Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019

Home , Apple News, EBC News, Era News, Funke Mediengruppe, Klara (radio station), News aggregator

Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Supported by

Surveyed by

Contents

Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.14 Italy 94 Methodology 6 3.15 Netherlands 96 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.16 Norway 98 3.17 Poland 100 SECTION 1 3.18 Portugal 102 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.19 Romania 104 3.20 Slovakia 106 SECTION 2 3.21 Spain 108 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.22 Sweden 110 2.1 Paying for News and the Limits of Subscription 34 3.23 Switzerland 112 2.2 Groups and Private Networks – Time Well Spent? 38 3.24 Turkey 114 2.3 The Rise of Populism and the Consequences AMERICAS for News and Media Use 42 3.25 United States 118 2.4 What do People Think about the News Media? 49 3.26 Argentina 120 2.5 How Younger Generations Consume News Differently 55 3.27 Brazil 122 2.6 Podcasts: Who, Why, What, and Where? 60 3.28 Canada 124 3.29 Chile 126 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 128 Analysis by Country 65 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 132 3.01 United Kingdom 68 3.32 Hong Kong 134 3.02 Austria 70 3.33 Japan 136 3.03 Belgium 72 3.34 Malaysia 138 3.04 Bulgaria 74 3.35 Singapore 140 3.05 Croatia 76 3.36 South Korea 142 3.06 Czech Republic 78 3.37 Taiwan 144 3.07 Denmark 80 AFRICA 3.08 Finland 82 3.38 South Africa 148 3.09 France 84 3.10 Germany 86 SECTION 4 3.11 Greece 88 References 152 3.12 Hungary 90 Selected Publications 153 3.13 Ireland 92 4 / 5

Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ)

Journalism exists in the context of its audience, and if journalists As with previous reports we shed light on the questions these (and those who care about journalism) are to understand and developments raise through a combination of survey data, navigate the changing environment around news, it is critically qualitative research, and intelligence from expert contributors important that they have access to relevant, robust, independent across all of our countries. We have also looked in much more evidence and analysis on how people across countries engage detail at the news and media habits of younger people who with and use news. have grown up with digital media and products and services like Facebook and YouTube and differ in important ways from older That is what we aim to provide in the Reuters Institute Digital generations. We conducted a series of in-depth interviews and News Report, here in its eighth annual iteration. The report tracking studies in the United Kingdom and the United States provides important new insights into key issues including that we draw on in the relevant sections here and we will publish people’s willingness to pay for news, the move to private a full report on the topic later in the year. messaging applications and groups, and how people see news media around the world performing their role. A report of this scale and scope is only possible due to collaboration from our partners and sponsors around the world. We are proud to The report is based on a survey of more than 75,000 people have the opportunity to work with a number of leading academics in 38 markets, along with additional qualitative research, which and top universities in the report, as well as media experts from together make it the most comprehensive ongoing comparative the news industry itself. Our partners have helped in a variety of study of news consumption in the world. different ways, from preparing country profiles to in-depth analysis Europe remains a key focus, with 24 countries included, but we of the results. also cover seven markets in Asia (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Given the richness of the research, this report can only convey Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia) along with four a small part of the data collected and work done. More detail Latin American countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico) is available on our website (www.digitalnewsreport.org), which as well as the United States and Canada. We are also delighted contains slidepacks and charts, along with a licence that to include South Africa for the first time this year, following on encourages reuse, subject to attribution to the Reuters Institute. from our first stand-alone India Digital News Report, published On the website, there is also a full description of our survey earlier this year, part of our effort to make our research more methodology, the full questionnaire, and an interactive charting truly global. feature, which allows data to be compared across countries, and The report has expanded more than sevenfold since its creation, over time. Raw data tables are also available on request along with from five countries in 2012 to 38 this year, and as we work to make documentation for reuse. the report more fully global, we are proud to have been able to Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: add more from the South this year. As we use online polling and Google, BBC News, Ofcom, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, need to make meaningful comparisons, we continue to focus on the Dutch Media Authority (CvdM), the Media Industry Research countries with high internet penetration and which are either Foundation of Finland, the Fritt Ord Foundation in Norway, the broadly democratic or generally compare themselves to countries Korea Press Foundation, Edelman UK, as well as our academic with a democratic tradition. (We have kept India separate from sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute, the University of Navarra, the main Digital News Report for this reason – internet use is not the University of Canberra, the Centre d’études sur les médias, yet widespread enough there to make our online sample directly Québec, Canada, and Roskilde University in Denmark. The Open comparable to the countries covered here.) Society Foundations has joined as our newest sponsor, allowing This year’s report comes amid a complex set of challenges for us to expand the report to cover South Africa (and has committed the news industry specifically and for our media environment to supporting the inclusion of additional countries in the global more broadly, including the ongoing disruption of inherited south next year). business models for news, constant evolution in how people We are also grateful to YouGov, our polling company, who did use digital media (and the ways in which we are constantly everything possible to accommodate our increasingly complex reminded of how some of the information they come across is requirements and helped our research team analyse and untrustworthy and sometimes spread with malicious intent), contextualise the data. and social upheaval associated with the rise of populism and with low trust in many institutions. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 6

Methodology

This study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute • It is important to note that some of our survey-based results for the Study of Journalism to understand how news is being will not match industry data, which are often based on very consumed in a range of countries. Research was conducted by different methodologies, such as web-tracking. The accuracy YouGov using an online questionnaire at the end of January/ of these approaches can be very high, but they are also subject beginning of February 2019. to different limitations, meaning that data can also be partial • Samples in each country were assembled using nationally or incomplete. We will often look at this data to sense check representative quotas for age, gender, region, and education.1 our results or help identify potential problems with our survey The data were also weighted to targets based on census/ data before publication. On occasions we will include industry industry accepted data. data as supporting evidence with appropriate attribution. • Each year we also commission some qualitative research to • As this survey deals with news consumption, we filtered out support and complement the survey. This year, we worked with anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the Flamingo, an international market research company, to look past month, in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didn’t in detail at the habits and behaviours of younger groups in the adversely affect data quality. This category averaged around 3%. United States and United Kingdom. The methodology included • We should note that online samples will tend to under- tracking actual online behaviour of 20 participants for several represent the consumption habits of people who are not weeks, in-depth interviews, and small group discussions with online (typically older, less affluent, and with limited formal their friends. Insights and quotes from this research are used education). In this sense it is better to think of results as to support this year’s Digital News Report but will also form representative of online populations who use news at least a separate report to be published in September. once a month. In a country like Norway this is almost everyone • Along with country-based figures, throughout the report (99%) but in South Africa this is around half (54%). we also use aggregate figures based on responses from all • These differences mean we need to be cautious when comparing respondents across all the countries covered. These figures results between countries. We have marked countries with lower are meant only to indicate overall tendencies and should internet penetration or less representative online samples with be treated with caution. an asterisk (*) in the table below and have been careful in the • Due to a scripting error we needed to repoll respondents for report not to directly compare these countries on issues where REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS one question in Norway about the use of social networks for we know that the sample difference would make results invalid news. 1,387 of the original 2,000 sample responded to the (e.g. paying for news). Slide 3 recontact request and the results are included on the Norway • It is also important to note that online surveys rely on recall, country page. which is often imperfect or subject to biases. We have tried • A fuller description of the methodology, panel partners, and to mitigate these risks through careful questionnaire design a discussion of non-probability sampling techniques can and testing. On the other hand, surveys can be a good way of be found on our website along with the full questionnaire capturing fragmented media consumption across platforms (digitalnewsreport.org) (e.g. social media, messaging, apps, and websites), and tracking activities and changes over time.

Country Final sample Internet Country Final sample Internet Country Final sample Internet size penetration size penetration size penetration Europe Italy 2006 92% Brazil* 2013 71% UK 2023 95% Netherlands 2026 96% Canada 2055 90% Austria 2010 88% Norway 2013 99% Chile 2004 78% Belgium 2008 94% Poland 2009 78% Mexico* 2015 65% Bulgaria* 2018 66% Portugal 2010 78% Asia Pacific Croatia 2009 91% Romania 2004 74% Australia 2010 88% Czech Republic 2023 88% Slovakia 2045 85% Hong Kong 2056 87% Denmark 2011 97% Spain 2005 93% Japan 2017 93% Finland 2009 94% Sweden 2007 97% Malaysia* 2101 78% France 2005 93% Switzerland 2003 91% Singapore 2033 84% Germany 2022 96% Turkey* 2074 68% South Korea 2035 93% Greece 2018 70% Americas Taiwan 1005 88% Hungary 2007 89% USA 2012 96% Africa Ireland 2013 93% Argentina 2006 93% South Africa* 2009 54%

Source: Internet World Stats (http://www.internetworldstats.com). Please note that in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey our samples tend to be based more around urban areas, which should be taken into consideration when interpreting results. *These countries have lower internet penetration so results may not be comparable for some measures.

1 Education quotas were not applied (or not fully applied) in Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Malaysia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, and Turkey so these samples will have a higher proportion of highly educated people than the general population. 6 / 7

Authorship and research acknowledgements

Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Professor of Political Communication at the University of Oxford, and served as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Press/ Politics from 2015 to 2018. His work focuses on changes in the news media, political communication, and the role of digital technologies in both.

Nic Newman is Senior Research Associate at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and is also a consultant on digital media, working actively with news companies on product, audience, and business strategies for digital transition. He also writes an annual report for the Institute on future media and technology trends.

Dr Richard Fletcher is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. He is primarily interested in global trends in digital news consumption, the use of social media by journalists and news organisations, and more broadly, the relationship between computer- based technologies and journalism.

Dr Antonis Kalogeropoulos is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. His doctoral work was focused on the effects of exposure to economic news. His research interests include political communication, journalism, and audience research.

Country-level commentary and additional insight around media developments have been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Journalist Fellows around the world.2 Authorship is referenced at the bottom of the respective country page in Section 3.

Additional expert analysis and interpretation of the survey data were provided by Anne Schulz at the Reuters Institute, and by the team at YouGov, in particular Charlotte Clifford, Justin Marshall, Sloane Francis Grant, Lucie Larboulette, David Eastbury, Stephanie Frost, and Anna Wilson.

2 Reuters Fellowships offer an opportunity to mid-career journalists to spend time researching an aspect of journalism for one or more terms at the Institute in Oxford. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 8 8 / 9

Section 1 Executive Summary and Key Findings

Nic Newman Senior Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 10

This year’s report comes against the backdrop of A SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT rising populism, political and economic instability, FINDINGS FROM OUR 2019 RESEARCH. along with intensifying concerns about giant tech • Despite the efforts of the news industry, we find only a companies and their impact on society. News small increase in the numbers paying for any online news – organisations have taken the lead in reporting whether by subscription, membership, or donation. Growth is limited to a handful of countries mainly in the Nordic these trends, but also find themselves challenged region (Norway 34%, Sweden 27%) while the number by them – further depressing an industry reeling paying in the US (16%) remains stable after a big jump from more than a decade of digital disruption. in 2017. Platform power – and the ruthless efficiency of • Even in countries with higher levels of payment, the vast majority only have ONE online subscription – suggesting that ‘winner their advertising operations – has undermined takes all’ dynamics are likely to be important. One encouraging news business models contributing to a series of development though is that most payments are now ‘ongoing’, high-profile layoffs in traditional (Gannett) and rather than one-offs. digital media (Mic, BuzzFeed) in the early part of • In some countries, subscription fatigue may also be setting 2019. Political polarisation has encouraged the in, with the majority preferring to spend their limited budget on entertainment (Netflix/Spotify) rather than news. With growth of partisan agendas online, which together many seeing news as a ‘chore’, publishers may struggle to with clickbait and various forms of misinformation substantially increase the market for high-priced ‘single title’ is helping to further undermine trust in media – subscriptions. As more publishers launch pay models, over two-thirds (70%) of our sample in Norway and half (50%) in raising new questions about how to deliver the United States now come across one or more barriers balanced and fair reporting in the digital age. each week when trying to read online news.

Against this background we are seeing some real shifts of focus. • In many countries, people are spending less time with News organisations are increasingly looking to subscription Facebook and more time with WhatsApp and Instagram and membership or other forms of reader contribution to pay than this time last year. Few users are abandoning Facebook the bills in a so-called ‘pivot to paid’. Platforms are rethinking entirely, though, and it remains by far the most important their responsibilities in the face of events (Christchurch attacks, social network for news. Molly Russell suicide) and regulatory threats, with Facebook • Social communication around news is becoming more rebalancing its business towards messaging apps and groups – private as messaging apps continue to grow everywhere. the so-called ‘pivot to private’. Meanwhile audiences continue WhatsApp has become a primary network for discussing to embrace on-demand formats with new excitement around and sharing news in non-Western countries like Brazil (53%) podcasts (New York Times, Guardian) and voice technologies – Malaysia (50%), and South Africa (49%). the so-called ‘pivot to audio’. • People in these countries are also far more likely than in the And amid all this frenetic change, some are beginning to question West to be part of large WhatsApp groups with people they whether the news media are still fulfilling their basic mission don’t know – a trend that reflects how messaging applications of holding powerful people to account and helping audiences can be used to easily share information at scale, potentially understand the world around them. The questioning comes in the encouraging the spread of misinformation. Public and private form of government inquiries in some countries into the future Facebook Groups discussing news and politics have become sustainability of quality journalism (with recommendations as to popular in Turkey (29%) and Brazil (22%) but are much less used what can be done to support it). But it also comes from parts of in Western countries such as Canada (7%) or Australia (7%). the public who feel that the news media often fall short of what • Concern about misinformation and disinformation remains people expect from them. high despite efforts by platforms and publishers to build public Our report this year, based on data from almost 40 countries and confidence. In Brazil 85% agree with a statement that they are six continents, aims to cast light on these key issues, principally worried about what is real and fake on the internet. Concern through our survey data but supplemented with in-depth qualitative is also high in the UK (70%) and US (67%), but much lower research on the news habits of young people in the UK and US. The in Germany (38%) and the Netherlands (31%). overall story is captured in this Executive Summary, followed by • Across all countries, the average level of trust in the news in Section 2 with chapters containing additional analysis on key general is down 2 percentage points to 42% and less than half themes and then individual country pages in Section 3 carrying (49%) agree that they trust the news media they themselves additional context provided by local experts in each market. use. Trust levels in France have fallen to just 24% (-11) in the last year as the media have come under attack over their coverage of the Yellow Vests movement. Trust in the news found via search (33%) and social media remains stable but extremely low (23%). 10 / 11

• Worries about the quality of information may be good for SOME GROWTH LEFT BUT THE LIMITS AROUND trusted news brands. Across countries over a quarter (26%) ‘SINGLE PUBLICATION’ NEWS SUBSCRIPTION say they have started relying on more ‘reputable’ sources of BECOME CLEAR news – rising to 40% in the US. A further quarter (24%) said they had stopped using sources that had a dubious In the last year a number of publishers have added paywalls and reputation in the last year. But the often low trust in news membership schemes while others have reported significant overall, and in many individual brands, underlines this is not a increases in digital subscription, but our data suggest this has not development that will help all in the industry. yet had a substantial impact. We see a slight increase in online payment in some countries and a stable picture in the US (after • The news media are seen as doing a better job at breaking a big jump in 2017) but in general we have seen little change in news than explaining it. Across countries, almost two-thirds the last six years. The proportion paying for news (subscriptions, feel the media are good at keeping people up to date (62%), memberships, donations, and other one-off payments) has but are less good at helping them understand the news REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS remained stable at 11% in nine countries (averaged) that we have (51%). Less than half (42%) think the media do a good job in Slidebeen following 4 since 2013. Most people are not prepared to pay for holding rich and powerful people to account – and this online news today and on current trends look unlikely to pay in the figure is much lower in South Korea (21%), Hungary (20%), future, at least for the kind of news they currently access for free. and Japan (17%). • There are also significant differences within countries, as PROPORTION THAT PAID FOR ANY ONLINE NEWS IN THE people with higher levels of formal education are more LAST YEAR (2013–19) – SELECTED COUNTRIES

likely to evaluate the news media positively along every 40% USA UK Germany 9 country average dimension than the rest of the population, suggesting that the 9 country average news agenda is more geared towards the interests and needs Germany 30% of the more educated. Trump bump maintained UK from 2017 • To understand the rise of populism and its consequences for 20% USA news and media use, we have used two questions to identify 16% people with populist attitudes, and compared their news and 11% 11% 10% 10% 9% media use with those of non-populists. People with populist 8% 8% 8% attitudes are more likely to identify television as their main source of news, more likely to rely on Facebook for online REUTERS0% INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 news, and less likely to trust the news media overall. Slide 5 Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the • More people say they actively avoid the news (32%) than when last year? Base: Total 2013-19 sample in each country ≈ 2000, Finland 2014-15 ≈ 1500. Note: 9 country we last asked this question two years ago. Avoidance is up 3 average includes US, UK, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Japan, and Finland (from 2014 onwards). percentage points overall and 11 points in the UK, driven by boredom, anger, or sadness over Brexit. People say they avoid See also Norway Sweden the news because it has a negative effect on their mood (58%) 40% or because they feel powerless to change events. NORWAY 34% SWEDEN • The smartphone continues to grow in importance for news, 30% with two-thirds (66%) now using the device to access news 27% 27% weekly (+4pp). Mobile news aggregators like Apple News 20% 20% and Upday are becoming a more significant force. Apple News in the United States now reaches more iPhone users (27%) than the Washington Post (23%). 10% • The growth of the smartphone has also been driving the 0% popularity of podcasts, especially with the young. More than 2016 2017 2018 2019 a third of our combined sample (36%) say they have consumed at least one podcast over the last month but this Norway 34% (+4) Australia 14% Spain 10% rises to half (50%) for those under 35. The mobile phone is Sweden 27% (+1) Ireland 12% Austria 9% the most used device (55%) for podcast listening. Finland 16% (-2) Netherlands 11% Canada 9% Denmark 15% (-) Switzerland 11% Japan 7% • Voice-activated smart speakers like the Amazon Echo and Google Home continue to grow rapidly. Usage for any purpose has risen from 9% to 12% in the United States, from 7% to 14% With the exception of the United States, the biggest growth has in the UK, from 5% to 11% in Canada, and from 4% to 8% in taken place in two markets, Norway and Sweden, where a small Australia. Despite this, we find that usage for news remains number of media houses have a strong position. Schibsted, as one low in all markets. example, reaches around 80% of consumers in both countries3 and, since 2016, has focused many of its quality and tabloid brands on premium, metered, and hybrid subscription models.

3 https://schibsted.com/news/schibsted-will-be-divided-into-two-companies/ Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 12 Slide 7

This Nordic success story becomes even clearer when we look PROFILE OF DIGITAL-ONLY NEWS SUBSCRIBERS – USA at digital-only subscribers, removing those who get digital access with a print subscription or those who have a subscription that WHO PAYS IN THE UNITED STATES? is paid by someone else. Here we find 15% in Norway and 14% in Sweden, 6% in Finland and Denmark, but just 4% in the UK and 3% in Spain and Italy. The equivalent figure in the United States Degree level or Richer groups Those with very high is 8%. This is a purer measure of those who are prepared to use above twice as almost three times interest in the news their own money to pay for a single title online news subscription. likely to pay as likely to pay five times as likely REUTERSOn top of INSTITUTE the raw FORnumbers, THE STUDY industry OF JOURNALISM data reveal / FURTHER that Norwegians ANALYSIS as average as those on lower to pay as those with Slideand Swedes 6 are prepared to pay online for tabloid titles VG and incomes low interest Aftenbladet (freemium models) as well as more upmarket titles DIGITAL ONLY SUBSCRIPTIONS/REPORTING PERIOD such as AftenPosten and Dagens Nyheter. New York Times Wall Street Journal Washington Post

PROPORTION OF DIGITAL-ONLY SUBSCRIBERS – 3,300,000 1,500,000 1,200,000* SELECTED MARKETS ‘19 Q1 ‘18 Q4 ‘18 Q3 (Excluding print/digital bundles) Q7ai. Which, if any, of the following ways have you used to pay for ONLINE news content in the last year? Base: Total sample: USA = 2012. * Washington Post approx. figures.

