Communists eaoaDllahed a phonetic alphabet to I crease mass education and induatrial expansion. In 1956 the Chinese Communists choae Latin as the simpleat, met praoticrl way to put the Chinese written language on a phonetio baaia .1 The spiritual life of the ancient Chinese, like that of all other ancient peoples, started with the deification and worship of all the important phenomena of nature. The divine and the human were not clearly differentiated, Th4 dead became deities and were worshiped by their descendants, Ancestor worship was not regulated by a rigid code and con- tained little ethical do-, the ritual being limited to aaorifices made periodically during festivals and on annivsrsarioa of birth and death, Ancestor worship started, in the opinion of some soaiologiats, as an extenaion of rilial piety, but gradually it degenerated into a muper- rtitlous routine based on the belief that such worahlp would 2 bring goodwill and protection from the dead.

&n. Theodors de Bary, Wing-talt Chan, and Burton Watson. Souroea of Chinese Tradition (New York: Columbia unive rai~s~19J.V 12 basea upon me ceaonlngs of Confuoiua (551-479 B.c .) . The teaahlngs of Confuoius and his followera are embodied in the --Four Books and -Five Classics. Hia teachings promote peace and order in society and encourage the living of a moral life by the individual. Great importance was placed upon rerpect for the family and the restriction of change. 1 Taoism began as a philosophy, but later developed into a religion. As a philosophy it is traceable to Lao Tze, born in 604 BoCe His doetrines of Hthe right wayn and "do nothingn ruled out the idea of forming a religion and establishing himself as a aaint, for this was contrary to his teachings. Yet seven centuries after hla death, Taoiam had degenerated into a ritual embodying a polytheistic mixture of witchcraft and demonology. Taoist priests have their own tomplea, rituals and bible. They are allowed to marry. Some of the priests are anohorites who seek immor- 2 tality through meditation and ascetic practices. Buddhism in Cum, introduced from India in A.D. 65, beula little resemblance to the religion in its pure fom.

A number of native legenda, traditions, rites, and deities hare been added to Buddhirm by the Chinese. Altogether

bid-. * pp. 17-21. ) pp. 9-52 and 296-98. -

.chools of Buddhism were establisbd in China, eaoh with

its own way of trainiw disciples. Chinese Buddllist scholar8 have gone to Tibet and Ceylon for advanced study.l BY the end of the fifth century the carving of Buddhist statues on

rocks had become so popular and prevalent in China that it influenced the development of Chinese fine arts. 2 The religion of Tibet and Mongolia la Lamaism, which

is a mixture of Buddhlsm and Shamanistic practices. The lama8 have 180 sacred scriptures and numerous tracts of

lesser importance. Lamaism has a paradise, but their chief hope la to be reincarnated in a higher state.

After the death of the Living Buddha, hi8 spirit is said to reappear in the body of some baby boy born at that time. In order to aelect the new Living Buddha a number of candidates, who were born at the time of the Buddhas death, are choaen and are confronted with an array of articles, among which one or two were used by the deceased. The can- didate who picks them out without difficulty is his rein-

carnation and becomes the new Living Buddha. The ~alai 1s the spiritual head of Tibet, and next to 1s the

Pancbn Lama. The Panohan Lama i8 coneidered worthy of more

veneration a8 hi8 office 18 leas contm1nated by worldl7

'Ibld., pp. 307-3111. hid # p. 411. Islam is found la one west and Northuest provinces of china. The majority of the Moslems came to China by the overland route through Persia and Afghanistan. In 755, four thousand Arabian soldiers were sent to China on the request of the Chinese government to subdue a rebellion. Hany present day Chinese Moslems are the descendants of the Arabian soldiers that settled in China. 2 Christianity ma introduced into China by missionaries from Europe and America. The first missionaries uere the Jesuits who landed in the sixteenth century. Christianity has grown rapidly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with its adherents making up about one per oent of the population. 3 The Chinese Communist doctrine in mainland China today

ir essentially antireligious. The Cownunistsl emphasis on group before family life, and other reforms, have weakened the sooial and cultural matrix of traditional religious attitude8 and practices. The Chinese Communist have severely ourtailed the Christian Church in China and persecuted its

'china Handbook Editorial Board, China Handbook (Taipei, Taiwan: China ~ubliahi~.~

hilllam T. Couoh, and David Crawford, Colliera Ena olopedia (New York: P. F. Collier and Son Corporation, N, pb 709. missionaries as agent8 of imperialism, 1

thr ha-4- IAAI-~ In old China the familo----y uea---.r ruv waaIu muuAuA .LLIBbL'I--&* tution. Co ~nfucianism, which set the standards of the nation, exalted the family. The duty toward one fa parents was made the baais of ethics. The family included a wide ramif'ication of relatives. The family provldsd the equivalent of old age, unemployment, and sickness insurance. and for the aducatqnn ------of it8 more promising aons. The family was bound together by ceremonies in honor of its anceetors and by pride in a gemology which might go back for many centuries. Through the common ownership of land, the family remained integrated, I unified, and tied to one locality. 2 Marriage has been a family concern. Parents have arranged through matchmakern for the betrothal or their children, traditionally without the consent of the latter. Since carrying on the family line was deemed Important, marriage waa practically universal. Boye were considered of more value than girls because family lines were carried on through its male members. Marriage has been monogamous, 3 but it was permAasible to add conoubines to the fadly. Chineee art la a cultural document of the first order, the reflection of a oertain type of man and mind. The Chlneae have acquired great sk1.11 in the use 0s bronze, stones ~otter~sporcelain, Jade, lacquer, gold, and silver in their art work. Painting has been an hportant art in china. Painting has grown from the Chlnese vriting, siwe both involved the use of' a brush. Chinese art, and especially ~ainti~,involved not only an emphasis upon nature but also the ability of the artist to be able to put emotion8 and feeling on the canvas as well as reprodnc- ing what he saw, 1

-The Chinese Republlo -from 1915 -----to the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1.

Early contact ---with the west, In order to understand the Chinese Republic and it8 relation8 with western nations it is neoesgary to realize aome of the early Chlneee- Western contacts and their later results, The majority of the European sailors and merchants who reaohad China in the sixteenth century created an un- favorable impreseion or the Weatern world, christian rniasiomrier arrived in the later half of the sixteenth oentury. The Jesuits were of outstanding importance them. They were highly mapeoted by ths Chinese beoause of their gentility, aharacter, 6md their 8~e0i~liee~

-- pp. 69-77. -

of' astronomy~cannon casting and ooner aclencea .l Protestant ~hristianit~was introduced by Robert Morrison in 180702

-War (1840-1842) . In 1800 the Chinese Ernperor issued -an ediot prohibiting the importation of opium. ~nitially,the law was not enforced and oplnm was smuggled into China. In 1838, however, the Ehperor decided upon strict enforoement of the opium prohibition lawa. An im- perial commlaeloner seized the predominantly British owned opium at the port of Canton and destroyed it.) This action surprised the foreign community. They had expected the commissioner to seize the opium to enrich himself. The Chinese restricted trade until after the opium

wae destroyed. After the deatructlon of the opium, the Chinese relaxed their punitive measwee and allowed the resumption of trade with the exclusion of opirrm. The British refused to accept that condition. The sinking of four

Chinese war junks by two British warship8 opemd hostilities between Great Britain and China. The majority or the Chinese hew nothing or the diiiiCtlltie8 with the British.

The Peking government had left the conduct of barbaria* relation8 in the hands of l00al officials. The Chinese

lAarleyMnoNair China (Lo8 Angeles: University or California PressB 19461 1P.05*

2~allis,2. P. 527. 3nid-. B p.180. -

government brought to tePIllS when one Brltlah began to cut the country into two by penetrating the Yangtze Valley. The Treaty of Nanking in 1842 marked the end of the Opium War* The Treaty of Nanking provided for the papent of an indemnity to the British; the five ports of Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai were opened to the residence and trade of the British; the granting of extra- territoriality and equitable tariffs; and the oession of Hongkong to the ~rit1sh.l Although the Treaty of Nanking signified the end of the war, it was merely the beginning of the long controveray between China and the Weat. War broke out between France, Great Britain, and China in 1858 over a minor incident in a strained situation. The launch Arrow, owned by Chinese, and with a Chinese crew, but regiatered at Hongkong, having a British captain and flying the Britiah flag while at Canton was boarded by Chinese officials. Moat of the crew was arrested on the charge of piracy and the British flag -9 hauled doma The Cuneae deolined to give the 8ati8faction de- manded by the British for the insult of their flag. Repre- aentativea of both countries were uncom~rodsingand the Brltiah nary oomenoed hostilities. The British and

%bid 0, PP. 181-182. with the ald of Russia and the Unitea states, moved toward Peking where the anperor yielded and the Treaty of Tientsln was signed, 1

Proviaions of the Treaty of Tientsin included: the opening of new ports; the Yangtze River was opened for western use; foreigners when armed and with proper passports were to be permitted to travel anywhere in the interior; Christians, both aliens and Chinese, were guaranteed toler- ation in the practice of their faith; and the legalization of the opium traffic by the placing of a duty on the drug. 2 Ina had regarded herself as a protector of the smaller and younger countries on her border. In return for protection and out of respect, these countries sent tribute to Peking

At bus vu5rurrrub uf the nineteenth century most of ooloni~lFrench Indochim was ruled by the emperor of Annam. The area was predominantly Chinese in culture, its social system followed the Confucian system, and its ruler ac- knowledged the suzerainty of the Emperor of Chlna. A~am's rulers attempted to keep their country closed to outsiders. Christians were expelled bj royal decreeo3

kenneth 9. Latourette, The Chinese, Their History -and Culture (New York: The ~ac~illGm&)tPP. 371-73.

21bid-a ppa 373-75. 3calli3, z. &., pp. 197-97. -

20 In Order to end xnnameae hostili~y,the French born-

barded the palace forced a treaty on the king of Anname The provided for the paplent of an Indemnity, opened three ports to French trade, and allowed the free exercise of the Catholic religion. The Annamese evaded the treaty

and continued to send their tribute mis8iona to Peking. he Chinese came to the aid of the Annmeae ruler and fighting continued off and on for aeveral years until China, in the Treaty of Tientsin In 1885, agreed to withdraw its troop. and recognize a French protectorate over Annam. This settlement with China opened the path for the French occu- 1 pation of Laoa

-Sino-Japanese War- (1894-189s). A rebellion broke out in Korea In 1894 with the Korean king asking the Chinese "father nationn to aid him in suppresalng the rebellion. China sent aeveral thousand men, but Japan, without being invited, dispatched aeveral times as many, occupied the Korean capital and proposed to co-operate with China in b-

poring a reform program on Korea. The Japanese estabmhed a puppet goverment In Korea, and issued an order in designed to &-ire the Chinese out of the The Slno-Japaness War waa formally declared after the siding by the Japanerne naval forces of a ateamhip omrying Chinese

l~bid-a * pa 197. troops to Korea. l.

won a of V~C'LO~~~Son land and sea and China sue for peace and accepted the Treaty of Shimonoseki China recognized the independence of Korea and ceded to Japan the Island of Formosa and the Peacadores

~slands. China also opened more ports to foreign comrce and payed an indemnity to Japan. 2

P-0 en Door Policy. In 1899, when China was on the brink of being divided by outside interest, the United States announced the Open Door Policy. The American Secretary of State, John Hay, issued a circular note requesting assuranoe from the various powers that equality of commeroial oppor- tunity would be maintained within their spheres of interest in China. In 1900 Secretary of State bydeclared that American policy also aought to preserve Chinese territorial and adminiatrative entity. The replies from the powers were ambiguous, but the trend toward conversion of the spheres of interest into protectorates was temporarily halted. 3 - he ~oxerRebellion (1900). The last of the ~omrful 1:anohu ruler8 in China before the e8tablifJhment of the Republic was the Empress Dowager, Tsu-Hsi. Her reign lnarked the final chapter in the old Way of life in This

3~idp. 207. bid-* p. 202. ' -

ZZ marked the breaking point between Old and New unlna. 8~ was known as the Old Buddha and ruled in faot, not in name, from 3.865 to 1908. T~u-Hsi'a son died two years after ha became of age. In order for her regency to continue, TZU-Hsi had a small infant. Kuang Hsu, named emperor. Kuang Hau, su~~osmyTzu-Hsils nephew, but possibly an illegiti- mate son of the dowager queen, nominally ruled from 1878 to 1908.l As Kuang Hsu grew more independent, he felt that the

old traditionalism of Tzu Hsi was responsible for the paralysis of China, In 1898, between June 11 and September 22, known as the Hundred Days of Reform, Kvang Hau issued reform decrees that were designed to accomplish a complete reorganization of the traditional Chineae a ystem of govern- ment. The reforma provided that: the political power ma to be centralized in the capital; the number and authority of independent provincial official8 was to be reduoed; the civil aervice examination ayatem waa to be thoroughly revised;

an imperial university for modern studies was to serve as a model for similar provincial institutions; and the organi- zation of a Western-type national army based on universal 2 conaoription was to be established. The emperor became a life long prisoner of Tcu-xai

-* %bid-* # pp. 213-l.4. 'nid * pp. 24-15. -

wnen she leda coup a'etat. The dowager naa. relt tmeatened by the removalof official8 she hed placed in the government. Under Tze Hsi's direction, the traditional institutions of government were once more strengthened and also steps vere taken to revive the people's militia as a defense againat foreign invasion. The militia developed into a fanatical movement to drive all foreigners out of the country* Inflamed with passion of nationalist righteousness, they called themselves I Ho T1uan, Bands of Righteous Harmony, later changed into I Ho Ch'uan, Fists of Righteous Harmony, a name rather awkwardly translated into English as ~oxers.1 Threats against Christian settlements in the north were followed in the smer of 1900 by attacks on the rail- way and foreign-owned buildings in Peking and ended in a aiege of the foreign legation in the capital by Boxer forcer and imperial troops. In the provinces, hundred8 of miasionariea and their Christian convert6 were killed. An international relief expedition forced ita entrance into 2 Peking, raising the alege of the legations. The Boxer Protocal wa8 signed between China and twelve powers. China agreed to pay nearly half a billion dollar8 in an indemnity. Chine 8180 agreed to the building of foreign garrisons along atrategio railroads well as in peking, and to the establishment of a modern Minister

bid-. ' p.216. 2~id-* ' p. 216-17. Foreign Af faira. 1 Popular demand compelled the Ehpresa Dowager in 1906 to promise a c onatitutional government. Conservative Manchu princes were selected to put the neu government into effect, I with the result that little uas changed. Tzu-Hsi died in 1908 and by 1911 all of China south of the Yangtze was in revolt. The advisory national assembly voted Yuan Shih-ktai, a former imperial official and commander of the northern armies, into the premiership of a responsible novernrnent. 2 I Through popular pressures and skillful manipulation by Yuan, the infant Emperor Pu Yi was forced into abdi- cation. A new regent, in the name of the child emperor, signed decreea which ended the Manchu rule and turned power over to Yuan aa premier. 3

-The Chineae Republic -From 1912 to 1925 The followinn is a brief aamrr#rs of the work and teachings of Sun Yat-sen; Sino-Japamae relations Prom 1912 to 1925; and early Chinese-Ruaaian relations.

Rtjn vnt-mnn- Thn raal atorv of the Chinese Revolution and the eatabliahing of the Republic revolves around the life and teachings of Sun Yat-sen. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was one of the prominent leadera of the early revolutionary organi- zations against the Mamhu dynasty. He was the son of a -

peasant, born ln l8bb near the Por~ugues~colony of xacao.

Sun Yat-sen Was firat exposed to the weat livingwith hf8 older brother in Honolulu. Dr. Sun Yat-sen comenced hie medical career at Macao after studying medicine in 1 Hong Kong. After the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War,

Sun Yat-sen led a revolt at the city of Canton. The up- risiw failed and Sun Yat-sen had to leave the country. In 1896 while visiting in London, Sun Yat-sen was kidnaped by the Chinese Legation with the intention of sending him back to China to be exeouted as an enemy of the Manchu Emperor. The incident was reported in the press and eventually he was released, This affair served to expose the corruptness 2 of the Manchu Government before the Western world. From 1906 to 1911 nine attempts failed to overthrow the Manchu Government. During that time, Sun Pat-sen traveled in Japan, Europe, and Amerioa, seekins financial aid and studying different systems of government. The Manchu Government fell on October 10, 1911, when thirteen of the eightsen provinces declared their independence fro*

the Manchu dynaaty. 3 sun Yat-sen, travelling in America when the overthrow

lgunyat-aen, The Teachi 8 of Sun Y&-=, (London: The Sylvan Press, 194m +xziTTPP- '1bid-. * pp. xxiil-mi- hid., p. xx~ii* -

toOK Places returned home, and was electea provisional President of the Republic by the National Convention at Nanking* *t that the the Republic did not include the northern provinces and the Emperor was still on the throne. The northern province8 were controlled by Yuan Shih-kar, who controlled a well trained army. In order to avoid a civil war, Sun Yat-sen agreed to relinquish the Presidency in favor of Yuan Shih-kar, pro- vided Yuan secured the abdication of the Manchu dynasty and supported the republican form of government. After re- linquishing the Presidency, Sun Yat-sen transformed his revolutionary organization into a regular political party, the Kuomintang. Yuan Shih-kai set up a rival group, the Chimputang. 1 The Kuomintang dld not poaaess a large enough majority in the government to keep Yuan in check. Yuan, a8 President,

replaced Kuomintang members in the government with his om men and auppreased the party which created the ~epublic. Xuan diaaolved Parliament and attempted to restore the

monarchy. A revolt against Yuan was auccessf ul and in March, 1916, he renounced the throne. He died three months laterma In October, 1917, Sun Tat-sen was elected Generalissimo

of the south by the Kuomlntang members of the National

'nid n pp. xx~iii-xxh* 21bid* 3 pp. Aaaembly, Many problems st111 had to be aolved. There was party dissention, a corrupt bureaucracy strongly entrenched in office, powerful warlords to overthrow, foreign aggressors to be faced, economic problems, and the conversions of the I massee to the basic ideas of the revolution. 1 -The Three Principles --of the People. The teachings of Sun Yat-sen formed the basic political doctrines of the I Kuomintang. Hia ----San Min Chu I, or --The Three Principles of