But these big brand successes are not replicated across the US market. A recent Business Insider survey showed the New York Times and Washington Post together attracting more than half of all of US news subscribers,5 while our data show few people are currently prepared to pay for more than one online news subscription. In Germany, for example, 70% of those that pay have just one subscription. Only 10% are prepared to pay for three or more (see chart below). This means that though big national brands like Bild (423,000 digital subscribers) and Zeit (105,000) are having some success in charging for online news it may be hard to persuade people to pay for another national or local paper. ThisREUTERS may INSTITUTE help explain FOR THEwhy STUDY very fewOF JOURNALISM local or regional / FURTHER publishers ANALYSIS Ongoing subscription % report success with digital subscription models – outside of the 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Slide 8 Nordic countries, France (Ouest-France and Nice-Matin), and some major cities in the US. DIGITAL SUBSCRIPTIONS/REPORTING PERIOD NUMBER OF NEWS ORGANISATIONS THAT PEOPLE PAID Norway MONEY TO IN THE LAST YEAR – GERMANY Verdens Gang (VG) Aftenposten 80% 150,000 ‘18 Q1 108,000 ‘18 Q2 70

Sweden 60% Aftonbladet Dagens Nyheter 250,000 ‘17 Q4 160,000 ‘18 Q4 40%

20 Q7ai. Which, if any, of the following ways have you used to pay for ONLINE news content in the last year? Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000. Digital Subscriptions data via FIPP 2019 Global 20% Subscription Report4. Dagens Nyheter via direct communication. 6 3 1 0% 1 2 3 4 5+ By contrast, in the United States, the main subscription focus has Q7_SUBS. You say you have paid a subscription or made an on-going donation to a digital news been at the quality end of the market. The New York Times now service in the last year. How many different news providers do you regularly pay money to? has over 3m digital subscribers (out of a total of 4 million) and Base: All who paid for online news in the last year: Germany = 119. the Washington Post around 1m. Overall, almost one in ten (8%) of our US sample are digital-only subscribers (up from 3% in 2016). Global brands like the Wall Street Journal and Financial Times have The US and Nordic countries have shown the potential for also clocked impressive numbers. The FT recently passed 1m total considerable growth in paid content, but these are rich countries subscribers – around 740,000 of whom are digital-only. where news has historically had a high reputation and value – something that may not be replicable elsewhere. The dominance of a few big national and global brands suggests that others may need to look at alternative models or at least ones where subscription is just part of a more diversified revenue strategy.

4 https://www.fipp.com/news/insightnews/publishers-double-down-paywall-content-digital-subscriptions-revenue 5 Business Insider online poll conducted by Dynata, Feb. 2019 https://www.businessinsider.com/only-a-few-publishers-will-be-able-to-sell-subscriptions-at-scale-2019-3 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER 12ANALYSIS/ 13 Slide 10

NEWS NOW COMPETES WITH OTHER ‘MORE PROPORTION THAT SEE A NEWS PAYWALL EACH WEEK – ATTRACTIVE’ MEDIA BUNDLES NORWAY AND USA

At the same time as news publishers are asking for online payments and memberships, entertainment providers such as Netflix, Spotify, Apple Music, and Amazon Prime are generating billions of dollars via premium services. Netflix alone has around 70% 50% 150m subscribers including 60m in the United States. But might hit one or more paywalls each hit one or more paywalls each the growth of these services – along with sport, online gaming, week when reading news week when reading news dating, and media storage – mean that there will be less appetite to Q7_SUBS3. How often do you click on a link, expecting to read an article, and find yourself pay for news? While the ‘culture of free’ that many associate with asked to pay for a subscription instead? Base: Total sample: Norway = 2013, USA = 2012. the internet is clearly evolving, some worry about the impact of so-called subscription fatigue – the notion that people are becoming The fear is that increased friction could put people off news entirely, frustrated with being asked to pay separately for many different especially those who are already under-engaged. On the other services online. In the light of these concerns, we asked people what hand, it is possible that this is part of a transition in which more online media subscription they would pick if they could only have one REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS people accept that quality news provision needs to be paid for. In for the next 12 months. Not surprisingly, news comes low down the open-ended comments, we find some people accepting, some Slidelist when compared 9 with other services such as Netflix and Spotify – irritated, with others worried about the implications for democracy. especially for the younger half of the population. “[Paywalls are] an understandable way to raise revenue in the face of decreasing ad revenue but I prefer the PROPORTION OF UNDER 45s THAT WOULD PICK EACH IF Guardian model, which doesn’t limit access to just THEY COULD ONLY HAVE ONE ONLINE MEDIA SUBSCRIPTION those who can afford it.” FOR THE NEXT YEAR – SELECTED MARKETS Female, 43, UK

“The majority of the population probably cannot and will not be able to afford to pay for good reporting services. This is a major issue for democracy worldwide. ” 37% 15% 7% Male, 34, UK Online Video Online Music Online News (e.g. Netflix, (e.g. Spotify, (e.g. New York Times, Amazon Prime) Apple Music) Le Monde) FURTHER BUNDLING AHEAD? Q_VALUE_2019_A. If you could only have one for the next 12 months, which one of the following would you choose? Base: Under 45s: selected countries = 13,427. Note. This question was asked in 14 countries: US, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Netherlands, Our research suggests there may be a disconnect between Switzerland, Austria, Japan, Australia, and Canada. current publisher strategies of selling individual titles (for a relatively high price) and consumer desire for frictionless access to multiple brands. Almost half of those who are interested in Encouragingly, news fared considerably better with older groups news (49%) consume more than four different online sources (15%), but still lagged behind online entertainment services each week – a number that rises significantly for under 35s. (30%). In previous years we have shown that young people are comfortable paying for online services, but news is not valued as Donation models, such as the one operated by the Guardian much and is often seen as difficult or even a chore by comparison. newspaper – and some local news organisations in the United States – have been suggested as an alternative to paywalls, but “It’s probably awful but it’s an entertainment aspect. these still make up a small percentage of the market. In the [People] are paying for a service that is giving them last year just 3% in the United States gave money to a news entertainment.” organisation, 2% in Spain, and 1% in the UK. Amy, UK, in-depth interview 2019 Another alternative could be bundling and aggregation. The Times For further analysis see section 2.1: Paying for News and the Limits of London offers free access to the Wall Street Journal while the of Subscription Washington Post bundles cheaper access via Amazon Prime. The New York Times is offering a joint subscription with Scribd while Dagens Nyheter in Sweden is partnering with Bookbeat GROWING FRICTION AROUND NEWS around audio and ebooks.6 These added-value bundles may CONSUMPTION become more important as markets get saturated and customer retention becomes a burning issue. Growth is harder to come Meanwhile we find evidence that the significant expansion of by in the United States, with 40% of new subscribers at the paywalls may be affecting user experience: 70% in Norway and New York Times now joining up for cooking and crosswords – around half in the USA, Denmark, Australia, and the Netherlands a different kind of bundling.7 say they see payment barriers at least weekly. Heavy news users, digital subscribers, and younger users are even more likely to see these barriers.

6 https://thenewpublishingstandard.com/scribd-nyt-subscription-deal-swedens-bookbeat-ties-bundled-deal-dagens-nyheter-storytels-rivals-challenges-ahead/ 7 https://www.recode.net/2018/8/9/17671000/new-york-times-trump-subscribers-news-slower-growth Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 14 Slide 13

Waiting in the wings come platform aggregators such as Apple FOUR MODELS OF ONLINE ACCESS – SELECTED MARKETS News+, offering a single priced subscription for multiple premium REUTERStitles for INSTITUTE $9.99. Most FOR premium THE STUDY news OF JOURNALISM publishers / FURTHER have stayed ANALYSIS out 1. MAINLY DIRECT for now for risk of cannibalising their markets, but the industry Slidewill need to 11 address consumer concerns about accessing multiple 64 60% Finland brands at a reasonable price sooner rather than later. Also Norway, Sweden

45% FRUSTRATION OVER PAYWALLS COULD PUSH CONSUMERS INTO THE ARMS OF AGGREGATORS 30%

15% 11 10 3 3 6 0% Direct Search Social Mobile Aggregator Email media alerts

2. SOCIAL FIRST

60% Chile Also Brazil, Malaysia

Note. Apple News+ brings content from 300+ newspapers and magazines into a single experience 45% (US and Canada only) – includes some Wall Street Journal and Los Angeles Times content 42

30%

GATEWAYS TO NEWS AND THE RISE 21 OF AGGREGATION 15% 19 8 One of the biggest implications of the shift to online news has 4 5 0% been the weakening of the direct relationship between readers Direct Search Social Mobile Aggregator Email media alerts and publishers. Across all our countries, just 29% now say they prefer to access a website or app directly – down 3 percentage 3. DEEPLY AGGREGATED points on a year ago. Over half of our combined sample (55%) prefer to access news through search engines, social media, or 60% South Korea news aggregators, where large tech companies typically deploy Also Japan, Taiwan algorithms rather than editors to select and rank stories. 45% 48

Behind the averages, however, we find very significant country differences and can identify four types of access model. The first 30% can be characterised as mainly direct, typified by Finland where 27

almost two-thirds of respondents (64%) prefer to go first to a 15% website or app. Elsewhere, preferred access is often social first, 9 3 with over four in ten (42%) preferring this route in Chile and 4 7 0% many other Latin American markets. In parts of Asia, publishers Direct Search Social Mobile Aggregator Email are deeply aggregated. In South Korea half (48%) say they prefer media alerts news via a search portal like Naver or Daum, and 27% via a news aggregator. Just 4% prefer to go directly to a news website or 4. PICK AND MIX app, by far the lowest in our survey. Finally, we see examples 60% USA like the United States where many different routes to content Also Canada, Australia are important – a pick and mix model. In all cases, younger 45% groups are more likely to use social media and aggregators, with older groups more likely to access directly – so these models only go some way to explaining the complexity of access and 30% distribution. When we look beyond main access routes most 27 25 consumers, of course, are using a combination of these methods 20 15% on a regular basis. 7 7 9 There are many reasons for these differences, which may relate 0% Direct Search Social Mobile Aggregator Email to market size, competition, culture, and regulation, but either media alerts way it will clearly be harder for publishers who do not own the primary relationship with consumers to extract as much value Q10a. Which of these was the MAIN way in which you came across news in the last week? from their content as those that do. Base: All that used a news gateway in the last week: Finland = 1809, Chile = 1901, South Korea = 1927, USA = 1763. 14 / 15

ToREUTERS test this INSTITUTE hypothesis FOR THE we STUDY have OFplotted JOURNALISM digital-only / FURTHER subscription ANALYSIS There are a few exceptions though, with the USA achieving higher rates across countries with the proportion that access news online subscriptions despite lower direct traffic, partly because Slidesites and apps 14 directly in the next chart. Here we see a clear Donald Trump’s election sparked a wave of subscriptions and link between direct preferences and online news payment. donations to liberal publications such as the New York Times.8

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREFERENCE FOR DIRECT NEWS ACCESS AND DIGITAL NEWS SUBSCRIPTIONS – SELECTED MARKETS

14% NOR SWE 12%

10%

8% USA

6% DEN FIN Q10a. Which of these was POL the MAIN way in which you 4% IRE UK came across news in the last SPA AUT BEL GER week? Q7ai. Which, if any, of FRA ROU SUI the following ways have you ITA BGR CZE NLD used to pay for ONLINE 2% SVK news content in the last Proportion that have a digital-only subscription a digital-only have that Proportion POR HUN CROGRE year? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000. 0% REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Proportion that prefer direct accessSlide 15

It is important to note that other factors will be at play and we PROPORTION THAT USED A NEWSLETTER/MOBILE ALERT find that the biggest drivers of direct traffic (and subscription) IN THE LAST WEEK (2014-19) – SELECTED COUNTRIES are interest in news and education. Email Newsletter UK USA France Spain Finland THE ROLE OF EMAIL AND MOBILE NOTIFICATIONS 25% 25% Finland IN DRIVING LOYALTY 21% 21% 20% Spain Generating more direct traffic to websites and apps is an 17% France important priority for publishers, with email newsletters a 15% 14% 14% particularly favoured tactic for retaining subscribers but also USA 10% 10% 10% for attracting new users. The Washington Post operates around 9% 9% UK 70 different newsletters and has found that recipients consume around three times as much content as those who don’t use 5% email news. Our own data this year show that 42% of US digital 0% subscribers have used one or more email newsletters in the last 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 week compared with 35% in the UK but just 17% in Norway and 19% in Sweden. It is clear this is one area where Nordic publishers Mobile Notifications could learn a few tricks from the United States. UK USA France Spain Finland

25% Email remains extremely effective with older, highly engaged news Finland users, even if overall usage has not grown over the last five years. 20% 20% 19% Spain By contrast, mobile notifications tend to be used by younger groups 18% 16% France and have shown considerable growth in weekly use – up from 3% 15% to 20% in the UK and 6% to 19% in the United States since 2014. USA 10% Heavy news users are 2.5 times more likely to use mobile alerts UK 6% 6% 7% than casual news users. Publishers are learning how to use alerts 5% 5% 5% more strategically9 – and not just for breaking news. Different 3% content is now selected for different day-parts and also at 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 weekends, while readers are being targeted individually with

relevant content driven by artificial intelligence algorithms. Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile or any device) in the last week, which were the ways in which you came across news stories? Base: All in 2014-19 that used a news gateway in the last week in each country ≈ 1750.

8 https://www.recode.net/2018/8/9/17671000/new-york-times-trump-subscribers-news-slower-growth 9 Tow Center report on mobile alerts, Dec. 2018: https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/newsrooms-view-mobile-alerts-as-standalone-platform.php Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 16 Slide 18

FIRST CONTACT WITH THE NEWS; SHIFTING PROPORTION OF SMARTPHONE-FIRST USERS THAT USED PREFERENCES OVER TIME EACH FOR FIRST CONTACT WITH NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS

This year we’ve taken a fresh look at the importance of gateways 43% News website or app by bringing back a question about ‘first news use’ from 2016. 35% Social media/messagingOther/Don't apps know REUTERSIn both the INSTITUTE US and FOR the THE UK STUDY we see OF JOURNALISMfewer people / FURTHER starting ANALYSIS each 11% Alerts/notifications Slideday with radio, 17 TV, or print, with more people using the internet – Aggregator mainly via smartphones. In the UK, the smartphone is now the 3% Email 2% Aggregator Email main first gateway to news (28%) overtaking TV (27%). In the UK almost half go first to a 6% Other/Don’t knowAlerts/noti cations news app PROPORTION THAT USED EACH FOR FIRST CONTACT WITH Social media/messaging apps NEWS (2016 AND 2019) – UK AND USA 17% Facebook News website or app UK 11% Twitter 40% 2016 2019 3% Instagram

30% 32 27 28 24 20% News website or app 20% 20 43% Social media/messaging apps 16 10% Alerts/notifications 10% 8% Email 9 8 7 7 11% Aggregator In the USA 0% 7% Other/Don’t know Print Radio TV Computer Smartphone social is the first destination for many USA 25% Facebook 40% 2016 2019 11% Twitter 36 30% 33 2% Instagram

20% 23 18 17 46% News website or app 15 26% Social media/messaging apps 10% 12 11 7% Alerts/notifications 6 6 1% Email 0% Print Radio TV Computer Smartphone 14% Aggregator In Finland almost half go first to a 5% Other/Don’t know Q9c_new2016. What is the FIRST way you typically come across news in the morning? news app Base: Total 2016/2019 in each country ≈ 2000.

17% Facebook WHERE DO PEOPLE PICK UP FIRST NEWS ON 3% Twitter A SMARTPHONE? 3% Instagram Around four in ten (43%) in the UK say they go to a news website or app first when using a smartphone, a relatively high figure almost certainly driven by the popularity of the BBC News 19% News website or app app. The situation is reversed for under 35s with almost half 52% Social media/messaging apps starting their journey with social media (44%) and just a third 11% Alerts/notifications going direct (34%). Overall, the proportion going direct is down 3% Email 5 points from 48% in 2016 due to more going via homescreen 11% Aggregator links (11%) and aggregators. In Italy social is the first 3% Other/Don’t know destination In the United States, only one in five (20%) goes straight to a for most news app, down from 23% in 2016. Amongst under-35s only 13% 33% Facebook go direct, with over half (54%) preferring to go to social media. Having said that, overall first contact via social media (43%) 8% WhatsApp/Facebook Messenger has fallen six points while the use of aggregators (11%) and alerts/ 5% Instagram notifications (10%) has grown. The mix of social networks has also shifted since 2016 with less use of Facebook and more of Twitter and Instagram. The pattern in Finland is similar to the UK, with Q9d_2016_rc5. You mentioned that your FIRST contact with news in the morning is using internet via smartphone, in which ONE of the following places do you typically find your first Italy more like the United States, except that much of the social news? Base: All that said their first contact with news is via a smartphone: UK = 516, USA = 460, first use is for messaging apps like WhatsApp (8%). Finland = 539, Italy = 480. 16 / 17

SMARTPHONES GROW FURTHER; RISE OF MOBILE MOBILE AGGREGATORS OFFER NEW AGGREGATORS OPPORTUNITIES, BUT WITH STRINGS ATTACHED

Smartphone sales may be slowing down but the previous Against this background we are seeing a significant, if relatively REUTERSsection shows INSTITUTE how FOR our THE dependence STUDY OF JOURNALISM on them for / FURTHER news continues ANALYSIS modest, shift towards mobile news aggregators. Google News to grow. Two-thirds of our combined sample (66%) now uses relaunched last year with a new design and greater focus on REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slidethe smartphone 21 for news weekly, with usage doubling in most AI-driven recommendations, while mobile manufacturers running countries over the last seven years. Slidethe Android 23 operating system are integrating news aggregators like Upday, News Republic, and Flipboard into the core operating system, partly as a response to the success of Apple News. PROPORTION THAT USED A SMARTPHONE FOR NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK (2013-19) – SELECTED MARKETS PROPORTION THAT USED EACH NEWS AGGREGATOR IN THE 75% LAST WEEK (2017 AND 2019) – SELECTED REGIONS 67% Spain 63% 59% 57% Service France North EU Asia Latin South 56% America America Africa* 50% Germany Google News 17% (+4) 17% (+7) 28% (+7) 41% (+20) 38% UK 66% (+4) USA 25% access news via Apple News 8% (+1) 5% (+1) 10% (-) 5% (-1) n/a UK USA Germany smartphone across all 38 markets France Spain Upday 3% (+1) 4% (+2) 5% (-) 5% (+2) 10% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Flipboard 4%(-1) 2% (-) 4% (-1) 3% (-) 7% Q8B. Which, if any, of the following devices have you used to access news in the last week? Base: Total sample 2013-19 sample in each country ≈ 2000. Q10c_2016. When using the internet for news, have you used any of the following sites or mobile apps that aggregate different news links in the last week? Base: Total 2017/2019 sample in each region: North America = 4269/4067, EU = 40,312/42,288, Asia = 11,142/11,247, Latin America = 8012/8038, *South Africa = 2009, no comparative figures for 2017. Note. EU sample in 2017 does not include Bulgaria. People are still using computers and tablets for news but when we ask about preferred device the convenience and versatility of the smartphone tends to win out. In the UK the smartphone It is hard to capture these trends accurately in a survey because overtook the computer in 2017 and together with the tablet is respondents often see these as ‘news links on their phone’ REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS now preferred by twice as many people. Tablet usage is stable, rather than a distinct destination, but our qualitative research is Slidewith a small 22 group of older and richer users (16%) continuing giving us a clearer picture of the role these services play in news to prefer accessing news via larger screens. repertoires. Younger groups in particular love the convenience, the lack of friction, and the way it brings multiple brands into one place. We find some users actively curating and configuring the MAIN DEVICE FOR NEWS (2013-19) – UK news that is most relevant to them but most are using them in a more incidental or passive way. Smartphone & Tablet Computer Smartphone Tablet “It’s just the one that comes with tag">my phone. You get 75% 71% 64% a notification on this bar here. Sometimes you find yourselfSmartphone on a website + Tablet that you wouldn’t normally 49% like to go on.” 50% Tablet Chloe, 31–35, UK in-depth interview Smartphone 28% “I like using Apple News because it consolidates 25% 24% Computer 16% everything into one place and you don’t see five 15% articles about the same thing.” 9% 0% Maggie, 21–24, US in-depth interview 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS For further analysis see section 2.5: How Younger Generations UK8b6_5. You’ve said you use the following devices to access news in the last week, which is your Slide 24 MAIN way of accessing online news? Base: All in 2013-19 that used a device for news in the last week: Consume News Differently UK ≈ 1750.