-the People, stressed nationalism,* people f rr rights.3 and people ' s li~elihood.~They were to constitute the guiding I principles of the Chinese Government, The new China he con- 1 ceived, wherein the people would have a oonstitutional form of government, was to be free and independent and to enjoy equality in its relations with other nations of the world. Sun Yat-sen planned for an equitable distribution of wealth through the enforcement of three policies: the equalization

of land ownerahip;- - the development- of State capital;- and the control of private capital. 5 Sun Yat-sen believed in direct democracy and he

'sun Yat-sen, San Min I (Calcutta: Caledonian Printing CO., Ltd., 1).3-76.

3~bid-* pp, 95-199. 4~id-* B pp. 227-99. 5~bid,- Z11 28 awed the people to have the rights or the recall, inltia- tive, and referendum in addition to the right of election. he government, he said, should be entrusted with five powere : executive, legislative, judicial, examlnat ion and antrol. The last two were based on China's traditional The power of examination referred to the selec- tion of officials through competitive examinations to create an efficient civil service system. The power of con- trol pertained to the impeachment of government officials. 1 Sun Yat-sen prescribed three stages for the reali- zation of constitutional government in China. The flrst stage was to be the unification of the country by military force. The second stage was to be a period of political tutelage, in which the Kuomlntang exercised the political powera on behalf of the people. The third stage, that of constitutional government, waa to be given to the people 2 after they had been trained for reaponaible citizenship.

Japans Tusntg-one Demands. During World War I, Japan made an attempt to bring China further under her in- fluence. The Japaneae suggested that China engage Japanese -

~ol~~~~~~and millcar~advi8orsJ place Its police under joint

Sino-Ja~anese controlJ obtain all arms exclusively from Japan,

and grant the Japanese freedom of propaganda. The United States protested Japan's demands on China18 territorial in- tegrity in regard to the Open Door PollCy. TUSformal protest only partially modified the Japanese demands.

~reatieswith the Yuan Shih-kai government in China, con- cluded as a result of the Twenty-one Demands, gave the Japa- nese new rights in Shantung and consolidated their position in eouthern Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, 1 China entered World War I on the aide of the Allies but received very little at the Versailles Conference. As a result of the Veraaillea Treaty, Japan received all the rights, privileges, and property formerly possessed by Genaany in the Chineae province of Shantung. In protest the Chinese organized a general boycott of Japanese goods.2 In the Nine-Power Pact eigmd in Washington in 1922, China agreed to end the boycott of Japanese goods if Japanese troops would leave Shantung and the great Powers would see that chi- would be given a chance to work out her internal

difficulties. 3

Early Chinese-Russi~relations sun Yat-sen in

21bid., p. 230. %bid-09 p. 228. -

hid ) pp. 230-31. -

the need of foreign to regenerate the Chinese Republic. Ee had hoped for assistance from Europe or America, but they proved reluctant to give any. At that time, 1922, ~d~lf Joffe was sent from Ru88ia to Peking to meet with Sun Yat-sen. Joffe was an experienced Bolshevist diplomat. Sun Yat-sen saw a fair prospect of obtaining the aid he needed from ~ussiaand at the same time the Soviet leader realized a chance to strike a blow at the imperialist powers. 1 The conference between Joffe and Sun Yat-sen ended with a public statement that provided for an agreement be- tween Russia and China. The statement affirmed the belief that neither connunism nor the lovlet political system political system could be successfully introduced into China. Joffe affirmed the Soviet Governmentla willingness to re- nounce all the special privileges which had been exacted 2 from Chim by the diplomacy of the Czarist Government. China and Ruaaia both knew that their ultimate aims were irreconcilable. The Chinese Revolutionists wanted help in the military stage of their movement and were willing to take the chance that Communist propagan& might eventu- ally prove more seductive than their own =OW Oun people. The Russian evolutionists wanted in their

'Ibid 0, PP. 243-44. Far maswrn CamPalgn against the ouopoat of capitalism and were willing to take the chance that the regenerated Chinese ~epublicmight Prove at least to be an enemy to their world revolution rather than a friend. 1 Sun Yat-sen sent his chief -of -staff, Chiaw Kai-shek, to Moscow to etudy the Red army. After four montha, Chiang returned and began to organize, at Canton, the Whampoa Military Academy where party members of the Kuomintang could receive modern military training. 2 Michael Borodin, an anent of the Third International. arrived in Canton in 1923, bring in^ with him civilian ex- 1 perta to reorganize the Kuomintang and government. In 1924, at the Firet National Party Congress, it was reaolved that all Communists ahould be pemnitted to enroll in the Knomin- tang who were willing to take the oath of obedience to the party authorities. They were not requlred to renounce their belief in communism. A apecial appeal to the economically depreaaed claaaea waa made aa the Kuomintang became a nationaliat alliance of all claaaes. 3 While Sun Yat-aan' a government at Canton controlled Southern Chlna, the north waa controlled by warlords, each

'1bid-* 9 pp. 243-44. 3~rthurNo Holoombe, The 21 hinese Revolution (Cambridge : Harvard ~niversEPre83, , 1931), pp. 162-66. 32 aspiring 50 a55al.n supremacy. The generals warred upon each ~therto secure more revenue, to make money in tb opium trade, and to profit in the organized sale of official posts. he importance of the civil uar between the provincial war- lords was that the old civil service perished, the scholar class withdrew from government into academic life, and absentee landlordism increased as the peasants sank deeper into mieery, The warlord period destroyed the last pillars of the old order. I

-The Chinese Republic From 1925 to 1949 The following is a brief summary of the major events in China from 1925 to 1949. They include: Chiang Kai-shek becoming leader of the Kuomintang; Japanese occupation of Manchuria; Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists; the Cairo and

Yalta Conferences; and the Hall-outHcivil war in China.

Chiar~g--Kai-shek becam leader of the Kuornintanq. Sun Yat-sen died in Peking in 1925 while attempting the reconciliation of hi8 southern federation and that of tb northern warlords. By a coup in September, 1925, supported by Borodln, Chiang mi-shek became the commander-in-ohief of the Kuomlntang forces. Under Chiangla leadership the Nationaliat forcea, officered by the cadets of the Wbampoa

l~allis,x. G., pp. 226-27. Military Academy, set out Srom Canton on zne long planned Northern Expedition against the warlords .l While Chiang Kai-shekrs troops were marchiag north, .,, jommuniats created widespread social unrest in the rear. The ,dical left wing assumed control of the party and In February, 1927, established its headquartera at Hankow. ~eanwhlle,under Chiax bi-shekt a leadership, the Natlon- alist Government was established in Nanking. The positions of leftista in the Wuhan regime, however, became untenable when documents proving Mo8cowl s conspiracy ln China were made public. In Julys 1927, the Kuomintang purged itself of the Communists and sent Borodin and the other Russian I 2 advisers back to Russia. Despite the expulaion of' the Russians and the Com.nuniata, the Kumintang was not united until Chlang Kai-shek consolidated hia position in both the government and the armed forces. In the apring of 1928, the last of the Northern warlorda had been defeated and the Yational Government waa tomaally sstabliahed in Nanking in October, 1928. Chiang Kai-shekts government was not as atrong as

2~id9 pp. 252-255- '~bid-* P pp. 251-252. it appeared.

BY a cOmblnatlon of force and a good deal of political compromise Chiang -ahek gradually extended his in- fluence into the domh of the warlords, ~ometimesby the simple device of giving them positions in the govern- ment and incorporating their armiea into his own. While this tYPe of forml unif ication outwardly contributed to the prestige of the Central kvernment, it added little to the real unity and strength of the country. Japanese occupation -of Manchuria. The quaslunlf ica- tion of China under the National Government pronpted Japan to take direct aggressive action. The "Mukden Incidentw on September 18, 1931, marked the first step in Japanese armed aggression and resulted in the capture of the three North- eastern Provinces. The puppet state of Manchukuo was established by the Japanese in Manchuria. Japan also en- gaged in large scale arnuggling and drug traffic to undermine the Chinese economy and morale. 2 The United States iasued the Stimson Doctrine in re-

Earu to the Japaneae aggression in Manchuria. It stated that the United States would not recognize any de fact0 situ- ation unilaterally brought about by force and in violation of international treaty obligations. The Unibd States did not take any direot action against Japan at that time*

Inid 9 p. 257. enid-. ppi 258-61. hPthanlelPetfor, Ths Far East (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan m8Eb3s9. The Manchuria invasion was brougnt before the League or ~atlons. The Lytton Report adopted by the League of Nations in 1933, proclaimed Japan as the aggressor in the conflict. me report stated that the state of' Manchuho was the creation of the Japanese military and not the people I of Manchuria. The League failed to take any effective action against Japan. 1 I

Chiarq ----Rat-shek and the Communists. The Communieta were driven underground after the break between the Nation- alists and Communists in 1927. The Communists moved to rural bases in Kiangsi and established a provincial soviet I government. The Communlsta used guerrila warfare and found I aup9ort from the peasants to whom they promised land and 2 other reforma. Chiang Kai-ahek defeated the northern warlords in I 19% and turned his attention to the Comunists. The I Communist army had been started in 1928 under Chu Teh and I Mao Tae-tung from survivors or a oruahed anti-Chiang mutiny I led by Chu Teh. Chiang Kal-shekts army surrounded the Red I

'League of Nations, Re ort of tb Coxmission of b .----- &B~um~ceCt,v.Lv..v, nnn - - ,d-, , -- - - 3; Manley 0. ~~;son,The Verdiot of the L:China and - Manchuria (~xon: WorlaeaaeTum - - army allOwea Gnu Teh to lead eighty thousand troops in a breaktwough over a distance of six thousand miles to Shenslt in the Northwest. The Comnunists set to work again by redistributing land and consolidating their position 1 among the peasants. In December, 1936, Chiang Kai-ahek was kidnaped at Sian by troops of Chang Haueh-liang, who blamed Chiangla appeasement policy toward Japan for Chang Hsueh-liang'~ 103s of control over Manchuria. By putting Chiang Kai-shek under arrest, Chang Hsueh-liang and other discontented commandera in the north hoped to force Chiang into a decla- ration of war on Japan and the discontinuation of his civil war againat the Communists. The Communist0 had no part in the aeizure of Chiang, but were called in from Shensi. Zhou En-lai waa sent to explain their position, which favored a united front under Chiang Kal-shekts leaderahip againat the Japanese and the ending of Chiang'a policy of unity before reaiatance. When Chiang Kai-shek was allowed to return to Nanking he had made no written pledge, however the courae of later event8 tend to indiaete that he had

rrrrmll a rrmrrm4rrA0.a- " tqhantyr"*L.--y)" nf' aalfav toward the Communists WL-J pa VLLY . -- r----u and Japan, 2 - %id pp. 263-65. 0, pp* 274-79. -* China's war of resistance on a national scale became inevitable when the Japanese attacked the Chinese garrison

in Shanghai on August 13, 1937. The National Government moved its seat of government from Nanking to the inland city of Chu ngking. Chiang Kai-shek followed a policy of trading 1 spaoe for time During the first tnv Jwars of war the Communist Amy and Nationalis t troops jointly fought Japan. The Comuniet army, renamed Eight Route Army, received aid from the National Government in waging guerrilla warfare behind the Japanese lines. When the war reached a deadlock in 1939, the Co again started to divert their attention to the civil conflict, The Communists continued to manage guerrilla areas to suit themselves, which was contrary to 2 their promise to abollah their soviet-type government. Early in 1941, the united front againat ths Japanese came to an end. The Communist's New Fourth Army had been operating in central China with a great deal of succesa against the Japanese. Chiang Eai-shek had ordered them to remain north of the Yangtze River. Whether there was a misunderatanding or the order was disobeyed, the armp crossed the river, met a Kuomintang force and fightiw broke out.

C mm- pp. 279-80. ln,~--rr. --/?6G-66. --- 2p-u.,- 'l'nls a pitched battle and the Comunists, not sccustomed fighting Set battles, were defeatedb1

--The Cairo and Yalta Conferences. ~b leaders of the Allied nation3 held several important meeting~during world War 11. The Cairo Conference in 1943 and the Yalta Coder- ence In 1945 directly affeoted China and her intereat in the Far East. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek met at the Cairo Conference. It was decided that China was to remain in the war and agreements were reached with regard to China's position in the postwar world. At the meting the powers also agreed upon peace terms to be adopted in the Far East. They included the following: China would receive the Japanese held territories of Manchuria, Formosa and the Peecadorea Islanda; Korea would become free and independent; Japan would be deprived of her islands in the Pacific, in- cluding those taken from Germany after World War I, but 2 their diaposal was left undetemined. China was not represented at the Yalta Conferenae at which the United States and Great Britain made conoe8sions to RuaaIa to Insure her aid against Japan. With regvd

420. lpaiier, x. e.,PP* 391-92. *nid-* pb 39 the Far East, the major points of the Yalta Conference were: ~ussiawas again to control southern Sakhalin and adjacent islands; Russia would get back its naval base of Port Arthur and its rights on the Chinese Eastern and South Manchurian railways; the port of Dairen would be internationalized; and Russia agreed to conclude a pact of friendship with Nationalist China. 1 The friendship pact agreed upon at the Yalta Con- ference between Russia and China was signed on August Q, 1945. In exchange for the stipulated rights in Manchuria, Russia pledged itself "to render to China moral support ad aid in military supplies and other material resources, such support and aid to be entirely given to the National Govern- nent as the central government of This pledge did not keep the Russiam from atripping Kanchuria of its in- dustry or the turning over of Japaneae troops and equipment tn t.hn Ch1nn.s~Cammunista aa thev moved Into North China. In 1946, the present Constitution of the Republic of I China uae adopted by the first session of the Constitutional

M.+(finnl A mmrmhlv. vhlch ua. bald ill ~8nkiIlg.~The C0n8ti- tution was based on Sun Yat-aen's Three People's Prlnclples and Five-Power Sgatam of Qoverment.

~ pp l1bid-* p. 421. '1bid-. p. 426. 3~hinaHandbook Editorial Board, s. g.,p. 76. Glvll- -war* With the deLeat or Japan at the close of

World War 119 both the C~ltUn~nistsand Nationalista could turn their full attention to internal affibultleaO In an attempt to prevent the resumption of full civil war in China, the United States sent General George Marshall to set up a political Consultative Conference. Partial success was achieved when a truce waa arranged, however, neitbr side wanted peace enough to pay the price of giving up any of its partisan ambitions. Thus, by the autumn of 1946, the Communist-Kuomintang united front had broken, the National- ists had taken the offensive, and open civil war had returned to China, General Marshall had American supplies shut off but the Nationaliats believed that the United States would 1 stand back of them in their push against the Comunista. At the outbreak of hostilities in 1946, the National- iota had a material advantage over the Comnuniat forces.

The Nationaliota numbered between two to three million troopa. Tb Communist forces numbered about one million men. 2 he Nationalists moved into Manchuria meeting little re8 iatanoe from the retreating C~mmunistArmy* Nation-

alist* centered their forces in the cities and Over extended

lpeffer, 9.go, PP. 427-30. 21bid-* p.441. their upp ply lines* he Communisos cut the supply linesand maintained fOrml siege of the cities. Nationalist cities began to the Commnists in Manchuria when supplie8 ran out and reinforcements did not come* The Communists began to move south with the aid of captured supplies and the lack of resistance by the Bationallat armies. Nationallat troops ran at the sight of the Communists and sometima laid down their arms without firing a ahotel In April, 1949, the Comunists crossed the Yangtze River and took Nanking. In October Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the new People's Republic of China in Pelping, which again becam the capital, and was renamed Peking. Chiang Kai-shek and two hundred thousand troops fled to Formosa where tbey set up a government.