Quick Fix: Active Mode: These trends matter for three reasons. First, it has become harder Swipe left for news Immersive, multiple options to make display advertising work on smaller screens and this is contributing to the financial difficulties for publishers. Second, content formats designed for the print/desktop era are becoming increasingly outdated on mobile displays, and third, personally addressable devices enable targeted content and experiences – putting a greater premium on those with access to more content and more data (primarily platform companies). 80% WhatsApp

Snapchat 60%

Instagram

40% Twitter

FB Messenger

20% Facebook

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 80% 18 WhatsApp 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Snapchat 60%

Google News reaches 15% of our US sample, which is a similar The chart below, which averages data from twelve countries we have Instagram level of weekly usage to the Washington Post. Reach for Apple been tracking since 2014, shows the rapid growth for WhatsApp, News overall is just 10% but among iPhone users specifically, the 40%Facebook Messenger, and newer networks like Instagram and Twitter REUTERSnews service INSTITUTE now FORhas THEhigher STUDY reach OF JOURNALISM (27%) than / most FURTHER US newsANALYSIS REUTERSSnapchat, INSTITUTE which also FOR incorporateTHE STUDY OF private JOURNALISM features / FURTHER like ephemeral ANALYSIS Slidewebsites. In25 the UK, a quarter of Apple smartphone users (24%) Slidemessaging. 27 By contrast reach for Facebook and Twitter has been flat. FB Messenger access news this way, which puts the service a clear second As more people use messaging services, news usage has also risen, behind BBC News amongst this group. while20% the relative importance of Facebook itself has declined. Facebook

PROPORTION THAT USED APPLE NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK, SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING (2014-19) – SELECTED MARKETS 2016-19 – USA AND UK 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 USA (just Apple iPhone news users) USA (all users) WEEKLY USE FOR ANY PURPOSE UK (just Apple iPhone news users) UK (all users) 75% WhatsApp 30% 64% 27% UK (all users) 27% 60% Snapchat 24% 24% USA (all users) 45% Instagram 20% 45% UK (just Apple iPhone users) 37% Twitter USA (just Apple iPhone users) 32% 14% 30% 11% FB Messenger 10% 21% 15% 12% Facebook

0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 WEEKLY USE Q10c_2016. When using the internet for news, have you used any of the following sites or FOR NEWS mobile apps that aggregate different news links in the last week? Base: Total 2016-2019 sample/ 75% iPhone users: USA ≈ 2000/500, UK ≈ 2000/500. WhatsApp Facebook algorithm changes 60% Snapchat It is important to distinguish between Upday, Google News, and Instagram Flipboard which pass traffic directly to publishers, and others 45% like Apple News, and Yahoo! News which are trying to become 36% FB Messenger 30% destinations in their own right, republishing full stories in return 16% Twitter for a share of advertising or subscription revenues. Mobile 10% aggregators can bring reach and attention but with the latter 15% 9% Facebook 8% category many publishers will be wary about the loss of control, 3% 0% the weakening of brand attribution, and lower revenue – with 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 some platforms looking to take a cut of up to 50%. Q12a/b. Which, if any, of the following have you used for any purpose/for news in the last week? It should be noted that mobile aggregation is already majority Base: Total 2014-19 sample in each country: 18,859/23,557/24,814/24,487/24,735/24,146. Note: From 2015-19 the 12 countries included are UK, US, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, behaviour in many Asian countries. Yahoo! News reaches two- Japan, Australia and Brazil. In 2014, we did not poll in Australia or Ireland. thirds (66%) of smartphone users in Japan each week, Naver reaches 73% of smartphone users in South Korea, while Line It should be noted that Facebook as a company remains in a strong Today reaches 47% of our Taiwanese sample. Local mobile REUTERSposition. INSTITUTE As owner FOR of Instagram,THE STUDY OF Messenger, JOURNALISM and / FURTHER WhatsApp ANALYSIS its aggregators are also a force in Italy (Giornali, 17%), Norway products reach 84% of our combined sample and 57% for news. 10 (Startsiden, 18%), and Sweden (Omni 12%). SlideMessaging 28apps, which also include Viber, Telegram, and WeChat, reach 75% for any purpose across our sample and 31% for news – up 8 percentage points from two years ago. SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE MOVE TO MESSAGING PROPORTION THAT USE EACH MESSAGING APP FOR NEWS – It has been a dramatic year for social media with Facebook and SELECTED MARKETS YouTube under fire for spreading misinformation, encouraging hate speech and online harm – as well as playing fast and loose with our privacy.

Facebook’s response to these issues has already impacted news WhatsApp Messenger Viber for news for news for news publishers through a series of algorithm changes, but the next step could be even more disruptive. In February, Mark Zuckerberg Brazil 53% (+5) Greece 25% (+3) Greece 17% (+3) announced a shift of focus to more private messaging and has said Malaysia 50% (-4) Poland 22% (+9) Bulgaria 16% (+2) that he expects WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger to be the main South Africa 49% Belgium 12% (+4) Croatia 13% (+1) way that users interact across the Facebook network. This means Hong Kong 41% (+3) USA 9% (+2) that the sharing of news and comment in the future will be less open Q12b. Which, if any, of the following have you used for news in the last week? Base: Total sample and less transparent. in each market ≈ 2000.

10 Omni is owned by the publisher Schibsted. 18 / 19

ThisREUTERS explosive INSTITUTE growth FOR THEof WhatsApp STUDY OF JOURNALISM has so far been / FURTHER concentrated ANALYSIS our Brazilian (53%) and Malaysian (50%) samples use WhatsApp in Latin America, South East Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe for news, compared with 9% in the UK, 6% in Australia, and just Slideas well as in29 India, which we covered in a recent Reuters Institute 4% in both the United States and Canada. stand-alone report focused on English speakers.11 Around half of

PROPORTION THAT USE WHATSAPP FOR NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS

50-60% 40-49% 30-39% 20-29% 10-19% 0-9%

Q12b. Which, if any, of the following have you used for news in the last week? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. Note. India poll conducted in Jan 2019 with English-speaking, online news users in India – a small (but important) subset of a larger, more diverse, and very complex Indian media market.

The data and chart above capture just those countries covered The spread of misinformation often happens via groups that in this report and India, but other publicly available data confirm are set up specifically to discuss politics. These are common in that WhatsApp use is more prevalent in the global south, WhatsApp, mainly in developing countries, but have also become countries where reliable information is often in short supply a greater focus in Facebook itself, which recently prioritised and public institutions are more fragile. these posts in the newsfeed. Facebook Groups have come under scrutiny for their role in co-ordinating the recent Yellow Vest The spread of unfounded rumours has led to a spate of killings (Gilets Jaunes) protests in France. But how many people use in India while our country page reports from Brazil and South Facebook Groups and how do these differ from the way people Africa illustrate how politicians have used the network to spread use groups in WhatsApp? negative stories about opponents in a way that would be harder in open networks. Fact-checking organisations have set up ‘tip This year, we explored these questions in detail across nine lines’, appealing to the public to flag illegal or dangerous content. countries and found that although half of Facebook users (51%) In Brazil, roughly a million WhatsApp groups were created to have joined some kind of public group, only a minority use them promote candidates in the recent elections including far right for news and politics (14%). That figure rises to 22% in Brazil former army captain Jair Bolsonaro, who was initially starved and 29% in Turkey. The majority of Facebook Groups are for of coverage via TV. Facebook itself has belatedly invested in non-news subjects including gardening or sport (22%), their collaborations with fact-checkers, digital literacy campaigns, local community (18%), and parenting (7%). and has made it harder to share messages within WhatsApp. By contrast we find that WhatsApp is primarily used for private For more background see section 3: Analysis by Country, Brazil groups, most often with friends and family or workmates. News and South Africa may come up in discussions but is not the primary purpose.

For further analysis see section 2.2: Groups and Private Networks – Time Well Spent?

11 India Digital News Report, Mar. 2019: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/india-digital-news-report ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2019 ANALYSIS 20 Slide 30

PROPORTION OF FACEBOOK AND WHATSAPP USERS Younger groups in many countries seem to be swapping Snapchat THAT USED EACH TYPE OF GROUP IN THE PAST MONTH – for Instagram, which has become, for many, the ‘go-to’ social SELECTED MARKETS network. This year’s depth interviews confirm that young people Facebook 60% are spending less time with Facebook, even if they are not WhatsApp abandoning it altogether. 51 14% use 46 public groups 47 40% about news/ 43 REUTERS“I think INSTITUTE I used to FOR use THE Facebook STUDY OF JOURNALISM a lot, and over / FURTHER past five,ANALYSIS politics six years, I basically hardly use it at all now, which is 18% use 30 one massive change. In its place, Instagram has come.” public groups 26 28 Slide 32 20% about local Chloe, 31–35, UK in-depth interview community 16

0% Public groups Private group Private group Private group PROPORTION THAT USED INSTAGRAM AND SNAPCHAT (with people set up with set up with set up with FOR NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS I don't know) family friends workmates Instagram Snapchat Q12_2019_FB/WA. Facebook/WhatsApp allows you to set up, join, and participate in groups, for news for news where you can discuss news or related topics with like-minded people. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the past month on Facebook/WhatsApp itself? Base: Facebook/ Turkey 33%(+9) France 6% (-) WhatsApp users: Nine countries = 12,975/9636. Note: This question was asked in USA, UK, Spain, Ireland, Turkey, Malaysia, Australia, Canada, and Brazil. Brazil 26% (+10) Ireland 6% (-) Spain 12% (+4) Australia 4% (-1) USA 7% (+1) Canada 4% (-) Behind the averages, we find a marked difference in the way

WhatsApp groups are used across countries. In Brazil, almost six in Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used for finding, reading, watching, sharing or ten WhatsApp users (58%) take part in groups with people they don’t discussing news in the last week? Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000. know, compared with just over one in ten (12%) in the UK. Almost a fifth (18%) discuss news and politics in a public WhatsApp group We were able to get further insights into the behaviour of in Brazil compared to just 2% in the UK, potentially increasing the younger groups in the US and UK (so called Gen Z and Gen Y) chances of misinformation being spread. We find that people who by tracking the amount of time they spent on different mobile used groups in WhatsApp and Facebook have lower trust in the apps and websites over a ten-day period.12 This reveals the news and are more likely to use partisan news sites. overwhelming importance of social media and communications REUTERSto these INSTITUTEyounger groups. FOR THE In STUDY these OF time JOURNALISM charts (see / FURTHER below) ANALYSIS taken PEOPLE SPENDING LESS TIME WITH FACEBOOK, Slidefrom the mobile 33 phone usage of two of our respondents, notice MORE WITH INSTAGRAM the relatively little time spent within Facebook compared with Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat, and even Twitter. Further evidence of the changing shape of social media comes in a new survey question we asked about how much time people spend with each social network or messaging app. PROPORTION OF TIME SPENT WITH DIFFERENT MOBILE APPS – TWO INDIVIDUAL RESPONDENTS OVER 10 DAYS The picture in the UK is typical of many Western countries and shows that many people are spending less time with Facebook Male, Snapchat Instagram 31-35, UK and more time with Instagram and WhatsApp. We have calculated 29.43% 21.72% figures in the next chart by subtracting the proportion that say they REUTERSspent less INSTITUTE time from FOR the THE proportion STUDY OF JOURNALISM that say they / FURTHER spent more. ANALYSIS SlideFor example, 31 almost half (46%) of under 35s in the UK said they spent more time with Instagram in the last year but 14% said they Twitter Fitbit Kik Google 13.21% 9.91% 5.55% 2.09% spent less. The net difference is +32%.

NET DIFFERENCE IN TIME SPENT WITH EACH SOCIAL Yahoo! Mail BBC Safari 7.97% News NETWORK IN LAST YEAR – UK 3.30% <1%

40 More Female, YouTube Safari Netix 30 32 24-28, UK 27.45% 14.88% 8.14% 20 21 24 22 10 16 6 8 9 Facebook 0 4.41% -10 -15 JobSpotter Google Maps Twitter -19 11.32% 3.66% 2.86% -20 -25 IMDB -30 -31 3.66% -40 Less All U35 Podcasts 10.30% dealornodeal BBC News 3.47% <1%

Q12C_2019. You say you use the following social networks for any purpose, in the last 12 months, has the amount of time you spend using them changed? Base: All/under 35s that used each social network in the last week: Facebook = 1337/300, YouTube = 1002/282, WhatsApp = 1007/279, Instagram = 525/238, Snapchat = 209/142, Twitter = 536/163. Note: Showing difference between proportion that said ‘more time’ and proportion who said ‘less time’.

12 With the permission of the participants, we added tracking code to the mobile phones of around 20 young people in the US and UK so online behaviour, time spent, and specific news journeys could be measured. 20 / 21

It is striking that communication, social media, and web-browsing Specific events clearly have affected trust in a number of countries apps dominated the time spent for all 20 young people tracked this year. Trust is down 11 points in Brazil after the recent fractious as part of our study. This shows the importance of finding ways to election, but perhaps the biggest surprise is a 11-point fall in trust bring at least some news to social platforms if younger groups are in France from 35% to 24%, driven by the partisan nature of the to be engaged. In both illustrated cases, less than 1% of time was Yellow Vest protests. Some journalists were attacked – sometimes spent with BBC News, the most popular news app. REUTERSphysically INSTITUTE – for not FOR representing THE STUDY OFthe JOURNALISM protestors /and FURTHER being ANALYSIS part of the establishment.13 But lower trust does not necessarily mean For further analysis see section 2.5: How Younger Generations Slidelower usage. 36 24-hour news channel BFM achieved some of its Consume News Differently highest ever ratings at the same time as showing a significant fall in trust scores (5.9 to 4.9 on a ten-point scale). TRUST AND ATTITUDES TO THE NEWS MEDIA

Overall trust in the news is down 2 percentage points (all market Read more about REUTERSaverage) INSTITUTE from 44% FOR to THE42%, STUDY with OF trust JOURNALISM in the news / FURTHER people ANALYSIS use the Yellow Vests, themselves falling below 50%. Trust in the news found in brand usage, and Slidedistributed 34 environments, like social media (23%) and search brand trust Section 3: France Country (33%), is even lower but is largely unchanged from last year. Profile p. 84

PROPORTION THAT TRUST MOST NEWS FROM EACH MOST OF THE TIME – ALL MARKETS

Trust news Trust news Trust news Trust news REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS overall I use in search in social Slide 37 Journalists have been targeted and attacked in France over coverage of the Yellow Vest protests (Picture, Reuters/Vincent Kessler) 42% 49% 33% 23% (-2) (-2) (-1) (-) AVERAGE BRAND TRUST SCORES – FRANCE

Rated on 0–10 scale, all those who have heard of brand Mostly this is about trust in mainstream Uncertainty in distributed environments, Le Monde 6.36 media and in the sources that people use information unchecked, hard to distinguish news from rumour ... Le Figaro 5.96 Mediapart 5.94 Q6_2016_1/6/2/3. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: I L'Express 5.87 think you can trust most news/most news I consume/news in social media/news in search 5.87 engines most of the time. Base: All markets: 75,749. Le Point L'O bs 5.87 France Télévisions News 5.85 Down Le Parisien 5.85 At a country level, we continue to find stark differences. The media 20 minutes 5.77 remain broadly trusted in Finland (59%), Portugal (58%), and Libération 5.75 Denmark (57%), while less than a third say they have confidence M6 News 5.75 in the news in Hungary (28%), Greece (27%), or Korea (22%). TF1 News 5.64 Le HuPost 5.57 In many of these countries the media are not considered to Brut 5.24 be sufficiently independent from political or business elites. BFM TV 4.94 Least trusted REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS

Q6_2018_trust. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Please use Slide 35 the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: All that have heard of each brand > 1000.

PROPORTION THAT TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME – ALL MARKETS

75% -11 Fractious election

59 58 57 50% 53 52 -11 50 49 49 48 48 48 Yellow Vest protests 47 46 46 46 46 45 44 43 42 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 35 33 33 32 31 25% 28 28 27 24 22

0% CHL NOR TURHKSUIGERIREBRA POLZAFBELMEXCAN NLDDENPORFIN POLZAFBELMEXCAN TURHKSUIGERIREBRA NOR CHL AUS SPA BGRUKSGP ITA CRO JPN ARG AUT SWE ROU CZE SVK USA MYS TWN HUN FRAGRE KOR

Q6_2016_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: I think you can trust most news most of the time. Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005.

13 https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests-press/french-media-denounce-violent-yellow-vest-attacks-on-press-idUKKCN1P70J5 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 41

PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE CHANGED ONLINE HABITS IN THE LAST YEAR – ALL MARKETS

26% 24% say they are relying on ‘more say they’ve stopped using sources reputable’ news sources. with ‘less accurate’ reputation (40% in USA) (34% in USA) Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 22

29% 41% say they decided NOT to Say they checked accuracy by Major upheavals like the Yellow Vests or Brexit in the UK have In the UK, we don’t see the same picture. Trust on both the share a ‘dubious’ news article comparing multiple sources put a strain on perceived impartiality of the news media, which in left and the right has fallen, but if anything the trust gap has (35% in USA) (47% in USA) turn can affect trust. But if we look over time across some of our REUTERSnarrowed INSTITUTE – perhaps FOR because THE STUDY both OF JOURNALISM are equally / unhappyFURTHER ANALYSIS about biggest countries, we see a generalised – and worrying – picture SlideBrexit coverage, 39 which crosses party lines. Whatever the Q_LIT_2019. Have you done of any of the following in the last year? Base: Total sample = 75,749. of decline. Even countries like Finland and Germany, which have reasons, there has been no total loss of confidence amongst not seen dramatic polarising events, have seen falls of 9 and those on the right. 13 percentage points respectively in just five years. Across the 12REUTERS countries INSTITUTE we have FOR been THE STUDY tracking OF JOURNALISM since 2015, / trust FURTHER scores ANALYSIS are PROPORTION THAT TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME down on average by 4 points though they have risen slightly in – USA AND UK SlideItaly, Spain, 38 Australia, and Ireland and have remained level in the Netherlands and Denmark. USA: Left trust has increased in US news media, right has collapsed Left Right PROPORTION THAT TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME Trump elected PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE CHANGED ONLINE (2015 AND 2019) – SELECTED MARKETS 60% 53% 51% 49% HABITS IN THE LAST YEAR – ALL MARKETS 2015 2019 Change 40% 35% 34% Finland 68% 59% -9 25% 26% 24% 23% 20% Germany 60% 47% -13 20% 17% 9% say they are relying on ‘more say they’ve stopped using sources UK 51% 40% -11 reputable’ news sources. with ‘less accurate’ reputation 0% (40% in USA) (34% in USA) USA 32% 32% – 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 France 38% 24% -14 12 country average 47% 44% -4 UK: Right trust in the UK news 29% 41% media still higher than left Q6_2016_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: I think you can trust most news most of the time. Base: Total 2015/2019 sample in each country ≈ 2000, Left Right say they decided NOT to Say they checked accuracy by Finland 2015 = 1509. Note: 12 country average includes UK, USA, France, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Brexit vote share a ‘dubious’ news article comparing multiple sources Italy, Spain, Japan, Brazil, Australia and Ireland. 60% 58% 57% (35% in USA) (47% in USA) 50% 42% 41% Q_LIT_2019. Have you done of any of the following in the last year? Base: Total sample = 75,749. 40% 46% It is also notable in the table above that trust levels in the United 39% 37% 39% 38% States (32%) have remained flat overall, but this hides a much richer and more dramatic story. 20%

Digging into the detail, we find an increase in trust (+18pp) 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 amongst those who self-identify on the left of the political

spectrum as they lent their support to liberal media outlets in Q6_2016_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: I think you REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS the wake of Donald Trump’s victory. Over the same period, we can trust most news most of the time. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the Slide 42 have seen the almost total collapse of trust on the right to just 9%. following scale? Base: 2015-18 Left/Right: USA ≈ 500/500, UK ≈ 500/300.

MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE CHANGED ONLINE HABITS IN THE LAST YEAR – SELECTED MARKETS

More than half (55%) of our sample across 38 countries The biggest jump in concern (+12pp) came in the UK (70%) 75% Netherlands remains concerned about their ability to separate what is real where the news media have taken a lead in breaking stories Brazil REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Germany and fake on the internet. Concern is highest in Brazil (85%), about misinformation on Facebook and YouTube and there has UK South Africa (70%), Mexico (68%), and France (67%), and Slide 40 been a high-profile House of Commons inquiry into the issue. France 61 Taiwan lowest in the Netherlands (31%), and Germany (38%), which USA tend to be less polarised politically. 50% Taiwan USA Brazil PROPORTION CONCERNED ABOUT WHAT IS REAL AND WHAT IS FAKE ON THE INTERNET WHEN IT COMES TO NEWS – ALL MARKETS 40 40 France 100% 36 35 +4 34 +12 +5 +5 29 85 25% UK 75% +4 26 26 75 -4 24 70 70 68 68 67 67 67 64 63 20 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 59 50% 54 54 17 Germany 52 52 52 51 49 15 47 45 13 44 44 43 41 40 39 39 38 37 25% 31 Netherlands 0% Started using more Decided not to share an 0% MEXUKZAFPORBRA MEXUKZAFPORBRA SPA CHL USA FRA MYS TUR ROUARG SGP AUS CAN IREGRE TWNKOR CRO BGR ITA JPNFIN HUN SWE CZEPOLSUIBELHK AUT GERDENNOR NLDSVK reputable sources 'unreliable' story in social media

Q_FAKE_NEWS_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. – Thinking about online news, I am concerned about what is real and what is fake on the internet.Base: Total Q_LIT_2019. Have you done of any of the following in the last year? Base: Total sample in each sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 41

PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE CHANGED ONLINE HABITS IN THE LAST YEAR – ALL MARKETS

26% 24% say they are relying on ‘more say they’ve stopped using sources reputable’ news sources. with ‘less accurate’ reputation (40% in USA) (34% in USA) 22 / 23

29% 41% say they decided NOT to Say they checked accuracy by IMPACTshare a ‘dubious’ OF MEDIA news article LITERACY?comparing multiple sources We picked up similar sentiments in our qualitative research with (35% in USA) (47% in USA) younger groups in the UK and the US. Many of our respondents One consequence of this concern seems to be a greater said that they were now paying more attention to the name Q_LIT_2019.awareness Have and you affinity done of any of with the followingtrusted in thenews last year?brands. Base: Total One sample positive = 75,749. of the brand when using social media. Others said they were finding of our report this year is that over a quarter (26%) have calling out friends more often for sharing inaccurate news. started relying on ‘more reputable’ sources of news – rising to 36% in Brazil and 40% in the US. A further quarter (24%) said “If I see something like New York Times, Bloomberg, they’d stopped using sources that had a ‘less accurate reputation’, Washington Post, I’m going to assume that it’s with almost a third (29%) deciding not to share a potentially credible and valid but if I see something that’s on a inaccurate news article. The interpretation of ‘reputable’, ‘less news website that I’ve never heard of before, I’m more accurate’, ‘dubious’, and other subjective terms were left to likely to question the source of the news.” respondents to determine. Maggie, 21–24, US in-depth interview

“I think I’m much more limited in the news that I access PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE CHANGED ONLINE now, because of this … I think the ones that you trust HABITS IN THE LAST YEAR – ALL MARKETS are the traditional ones that have been around for a long time, like the BBC, like the Guardian, like 26% 24% the Independent” Chloe, 31-35, UK in-depth interview say they are relying on ‘more say they’ve stopped using sources reputable’ news sources. with ‘less accurate’ reputation All this suggests that higher media awareness and digital literacy (40% in USA) (34% in USA) campaigns may be having some effect, though it should be noted that change has been more evident with the better educated who arguably may be less likely to be duped anyway. In the 29% 41% REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS United Kingdom it is mainly younger groups that have modified say they decided NOT to Say they checked accuracy by Slidetheir behaviour, 43 while in the United States the biggest change share a ‘dubious’ news article comparing multiple sources has come with older demographics. (35% in USA) (47% in USA)

Q_LIT_2019. Have you done of any of the following in the last year? Base: Total sample = 75,749. PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE STARTED USING MORE REPUTABLE NEWS SOURCES BY AGE AND EDUCATION – Behaviour seems to have changed most in countries where UK AND USA concern about misinformation is highest. Almost two-thirds BY AGE 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ (61%) in Brazil said they had decided not to share a potentially inaccurate story in social media and 40% in Taiwan after recent 50% 55+ REUTERSelections INSTITUTE marked FOR by misinformation THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM – compared / FURTHER with just ANALYSIS 13% 45 in the Netherlands, the country with the lowest level of concern 41 45-54 Slide 42 39 in our survey. The shift to more reputable sources is a bit more 37 36 35 35-44 evenly split. 28 29 25% 27 26 25-34 PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE CHANGED ONLINE 18-24 HABITS IN THE LAST YEAR – SELECTED MARKETS

75% Netherlands Brazil Germany 0% UK USA UK France 61 Taiwan USA BY EDUCATION Low Med High 50% Taiwan 50% USA

Brazil 47 40 40 France High 36 34 35 35 36 Medium 29 30UK 25% 26 26 25% Low 24 20 20 17 Germany 18 15 13

Netherlands 0% 0% Started using more Decided not to share an UK USA reputable sources 'unreliable' story in social media

Q_LIT_2019. Have you …started relying more on sources of news that are considered more Q_LIT_2019. Have you done of any of the following in the last year? Base: Total sample in each reputable in the last year? Base: 18-24/25-34/35-44/45-54/55+ and low/medium/high education: market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. UK = 135/278/304/323/983 and 558/626/839, USA = 177/380/320/246/889 and 85/1013/914. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 24 Slide 44

ALTERNATIVE AND PARTISAN NEWS WEBSITES PROPORTION THAT HAVE HEARD OF/USED EACH IN THE LAST WEEK – USA, UK, AND FRANCE We have seen a continuing rise of populism in many countries and a further fall in trust in established media over the last USA year. At the same time, we find greater consumer literacy 22% use one compared to 20% in 2018 and changes to Facebook algorithms designed to damp down 44 extreme and polarising views. But what has been the outcome Breitbart 7 of these conflicting trends on the reach of alternative and 27 Daily Caller partisan news sites? 6 31 The Blaze These sites are said to have played a part in bringing Donald 6 Trump to power in the United States, reshaping decades of 25 Occupy Democrats 5 centrist politics in Sweden, and mobilising support for Jeremy 33 Corbyn in the UK. Partisan sites should be distinguished from Infowars 3 those that ‘deliberately fabricate the news’, even if they are often 9 accused of exaggerating or tailoring the facts to fit their cause. Being Liberal 2 12 Examples are Breitbart and InfoWars in the United States Talking Points Memo 2 (right-wing), Fria Tider in Sweden (right-wing), and the Canary 12 Awareness The Intercept and Evolve Politics in the UK (left-wing). Though ideology is a 2 Usage key motivator, some sites are also looking to make money, or at 6 Addicting Info 1 least break even, from these activities. The narrowness of their focus also separates them from established news sites like Fox 0% 25% 50% News and Mail Online, which also have a reputation for partisan political coverage, but tend to cover the full range of news (world news, sport, entertainment). UK Working with local partners, we have identified a number of sites that matched our criteria and this year we have added sites 14 The Canary in France and Brazil to our list. 2 16 Breitbart The data below suggest that there has been little change in 2 6 weekly usage of these sites in countries like the US, Sweden, and Sputnik Norway where these sites are used by a significant proportion of 1 7 the population. Even if social media algorithms are promoting Westmonster 2 these sites less, users and supporters are still finding ways to 6 access them. Skwawkbox 1 3 Awareness Novara Media In all three countries we also see a large gap between awareness 1 Usage of these sites and actual usage, which suggests that their impact 4 Evolve Politics on the wider discussion is not just confined to users. As last year, 1

we also note a wide variation in usage. Almost a quarter (22%) 0% 25% 50% of our Swedish sample accesses one or more of seven partisan and alternative websites, and over half are aware of them – while these types of sites hardly feature at all in the Netherlands or Belgium. Even at a time of high tension in the UK over Brexit, FRANCE only 7% use one or more of these sites weekly compared with almost a quarter in the United States (22%). 10 Sputnik France 3 Alternative and partisan sites elsewhere have a more diverse set 10 of motivations. In France these include Russian state broadcaster Russia Today 3 RT which gave exhaustive and often uncritical coverage of the 9 Le Média Yellow Vest protesters. RT France in particular was accused of 2 spreading lies, specifically that the police had been siding with 7 Fdesouche 1 protestors. Our data suggest high awareness of both RT and 4 Sputnik (10%) but relatively low usage (3% for each). Reporterre 1 4 Awareness Fakir 1 Usage 3 L’incorrect 1 0% 25% 50%

Q5c_2018_1/2. In recent years a number of online news sites have emerged with their content often distributed via social media. Which, if any, of the following have you heard of/used in the last week? Base: Total sample: USA = 2012, UK = 2023, France = 2005. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 24 / 25 Slide 45

PROPORTION THAT HAVE HEARD OF/USED EACH IN THE POPULISM AND THE MEDIA LAST WEEK – SWEDEN, BRAZIL, AND NORWAY The growth of populism, for example in the UK and France, is SWEDEN putting enormous strains on left/right political party systems. 22% use one compared to 20% in 2018 But it is also raising new questions for journalists over how far to 38 represent populist views, and how to satisfy a readership that no Fria Tider 10 longer splits easily along traditional lines. 28 Nyheter Idag 11 This year we have attempted to add a populist dimension to our 24 study of media consumption by measuring responses to two Samhällsnytt 9 questions; first, how distant respondents feel from their elected 31 representatives and, second, how respondents feel about the Nya Tider 6 people taking more important decisions directly. Putting these 18 Ledarsidorna 7 responses together we can create a group of people in each country 10 Awareness with broadly populist attitudes and one with less populist attitudes. Det goda samhället 4 Usage 25 One surprising finding is that populists prefer to use television Samtiden 6 news compared with non-populists and are less likely to prefer REUTERSonline news. INSTITUTE These FOR data THE will STUDY support OF JOURNALISM those who / FURTHER argue that ANALYSIS the 0% 25% 50% Sliderole of social 47 media has been overplayed when explaining the rise of Donald Trump compared with the part played by supportive television networks like Fox News.

MAIN SOURCE OF NEWS BY POPULIST ATTITUDES – USA

BRAZIL Populist Non-Populist 50% 52 37 45 45 O Antagonista 19 22 36 Rede Brasil Atual 12 19 25% Brasil 247 10 Diário do Centro 17 18 18 do Mundo 8 11 Awareness Crítica Nacional 5 7 7 Usage 4 6 15 0% Rádio Vox 5 TV Social media Radio Print Online (inc. social) 0% 25% 50% Q4. You say you’ve used these sources of news in the last week, which would you say is your MAIN source of news? Base: All with populist/non-populist attitudes that used a source of news in the last week: USA = 1012/823. Note. See section 2.3 for how we identified populist attitudes.

Populists in the United States are no less or more likely to use NORWAY social media as a main source when compared with non-populists. However, they are more likely to share and distribute news in 24 social media and take part in groups about news and politics. Resett 7 They tend to prefer Facebook, whereas non-populists gravitate Human Rights Service 24 /HRS 4 towards Twitter. 22 Document.no 6 We also find that in most countries (eg United States, Spain) 17 left–right perspectives still have a bigger impact on media choices Minerva 2 than populist attitudes. But it is a different story in Germany and 13 Sweden. Later in this report we explore this subject in more detail Breitbart 1 and map media usage against both dimensions. 7 Awareness Radikalportal 2 Usage 4 Fria Tider 1 For further analysis see section 2.3: 0% 25% 50% The Rise of Populism and the Consequences Q5c_2018_1/2. In recent years a number of online news sites have emerged with their content for News and Media Use often distributed via social media. Which, if any, of the following have you heard of/used in the last week? Base: Total sample: Sweden = 2007, Brazil = 2013, Norway = 2013. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 26

NEWS AVOIDANCE AND NEWS OVERLOAD BREXIT BLUES

In a world that feels increasingly uncertain, polarisation, In the UK, news avoidance has grown 11 percentage points mainly misinformation, and low trust may not be the only issues facing due to frustration over the intractable and polarising nature of the news industry. In our data this year we find that almost a Brexit. Here, over half (58%) of respondents said the news had a third (32%) say they actively avoid the news – 3 points more than negative impact on their mood, while four in ten (40%) said there when we last asked this question in 2017. This may be because the was nothing they felt they could do to influence events. When world has become a more depressing place or because the media REUTERSasked about INSTITUTE the type FOR ofTHE news STUDY avoided, OF JOURNALISM more than / FURTHER two-thirds ANALYSIS coverage tends to be relentlessly negative – or a mix of the two. (71%) cited Brexit coverage, followed by other types of politics REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide(35%), and 49 then sports news (28%). The majority of open-ended News avoidance is highest in Croatia (56%), Turkey (55%), and responses also mentioned frustration or sadness over Brexit. SlideGreece (54%). 48 It is lowest in Japan (11%) where reading the news is often seen as a duty. REASONS FOR AVOIDING THE NEWS – UK

PROPORTION THAT OFTEN OR SOMETIMES ACTIVELY Negative impact on my mood 58 AVOIDS THE NEWS – ALL MARKETS I don't feel there is anything I can do 40 CRO 56 TUR 55 Can't rely on it to be true 34 GRE 54 Disturbs concentration 11 BGR 46 45 ARG Takes too much time 11 CHL 42 POL 41 Leads to arguments 11 USA 41 Graphic images upset me 11 ROU 40 MEX 37 0% 25% 50% 75% ZAF 37 ITA 36 UK 35 +11% HUN 35 BRA 34 71% of avoiders are trying FRA 33 to avoid Brexit news SPA 33 IRE 32 POR 31 Q1dii_2017. Which, if any, of the following are reasons why AUT 30 you actively try to avoid news? Base: All who actively avoid the SVK 30 news: UK = 1263. Note: Data from 29 separate follow-up fieldwork MYS conducted 11-12 February 2019. NLD 29 AUS 29 CAN 29 Those who voted to remain in the EU, including the young and those BEL 27 in London, were more likely to avoid the news and more likely to SUI 26 say that news has a negative impact on their mood. CZE 25 GER 25 “Although I do watch the political news avidly, I made +3 a new resolution to stop as it has a negative effect on KOR 24 my mood as I feel powerless to change anything.” SGP 22 SWE 22 Female 55+, UK TWN 21 32% Avoid the news Leave voters were more likely to avoid the news because they 21 NOR often or sometimes can’t rely on the news to be true. In many cases this is because HK 20 (29% in 2017) they believe that the news is biased or partial in some way. FIN 17 DEN 15 “Brexit has been rammed down our throats for a couple JPN 11 of years plus most of them are biased towards us staying in the EU.” 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Male 55+, UK Q1di_2017. Do you find yourself actively trying to avoid news these days? Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER26 ANALYSIS/ 27 Slide 50 Slide 52

REASONS FOR AVOIDING NEWS AMONGST REMAIN PROPORTION THAT AGREED WITH EACH ATTITUDE AND LEAVE VOTERS – UK TOWARDS THE NEWS – ALL MARKETS

75% Remain voters Leave voters The news media keeps me up to date with what’s going on 65

50% 62% 47 The news media helps me understand 43 41 38 the news of the day 25% 30 51% The news media monitors and scrutinises powerful people and businesses 0% News has negative I don't feel there is Can't rely on the impact on my mood anything I can do about it news to be true 42%

Q15_2019_1/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: the Q1dii_2017. Which, if any, of the following are reasons why you actively try to avoid news? news media monitors and scrutinises powerful people and businesses/the news media keeps Base: Remain/Leave voters who actively avoid the news: UK = 999/829. Note: Data from separate me up to date with what’s going on/the news media helps me understand the news of the day. follow-up fieldwork conducted 11-12 February 2019. Base: Total sample = 75,749.

There are interesting country differences in terms of these NEWS OVERLOAD attributes. News organisations in rich, Northern European Others still (28%) agree that there is too much news these days, REUTERScountries INSTITUTE like Finland FOR THE (51%) STUDY and OF Norway JOURNALISM (51%) / FURTHER tend to ANALYSIS have the which partly reflects the way in which constant news updates Slidebest reputation 53 for holding the rich and powerful to account. and different perspectives can make it hard to know what is really By contrast, media in nations such as Hungary (20%) and Japan going on. A common complaint is that users are bombarded with (17%) are seen to be doing a poor job in this regard. multiple versions of the same story or of the same alert. ‘[There is] too much conflicting and confusing news’, said one respondent PROPORTION THAT AGREED THE NEWS MEDIA MONITORS REUTERSto our UK INSTITUTE survey. PerceptionFOR THE STUDY of overloadOF JOURNALISM is highest / FURTHER in the ANALYSIS United AND SCRUTINISES POWERFUL PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES – States (40%), where even the president adds to the noise with SELECTED MARKETS Slideregular tweets. 51 It is lower in countries with a smaller number of publishers like Denmark (20%) and the Czech Republic (16%).

28% BEST REPUTATION WORST REPUTATION WORN OUT by the amount of news these days Finland 51% Japan 17% Norway 51% Hungary 20% EVALUATIONS OF THE NEWS MEDIA Portugal 51% Korea 21% Canada 49% Taiwan 30% In this age of greater turbulence, complexity, abundance, and Also USA 45% competition, how is the news media doing in meeting expectations of its role in society? Q15_2019_1/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: the news media monitors and scrutinises powerful people and businesses. Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. This year we asked respondents to evaluate the performance in five areas: whether they think the news media focuses on the right topics, helps them properly understand current events, Even in countries with the highest reputation we find a significant keeps them up to date, uses the right positive/negative tone, and gap between journalists’ own perceptions about how well they does a good job of monitoring and scrutinising the powerful. are doing their job and the views of news consumers. Further Across all countries, most people agree that the news media international comparisons are explored later in this report. keeps them up to date with what’s happening (62%), but only For further analysis see section 2.4: What do People Think about half (51%) say news media help them understand the news. Just the News Media? four in ten (42%) think that the news media does a good job in its watchdog role – scrutinising powerful people and holding them to account. These qualities of explanation and scrutiny are at the very core of the mission of journalism in many countries, and these scores speak directly to declining trust in the news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 28

Looking at the two other dimensions in our survey, we find These themes around the negativity of the news media also came surprisingly little criticism of the media’s agenda-setting role, with out strongly in our in-depth interviews with young people this year in only a minority (25%) feeling that the topics selected are not the US and UK. In the US, the idea of negativity was often associated relevant to their lives. There seems to be more of a problem with with perceptions that a negative or unfair agenda was being the tone taken by the news media to those stories. Four in ten pursued by a publication (against Donald Trump or Serena Williams (39%) think that the news media take too negative a view of events. for example). In the UK, many of our interviewees felt that some This is a complex statistic to interpret, not least because a difficult (popular) media outlets simply had an unconstructive mindset: or ‘negative’ press is often the flip side of robust scrutiny. It may be no coincidence, for example, that a country like Singapore has the “The Daily Mail. They are always on social media, least negative media (22%) but also scores poorly in term of robust trying to make someone look bad.” scrutiny (32%). But elsewhere it is interesting to note that many Ellie, 18–20, UK countries that have the best reputation for holding the powerful “News is a major negative and has a huge impact on REUTERSto account INSTITUTE (Finland, FOR Netherlands) THE STUDY OF are JOURNALISM also seen / as FURTHER least negative ANALYSIS (23%). Equally, many countries where the news media have a everyone who watches it. There is never any positive Slidepoor watchdog 54 record are seen as having the most negative press or happy news.” (Greece 59%, Bulgaria 52%). Female, 24–35, UK

PROPORTION THAT THINK THE MEDIA IS OFTEN TOO BROKEN NEWS? NEGATIVE – ALL MARKETS Along with the earlier evidence that some people are avoiding the 59 GRE news or are worn out by the amount of news, these kinds of data 52 CHL have fuelled new initiatives around ‘slow news’ (De Correspondent, BGR 52 Zetland, Republik, Tortoise Media,) and constructive or solutions- CRO 51 based journalism (HuffPo, BBC World Hacks). The founders of these ROU 50 REUTERSinitiatives INSTITUTE argue FOR thatTHE STUDY traditional OF JOURNALISM news models / FURTHER and ANALYSIS approaches are ARG 49 broken and they are looking to respond with more meaningful, POR 49 Slideinclusive, 55 and less relentlessly negative coverage – often developed MEX 48 ZAF 47 in closer collaboration with audiences. BRA 47 UK 47 AUS 44 USA 43 POL 43 SVK 43 KOR 42 AUT 42 FRA 42 SUI 41 TWN 39 ITA 39 TUR 39 HUN 38 NOR 36 CAN 36 SPA 36 IRE 36 CZE 34 GER 32 32 MYS At the same time, other media companies are looking to 31 BEL respond to the gap identified here between updatedness and 29 DEN understanding. Vox Media has built a formidable reputation JPN 29 for explanatory journalism, an approach that works particularly SWE 27 39% well with younger people looking to understand complex HK 25 say media often issues. Many traditional media companies have adopted NLD 23 take too negative a similar approaches (BBC Reality Check). FIN 23 view of events 22 SGP Others are looking to attract young people through a less traditional agenda, often using new formats and voices Q15_2019_3. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: The news media often takes too negative view of events. Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. (BuzzFeed, Vice). 28 / 29