-The Communist -&a The following ie a brief aumEiry of the events that have taken place in China sin00 the Comuni8ta have taken

over the mainland. They include: the establismnt the People18 Republic of China; the ~ef0X'Bllegislation put Into

effect by the Comunista; ths Korean War; tht3 Constitution of the People'8 Repub110 of China; and Communist China today'

2~bid pe &2e bid-a 9 pp. 441-42. '9 7

of & People' a Republic --of China. ~lu, Chinese Communists Consolidated their political power after 1949. They had achieved several of their basic political aims. Barnett points out that the Co-aiats:

had restored centralized Chinese rule over a large part of tb traditional Chinese empire, in- cluding important borderland areas. . . . ~h~yhad destroyed the political and military roots of warlordism and provincial regionalism, which had plagued and weakened every Chinese national government between 1911 and 1949, They had established an effective central government, capable of -king clear-cut decisions and f omnulatlng national policies and possessing both the will and the organizational apparatus to implement its policies. And they had built up a totalitarian party- government-army structure which carried central authority and c way unprecedent Barnett also points out several facts which help to explain the rapid auccess of the Chinese Cowunieta in establlahing their control. By 1949 the maa of Chinese people, exhausted by yeara of war and civil strife, had lost all enthuslaam about the ?Tationalists and were prepared to accept ahoat any rulers who could reestablish peace. Knowirg almost nothing of political democracy, and accustomed to authoritarian control, they had little basis for judging what Communist rule might mean. Nationalist regMe collapsed, leaving a VaCUm, and the leadership as well a8 the military, ideological, and organizational framework for mobilizing effective resistance On the China mainland this vacuum an over the real

A* A* (*ew York: 1~.Doak Barnett, comunist ~nd Harper and Brotheran 1960- 2~bid' pp. 11-12. The Chinese u0munlst8 f3y~Gematlcallyand ruthlessly oru.hed all sign8 of armed or open resistance. ~h~ Co~unistshave generally attempted to keep their armed forces in the background of their domestic control but they maintain an effective military system of public secwlty and militia forces. The duty of the public security forces and militia in China is to enforce order and guarantee the control of the Communist party.1 "The army is not an inde- pendent source of power; it is an instrument of the Communist party and is clearly subordinated to the party. It is merely one of many instruments through which the Comunists rule 2 the country.

Reform le~ialation. The Chinese Comunists have attempted to put into effect reform legislation in order to destroy tb old and build the new. he Marriage Law eatabliahed in April, 1950, uprooted tb traditional family aptem. The Harriage Law provided for a more equalitarian relationship between husband and wife, parents and ohildren, and assured the freedom of a couple to contract marriage. Ths law was applicable retroactively. Large scale complaint meetings were held to expose those mrriages which did not comply with the new Marriage

hid-* * pp. 12-13. 2~id-* ' p.4. LfL) and annulment or such marriages was made easy.' ~egistrationwith the local government agencies is the only fo~~~lity~equl~sd for msrriage. - EZarrla~e- Y- is-- a- civil -81- than a private faily contract. ~a~hspouse 5s allowed to retain his or her ismLly MM~and persoad 2 prope~ty.

A Trade Union Law WBB 86% up In 1950 that provided fop the organissation and control of l8bur un0er state mga- lation and contrcrl, 3 The Cmmunists~irsltial steps in the agrarian reform

was the &making up of big landholdings, the divfdLng af the land a.rP_oag the lanclleea and the reduetion of land rants,

interest and taxes. Theso ahpa wen the Gmr~&sts a lupl army of peaaant aoldiera. 4 The aecond step involved cooperatives, which included the pooling of land, labor, and tools. The cooperative member held aharea in proportion to the value which he brought into F

1955 the Communists atarted a drive for collectiv- ization in agriculture. The oollective land units were ad-

'chow Ching-Wen, Ten -Years of Storm (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, lw), PP. mz

&I- - ~ancedcooperatives in Which land and thb mans oI- produc- tion were the property of the cooperatives. ~b income of members was based upon labor rendered rather than on land 1 nwna do

The Communist's Central Committee established agro- comounes in 1958. The comunes are the size of counties in the united States. The people live in a regimented system of ~ommunist-type living. Private property is pactically eliminated. The members are organized into production brigades. Workers were to be payed wages. The members of the comnune are housed in centrally located settlements having their own communal dining rooms, nurseries, laundries, clinics, and old-age homes. Ths communes were planned to be 2 self sufficient. The ae changes in bhlnese agriculture were resisted. I4any landlords and peasant8 were executed or sent to "reform through laborn camps for their opposition to the Communist policies. 3

In order to suppress Or liquidate o~~ositionthe Comnunlst put into effect several 'anti movementsn. Though these campaigns they attempted to alter the fundamental

social institutiona, habits of thought J and Patterns human behavior in China. The Five Anti Movement dFrected

2~bid'9 pp. 354-55. Inid-* J p. 351. 3Chouching-wen, G-,PP. 95-106* against merchants and ~nufacourers8omeuhar as =he land reform had been directed against the large landholders. This movement was against bribery, tax evasion, theft of govern- ment property , fraud, and theft of economic State secrets. ~omrnissionswere organized to ferret out information on the business practices and financial conditions of private firms. ~usinessmenwere forced to denounce one another, and em- ployees were directed to criticize their employers. Many alleged offenders were sent to labor camps, others fled or committed suicide. 1

-The Korean War.- Korea had been left divided into northern and southern sectors as a result of World War I1 and the failure in negotiations between Russia and the United States. In 1948 two rival Korean governments were brought into existence, each claiming jurisdiction over the whole nation. North Korea was aided and equipped by the Comunist block. Communis t China, Russia, and North Korea negotiated a tripartite military alliance in 1950.~ North Korean troops invaded South Korea in 1950. United Nations troope, the majority from the United States, were called into the confZi0t to defend South The United Statela Seventh Fleet Was moved into the P0m08a

11bid.. pp. 131-33. Z~allis, z.3 P. 410. straits to prevent any attack upon Fomosao ~h~ chinese Communists attacked the United Nations forces they ap- proached the Yalu River. Their intervention caused tb United Nation8 force8 to withdraw into South &pea ~5th 1 heavy casualties,

Chinese intervention eventually led to a staxenate

,,,,lg the Thirty-eighth Parallel. An armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953.~ The most important issue. wre the linea to be occupied after the cease-fire and the ex- change of prisoners. Tb representatives of the United

Nations insiated that every priaoner have the right to return to his country or receive aaylun elsewhere. The Chinese aIld North Koreana yielded on the prisoner issue and several

thousand Chlneae prisonera elected to leave comunism and go to Formosa. The military demarcation line was roughly along

the Thirty-a ighth Parallel. 3 During the Korean war the Chinese Comunist8 s~onsered

a Realst-Amerlcan Aid-Korea c~mpaign. Intense nationalistic

the United States planned to invade and conquer

2mid n p. 412. bid-. J p.411. 3~riier,2. P. 461. hmnett, 9. P. 21. A naclon must be indus~riallzedto become world power; ~hlnais no exception. Two five-year plans for in- dustrialieation were laid down, one expiring in 1957 and

the second in 1962. Under these plans the Comunists channeled all possible capital and labor into the establish- ment of heavy industries which would convert industrially backward China into a military and economic power. Concen- tration of available resources under these plans were on building national power rather than on Improving living

There has been some indication that while output haa I Increased, quality had been sacrificed for There has alao been discontent among the workers over the increase I in output required without a pay increase. 3

-The Constitution -the People 1s Republic -of China* Although the Communlats came into power in 1949, they did I not publish The Constitution of the Peoplels Republic of I China until 1954. Tb refom leglalation, before and after 1 I the Constitution waa adopted, has been primarily party ! policy rubber stamped by a legislative body. I

I The Prelmble and Chapter One of the Constitution out- !

rs -lot. *. lines the over all policies and general principles for the period of transition to 80cialism. Chapter Two describes the organizational framework of the atate atsucturs. The enumerated fundmental rights and dutiea of the citizens are put forth in Chapter Three. Chapter Four deals with the flag, atate emblem, and national capital. 1 The Cons tit ution disregard8 the principle of the separation of powera. The pretenee is made that the lines of: power and command run democratically from the bottom up rather than autocratically from the top dom. Citizens1 rights, though declared, are restricted. Law is an instru- ment of politics instead of being independent and above

Cornmuniet China today, When Chiang Kai-shek moved to Formosa his troops also controlled aeveral groups of offahore ialanda that lie cloae to the China mainland. The Quemoy and Matau groupa are located strategically along the Fukien coaat adjacent to the ports of boy and Foochow* The Nationalist Oovernment has developed them into heavily 3 fortified military poaitiona.