14 UK 5 In terms of location, younger people are more likely to access PIVOT TO AUDIO PICKS UP PACE 12 podcasts when out and about, whileUSA older groups 4often listen in Podcasts have been around for many years but these episodic digital bed when having difficulty sleeping, as well as when walking the 11 CAN REUTERSaudio files INSTITUTE appear FORto be THE reaching STUDY OFcritical JOURNALISM mass as / FURTHERa consequence ANALYSIS of dog or doing the chores at home. 4 better content and easier distribution. Over a third of our combined 10 AUT Slidesample (36%) 56 now say they have consumed a podcast in the last But the age of innocence could be over as money3 starts to trickle month, with almost one in six (15%) saying they have consumed into podcasts. Advertising is becoming more intrusive; Spotify 9 KOR 2 one about news, politics, or international news. and other platforms have started to pay for exclusive premium 8 content (blockbusters), and publishersAUS like Politiken3 have started PROPORTION THAT USED A PODCAST LAST MONTH – to restrict two or three of their daily briefings to subscribers7 only. SELECTED MARKETS This new money has brought moreGER professional2 content and higher production values, but some fear that the purity and authenticity7 of 53 IRE KOR the podcast experience could be lost in the process.3 SPA 39 5 SPA 2 IRE 37 For further analysis see section 2.6: Podcasts: Who, Why, What, 4 USA 35 +2 and Where? FRA 2 35 SWE 4 POR 34 SGP 1 AUT 32 +5 USAGE OF VOICE-ACTIVATED SPEAKERS3 DOUBLES NLD NOR 31 AGAIN, BUT NEWS USAGE REMAINS1 DISAPPOINTING ITA 30 3 SWE 1 SUI 30 Audio prospects may be further boosted by the rapid adoption of 3 29 CAN voice-activated speakers such asNOR the Amazon1 Echo and Google AUS 27 Home. Reach for any purpose has grown from 7% to 14% in the FIN 26 +2 UK over the last year, from 9% to 12% in the United States, and FRA 25 from 5% to 9% in high-tech Korea. However, the proportion using DEN 24 36% REUTERSsmart speakers INSTITUTE for FOR news THE is STUDY declining OF JOURNALISM as mainstream / FURTHER audiences ANALYSIS BEL 23 +3 accessed a podcast come on stream. Less than four in ten access any news via their JPN 23 in the last month Slidedevice in an 58 average week in the US (35%) and UK (39%) and just (34% in 2018) GER 21 a quarter in Germany (27%) and South Korea (25%). NLD 21 +3 UK 21 +3 PROPORTION THAT USED A SMART SPEAKER FOR 0% 25% 50% ANY PURPOSE/FOR NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK – Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, subscribe, SELECTED MARKETS or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month?Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000. 14 Any purpose UK 5 For news 12 The Guardian, Washington Post, Politiken, AftenPosten, The Economist, USA 4 and the Financial Times are amongst dozens of publishers to have 11 CAN launched daily podcasts in the last year. This follows the runaway 4 success of the Daily from the New York Times, which has around 5m 10 AUT 3 daily listeners, is rebroadcast on public radio, and is about to get 9 a video spin-off series. Meanwhile the BBC has rebranded its on- KOR 2 demand radio app as BBC Sounds to reflect the shift to on-demand 8 AUS consumption and the growing interest of the podcast generation. 3 7 USA 14% GER UK 12% In the UK, younger age groups, who spend much of their lives 2 plugged into smartphones, are four times more likely to listen 7 IRE 3 to podcasts than over 55s – and much less likely to listen to 5 traditional speech radio. Under 35s consume half of all podcasts SPA 2 4% despite making up around a third of the total adult population. 4 2% FRA 2 2017 2018 2019 The core appeal of podcasts is the ease of use, and the ability to listen 4 SGP while doing something else. But for younger users podcasts also 1 provide more authentic voices and the control and choice they’ve 3 NLD 1 become used to. 3 SWE 1 “With radio you can’t control what shows are on, 3 whereas podcasts you can.” NOR 1 Mark, 31–35, US Q8A/B. Which, if any, of the following devices do you ever use for any purpose/for news in the “You’re not actively searching something or reading last week. Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000. a screen. You’re letting it wash over you.” Chloe, 31–35, UK

14% 12%

4% 2%

2017 2018 2019 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 30

Over the last year, both Google and Amazon have launched in VIDEO NEWS CHANGING SHAPE a range of new markets including India, Spain, Mexico, and a number of Nordic countries. Video is a case of platform power writ large. Most video news consumption takes place on Facebook (32%) and YouTube (26%), Amazon still has a dominant position in the US, UK, and Germany where the context and monetisation rules are set by the tech REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS but Google leads in a number of markets where it launched first, companies. Over the last year Facebook has become a little REUTERSincluding INSTITUTE Australia FOR and THE Canada. STUDY OF Devices JOURNALISM with screens / FURTHER like ANALYSIS the Slideless important 60 for news video, with other platforms like Twitter, Amazon Show and Spot have so far made little impact, with our Instagram, and Snapchat becoming a little more important (+3). Slideresearch suggesting 59 that the last thing most consumers want is more screens in their lives. OFFSITE VS ONSITE NEWS VIDEO CONSUMPTION – ALL MARKETS PROPORTION OF SMART SPEAKER OWNERS THAT USE EACH DEVICE – USA AND AUSTRALIA 75%

Net share

Amazon: 75% | Google: 27% | With Screen: 15% 50% 52 Facebook 32% Amazon Echo, Dot Google Home, Mini 35 YouTube 26% 69% 23% 25% 32 Others 17% Due to overlaps, figures do not add up to 52 0% Consumed no Consumed Consumed news-related news-related news-related videos in the video onsite video o site last week

Q11_VIDEO_2018a. Thinking about consuming online news video (of any kind) over the last week, which of the following did you do? Base: Total sample = 75,749, UK = 2023, Hong Kong = 2056, Turkey = 2074. Amazon Show, Spot Google Home Hub 5% 11% Apple HomePod 3% Short form video (straight news clips or crafted with music and subtitles) remains the most popular format for news but this has Net share become increasingly hard for publishers to monetise. Facebook Amazon: 15% | Google: 86% | With Screen: 13% has switched its focus towards longer, scripted current affairs shows for Facebook Watch. Netflix and HBO have now joined the Amazon Echo, Dot Google Home, Mini REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS competition for this longer form content with significant amounts 13% 78% of moneySlide changing 61 hands. Explained from the US publisher Vox is one long-form news series that has been recommissioned by Netflix for a second series.

Amazon Show, Spot 4% Google Home Hub (Screen)

Apple HomePod 5% 12%

Q8C_2019. You say you have a smart speaker, which of the following models do you ever use? Base: USA = 273, Australia = 161.

It is worth pointing out that more than a third (35%) of our The issue of platform power is likely to become an increasingly combined sample does not consume any online news video in an important issue for publishers over the next year as Google and average week, a figure that rises to 54% in the UK and Germany. Amazon look to provide more aggregated news services in voice. Platforms like YouTube have become an important centre of But many are wary about helping to build value for platforms – opposition media in Turkey, with 83% of our urban sample saying again – without any path to monetisation. they have consumed news via offsite platforms. The vast majority (68%), across all countries, still say they prefer to consume news in text, though a significant minority of under 35s (13%) say they prefer to consume news in video. 30 / 31

CONCLUSION A number of media companies are unlikely to make this difficult transition. Many news publishers are stuck in a vicious cycle This year’s report sees the news industry at yet another crossroads. of declining revenue and regular cost cutting, as illustrated Publishers are pushing hard to distinguish high-quality journalism within our country page section this year. We also find some from the mass of information that is now published on the internet – governments – increasingly alarmed by market failure, especially and more and more of them are looking to charge for that difference. in local news and investigative journalism – considering using Some traditional brands may be helped by concerns about public money and other measures to support pubic interest misinformation, which mean that people are once again paying journalism. Elsewhere, we find authoritarian-minded politicians more attention to ‘reputable’ brands – even as others continue looking at the weakness of commercial media as an opportunity to complain about media bias and negativity. There is no sign to capture or unduly influence the media. These trends continue that the majority of people are about to pay for online news, to play out at different paces in different places with no single although many recognise that information on the internet path to success. Media users all over the world continue to flock is often overwhelming and confusing. Younger audiences in to digital websites and platforms, and engage with many kinds particular don’t want to give up instant, frictionless (and ideally of journalism online and offline. But we are still some way from free) access to range of diverse voices and opinions. They don’t finding sustainable digital business models for most publishers. want to go back to how the media used to be.

Some of the biggest brands have already shown they are able to attract a large number of paying subscribers, but the road ahead will be more challenging for other publishers. Loyalty and the ability to forge direct connections will be critical, as our data clearly indicate, but this will be hard to achieve just through the desktop or mobile web where news access tends to be fleeting and distracted. That’s why publishers are showing such interest in podcasts, longer form video, and even live events – more immersive formats that allow a brand personality to be expressed more fully while maintaining the choice and control demanded by a younger generation.

Wider changes are also in the air as subscription-based bundled businesses like Netflix, Spotify, Amazon (and now Apple) edge into the news market. Even Facebook has floated the idea of a dedicated news tab where content might be paid.14 But the relationship with these subscription players is unlikely to be any easier than with existing ad-focused models we’ve been used to. Platforms will want to take a substantial cut in revenue in return for distribution and will ultimately own the relationship with the customer. Established forms of distributed discovery like search and social media continue to be important, but newer platform products and services such as private messaging, mobile aggregators, and voice systems are starting to make an impact too. It is a crucial question whether publishers can in fact use these new platform services in ways that are mutually beneficial and deliver sustainable returns for publishers.

Despite the greater opportunities for paid content, it is likely that most commercial news provision will remain free at the point of use, dependent on low margin advertising, a market where big tech platforms hold most of the cards. This is where competition for attention will be most acute, where journalistic reputation will be most at risk, and where diversified revenue streams and smart strategies will be most critical for survival.

14 ‘Facebook may pay publishers to put their stuff in a dedicated news section’ (Recode, 1 Apr. 2019) https://www.recode.net/2019/4/1/18290330/facebook-news-tab-mark-zuckerberg- license-fee-axel-springer-mathias-dopfner Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 32 32 / 33

Section 2 Further Analysis and International Comparison

Richard Fletcher Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Antonis Kalogeropoulos Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Nic Newman Senior Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 34

2.1 Paying for News and the Limits of Subscription Richard Fletcher Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

This year’s survey finds only a small increase in THE MOVE TO ONGOING PAYMENTS

the numbers paying for any online news. However, Although there has been only a small increase in the numbers growth in the number of paid subscribers for paying for any online news, one positive development is that publications like the New York Times, the FT, and most payments are now ‘ongoing’ payments. This includes news access that is bundled with a subscription to the print Mediapart, as well as the success of alternative product, or something different like cable or broadband, as well models like the Guardian’s membership scheme, as straightforward subscriptions that allow people to go beyond have demonstrated that reader revenues provide the paywall. At the same time, one-off payments have stagnated, an alternative to the digital advertising most online despite the introduction of micropayment platforms like Blendle. news media have historically relied on – advertising This has been encouraging for many news organisations worried that is primarily going to large platform companies. about their digital future. But it is important to keep in mind that the numbers of people paying for news subscriptions is still low – Yet difficult challenges remain. Some in the news business lower than the number that currently pay for print (either through worry that, even though subscriber numbers remain low by single purchases or subscriptions) in many cases. some standards, we might already be close to reaching an upper limit. Others fear the emergence of ‘subscription fatigue’, where people become frustrated by being asked to pay for multiple UPPER LIMITS FOR ONGOING SUBSCRIPTIONS services separately. Will only the largest and most prominent Why do only a minority pay for online news? In our 2017 report news outlets survive, and how will they fare when forced to we explored the individual motivations, but willingness to pay compete with entertainment services like Netflix and Spotify? for news is also determined by the structure of the news media For those outside the news business, the issues are different. In environment. Our previous research has shown that the majority a world of hard paywalls, will a sharp divide between those who of online news in Europe – except for that offered by national are willing and able to pay for online news, and those who are legacy newspaper publishers – is free at the point of consumption not, create information inequalities? Will we start to see growing (Cornia et al. 2017). If most online news is free, payment figures will likely always be low. differencesREUTERS INSTITUTE between FOR THEthe STUDYinformation-rich OF JOURNALISM and / FURTHERthe information- ANALYSIS poor? In many ways these are questions about the future, but theSlide data we 1 have now can provide an indication of what might lie ahead.

PROPORTION THAT MADE AN ONGOING NEWS PAYMENT IN THE LAST YEAR – SELECTED MARKETS

40% Other payment Ongoing payment

26 20% 22

14 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 0% NOR SWE HK USA ZAFSGPMEXFIN AUS MYS BELIRENLDTWNPOLDEN SPA ROU SUI AUT UK KOR GERFRACAN ITA ARG JPNGRECHL SVK BGRHUNPORCZE CRO

Q7ai. Which, if any, of the following ways have you used to pay for ONLINE news content in the last year?Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005. Note. Ongoing payment refers to digital-only payments, print-digital bundles, and getting access to digital news when paying for something else (eg broadband). REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER34 ANALYSIS/ 35 Slide 3

Another way of approaching this issue is to ask roughly how NUMBER OF NEWS ORGANISATIONS THAT PEOPLE REGULARLY often people click on a link, expecting to read an article, and PAY MONEY TO, BY INCOME, EDUCATION, AND INTEREST IN instead find that they are asked to pay for a subscription. The next NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS chart shows the proportion of online news users that encounter a High household Degree Extremely paywall less than once a week – a group that currently has little or income holders interested in news 60% no motivation to start paying. It is probably no coincidence that in 56 55 countries like Norway and Sweden, where paying for news is most 54 widespread, just 20% and 25% respectively do not regularly see 45%

paywallsREUTERS INSTITUTE for news. FOR In much THE STUDY of Western OF JOURNALISM Europe / and FURTHER the US, ANALYSIS the figure is around 40%. In Japan, where most news is free due to the 30% Slidepopularity 2of aggregators, 60% regularly consume news without 26 28 27 bumping into a paywall. 15% 10 10 10 PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY SEE A PAYWALL LESS THAN 4 2 2 4 1 2 4 2 4 0% ONCE A WEEK – SELECTED MARKETS 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+

60% 60 Q7_SUBS. You say you have paid a subscription or made an ongoing donation to a digital news service in the last year. How many different news providers do you regularly pay money to? 51 Base: High household income/degree holders/extremely interested in news: 1222/1596/1274. 45% 46 46 47 47 44 44 45 45 41 42 39 37 38 This is amplified by concerns over what some call ‘subscription 30% 30 31 fatigue’ – the idea that people are becoming frustrated with being 25 26 asked to pay separately for lots of different services online. If 20 subscription fatigue does start to set in, there are signs that news 15% might be badly affected. We asked people what online media subscription they would pick if they could have only one for the 0% next 12 months. Just 12% said they would pick news, compared to UK ITA IRE SUI FIN JPN SPA BEL FRA AUS POL AUT USA GER POR NLD CAN DEN SWE NOR 28% that would choose a video streaming service like Netflix, and nearly one-third (31%) who would pick nothing. This means that, Q7_SUBS3. How often do you click on a link, expecting to read an article, and find yourself hypothetically, over three-quarters (76%) of people that currently asked to pay for a subscription instead? Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000. pay for online news would stop paying if they would only have one online media subscription for the next year.

SUBSCRIPTION FATIGUE? That number is even higher among younger people. They are less likely to say they would not pay for anything, but also less likely This gives a sense of the upper limit for the size of the group that to say they would keep news specifically if forced to choose. Just will pay. But for some, the question of whether people will ever 7% of under 45s would pick news over everything else for the next pay for an online news subscription has evolved into a question year,REUTERS compared INSTITUTE to FOR15% THE of those STUDY 45 OF and JOURNALISM over. It is / clearFURTHER from ANALYSIS the next about how many subscriptions people will pay for. As stated in the chart that news is a more important part of the mix for older users, Executive Summary, for the time being, the answer appears to Slidebut also that 4 younger people value a broader range of online media, be ‘one’. The average (median) number of news subscriptions per including gaming and dating services. person among those that pay is one in almost every country. Nothing But perhaps more importantly, the average almost never exceeds IF YOU COULD ONLY HAVE ONE MEDIA SUBSCRIPTION FOR THE Online dating NEXT YEAR, WHICH WOULD YOU HAVE? – SELECTED MARKETS Storage one, regardless of what group you look at. Even among those who 7% Online gaming News Nothing Sport are most interested in news, the wealthiest, or the most educated, Under 45 Online dating Music streaming Storage most people only pay money to one news organisation. This Video streaming 7% Online gaming point matters because, depending on the way subscriptions are News News Sport Nothing distributed among different publishers, it may mean that only a Music streaming Online dating 45 or over Video streaming small handful of those that are currently available will be able to Storage News 15% Online gaming attract enough paying subscribers to survive. Nothing News Sport Online dating Music streaming It is also important to keep in mind that news is just one of many News Video Music Sport Online Storage Online Nothing Storage Video streaming 15% streaming streaming gaming dating Online gaming forms of online media that people are now being asked to subscribe News News Sport to. Some worry that news is expected to compete with online video Q_VALUE_2019_A. If you could only have one for the next 12 months, which one of the Music streaming streaming like Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, music streaming following would you choose? Base: Under 45s/Over 45s: selected markets = 1760/2165. Video streaming services like Spotify, as well as a range of other subscription offers. News REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 6

AVERAGE TRUST SCORES OF PEOPLE’S NEWS DIETS – SELECTED MARKETS

6.73 Norway 6.71

6.63 Denmark 6.57

6.08 UK 6.12 6.73 Norway 6.036.71 Spain 6.02 6.63 Denmark 5.976.57 Germany 5.9 6.08 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 UK 36 5.926.12 Czech Republic 5.93 6.03 Spain 5.436.02 USA Pays 5.29 Does not pay PAYWALLS AND INFORMATION INEQUALITIES Of course, it could still be the case that5.97 people who rely on free Germany 0 2 4 6 8 10 sources are on average consuming lower5.9 quality news. Making Subscription fatigue, and the limits of pay models for news more judgements about news quality is always challenging, but here Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed5.92 a paid for ONLINE news service in the 0.25 broadly, will continue to pose a serious challenge for the news welast year? can Q6_2018_trust. use our brand How trusttrustworthy scores would (see you say Country news from Pages the following section) brands is? CzechPlease use Republic the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. business. Meanwhile, others are concerned about whether the asBase: an Paid/did imperfect not pay for proxy online news in the in the absence last year: USA of5.93 = 335/1572, a widely Czech agreed-upon Republic = 152/1770, continued growth of pay models will create an unequal news alternativeGermany = 160/1788, measure. Spain = 214/1725, If we UK compare = 174/1800, Denmark the average = 303/1639, brand Norway =trust 696/1227. score 5.43 0.15 environment, where those willing to pay for news get good-quality 6.73 of the NorwaynewsUSA diets of those who pay with those who don’t, we see 5.29 6.71 information, and those that are not will make do with news almost no differences – even across countries with very different designed to harvest people’s attention. media systems.0 2 46.63 6 8 10 Denmark 6.57 0.05 This is sometimes described using the metaphors like the ‘two-tier 6.08 news environment’. Our data show this can be a little misleading, AVERAGEUK TRUST SCORES OF PEOPLE’S6.12 NEWS DIETS – however, because it implies a clear separation between paying SELECTED MARKETS -0.05 6.03 users and those that rely on free sources. In fact, because they have Spain 6.02 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 6.73 much higher levels of interest in the news, paying users consume Norway 5.976.71 -0.15 news from both sides of the paywall – and in most cases are heavier Germany Slide 5 5.96.63 users of free sources than those who don’t pay. The chart provides Denmark 5.926.57 evidence of this pattern in the UK. Czech Republic 5.936.08 -0.25 UK UK Czech Spain Norway Denmark Germany USA 5.436.12 PROPORTION THAT USED EACH SOURCE OF ONLINE NEWS Republic USA 5.29 IN THE LAST WEEK – UK 6.03 Spain 0 2 4 6.02 6 8 10 61 5.97 BBC 50 Germany 5.9 31 5.92 Guardian 14 Czech Republic 5.93 24 Times 5 5.43 Pays USA 5.29 20 Does not pay Sky 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 20 Telegraph 6 Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? Q6_2018_trust. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? 16 Please use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Mail Base: Paid/did not pay for online news in the last year: USA = 335/1572, Czech Republic = 152/1770, 16 Germany = 160/1788, Spain = 214/1725, UK = 174/1800, Denmark = 303/1639, Norway = 696/1227. 16 HuPost 11 15 This is partly because those that pay continue to consume online Sun 9 news from sources that most people do not trust. But it is also 15 likely to be due to the fact that many countries – even those such MSN 8 asREUTERS Norway INSTITUTE where paywalls FOR THE STUDY are common OF JOURNALISM – still have / FURTHER trusted ANALYSIS sources 14 that are free at the point of consumption. Indeed, the most trusted BuzzFeed Slide 7 7 news source in many European countries is the public broadcaster, 14 which is often heavily used by payers and non-payers alike. Metro 6 14 Mirror 8 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVERAGE TRUST SCORES OF THOSE THAT PAY FOR NEWS AND THOSE THAT DO NOT – SELECTED 12 MARKETS ITV 5 12 0.25 Significant difference FT 2 11 0.15 Express 5 0.04 11 0.05 0.01 Lad Bible 5 -0.01 -0.02 -0.05 10 -0.06 Independent 6 -0.07 8 Pays -0.15 -0.14 Local paper 9 Does not pay 8 -0.25 UK Czech Spain Norway Denmark Germany USA Yahoo! 5 Republic

0% 25% 50% 75% Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? Q6_2018_trust. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Q5B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last week? Please use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service Base: Paid/did not pay for online news in the last year: USA = 335/1572, Czech Republic = 152/1770, in the last year? Base: Paid/did not pay for online news in the last year: UK = 174/1800. Germany = 160/1788, Spain = 214/1725, UK = 174/1800, Denmark = 303/1639, Norway = 696/1227. 0.25

0.15

0.05

-0.05

-0.15

-0.25 UK Czech Spain Norway Denmark Germany USA Republic

36 / 37

This may be why the USA – which has relatively weak public service media – was the only country we analysed where the news diets of those that do not pay have on average a significantly lower trust score (-0.14 on the 0–10 scale) than for those who pay (grey shading indicates no significant difference).