The island positions have been threatened by bom- b~rdment, onoe in 1954 and periodia.lly since 1958. Ths 50 united States has been committed to derend Formosa and the pesoadores since 1955. However, no mention at that tine Was mde of the protection of the offshore islands. 1 In October, 1958, the defense of the offshore islands was deolared closely related to the defense of Formosa. This appeared to give added American backing to the Nation- alists' efforts to defend them but avoided any explicit commitment by the United States to participate in their defense. 2 Communist Chi,,, -s in Korea, has pushed her influence into neighboring statea. There was a oonflict of interest between India and Red China over China's claim to suzerainty rights over Tibet, In 1951, the dispute ended with the algning of the Sino-Tibetan agreement, wMch provided for the joint authority of the Indian oriented Dalai Lama and the pro Chinese Panchen Lama. This gave Tibet at least nominal authority. China has aatual control over Tibet as ahown in the integration of Tibetan forces into the CMnese amy, 3 In 1954, an eight-year paot of mutual nonaggression

lIbid , p. 411. %hlang Kni-shek, John Foster Dulles, Joint Comuni- October 24, 1958. que, .New -York e Times 51 and ~eacefulcoexistence Was algned between China and India, I* that treaty India dealaped that it considered Tibet part 1 of China, The AAw-tana1-vw re~istearne accempts of the comnu- nist8 to regulate their affairs. In 1959, the Tibetan resistance movement caused the Chinese to attempt the pre- ventive arrest of the Dali Lama. He escaped into India, The Chineae proclaimed the Panchen Lama aa Tibet's aole 2 ruler, Mao Tse-tung has followed a foreign policy of "Leaning to one sidew in his dealings with Russia and the United States. Communirrt China and Russia have had the same basic ideology. The two countries have the same interest in oppoainq capitalist countries, 3 China is not n satellite of Soviet Russia, but an ally posseraing aubstnntial bargaining power within the Comnuniat realm and therefore able to extract from Moscow considerable conoeasions to her advantage. The hope that the pover struggle between Moscow and Pekillg will soon erupt into the open is not encouraged by available data. On the other hand, the fact that Hao Tse-tun& is not obedient to

khou Ching-Wen, OJ, PP. 282-860 52 soow ow aoes no^ maJre necessarily a second ~ito. he present outlook 18 one of continuing tight Slno-Soviet alliance and partnership based on common interest with some soviet concessions glvfn~China more equality within the 1 alliance The Soviet Union, in 1950, raised the issue of ad- mitting Connnuniat China to the United Nations. Russia pro- posed that the Peking reglme be seated in place of the ~ationalists. Later in that year India took the initiative in urging this step, The United States has taken the lead in mobilizing opposition to the seating of the Peking Government, and by urging its allies to aupport the American view has been able to defeat every attempt to oust the Nationalists, 2

The Unitau awsbwa dae not recognized Red China,

although some of her allies have. Reaeona for this policy of nonrecognition were stated in a State Department memo- randum. They were: "nonrecognition would deny Red China acceae to international counoila, make duficult the exer- cise of ita foreign polioy, and bolster thoae oversea8 Chinese and Aaiana who refuged to accept Peiping's

barnett, z. G., PP. 150, 338-349 t 361-65.

21b~d-* fi pp. 446-47. domination.

The Stam inalcated that nonrecognition was not an policy which could not be A change in policy by the United States towmd ~~d China likely If: Red China renounced efforts to extend its twough Asia9 or the Nationalist peghe collapsed in- ternally. 2

the Chinese Co~IUunistshave been in power on the maifland since 1949, there are many qqe~tiomleft unanswered abou* *hair rule and the people under it, One author asked:

Can an old people, a people of an ancient and ionored culture, be re-formed in a short time? Can .hey be made over in their innermost being by fiat? The machinery of a police state can induce compliance for a time, no doubt, but can it forever, eepecially in a people not given to eaay obedience? So long as the exigencie8 of the international situation, of Chinata relation8 with the non-Communist uorld, America eepecially, constrain it to close affiliation with Ruaaia for protection, Ruaaian influence will doubtleas remain paramount and with it the Ruasian echeme of life, and the Chineae people will then accept it, taking it a6 neoesasry for their presemtion as a state. Sut aftel. that? Thin la one of the profound questions put to late tuent ieth-oentury history, one of earth-aheing conse- quence, since it Involves 8 fifth of the hWnrace ~!ow it is po88ible only to speculate; but unless ths past, and in China18 OR68 a lo%# rich# and glorious past, can be in memory well as existences to which it mybe that the new constrictioa the Chines. spirit 1s being aubdeoted not last* 1- be relaxed, adapted to Chinese rolkways' Or it willbe burst through in some terrible elemental convu18ion--uhen, cannot even be guessed.3

Facts on File XVIIIp No* g209 P' 267b - -9 3pefiert OJ. 9 P* 471. %bid.- CH~Y'~111

sUmES'lJD ACTIVITIES AND PROBLEMS

FOR THE STUDENT

This chapter is composed of a listing of suggested activities and problems to be selected by the teachec and

~sedby the student. A vocabulary study mde up of terms, ~hraseaand names conclude this chapter. The foliouing general objectives or anticipated outcomes of a two week unit on Chlna ahould be met through the use OF the activi- ties, problems, and vocabulary study: 1. An introduction to an underatanding and appreciation of Chineae culture. , The underatanding of the conflict between Chinese civilization and Weatern civilization. 3. An awareneaa of the aignFficant developments in Chinala history aince 1900 and the my in wMch theae developments have influenced pmsent China. 4. The realization of the important put Red China and Nationalist China play in world df*irs today*

I* ACTIVITIES AND EK)BLR4s

~ollouingis n listing of suggested activities and problem18 :

Make a char' cOmparlw Comunist China and National- ist China with respect to area, population, economy, governments leaders, international relations, and military strength.

Make a *P of Asla showing China, Korea, and Japan* Locate and label the Important seas, province^^ rivers, mountains, and citiea. Collect and display such objects of Chinese cultare as silk, ohlna, lacquer ware, carved jade, and fans. Include brief explanatory labels with each article in your exhibit. Draw a oomic strip or a series of cartoons ahowing the main event8 in ths life of Sun Yat-aen or Mao Tae-tung. Write a poem about Sun Yat-aen and what he meant to the Chineae people. Write a report aomparing Conf ucianiam~Budwam, and Tnoiam* Write a report sho~i~how the Comunists

changed the bani0 my of of tb people

Write a report deaoribing the organiaPtion Of ths cornmunea in China. pme~area scrlpt~ with dialogue, on a bralnuaahiDg se8alon of a Chinese teacher. Write a report on the standard of liviDg in china, using recent magazine and newspaper articles as aourcea.

Give a report on Red China's stand regarding nuclear weapons and their control, Report on: What implications does Communist Chinat s population growth have for the rest of the world? Report on: How may Chlang Kai-shakla death affect Nationalist China's future? ~lvea report on ths principal crops and mineral resources of Taiwan,

Report on: Why and how have the Communirts tried to "re-educatem Chlneae intellectuals? 1-iake a report on: The great differences in climate and topography in Oreater Chin..

Make p mitten or oral report on one of the follow- ing people: Sun Yat-sen, TZ'U H8is xao Tae-tungs

coduoiu8, C~OU~n-L~I, Chlang bi-shek~Michael Borodin. prepare and present a talk 0. the subject, "Liie In China under thg ComnIuniBt8. * Consult newspapers and new8 nrgnzin08 for Youp informtion' 57 19, Write a newspaper editorial enciued, "China Faces the ~uture." Discuss the problems and handicaps that the Chinese must overcome. 30. prepare and present a report on: Way nanehuria is

more important than the other outlying provinces of China,

21. Prepare and give a report on: "The Fbctors that Brought About the Downfall of Chiang Kai-shekfa ~overnment." 22. Prepare and give a report on: "The Influence of Geography on China's Economy and History. zj. rrepare a panel discussion on: Were China's re- lations with the United States before World War I1 relatively more peaceful than with other

. Glve a debate: Reaolved, that from A.D, 200 to 1750, China waa the moat technically advamed nation in the world,

25. Prepare a panel discussion on: Why did the West lose China to the Comuniata? 26. Prepare a panel diacusaion on: What were the prin- cipal strengths and advantages of the Chinese Communiata? 27. Debate the question: Should China be divided into 58 two countries--maidand Chlna (Communists) and

Taiwan (Nationalista)?

Discuss the question: What changes can be expected in the relationship between Communist China and soviet Russia as time goes by?

Discuss the question: Why are both Communist China and Soviet Russia trying to establish control over Outer Mongolia? uiscuas the question: Why is Hong Kong valuable to the West as a "listening postH? Discuss the questions: What political conditions exist on Taiwan under the Nationalista? Row much

civil liberty la allowed? Considering the geography of China, what factora would prove advantageous to a nation attempting to invade the mainland? Which would prove dis- advantageous? Diaouss the question: Hou would you have felt

about the Open Door Policy if you had been a merchant in Canton during the 1900fs?