Indeed, if we remove public service media from the analysis, we see that a significant gap emerges in Norway (-0.03), Denmark (-0.15), and, most noticeably of all, the UK (-0.23). This could be read to suggest that the reason we do not currently see large differences between the news diets of those who pay and those who don’t is because they are smoothed out by the fact that many of those that don’tREUTERS pay INSTITUTE can get trusted FOR THE news STUDY from OF JOURNALISM public service / FURTHER media. ANALYSIS This suggestsSlide that, 8 as paywalls become more commonplace, public service media will be especially important for keeping information inequalities low.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVERAGE TRUST SCORES OF THOSE THAT PAY FOR NEWS AND THOSE THAT DO NOT (PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA EXCLUDED) – SELECTED MARKETS

0.25 Significant difference

0.15 0.08 0.05

-0.01 -0.05 -0.03 -0.09 -0.15 -0.15 -0.14

-0.25 -0.23 UK Czech Spain Norway Denmark Germany USA Republic

Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? Q6_2018_trust. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Please use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Paid/did not pay for online news in the last year: USA = 335/1572, Czech Republic = 152/1770, Germany = 160/1788, Spain = 214/1725, UK = 174/1800, Denmark = 303/1639, Norway = 696/1227. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 38

2.2 Groups and Private Networks – Time Well Spent? Antonis Kalogeropoulos Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

The number of people accessing news via social These changes will likely alter the nature of political discussion media is now relatively stable in most countries. online. Some academic research has found that political talk on private messaging apps has beneficial outcomes, such as However, the relationship between news and social increasing political participation (Vaccari and Valeriani 2018). media continues to evolve. Facebook has stated Yet at the same time, investigations in India and Brazil have that private messaging, ephemeral stories, and linked WhatsApp groups to the spread of political propaganda, misinformation, and hate speech.16 Others worry that the use small groups are now among the fastest growing of private groups might create echo chambers that reinforce areas of online communication, and has refocused existingREUTERS INSTITUTEviews and FOR further THE STUDY polarisation OF JOURNALISM in society. / FURTHER In the ANALYSIS light its strategy on privacy and encryption. of these concerns we were keen to understand more about how FacebookSlide and10 WhatsApp groups are being used – and more Our own research shows that people are spending less time about the people who access them regularly. with relatively open networks like Facebook and more time with more private messaging applications like WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger,REUTERS INSTITUTE Viber, andFOR THETelegram. STUDY OF They JOURNALISM are also /using FURTHER them ANALYSIS more heavilySlide for 9news. In this section, we explore this shift towards private spaces for news consumption and discussion, and the implications this has for publishers and for society.

PROPORTION THAT USE EACH MESSAGING APP FOR NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS

Yellow Vest protests in France were in part co-ordinated through a series of private and public ‘anger groups’ WhatsApp Messenger Viber for news for news for news Brazil 53% (+5) Greece 25% (+3) Greece 17% (+3) THE EXTENT OF GROUPS IN WHATSAPP Malaysia 50% (-4) Poland 22% (+9) Bulgaria 16% (+2) AND FACEBOOK South Africa 49% Belgium 12% (+4) Croatia 13% (+1) Hong Kong 41% (+3) USA 9% (+2) Looking at nine countries with different levels of social media activity – US, UK, Spain, Ireland, Turkey, Malaysia, Australia, Q12b. Which, if any, of the following have you used for news in the last week? Base: Total sample Canada, and Brazil – we find that the majority of Facebook and in each market ≈ 2000. WhatsApp users are members of one or more active groups. Two-thirds (63%) of Facebook users, and three-quarters (76%) of WhatsApp users, say they used a group during the month CONTEXT COLLAPSE leading up in the survey. Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg acknowledges that not everyone About half of Facebook users (49%) and around three-quarters wants to reveal their secrets in the ‘digital equivalent of the town (72%) of WhatsApp users in these countries said they are part of square’. Across its networks Facebook is building features that groups with people they know well, such as friends, colleagues, facilitate more intimate conversations in smaller, private groups.15 and family. About half of Facebook and WhatsApp users (51% Within Facebook itself, group discussions have been prioritised and 46% respectively) are active members of groups that mostly within the newsfeed, and the discovery of new groups has include people they do not know. been improved.

15 https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/a-privacy-focused-vision-for-social-networking/10156700570096634/ 16 https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-brazil-election-whatsapp-explainer/facebooks-whatsapp-flooded-with-fake-news-in-brazil-election-idUKKCN1MU0UZ REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 38 / 39 Slide 11

PROPORTION THAT USED A GROUP ON FACEBOOK OR Other popular groups cover topics like health, education, and WHATSAPP IN THE LAST MONTH – SELECTED MARKETS parenting.REUTERS INSTITUTE Groups FOR set THE up toSTUDY discuss OF JOURNALISM news or politics / FURTHER are ANALYSIS used only by a small proportion of users of these platforms in the Facebook WhatsApp UKSlide and Spain 13 (8% of Facebook and 2% of WhatsApp users) 100% WhatsApp leads Facebook leads but these numbers do rise considerably in Turkey and Brazil. with private groups with public groups

75% 76 PROPORTION OF FACEBOOK AND WHATSAPP USERS THAT 72 ARE MEMBERS OF EACH GROUP – ALL NINE MARKETS 63 50% 25% 51 49 46 22 20% 25% 18 17 15% 15 14 0% 13 Any group Private groups Public groups 12 12 (with people (with people 10% I know well) I do not know) 7 7 5% Q12_2019_FB/WA. Facebook/WhatsApp allows you to set up, join, and participate in groups, where you can discuss news or related topics with like-minded people. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the past month on Facebook/WhatsApp itself? Base: Facebook/ 0% WhatsApp users: Nine countries = 12,975/9636. Note: This question was asked in USA, UK, Spain, Facebook WhatsApp Ireland, Turkey, Malaysia, Australia, Canada, and Brazil. Hobby group Local community group WhatsApp groups, as one might expect, are more focused on Health/education group private conversation with friends, family, and work colleagues. Parenting group By contrast, Facebook Groups tend to be more about sharing News or politics group experiences with people we know less well. Having said that, it is clear that WhatsApp is used very differently across countries with two basic models. The majority of WhatsApp users in Turkey Country Facebook groups WhatsApp groups (65%), Spain (40%), Malaysia (60%), and Brazil (58%) use groups to for news/politics for news/politics interact with people they don’t know. By contrast, only a minority Turkey 29% 21% ofREUTERS users inINSTITUTE Australia FOR (27%) THE STUDY and the OF JOURNALISMUK (12%) seem / FURTHER prepared ANALYSIS to useSlide WhatsApp 12 in this way. Countries like Brazil, with their bigger Brazil 22% 18% groups, seem to have been more prone to the spread of political Malaysia 17% 15% 17 misinformation and disinformation via WhatsApp. USA 14% 10%

Spain 13% 8%

PROPORTION THAT USE WHATSAPP GROUPS WITH PEOPLE UK 8% 2% THEY DON’T KNOW – SELECTED MARKETS Ireland 7% 4% 75% Canada 7% 8% 65 Australia 7% 6% 58 60 50% Q12_2019_FB/WA. Facebook/WhatsApp allows you to set up, join and participate in groups, where you can discuss news or related topics with like-minded people. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the past month on Facebook/WhatsApp itself. Base: Facebook/ 40 42 WhatsApp users: USA = 1356/185, UK = 1337/1007, Spain = 1450/1574, Ireland = 1300/1196, Turkey = 34 1479/1552, Malaysia = 1649/1693, Australia = 1426/435, Canada = 1449/314, Brazil = 1529/1680. 30 25% 27

12 0% NEWS GROUP USERS TEND TO BE MORE PARTISAN UK AUS IRE CAN SPA USA BRA MYS TUR What are the demographic characteristics of those that join Q12_2019_WA. WhatsApp allows you to set up, join, and participate in groups, where you can groups? In the end, people have to make a conscious decision to discuss news or related topics with like-minded people. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the past month on WhatsApp itself. Base: WhatsApp users: USA = 185, UK = 1007, Spain = become a member of a group, and this is reflected in their user 1574, Ireland = 1196, Turkey = 1552, Malaysia = 1693, Australia = 435, Canada = 314, Brazil = 1680. profile. Those that join Facebook or WhatsApp groups tend to be better educated and more politically committed, coming from the THE ROLE OF NEWS IN GROUPS far-right or the far-left rather than from the political centre.

The vast majority of Facebook or WhatsApp groups do not cover Other characteristics are more even. Men are slightly more likely news or politics. In both networks, our data indicate that the most to join a news group, with 16% of male Facebook users part of popular groups tend to be set up to discuss shared hobbies or news or political groups, compared to 12% of female users, passions (22% of Facebook users and 17% of WhatsApp users), and the same is broadly true of WhatsApp. followed by local community groups (18% of Facebook users and 15% of WhatsApp users).

17 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/25/brazil-president-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp-fake-news ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2019 ANALYSIS 40 Slide 14

PROPORTION OF FACEBOOK AND WHATSAPP USERS THAT ARE MEMBERS OF NEWS/POLITICS GROUPS BY EDUCATION AND POLITICAL LEANING – SELECTED MARKETS

BY EDUCATION Low Med High BY POLITICAL LEANING Left Centre Right Don’t Know 25% 25%

20% 20% 20 19 18 15% 17 15% 14 14 13 10% 12 10% 12 10 10 8 5% 5% 6 5

0% 0% Facebook WhatsApp Facebook WhatsApp

Q12_2019_FB/WA. Facebook/WhatsApp allows you to set up, join and participate in groups, where you can discuss news or related topics with like-minded people. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the past month on Facebook/WhatsApp itself. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Education. What is your highest level of education? Base: Low/medium/highly educated and left/centre/right/don’t know Facebook/WhatsApp users: selected countries = 1751/4783/6441 and 1164/2994/5478 2304/6986/1921/1764 and 1688/5443/1273/1232.

A key characteristic that distinguishes news group users from News group users also tend to have news diets that are quite the wider population in each country is that they are more likely distinctive. They are significantly more likely to use an alternative to say they trust the news they get from social media. In the UK, or partisan news source than those who do not use groups for around half of either WhatsApp or Facebook news groups trust news. In the UK almost a third (30%) of those participating in news from social (46%) compared with just 10% of the whole news groups within Facebook or WhatsApp use alternative or sample. We also find large differences between the national partisan brands, compared with just 7% for the overall sample. average and the users of groups related to news or politics in Brazil, Malaysia, and Spain. This suggests that, for the minority Even in Brazil, where there is higher use of alternative and thatREUTERS use INSTITUTEthem, the FOR news THE that STUDY these OF JOURNALISM groups serve / FURTHER up is an ANALYSIS partisan news brands (42% on a weekly basis), we can see importantSlide 15part of their overall news diet. that their reach is higher among members of Facebook and WhatsApp news groups (65%). However, it is also clear that news group users also rely on more mainstream outlets too. On average they use 7.1 online news sources in a typical week – around double the average number used by the whole sample PROPORTION THAT TRUSTS MOST NEWS FROM SOCIAL MEDIA REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS MOST OF THE TIME – SELECTED MARKETS acrossSlide these 17 nine countries (3.6). National average Members of news/politics groups on Facebook/WhatsApp

50% 50 PROPORTION THAT USED A PARTISAN OR ALTERNATIVE WEBSITE IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED MARKETS 46 National average 40 Members of news/politics groups on Facebook/WhatsApp 37 35 75% 32 31 65 25% 25 50% 46 19 18 43 42 14 25% 30 10 21 22

7 0% 0% USA Turkey Spain Malaysia Brazil UK UK Spain USA Brazil

Q12_2019_FB/WA. Facebook/WhatsApp allows you to set up, join, and participate in groups, Q12_2019_FB/WA. Facebook/WhatsApp allows you to set up, join, and participate in groups, where you can discuss news or related topics with like-minded people. Which, if any, of the where you can discuss news or related topics with like-minded people. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the past month on Facebook/WhatsApp itself? Q6_2018_2. following have you used in the past month on Facebook/WhatsApp itself? Q5c_2018_1/2. In Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: I think I can trust recent years a number of online news sites have emerged with their content often distributed news in social media most of the time. Base: Total sample/member of news/politics groups on via social media. Which, if any, of the following have you heard of/used in the last week? Base: Facebook or WhatsApp: UK = 2023/125, USA = 2012/197, Spain = 2005/243, Brazil = 2013/477, Turkey Total sample/member of news/politics groups on Facebook or WhatsApp: UK = 2023/125, USA = = 2074/549, Malaysia = 2101/380. 2012/197, Spain = 2005/243, Brazil = 2013/477. 40 / 41

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLISHERS

As groups have become more relevant, journalists have started to use them for sourcing and distributing stories. In authoritarian countries – where the traditional news media are often tightly controlled – journalists have used private groups in messaging appsREUTERS to spread INSTITUTE news FOR about THE STUDY protests OF JOURNALISM to key influencers. / FURTHER18 CondéANALYSIS Nast has invested in private Facebook groups for many of its Slidepublications 18 – including the New Yorker Movie Club, where some 28,000 members discuss films with the magazine’s critics.

Spaceship Media is a company in the US that moderates a number of ‘secret’ Facebook groups where strangers are invited to share thoughts and experiences about current affairs and broader topics – engaging in what they call ‘dialogue journalism’.19

Overall, we find that most active users of groups on Facebook and WhatsApp are not members of groups set up to discuss politics or news. Those who do are more likely to be male, highly educated, and partisan. They are also more likely to trust news they get from social media, and more likely to use many different news sources – including those that are alternative or partisan.

While these news diets may not be directly linked to their participation in groups, it is possible that regular interaction with like-minded people could play a role in reinforcing strongly held views. Lastly it should be noted that our analysis is focused on active users of groups set up to discuss politics or news. However, discussion around news and politics also happens regularly in groups about health, parenting, or local communities.

18 https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/foreign_correspondents_chat_apps_unrest.php 19 https://medium.com/@markfrankel29/journalists-have-an-open-invitation-to-an-interesting-and-under-used-beat-5c3d739e16ae Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 42

2.3 The Rise of Populism and the Consequences for News and Media Use Richard Fletcher Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

The political landscape of many Western countries People have different views about what populism is. Some argue is changing. As long-standing political parties fade, that populism is nothing more than a style of communication. Others see populism as a ‘thin’ ideology, best understood in populists make significant gains at the ballot box combination with more comprehensive belief systems such as – even taking power in some cases. In response, left–right (Mudde 2004). We will turn to this later, but given that people have started to search for causes and, as is those with populist attitudes do appear to have distinct media habits that are relatively consistent across countries, we will often the case, some have looked to the influence proceed with this simple distinction for now. of the news media.

Understanding the influence of the news media on people’s POPULIST ATTITUDES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES political attitudes is far from easy, and we should rarely expect to find straightforward causal links. Nonetheless, a useful first The proportion of the online population that agreed to both step is to build a better understanding of how different groups statements varies from country to country. Figures range from within society access news. REUTERSjust under INSTITUTE half in the FOR Netherlands THE STUDY OF (49%),JOURNALISM the UK / FURTHER (45%), ANALYSISNorway (49%), and Denmark (42%), to around three-quarters in Slovakia In this section we will explore whether people with populist Slide(71%), Greece 19 (71%), Portugal (73%), and Croatia (77%). In the US, attitudes in Europe and the US have different media habits to 54% of those surveyed agreed with both of the above statements. the rest of the population.20 In particular, we will describe how they arrive at news, how they interact with it, and what outlets they rely on. We will also show how newer, more partisan, and PROPORTION WITH POPULIST ATTITUDES – SELECTED MARKETS alternative news outlets are carving out audiences from the gaps left by established news media.

DEFINING POPULISM

Inspired by recent cross-national research, we identified those with populist attitudes based on their belief in: (i) the existence of a ‘bad’ elite and the ‘virtuous’ people – two separate groups with competing interests, and (ii) the ultimate sovereignty of 75% the will of the people (Pew Center 2018). We tapped the first 70% dimension by asking people whether they agree (on a five-point 65% scale ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’) that 60% ‘most elected officials don’t care what people like me think’, 55% and the second by asking whether ‘the people should be asked 50% whenever important decisions are taken’. For the purposes of 45% the analysis here, those that selected ‘tend to agree’ or ‘strongly agree’ for both of these statements were placed in the ‘populist Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The attitudes’ group, with all other respondents placed in the ‘non- people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000. populist attitudes’ group.

20 Our data comes from the following 23 European countries: UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Greece.

PROPORTION WITH POPULIST ATTITUDES – SELECTED MARKETS

75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45%

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Base: Total sample in each country ≈ 2000. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER42 ANALYSIS/ 43 Slide 21

This suggests that populist attitudes are less widespread in Northern MAIN GATEWAY TO ONLINE NEWS BY ATTITUDES – and Western European countries than in Eastern and Southern EUROPE AND THE USA Europe. In almost every country we analysed, populist attitudes 50% Populist Non-populist are more common among those either in the older age groups, with lower incomes, or with lower levels of formal education. EUROPE USA

THOSE WITH POPULIST ATTITUDES PREFER 36 TELEVISION OVER ONLINE NEWS 32 28 28 Despite concern that the rise of populism is being driven by 25% 27 24 24 25 24 online media, when it comes to news, those with populist 22 attitudes prefer offline news use – especially TV. Of those with 18 populist attitudes, 46% say that television is their main source 17 of news, compared to 40% of those without. This preference is strongerREUTERS INSTITUTE for commercial FOR THE television STUDY OF JOURNALISM outlets, but / FURTHER weaker ANALYSISfor public serviceSlide broadcasters. 20 Indeed, public service media have been a particular target for negative attacks from populists as their 0% influence has grown in recent years (Cushion 2018). Social Search Direct Social Search Direct

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: MAIN SOURCE OF NEWS BY ATTITUDES – EUROPE AND THE USA The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile or any device) in the last week, which were the ways in which you came Populist Non-populist across news stories? Base: People with populist/non-populist attitudes who used an online news gateway in the last week: Europe = 25,559/17,038, USA = 1000/763. 50%

46 45 42 40 The preference for social media among those with populist attitudes is largely due to a preference for Facebook. This group is more likely to use Facebook as a source of news, but no more likely to use other 25% social networks like Twitter. Furthermore, our data also suggest that this gap may be growing. As a group, those with populist attitudes say they have started spending more time on Facebook in the past 12 months, whereas everyone else says they are spending less. 8 8 7 5 This pattern makes sense if we think of Facebook as a network 0% TV Radio Print Online (inc. social) thatREUTERS primarily INSTITUTE surfaces FOR THE content STUDY basedOF JOURNALISM on the preferences / FURTHER ANALYSIS of ordinary citizens, as opposed to Twitter, which many see as being Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: dominatedSlide 22 by elite voices, the established news media, and a The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q4. You say you’ve used these sources of news in the relatively small and generally more privileged user base. last week, which would you say is your MAIN source of news? Base: People with populist/ non-populist attitudes in Europe and USA = 28,049/18,952. PROPORTION THAT USE EACH SOCIAL NETWORK FOR NEWS THOSE WITH POPULIST ATTITUDES ARE HEAVY BY ATTITUDES – EUROPE AND THE USA FACEBOOK NEWS USERS Populist Non-populist

Nonetheless, online news access is clearly important for those with 50% 50 populist attitudes, as well as for those without. If we drill deeper and look at the different ways people arrive at news online, we see 41 many similarities between these groups – but also key differences. In Europe, directly accessing a branded website or app is the single most popular way of arriving at online news for those with populist 25% 25 23 attitudes (31%) and for those without (35%). However, those with populist attitudes have a stronger preference for social media (24% 15 13 13 13 11 compared to 19%). In the US, social media ties with direct access as 9 7 8 the main way of arriving at news for those with populist attitudes. 0% There’s also no clear preference for direct access among those Twitter Instagram WhatsApp Facebook YouTube Facebook without populist attitudes. Messenger

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used for finding, reading, watching, sharing or discussing news in the last week? Base: People with populist/non-populist attitudes in Europe and USA = 28,049/18,952. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 44

People with populist attitudes are also more likely to share and POPULIST ATTITUDES AND NEWS OUTLET comment on news more when using social networks. Other studies SELECTION have found that populist parties tend to be more active on Facebook – posting more, and generating more interactions with their content Our data also show that those with populist attitudes gravitate than established parties.21 These trends could be combining to create towards different news outlets, and thus have different news a social media environment where populist ideas and perspectives diets. If we take our cross-platform data (online use combined are over-represented – however it is not possible to conclude this with offline use) from the UK as an example, we can see that some from our data alone. So far, there’s little evidence that the growth of outlets are more widely used by those with populist attitudes than

populismREUTERS INSTITUTE is being primarily FOR THE STUDY driven OF by JOURNALISM the popularity / FURTHER of social ANALYSIS media – those without, and vice versa. People who hold populist views are but it may be the case that people’s discontent with the established significantly more likely to use ITV, the Mirror, the Express, and the mediaSlide is prompting 23 people to rely more on social media for news Sun, but those without populist attitudes are more likely to rely on (Schulz 2019). the FT, Channel 4, the Telegraph, The Times, the Guardian, and the BBC. Audiences for other brands – including the Mail and Sky – are roughly evenly split. PROPORTION THAT INTERACT WITH NEWS ON SOCIAL MEDIA BY ATTITUDES – EUROPE AND USA This pattern reflects a preference for commercial TV and tabloid newspapers among those with populist attitudes. Those without, 50% Populist Non-populist on the other hand, seem to prefer broadsheet newspaper brands and public service media. Some digital-born sites like HuffPost EUROPE USA and BuzzFeed tend to have news audiences that are fairly evenly split. Other outlets however – particularly those we have previously referred to as alternative or partisan outlets – are 25% 27 25 23 24 23 often favoured by those with populist views, in addition to having 19 20 audiences with a heavy left–right skew. 16 It is also noticeable how populist preferences cut across left–right divides, highlighting new dimensions along which news audiences 0% Share news on Comment Share news on Comment can be segmented. For example, those with populist attitudes social media on news on social media on news on exhibit a clear preference for both the right-leaning Sun and the social media social media left-leaning Mirror. Similarly, those without populist attitudes

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people have a preference for both the Guardian and the Telegraph – should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what two newspapers with very different editorial lines. people like me think. Q13. During an average week in which, if any, of the following ways do you share or participate in news coverage? Base: People with populist/non-populist attitudes: Europe = 27,539/18,765, USA = 1125/875.

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 24

PROPORTION THAT USE EACH OUTLET FOR NEWS BY ATTITUDES – UK Populist Non-populist 100%

MORE POPULIST AUDIENCE LESS POPULIST AUDIENCE 82 75% 74

50% 45

34 25% 26 21 21 15 15 13 12 13 14 9 9 10 6 2 6 8 0% ITV Sun Mirror Express FT Channel 4 Telegraph Times Guardian BBC

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q5B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last week? Base: People with populist/non-populist attitudes: UK = 875/1148.

21 https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-populists-european-election-alternative-for-deutschland-rassemblement-national-facebook/ 44 / 45

POPULISM AND NEWS AUDIENCE POLARISATION In the charts below, we compare the degree to which countries have strong left- or right-leaning audiences, with the degree to which Given these different usage patterns, we might wonder they have strong populist or non-populist audiences. In the UK and whether news audiences are polarised according to populist the US – as in most countries – the extent of left–right polarisation attitudes. In other words, to what extent do those with populist is greater than the level of populist polarisation. The UK – with its attitudes consume news from one set of outlets, and those prominent tabloid press – is home to outlets with relatively large without from another? populist audiences, but given that some outlets have audiences with a higher proportion of left- or right-leaning people (indicated by their In our 2017 report, we explored how individual left–right distance from the centre of the map), it’s arguably true that left–right preferences created a large degree of news audience polarisation in preferences are more important to people when deciding what news some countries, but not in others. We saw that in the US, the UK, outlets to use. This is even more so in the US, where the degree of and in Southern and Eastern Europe, audiences for news outlets left–right polarisation is particularly strong. are often heavily right- or left-leaning – with relatively few outlets able to attract people of different persuasions. Whereas in other In Germany, we see a different pattern. Here, the level of populist countries – typically those in Western and Northern Europe – news audience polarisation is broadly similar to the US and news outlets had mixed audiences made up of centrists, those REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS the UK, but because the degree of left–right polarisation is low on the left, and those on the right. due to a general reluctance from the German news media to Slide 25 adopt partisan positions, populist attitudes have become more important to people when deciding what outlets to use.

CROSS-PLATFORM AUDIENCE MAP – UK

LEFT-RIGHT POLARISATION BBC

Sun Daily Mail Independent Buzzfeed News

Le-leaning Canary Westmonster Right-leaning audience Guardian Telegraph audience ITV

POPULIST POLARISATION BBC Daily Mail Mirror Economist FT

Less populist More populist audience Guardian Sun audience ITV

National average

CROSS-PLATFORM AUDIENCE MAP – USA

LEFT-RIGHT POLARISATION

CNN ABC Fox Occupy HuPost Yahoo! Democrats AOL Mail Online Breitbart

Le-leaning Right-leaning audience New York NBC CBS audience Times

POPULIST POLARISATION

CNN Fox Vanity Fair

Less populist Breitbart More populist audience New York Times NBC audience

National average

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q5A/B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news offline/online in the last week?Base: Total sample: UK = 2023, USA = 2012. ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2019 ANALYSIS 46 Slide 26

CROSS-PLATFORM AUDIENCE MAP – GERMANY

LEFT-RIGHT POLARISATION ARD ZDF Bild Junge Freiheit Epoch Times

Le-leaning Right-leaning REUTERSaudience INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHERSpiegel ANALYSIS audience RTL Slide 28 ARD POPULIST POLARISATION Bild FAZ Epoch Times

Less populist Web.de More populist audience Süddeutsche audience Spiegel RTL ZDF

National average

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q5A/B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news offline/online in the last week?Base: Total sample: Germany = 2022.

MAPPING NEWS AUDIENCES ALONG TWO The US and the UK both contain a mixture of outlets with populist DIMENSIONS left and populist right audiences. The Mirror, for example, clearly has an audience that is predominantly made up of people who Although some assume populism to be closely aligned with the self-identify on the left, and who also hold populist attitudes. right, scholars tend to see populism as a thin ideology that can Readers of the Sun also tend to hold populist attitudes, but self- be combined with both left- and right-wing views. Within each identify on the right. country we can essentially merge the above maps to identify outlets with populist left or populist right audiences. In the US, though there are some outlets with populist audiences – such as Fox and HuffPost – it is also clear that the majority of When we do this, a number of interesting patterns emerge. The outlets have audiences that are predominantly non-populist position of each outlet along the horizontal axis indicates whether left, such as the New York Times. It is also clear that none of the it has a left-leaning or right-leaning audience, with the distance outlets we examined in the US have audiences that are as skewed from the centre indicating the strength of the skew. The position towards populists as in the UK. It may be that the inability or on the vertical axis indicates whether the outlet has a populist unwillingness of the established news media in the US to connect audience. The higher the outlet, the more its audience is skewed with those with populist attitudes has created a ‘populist vacuum’ towards those with populist attitudes. Outlets with populist- – which may explain why many turn to social media and talk radio left audiences are coloured red, and outlets with populist right for news and information. audiences are coloured blue.

CROSS-PLATFORM AUDIENCE MAP – UK AND USA Populist left Populist right Populist left Populist right audience audience audience audience

Sun Mirror

ITV Canary Breitbart Express CBS Fox Westmonster Hu Post NBC AOL Lad Bible

Yahoo! BBC Mail Independent NYT Slate USA Today Times Telegraph LA Times Guardian

FT Economist

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale?Q5A/B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news offline/online in the last week? Base: Total sample: UK = 2023, USA = 2012. 46 / 47

Not every country has this relatively even balance between Sweden contains some extreme examples of this phenomenon. populist left and populist right audiences. In Germany, we did Outlets like Fria Tider are used by around 10% of the online not find any outlets with a populist left audience in our data. population, and have audiences that are heavily skewed towards However, a considerable number of outlets have populist right those that both self-identify on the right and hold populist views. audiences, particularly commercial television channels like Sat.1 These outlets are sometimes understood as anti-immigration, and RTL. In Spain we see the opposite. Here, there are several but are also critical of political elites and the criminal justice outletsREUTERS with INSTITUTE populist FOR left THE STUDYaudiences, OF JOURNALISM but only /a FURTHERhandful ANALYSISon the REUTERSsystem (Nygaard INSTITUTE 2019). FOR THE Their STUDY tone OF JOURNALISMand style of / coverage FURTHER ANALYSISis a clear right. It is perhaps no coincidence that Spain has also seen one of departure from the norms that govern the established television theSlide strongest 30 populist left political movements in recent years, Slideand newspaper 31 outlets in Sweden. though the populist right did well in 2019 elections.

CROSS-PLATFORM AUDIENCE MAP – GERMANY AND SPAIN CROSS-PLATFORM AUDIENCE MAP – SWEDEN Populist left Populist right Populist left Populist right audience audience audience audience Det Goda Epoch Times Samhallet Ledarsidorna Nyheter Idag Sat.1 Samhallsnytt Samtiden RTL Fria Tider ZDF Bild Nya Tider

ARD Junge Freiheit Expressen Metro Nyheter 24

Spiegel SVT Dagens Industri FAZ SR Svenska Dagbladet

Dagens Nyheter

Populist left Populist right audience audience Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q5A/B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news offline/online in the last week? Base: Total sample: Sweden = 2007. TVE La Sexta Antena3 OKDiario Directe.cat In France and Italy, perhaps the most notable feature of the maps COPE is that the most popular outlets also have a higher than average ABC number of people with populist attitudes in their audience. These La Razon are typically commercial television channels, again highlighting the link between populist attitudes and seeing TV as the main source of news.

We have not fully explored the links between populist attitudes and trust this year. But our data do show less of a trust gap between those with populist attitudes and those without populist Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t attitudes in countries where the most popular news outlets care what people like me think. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the have populist audiences. However, in countries where populist following scale? Q5A/B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news offline/ outlets are less prominent – often because public service media online in the last week? Base: Total sample: Germany = 2022, Spain = 2005. are dominant – populists are considerably less likely to think that they can trust most news most of the time. In short, people who The maps we have shown so far also contain partisan and do not find any news media that reflect their attitudes often trust alternative news websites – such as the Canary in the UK and all news media less. Breitbart in the US. These outlets usually have very left- or right- leaning audiences, but as is clear from the maps, they often have very populist audiences as well. Breitbart has the most populist audience in our US dataset, and the Canary’s audience is also more likely to hold populist views. ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2019 ANALYSIS 48 Slide 32

CROSS-PLATFORM AUDIENCE MAP – FRANCE AND ITALY Populist left Populist right audience audience

Le Media Cnews

20 Minutes BFM Libération

TF1 Rue89 Le Monde

La Croix

Populist left Populist right audience audience

Rai SkyTg24 Mediaset

La Republicca

Corriere Il Giornale Il Messangero

Q2_2019_1/2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The people should be asked whenever important decisions are taken/Most elected officials don’t care what people like me think. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q5A/B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news offline/ online in the last week? Base: Total sample: France = 2005, Italy = 2006.

It has become fashionable to dismiss left–right as an outdated concept that no longer explains people’s beliefs. But when it comes to news use, it is still able to explain a lot in both Europe and the US. Populism clearly matters too, but is best understood in combination with left–right self-identification.

A key question for publishers is how they will understand their own position within this two-dimensional space, especially as new partisan and alternative outlets carve out audiences from the spaces they have left vacant. A key question for public debate concerns what will happen if a significant minority is unable to find some, if any, established news outlets that reflect their attitudes, and instead turns to alternative and partisan outlets, and social media. 48 / 49

2.4 What do People Think about the News Media? Antonis Kalogeropoulos and Richard Fletcher Research Fellows, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

The news media rely on their audience both for Evaluations of the media along other dimensions tend to be their public importance and for their economic more negative. Under half (42%) agree with the proposition that the news media monitor and scrutinise the powerful, only sustainability. No matter how good reporting 29% agree that the news media cover topics that are relevant to may be, if people do not value it, it is unlikely to them, and just 16% think that the news media use the right tone. have a significant impact on public opinion or REUTERSFour in ten INSTITUTE (39%) FORthink THE that STUDY the OF news JOURNALISM media are / FURTHER too negative. ANALYSIS However, it is important to point out that many people do not public knowledge. Similarly, if people find news Slidehave a strong 33 view about this, with almost half (44%) selecting disappointing, no matter how proud journalists may neither agree nor disagree. be of their work, people might be unwilling to pay for it as a commercial product or as a public service. PROPORTION THAT AGREED WITH EACH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE NEWS – ALL MARKETS They may also be reluctant to back the news media if political leaders try to crack down on them or Agree Neither agree/disagree Disagree intimidate them. The news media uses the right tone 16 39 This year we dug a little deeper into people’s attitudes towards news media using a series of questions designed to explore how The topics chosen by the news well they thought they were performing. More specifically, we media feel relevant to me 29 25 asked people whether they think the news media fulfil their watchdog role (do the news media monitor and scrutinise The news media monitors and political and business leaders?), whether the news media pick scrutinises powerful people 42 19 relevant subjects, whether they adopt the right tone (are they and businesses too negative?), whether they keep the people up to date, and – 22 The news media helps me last – whether they help them understand current events. understand the news of the day 51 15

These are all things that the news media generally strive to do well. Many journalists would likely see them as being at the very The news media keeps me up to date with what is going on 62 11 core of their professional mission – a mission that they would argue the news media delivers on uniquely well. But what does 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% the public think? Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The news media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses/The topics chosen by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me NEWS MEDIA DO WELL AT KEEPING PEOPLE UP understand the news of the day. Base: Total sample = 75,749. TO DATE

In the Executive Summary we saw that, across all countries, most people agree that the news media keep them up to date with what’s happening (62%), and that they help them understand current events (51%). But we should keep in mind that there is a significant minority (10–15%) that completely disagree that the news media help them in this regard – and perhaps equally concerning, around one-third who neither agree nor disagree.

22 Throughout this chapter, and unlike the Executive Summary, we reversed coded responses for the statements ‘the topics chosen by the news media do not feel relevant to me’ and ‘the news media often take too negative view of events’, and renamed them ‘the topics chosen by the news media feel relevant to me’ and ‘use the right tone’ for better readability and comparability. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 50

ATTITUDES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES powerful people and helping them understand news, whereas in Hungary only one-fifth of respondents (20%) think that the news These aggregate numbers can hide large national differences. media fulfil their watchdog role, and a third (33%) that they help Below we use a series of radar charts to display the differences them understand the news. between two countries where respondents have relatively However, even among these edge cases, we find consistently low positiveREUTERS INSTITUTEattitudes FOR towards THE STUDY the news OF JOURNALISM media (Finland / FURTHER and ANALYSIS Canada), and two countries where people are much more negative approval of the news media’s tone. Only 9% thinks that the news Slide(Greece and 34 Hungary). In Finland and Canada, roughly half of media uses the right tone (in terms of negativity) in Greece, respondents think that the media do a good job in monitoring compared to 25% in Finland.

PROPORTION THAT AGREED WITH EACH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS Monitor Monitor The news media in mypowerful country: people powerful people

Monitor Monitor CANADA powerful people HUNGARY powerful people 49% Help me Pick Help me Pick understand relevant understand 20% relevant the news 60% subjects the news subjects 49% 31% 33% 29% Help me Pick Help me Pick understand relevant understand 20%17% relevant the news 60% 18% subjects the news subjects 31% 33%36% 29%

17% Keep me 70% 18% Use the Keep me Use the up to date right tone up to date 36% right tone

Keep me 70% Use the Keep me Use the up to date right tone up to date right tone

Monitor Monitor FINLAND powerful people GREECE powerful people

Monitor Monitor powerful people powerful people 51% Help me Pick Help me 39% Pick understand relevant understand relevant the news 56% subjects the news subjects 51% 33% 46% 32% Help me Pick Help me 39% Pick understand relevant understand 9% relevant the news 56% 25% subjects the news subjects 33% 46% 32%

53% 9% Keep me 75% 25% Use the Keep me Use the up to date right tone up to date right tone 53% Keep me 75% Use the Keep me Use the Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5.up toPlease date indicate your level of agreement withright the tonefollowing statements: The news media monitor andup scrutinise to date powerful people and businesses/Theright topics tone chosen by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me understand the news of the day. Base: Total sample: Canada = 2055, Hungary = 2007, Finland = 2009, Greece = 2018.

ATTITUDES WITHIN COUNTRIES We might also expect to see differences by age. Older people are arguably more likely to have been socialised with a more We can also see differences between groups within countries. If we positive view of the news media, and with a stronger normative look at differences by education, in the UK and Germany we can see view about the importance of the role that the news media play that those with higher levels of formal education are more likely to within society. However, when it comes to age, although the evaluate the news media positively along every dimension. Those over 35s in Germany do tend to rate the media slightly more with lower levels of education are, for example, significantly less positively, in the UK the differences are small. likely to say that the news media cover topics that are relevant to them, suggesting that the news agenda is more geared towards the interests and needs of the more educated. This chimes with the criticism that the news media do a better job of catering for people who are most similar to the journalists themselves, and are less able to serve those groups that are less likely to be found in the newsroom. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 50 / 51 Slide 36

PROPORTION THAT AGREED WITH EACH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE NEWS BY EDUCATION – UK AND GERMANY

The news media in my country:

Monitor powerful people Monitor powerful people

Low education High education UK UK 43% Help me 37% Pick Help me Pick understand relevant understand relevant the news 50% subjects the news 63% subjects 22% 37%

9% 15%

63% Keep me Use the Keep me 79% Use the up to date right tone up to date right tone

Monitor powerful people Monitor powerful people

Low education High education GERMANY GERMANY

Help me 33% Pick Help me 34% Pick understand relevant understand relevant the news subjects the news 49% subjects 44% 34% 45%

18% 20%

57% 66% Keep me Use the Keep me Use the up to date right tone up to date right tone REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The news media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses/The topics chosen by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me understand the news of Slidethe day. Base: Low/high 37 education: UK = 558/839, Germany = 596/642.