In the light of uhat you now know about the national alms of the Chinese people, what is your evalu- ation of the stability of the Chinese-Ruaslan 59 35. Discuss thw queszion: Should bur Bovernmenr recog nize any government which cannot prove that the people consent to it? 36. Draw a "pie chartw showing the proportion of Chinats population in relation to that of the world. 37. Debate the question: Resolved, that China has more influence on world affairs today than it did during the height of the empire. 38. Wrlte a report on the Chinese language, including a comparison of Chinese characters with the Roman alphabet. 39. Organize a round-table discussion on the virtues of the old family system as contrasted to life in Communist China today. 40. Make a list of China's chief inventive gifts to the world. 41. Describe the work of the Christian missionaries in China and ite social effects.

142. Give a report on: American aid to China before and during World War 11. 43. Give a report on: The Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists. 44. Writs a report on the members and influence of the Soon. family. 450 Report on how Youp locas newspaper- ,, a news mg,_ zinc treated one of the historic events that occurred in China since 1900? Can you account for the coverage and the editorial position taken? 46. y ake a chart showing the organization and inter- relations of the Chinese Communist party and the Communist government. 47. Select booke or articles by British, F'rench, or Canadian journalists who have visited Red China, and prepare an oral report On their observations*

48 Outline the events leading to admission of Outer Mongolia to the U.No

11. VOCABULARY STUDY

The rollowing list of terms, phrases and names may

~e uaed for study: Illichael Borodin Chiang Kai-shek Chou En-la1 Confuc iua Lao-tse Mao Tae-tung Sun Yat-sen Tz'u Hoi Anoeator worship Bmbuu ~ur4taj.n Boxer Uprising Buddhism Brainwashing Collective fan Communes Counter-revo~utionaries Dynasties Extraterritorality Formosa Great Wall Guerrilla warfare Kuomintang Long March Lytton Commission Manchuria Matau Mongolian People s Republie Monaoon winds Mukden Incident Nepotism Open Door Policy Peaoaf ul coexistence Purge Sino-Japanese War Spheres of influence Stimson Doctrin Subsistence lev Taoism Taiping Rebellion Territorial integrity Three Principles of the People Treaty Port8 Twenty-one Demands Unequal Treatiea War lords CHAPTER 1V

RESOURCE MATERIAL ON CHINA

The f'ollo~ing is a grouping of material pertaining ~0 one study of China. The material is grouped according to articles in periodicals, appropriate books, and audio- a4a11n1 nqda-

I. PERIODICAL FtEFERENCES

"~11Work, No Play," Sewsweek, LIV (~ugust10, 1959), 44. "Another Upheaval," Newsweek, LIV (November 30, l959), 47. "At Seventy-two, President Again of an Asian Show Place," U. S. News and World Report, XLVIII (April 4, 1960), 78 -80.--- Baylot, J. "Formosa and the Defense of Free Asia," National Review, X (March 11, 1961) l-49-51. "Big Show, No Glow for K. in Red China, Liie, XLVII (October 19, 1959)s 32-9. "Black is White," Neusueek, LVI (December 19, 1960), 37-8.

Chaula, 9. 'Tibet: the Red Cbinese Challenge to ~ndia,' Current History, XL (Xarch, 1961), 171-7. "China and India,' -New Republic. CXLII (May 2, 19601, 7-80 Chou, K. P. "Red China Tackles Its Language ~roblem,* Harper, CCXIX (July, 19591, 49-54.

"Communist China and Continuing coexist6we," Current Hist0~1, XXXlX (December, 1960)~321-57. "Conquest by nap: he cold War on India,' U. 9. Wsvs and World Report, XJ.,VII (October 19, 1959) 1 92-30 64 uai, S. Ye "Government and Law in Communist China," cu,,t H~B~OFYSXLI (September, 1961), 164-70. - Durdin, P. "~hineseVillage: Then and Nou," New York ~im Magazine, (October 22, 1961), 26-7. --- "Easing Red China Trade: A New U. S. British Split," U. s. ---~ewsand World Report, XLII (June 7, 1957), 71. - - Elegants R. S. "Red China: Hiding the Worat," Newsweek, LV (May 23, 19601, 60. "Facts of Life: Pekixq and MOSCOW," -Time, LXXVI (~uly11, 19601, 35. "Flames in Asia, Hotter?" Newsweek, LIV (~eptember7, 1959), 25-8 Fleming, P. "Siege at Peking," -Time, LXXIV (~eptember21, 1959) # 112. Frazer, J. E. "Strug le for the Himalaya~,~Reader's Digest, WCXX (January, 19f 21, 170-4. wGrowing Woea of Red China," U. -S. News--- and World Report, XLVII ( July 20, 1959 1, 55 Gurllaln, R. "Chinese Intellectuals," -New Republic, CXXXVII (August 26, 1957), 11-15. Herter, C. A, nRed China's Game In India: Grab First, Then Talk," U. 9. ---News and World Report, XL (~ovember23, 1959)s r6-7. Hudson, G. F. ~Stabllltyof Mae's ~egime,' Current Hlstor~, XXXIX (December, 1960), 327-32. Kierman, F. A. Jr. "Blood Fluke that Saved ~omosa,~Hs-t CCXVIII (April, 1959) , 45-7 Levis W. "China and the Two Great Pouerasn Current Hi~tory, XXXIX (December, 1960). 321-6. Levi, W. "Historical View of Chilase Forei n ~olicy," Current Hlatorl, -11 (Decembers 19597s 321-5 Versus Khruanchev," Newsweek, LVI (~ugusta, 1960)~ 42-40 %so's Trying for Controls Even Stalin Couldnl t liet,n uu.g. News--- and World Report, XLV (October 17, 1958), 39-Do ~a-tin,R. P. "~ackof 3h00ting all over Asia: Red Chinats Master Plan, 'I U. S. News and World Report, ~[LVII (September 21,-1959)'x-r - pqartin, R. P. 'Communist China in Real Trouble," g, g. News --and World Report, L (February 20, 1961), 42-5. Martin, R. P. "HOW Real ia the Split Between China and ~ussia?' U. S. News and World Report, L (June 26, 1961). 42-3 - - -- "Mechanical Plansn -Time, (October 12, 1959) , 28-32. Metaxas, A. "China Versus Russia, "ation, CXCI (July 2, 1960) 12-13. - Murphys C. J. V. 'Chiang Our Ehbattled Alleysn Life, LI (October 6, 1961), 107-12. - Nanes, A. S. "Communist China's Military Strength, " Current Historx, XLI (September, l961), u6-50. "Nehru Learne About Reds, the Hard Wa ,"U. S. ---News and World Report, XLVII (September l.4, 19593 , 33-8; "Now the Communlata Give Us the One-Two in Asia," Saturda~ Eveninq -Post, CCXXXI (October 4, 1958), 10. "Our Liberala Still Won't Face the Facts About Red China,' Saturday Eveninq -Post, CCXXXII (November 4, 1959) , 10. Powell, R. L. HDeryona a Soldier, Foreign Affairs, XXXIX (October, 1960), 100-11.

Quigley, H. 9. 'Trade with Communist ~hinr,~Current History, XXXV (~ecamber,1958) , 353-7 "Red China Reach- for World Power," Reader's Digest, (November, 1960), 239-40. "Red China Tries to Industrialize with People Instead of ~achines~"Business -Week. (March 7. 1959) , 98-100. "Red china's Challenge in Laoa,"Newwseek, LVII (April 17, 1961) s 50. schmld, P. "~odIn China," New Republic, CXXXVI (May 13, 1957) , 35-80 - "sky-high Rebellionsn Newsweek, XLJX (May 6, 1957), 48, Snow, E. "China: The Ghost at the Summit," Nation ClxxxvIII (May 23s 1959) s 467-71. -# ~nuderi,M. "Dog's Life in Red China,' Reader's Digest, mIV (April, 19591, 32. Strohm, J. "How They Hate Us in Red ChinasHReader's Digest IXXIV (January, 19591, 30-9. "Ten Years Later," -Time, UXIV (November 30, 1959), 27. "Those 650 Million Customers," U. S. News and World Report, - I --- XLVI (May 18, 1959)s 75-7. Tong, H. K. "Why Red China Won't Break With Russia," Reader's Dige~t,LXXI (July, 19571, 97-100. "Too 1.luch too Soon," Tlm, IXXIII (February 16, 1959), 34. Vanderbosch, A. "Chineae Communism for Export," Current Yiatory, XXXIX (December, 1960), 333-7. Walker, R. L. "Cold War in the Far ~ast,"Current Historg_, XXXII (Earch, 1957 1, 171-6. Warner, Do "Chins's Revolutionary Mission: All-out Struggle to Isolate the U. S.," Republics CXLIII (July 251 1960). 11-13. "Who Follows chlaog?" Republic, CXL (March 16s 1959) 1 6-70 "Winds of Change: A Critical Time for Nationalist chinasn Newsweek, LVIII (October 9, 1961). 51-2. ~lrnitzer, "1 Saw Red China -om The In~ide,~1. So New -and World Report. XLVI (June 15, 1959). 66-72. - - ~right,Q. "Non-reco nition of China and International Tensions ," Currenf Hi8torr, XXXIV (March, 1958), 152-7. "Year of the Leap," -Time, LXXII (December 1, 1958), 21-5. Zorza, V. "'Menace of One Billion Chinese, "Look, XXIII (January 20, 19591, 67-8. -

11. BOOK mmTCES

Barnett, A. Doak. Communist China and Asia. New York: Harper and Brothers, 19607- - Boopn~Rn, 9oward. ?4oscow-Pekin Axis Stre th and Strains. New York: Harper an~dci9se- Buck, Pearl. The Man Who Cha ed China: The Story --of Sun --Yat-sen. mew Pork- an* om ,ouse, -19r Callis, Helmut G. -China Confucian and Communist. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1959. Creasey, George B. Land of the 00 Million. New York: Mc Grau-Hill Boo~mpan9,1k,'~ Greene, Felix. Awakened China. New York: Doubleday, 1961.

Lang, Olga. Chinese and Society. New Haven: Yale University Press,

Moraes, Frank. Re ort on Mao's China. New York: The >lac- millian Company-953. Moreas. Frank. Revolt in Tibet. New Yo~k: The Macmillian Company, 196b. - - Stein, Gunther. The Challenge of -i954.-Red Chim. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book onpa pang, Inc., sun at-sen. London: The Sylvan Press, 1958a Thomas, Lowell. Out of thia World. Garden City Walker, Richard China Under Comunism. university preas,5- New Haven: Yalt Warner, Denis. Hurricane fram China New York: Macnillian, 1961. --@ ~int,Guy. CoMtnon -Sense About- *China New 1960. York: Macmillian, Wong, Jade Snow. Fif'th Chinese Dau~hter. New York: Harper and Brothers,

111. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

Sixteen nl~~unecerSound -Films

-Ch%na. 18 minutes. $2.65 rental. A film that shows: ~~~~na'sold way of life with little change since medieval times ; the beginnings of democracy and westernization under Dr. Sun Yat-sen; the yearn of bitter struggle against Japa- neee aggreaaion and tyranny; and then China lnnnediately after World War 11. A March of Time Film. Visual Alds Service, Division of University Extension, University of Illlnole, Champaign, Illinoisb

China Crisis. 40 dnutese $4.45 rental. A film -,-. the trials and sucoeases of the 4th Air Force (Flyi0g ~igers) in sustaining themselves inside China in World War 11. An

Off ice or War Inf 0- tion Film. Visual Alds Semite,

Mviaion of University Extension, University of Illinois~ Champaign, Illinois. China Under- CommunlSm. 22 mlnutea. $4.60 rental. ~t describes China's most mitical social and economic

All pkaSe8 of Chinese life la observed.

Eric yclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc., US0 Wilmette ~ve. ~illmette,Illinoil

----Face of Red China, -The. 58 minutes. $4.60 rental. A documentary film of the people of Red China. The work of the people is detailed and the philosophy of their lives is indicated, A Mc Graw-Rill Classroom Film. Visual Instruc- tion Service, Iowa State University of Science and Tech- nology, Ames, Iowa.

Formosa--Blueprint for a Free China. 26 minutes. I-- P,115. Shows how Chiang Kai-shekla government and army of free China have been preparing on the island of Formosa, With American aid the army has been trained in modern warfare, government off icials have worked out problems of administra- tion and modern agriculture and industry have been developed. McGrau-Hill Book Co., Test-Film Department, 330 we 42nd Street, New York City 36, New York.

~ood- Earth, z.13 minutea. 53.00 rental. It deal8 with the ravages of famine in a Chinese village and the at~ugglefor survival. A Teaching Film Custodians, Inca, Visual Aids Service, Division of University Extension, university of Illinois, champaign, Illinois.

-Red China and the Free World. 29 minutes. $8.00 Discussea United States strategy in the Far mat emphasis on problems of United States recognition of ~~d China, seating of Peking regime in the United Nations, and Red Chinese relations with other Asian nations, World Affairs Center for the U. S., U. N. Plaza at 47th Street, ~ewYork City 17, New York.

Should Red China Be Admitted to the U, h.7 15 minutea --- -II Rental. Opposing points of view are presented by Richard Croasman, Labor member of the British Parliament, and Dr.

Chen Chih-mi, Minieter-Counselor of the Chinese Ehbasay in Washington. Almanac Films, Inc., 516 Fifth Ave., New York City 36, New York.

---War in China: 1932-1945. 27 minutes. Rental. A documentary account of the struggle of the Chinese people to reslst Japaneae aggression and invasion in World War 11. HcGraw- ill Book Company, Text-Film Department, 330 U. 42nd.

Street, New York City 36, New York.

China -Under Communismm -9.. Depie t8 present day life 71 in ~ommunistChina Shows the social, political, economic changes wrought bg the C~nImunistParty under Party Chaiman, Ma0 ~se-tung. Reviews aspects of Communist rule and shows that; in pursuing their goals, the Chinese Communieta believe

that the end justifies the means. Current Affairs Films, 527 Madison Ave., New York City 22, New York.

:onfucian and Taoism. $6.00 rental. Presents the principles and doctrines of Confucianism and Taoism on a comparative basis. Life Magazine, Filmstrip Division,

9 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City 20, New York. BIBLIOGRAPHY A, b-'SXXS CITED

r:nliis, '-cl:.:i11; C* China Ccnlucian -cn? Poxnuniat. :Teu 2rk: lie nry ,'olt arrd 5 os:~;ang, Znc ,, 1:;;.3,

Chine ??~nr'boolciiditor?-a1 -'nar8. China '!andboo]: 19~&-,17. 7; 77s 9 - 3:.ial?aL, 'hL\~ai~:?him -. U~AAB:!.LC ., Co :?:.z;r, 17; .I,

h,- 11 (ad. ) Colliers :,ncaclowfiia. rTew York: I . . -A_-- - -7 .. • , collier E~Cson ;or:.~o:~uzio~r,VY?JT- Cre~~ny,"aor~e T, -Land of the 573 "illion, ?Few I.'ork: . .c::-ra~.-'~IllCook '. o*ip~.!~y,-,-nc l , ,

7.9 "arp, !,'flli~n ?. , >!in<:-tsit Chan,.. an2 7urtan I.iatson, .';ourcoe 2 . !?inem Yradit 'on,- .!ew ;'gr:c: Colun'3i.a 1 -n; '~RFO,1:. 12,

*:ationsa f,DTeal bx t5r Chinese co7flr333nt. Lc?nrue of -: .,:-:-. 3:- & t?f?~:O?T~.R~~~OII c ~f.~:!iG *r\tllns ':: !i.lc::t'.o!l.?*T 32. peffer, Nathaniel. The Far East. Ann Arbor: The eity of ~ichigan-ees, rfl. Univer-

ill en, I. J. r and A* bnna. Education tor Socia, competence. Chicago 2 Scott Foresnan anTEompany,w 1948. Spencer, J. E. Asia, East & South. N~uYork: Job WlleJ and Sons, 1nc1954, -

Sun Yat-sen. The of Sun London : The Sylvan Press, -- San Min Chu I. Tranalator Frank We Price, mlutta:-- caGXnTan Printing Co., Ltda, 1942.

B. OTHER USEFUL WORKS

Chiang Kai-shek. General Chlaq Kai-shek. New York: Doubleday, ~or~~orn~an~,~c~938, Fitzgerald, Charles P, Revolution in -China. New York: Frederick A. ~raeger-Inc.,lV52. Gulllain, Robert. 600 Million Chineee. New York: Criteric Books, Inc., 193% Iaaaca, Harold. The Tra ed of the Chineae Revolutio, Stanford: St~o&er~i~~m95r

L~ll,L. A. China. New York: Charles Scribnerla Sons, LY& Morass, Rank. Report on Mao'a -China. New York: The MacMillian ~orn~an~,~9~

Roatow, W. W. The Pros dots for Communist China. New York: John Wiley a &.79~- Snow, Helen Foster. Inside Red China. Doubleday, Doran and Company, inc. ,'T939. Strong, Anna Louis.. China's Millions. York: might Publishing company-

Tang, Peter 9. A. Communist China Today. Hew *orkt Frederiok A. Praeger, 1957.r