PROPORTION THAT AGREED WITH EACH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE NEWS BY AGE – UK AND GERMANY

The news media in my country:

Monitor powerful people Monitor powerful people

Under 35 Over 35 UK UK 44% Help me 37% Pick Help me Pick understand relevant understand relevant the news 57% subjects the news 58% subjects 33% 31%

17% 12%

Keep me 74% Use the Keep me 73% Use the up to date right tone up to date right tone

Monitor powerful people Monitor powerful people

Under 35 Over 35 GERMANY GERMANY

38% Help me 30% Pick Help me Pick understand relevant understand relevant the news subjects the news subjects 46% 35% 50% 44%

17% 22%

62% 63% Keep me Use the Keep me Use the up to date right tone up to date right tone

Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The news media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses/The topics chosen by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me understand the news of the day. Base: Under/Over 35s: UK = 413/1610, Germany = 450/1572. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 38

PROPORTION THAT AGREED WITH EACH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE NEWS BY POLITICAL LEANING – USA

The news media in my country:

Monitor powerful people Monitor powerful people

Left-wing Americans 55% 45% Help me Pick Help me Pick understand relevant understand relevant 25% the news 65% 48% subjects the news subjects 23% 20% 8%

39% 36% 20%

Keep me 77% Use the Keep me Use the up to date right tone up to date right tone 17 15% 16 16 15 15 15 Monitor powerful people Monitor powerful people 14 14 13 13

Right-wing 10% 55% Americans 45% Help me Pick Help me Pick understand relevant understand relevant 5% the news 65% 48% subjects Reuters Institutethe news for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Reportsubjects 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 52 23% 20% 8% Slide 40 0% 39% 36% Topic Immediacy Helps with Watchdog Tone of relevance of coverage understanding coverage Keep me 77% Use the Keep me Use the up to date right tone In the US, people’sup to date evaluations are much moreright likely tone to be shaped positive towards the news media than high-trust countries like PROPORTION THAT PAID FOR ONLINE NEWS IN THE LAST by their political views – reflecting the highly politicised nature of Finland and Canada. The most striking differences surround YEAR BY ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE NEWS – ALL MARKETS Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: Theattitudes news media towards monitor and the scrutinise news powerfulmedia. people As illustrated and businesses/The below, topics right- chosen by attitudes towards help with understanding: 65% on the left think 25% the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of Bad job Good job events/Thewing Americans news media evaluate keep me up tothe date news with what’s media going very on/The negatively news media help – even me that the news media do a good job in helping understand the understand the news of the day. Base: Left/Right: USA = 504/497. more negatively than in countries with low trust in the news like news, whereas only 23% of right-wing Americans think the same. 20% Hungary and Greece. Conversely, left-wing Americans are more 17 15% 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 PROPORTION THAT AGREED WITH EACH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE NEWS BY POLITICAL LEANING – USA 13 13 10% The news media in my country:

5% Monitor powerful people Monitor powerful people Left-wing Right-wing 0% Americans Americans Topic Immediacy Helps with Watchdog Tone of 55% relevance of coverage understanding coverage 45% Help me Pick Help me Pick understand relevantrelevant understand relevantrelevant Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The news media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses/The topics chosen thethe newsnews 65% 48% subjectssubjects thethe newsnews subjectssubjects 23% by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of 20% events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me 8% understand the news of the day. 7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? Base: Those who give positive/negative responses to different evaluations: Tone of coverage = 12295/29774, Topic relevance = 21950/18876, Watchdog 39% 36% = 31465/14479, Immediacy of coverage = 46881/8699, Helps with understanding = 38786/11061.

Keep me 77% Use the Keep me Use the up to date rightright tonetone up to date rightright tonetone

Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: The newsREUTERS media monitor INSTITUTE and scrutinise FOR powerful THE STUDY people OF and JOURNALISM businesses/The / FURTHERtopics chosen ANALYSIS by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me understand the news of the day. Base: Left/Right: USA = 504/497. Slide 39

THE ASSOCIATION WITH TRUST AND PAY PROPORTION THAT TRUSTS NEWS BY ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE NEWS – ALL MARKETS As we alluded to at the start of this section, people’s evaluations of the news media matter because they might be linked to positive Bad job Good job outcomes like trust in the news and willingness to pay for it. 75% Trust least dependent Trust most dependent on tone of coverage and on immediacy of coverage Predictably, our study shows that those who think that the news relevance of topics and understanding media fulfil the basic functions examined in this section are more likely to trust the news. However, the impact of each role on trust 58 55 55 varies considerably. Views on the tone of news coverage do not 50% 52 appear to influence trust very much: 48% of those who think that 48 the news media use the appropriate tone say they trust the news, but 43 43 this only drops to 43% among those who find the news too negative.

Other media attributes are very important for trust. The majority 25% 28 (58%) of those who agree that the news media do a good job in helping them understand what is going on in the world trust the 19 17 news, while only 19% of those who disagree with the statement do so. Immediacy was also found to be highly correlated with trust. Those who believe that the news media do a good job in 0% keeping them up to date with events tend to trust news (55%), Tone of Topic Watchdog Immediacy Helps with while only 17% of those who disagree with the statement do so. coverage relevance of coverage understanding Put simply, we find that people are more likely to trust the news Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: if they feel it keeps them up to date with what’s happening, helps The news media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses/The topics chosen them understand it, and holds power to account. by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me understand the news of the day. Q6_2016_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the Though the links between these evaluations and trust are following statements: I think you can trust most news most of the time. Base: Bad/Good: Tone of coverage = 12,295/29,774, Topic relevance = 21,950/18,876, Watchdog = 31,465/14,479, Immediacy sometimes quite strong, links with patterns of news use – such of coverage = 46,881/8699, Helps with understanding = 38,786/11,061. as paying for online news – tend to be weaker. Regardless of whether we consider people that have positive or negative evaluations of the media along these dimensions, the proportion that have paid for online news in the last year remains the same at around 15%. This suggests that evaluations of the news media are not necessarily important for people’s willingness to pay, and that this willingness is likely to be influenced by other factors. 25%

20%

17 15% 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 13 13

10%

5% REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER52 ANALYSIS/ 53 Slide 40 Slide 41 0% Topic Immediacy Helps with Watchdog Tone of relevance of coverage understanding coverage

PROPORTION THAT PAID FOR ONLINE NEWS IN THE LAST PROPORTION THAT AGREES THAT THE NEWS MEDIA YEAR BY ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE NEWS – ALL MARKETS MONITOR AND SCRUTINISE THE POWERFUL – ALL MARKETS

25% Bad job Good job BRA 56 ZAF 53 20% POL 52 17 51 15% 16 16 NOR 15 15 15 14 14 FIN 51 13 13 51 10% POR CAN 49 5% ROU 49 SWE 49 0% FRA 47 Topic Immediacy Helps with Watchdog Tone of relevance of coverage understanding coverage CRO 47 SVK 46 Q15_2019_1/2/3/4/5. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: AUS 45 The news media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses/The topics chosen by the news media do not feel relevant to me/The news media often take too negative view of MEX 45 events/The news media keep me up to date with what’s going on/The news media help me understand the news of the day. 7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a USA 45 paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? Base: Those who give positive/negative responses 45 to different evaluations: Tone of coverage = 12295/29774, Topic relevance = 21950/18876, Watchdog DEN = 31465/14479, Immediacy of coverage = 46881/8699, Helps with understanding = 38786/11061. TUR 45 SUI 43 THE NEWS MEDIA’S WATCHDOG ROLE MYS 42 UK 42 We can also take a closer look at attitudes towards the watchdog BGR 42 role of the news media – whether they succeed in monitoring and CZE 42 scrutinising the powerful. As we have already seen, a majority of ARG 41 those who think that the news media fulfil their watchdog role IRE 40 trust the news (55%), whereas only about a quarter (28%) of 40 those believing they do not fulfil this role say the same. SPA AUT 39 We find large variations in attitudes towards the media’s watchdog GRE 39 role country to country. In Brazil, South Africa, Poland, Norway, BEL 38 Finland, and Portugal, a majority agrees that the news media do HK 38 indeed monitor and scrutinise powerful people. On the other hand, GER 37 in Korea, Hungary, and Japan only about a fifth of respondents NLD 36 agree with that statement. In Japan, in particular, the press is seen CHL 36 as being too close to the government, with most coverage rarely ITA 33 deviating from the official line. SGP 32 30 The other side of this is how journalists in different countries TWN 21 evaluate their own role as watchdogs. We compare our audience KOR evaluations of the watchdog role with how journalists in different HUN 20 countries evaluate the importance of being a watchdog in the JPN 17 2016 Worlds of Journalism Study.23 We find that in countries like 0% 25% 50% 75% Germany or the UK, there are few discrepancies between how Q15_2019_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: The news important journalists think being a watchdog is for their work, and media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses. Base: Total sample in each market how audiences see the news media’s performance as watchdogs. ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1005.

23 http://www.worldsofjournalism.org REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 42

PROPORTION OF AUDIENCE AND JOURNALISTS THAT AGREE THAT THE NEWS MEDIA MONITOR AND SCRUTINISE THE POWERFUL – SELECTED MARKETS

37 Germany 36 42 UK 48 33 Italy 44 51 Finland 64 39 Greece 65 51 Portugal 78 36 Chile 66 45 Denmark 80 45 Reuters InstituteUSA for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 54 86 38 Hong Kong 80 21 South Korea However, we see large discrepancies in other countries.86 In Our research shows that most people want some simple, basic Japan, 91% of journalists17 think that monitoring and scrutinising things from the news media – to keep them up to date, help Japan political leaders is important for their work, whereas only91 17% them understand what is going on, and keep an eye on those in of news users in Japan agree that the news media monitor and a position of power. These are things that many journalists and scrutinise powerful people and businesses. We further find news media would argue they are already doing, though our Q15_2019_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: The news largemedia monitor discrepancies and scrutinise in powerful the US, people where and businesses. 86% of Base: journalists Total sample inconsider each market data suggest that there is still a significant gap to close in terms being≈ 2000. Note: a watchdog Data for journalists’ important opinions taken to their from the work, 2016 Worlds but of only Journalism 45% Study. of Please of public perception. Better transparency about journalistic tell me how important each of these things is in your work: Monitor and scrutinise political leaders. American news users think that the news media are fulfilling processes might help, along with improved marketing of the their watchdog role. important work journalists do.

PROPORTION OF AUDIENCE AND JOURNALISTS THAT AGREE THAT THE NEWS MEDIA MONITOR AND SCRUTINISE THE POWERFUL – SELECTED MARKETS

100% Audience Journalists

91 86 86 80 80 75% 78

64 65 66

50% 51 51 48 45 45 42 44 39 37 36 36 38 33 25% 21 17

0% Germany UK Italy Finland Greece Portugal Chile Denmark USA Hong Kong South Korea Japan

Q15_2019_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: The news media monitor and scrutinise powerful people and businesses.Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000. Note: Data for journalists’ opinions taken from the 2016 Worlds of Journalism Study. Please tell me how important each of these things is in your work: Monitor and scrutinise political leaders. 54 / 55

2.5 How Younger Generations Consume News Differently Antonis Kalogeropoulos Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

In this section we look at the news consumption They use them for communication, for media, for games, for of younger generations – a group that is of great dating – and for news. Across all markets, our survey data reveal that the smartphone is the main device used for accessing news interest to news publishers around the world, but for the vast majority of under 35s (69%). also one they are finding it increasingly hard to Another way of illustrating the primacy of smartphone news reach. We explore the attitudes and behaviours for young people is to look at data on their first contact with that define the under 35s, and ask what kind of news on a typical day.25 Nearly half of Gen Z news users (45%) journalism or brand positioning might appeal to in our combined sample come into first contact with news in the morning via the smartphone, with only 19% via TV and 5% them. Our data highlight that young people are very via desktops/laptops. Similar trends can be seen among Gen

reliant on mobile, and spend a lot of time with a Y,REUTERS who also INSTITUTE first turn FOR toTHE their STUDY smartphone OF JOURNALISM (39%) / FURTHER over TV ANALYSIS (22%) range of different social networks. As such, much of Slideor the computer 43 (8%). By sharp contrast, for over 35s television their media use is on-demand and algorithmically is still the most likely first contact point with news (30%), with smartphone (19%) and radio (18%) some way behind. curated/personalised. The problem for publishers is that this means that individual news brands tend to PROPORTION THAT SAID EACH WAS THEIR FIRST CONTACT play a relatively small role in young people’s lives. WITH NEWS IN THE MORNING BY AGE – SELECTED MARKETS

50% Here, we make a distinction between Generation Y (Gen Y) – often 18-24 25-34 35+ called millennials and represented in our sample by those aged 45 25–34 – and Generation Z (Gen Z), those born after the mid-1990s 24 and aged 18–24. The reason for this separation is that Gen Z are 39 often thought of as digital natives with no memories of the pre- internet age. Gen Y, on the other hand, grew up at the turn of the millennium in a world without Facebook and YouTube. 30 25% Throughout this section we will combine our survey data with 22 detailed qualitative data collected from young people in the UK 19 19 and the US. This study, conducted by market research agency 18 Flamingo, was based on tracking the news behaviour of a strategic 12 13 sample of 20 participants over two weeks in January/February 11 9 2019, followed by in-depth interviews with them and their friends. 8 The sample was made up of young people with different news 5 4 4 habits, from a range of socio-economic backgrounds. 0% Smartphone Desktop Print Radio TV

Q9c_new2016. What is the FIRST way you typically come across news in the morning? Base: 18-24/25-34/35+: selected countries = 1863/3019/15247. Note: Data from US, UK, France, Italy, Spain, PRIMACY OF THE SMARTPHONE Ireland, Norway, Finland, Netherlands, Japan. Data from both the survey and the qualitative research emphasise what we have known for some time – that young people are highly reliant on their phones. Our digital tracking in the US and UK shows that Gen Z and Gen Y spend a large part of their waking hours interacting with smartphones.

24 While there is no agreement on the year of birth that separates the two generations, we used 1995, which is the most commonly used. 25 The data on first contact with news from a question asked in ten countries: US, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Finland, Netherlands, Japan. ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2019 ANALYSIS 56 Slide 44

PROPORTION THAT USES EACH DURING FIRST CONTACT WITH NEWS IN THE MORNING VIA SMARTPHONE BY AGE – SELECTED MARKETS

75% 18-24 25-34 35+

YOUNGER OLDER

57 50%

43 39 33 29 28 29 25% 23 19 12 13 9 9 3 7 8 7 8 6 5 1 0% Social Media Facebook Twitter Instagram Aggregators Alerts Direct REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS (incl. messaging apps) Slide 45 Q9d_2016_rc5. You mentioned that your FIRST contact with news in the morning is using internet via smartphone, in which ONE of the following places do you typically find your first news? Base: 18-24/25-34/35+: selected countries = 842/1195/2982. Note: Data from US, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Finland, Netherlands, Japan.

WeFOUR can TYPICAL also look KEY in more NEWS depth MOMENTS at where FOR people YOUNGER go when GROUPS they FOUR TYPICAL KEY NEWS MOMENTS FOR YOUNGER GROUPS first pick up their smartphones for news. While those over 35 DIRECT DIRECT are likely to first go directly to a news site via an app or the mobile browser (39%), Gen Z are more likely to turn to social media and messaging apps (57%). In other words, news brands are less importantDEDICATED for this group than for over 35s. Gen Y are DEDICATED somewhere in theFinding middle, time with to focus 43% on thegetting news, their like a novelnews or via a TV social series Finding time to focus on the news, like a novel or a TV series media and messagingLess common; apps and suits 33% evenings directly. or weekends Facebook is equally Less common; suits evenings or weekends popular as a firstMindset: destination more introspective; with both groups,deepening and understanding Instagram Mindset: more introspective; deepening understanding has become more popular in the last few years as a first destination. Interestingly, Twitter is twice as popular with Gen Z UPDATED users comparedUPDATED to Gen Y users. Direct traffic is relatively more Getting the key news updates you need efficiently Suits mornings; preparing for the day important in theGetting UK than the inkey the news US, updates partly you due need to efficientlythe prominence Mindset: more something I feel I need to do of publishers likeSuits BBC mornings; and the preparing Guardian for. the day Mindset: more something I feel I need to do TIME-FILLER Insights from the in-depth interviews in the UK and the US reveal Not about the news per se; something to do while doing similar patterns among young people: something else TIME-FILLER Constant: on the train, break, when time to fill “The first thingNot aboutI would the newsdo perwould se; something be check to dosocial while doingmedia, Mindset: more something I do to distract/amuse something else see if there’s anything on Facebook.” Constant: on the train, break, when time to fill INTERCEPTED Courtney, GenMindset: Z, US more something I do to distract/amuse A notification or message intercepts what was being done “In the morning, I’ll go to the BBC app. I will literally click Can happen anytime and anywhere Mindset: passive recipient on it, and I willINTERCEPTED go, ‘Right, okay, what’s happening?’” Chloe, Gen Y, AUK notification or message intercepts what was being done Can happen anytime and anywhere Mindset: passive recipient INDIRECT MOMENTS OF CONSUMPTION Social media, as one example, are important for keeping young Our qualitative research, which relied on tracking data and people updated and for filling time, but are not an appropriate interviewsINDIRECT with a group of 20 participants, identified four key place for dedicated news consumption: moments of news consumption for young people: (i) dedicated moments where they give time to news (usually on evenings and “It’s kind of like being somewhere and seeing weekends), (ii) a moment of update (usually in the mornings), something in a far-off distance and being like ‘oh, (iii) time fillers (commuting or in a queue), and (iv) intercepted what’s going on over there?’ and you go and see it on moments where they receive alerts from news organisations or Twitter and then you let them take you somewhere …” messages from friends with news. Of course, not all young people Alex, 31-35, UK use all four moments, but most did use some combination of these. 56 / 57

Young news users also rely on news aggregators like Apple News, Our survey data suggest that most young people (and in particular Flipboard, and Upday, particularly when they use news in ‘time REUTERSthose in INSTITUTEGen Z), spent FOR THE a lot STUDY more OF time JOURNALISM on Instagram / FURTHER this ANALYSISyear filler’ moments or want to get a quick update about what is Slidecompared to47 last. On the other hand, there was a decrease in time happening during intercepted moments (e.g. via a news alert). spent with Snapchat – something that might worry publishers Aggregators are increasingly prominent on smartphones, where who have invested heavily in the Discover news platform. headline lists can be accessed by swiping left or right from the smartphone homescreen on many handsets. According to the NET DIFFERENCE IN TIME SPENT WITH EACH SOCIAL interview findings, aggregators have two distinct audiences. NETWORK IN LAST YEAR BY UNDER 35s – ALL MARKETS Among engaged young users they are used to curate the news they want and exploit the diversity of sources. For more passive news users, using an aggregator is an easy way to browse around +1 series of headlines. +24 “If I’m somewhere where I don’t really have time to read a news story, I do rely on headlines. The fact that I have +25 access so that I can look at it in two seconds, because I’m not really supposed to be on my phone at work but if I can just pull it out, click one button to get to the Apple -1 News story and the answer is right there for me.” Maggie, Gen Z, US +22

For Gen Z, and to a lesser extent Gen Y, the key appeal of these -19 services is convenience. Both groups enjoy multitasking, and they want media to fit the device and networks where they Q12C_2019. You say you use the following social networks for any purpose, in the last 12 spend their time. months, has the amount of time you spend using them changed? Base: Under 35s that used each social network in the last week: Facebook = 15,267, YouTube = 15,838, WhatsApp = 11,448, Instagram = 11,725, Snapchat = 4674, Twitter = 5249. Note: Showing difference between proportion that said ‘more time’ and proportion who said ‘less time’. YOUNG PEOPLE ARE CHANGING THEIR PREFERENCES AROUND SOCIAL MEDIA However, while many publishers think of Instagram as ‘the Looking in more depth at the role of social media networks, we platform’ to reach younger groups, young people themselves find significant differences between the groups, and also changes often do not see it as the right environment for news: over time. Facebook is used slightly more by Gen Y (52%), while Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat are used significantly more by “I don’t think I would follow them [news Gen Z news users than millennials or by users over 35. organisations] on Instagram. … When I go on Instagram my mindset is ‘I’m going to get “[Facebook is] ancient. Like, a mum’s thing. information but it’s more related to entertainment.’” I don’t really use it anymore.” Richard, Gen Y, UK Ellie, Gen Z, UK Once again, understanding the expectations of different audiences We can also consider the amount of time that people spend and the ‘moments’ they are in will be critical for engagement with on these platforms, and how it’s changing. particular platforms.

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 46

PROPORTION THAT USED EACH SOCIAL NETWORK FOR NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS

50% 52 18-24 25-34 35+ 48 45

32 29 25% 26 24 20 18 19 16 17 13 13 12 12 10 9 8 5 2 0% Facebook YouTube WhatsApp FB Messenger Twitter Instagram Snapchat

Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used for finding, reading, watching, sharing, or discussing news in the last week?Base: 18-24/25-34/35+: All markets = 8272/13361/54116. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 58 Slide 50

IDENTIFYING WITH NEWS BRANDS TONE, AGENDA, AND FORMATS PROPORTION THAT PREFERS TEXT OVER VIDEO BY AGE – ALL MARKETS What is the role of traditional news brands in this distributed In our interviews, young people were often frustrated by the Up from 8% in 2016 ecology? Insights from our digital tracking of news users’ mobile negativity of the news agenda, about sensationalism and about consumption reiterate that news brands play a very small role in the perceived agenda of the mainstream media. Sometimes they 18-24 58 17 15 10 young people’s lives. Most smartphone time was taken up by social feel that the views and concerns of their generation – such as network apps, internet browsers, podcasts, mail, and movie/music climate change and minority rights – are not properly represented. streaming devices – followed by dating apps, maps, and transport But equally they do not want traditional media to go away, dumb 25-34 64 15 11 10 applications. Young people have a very low threshold for apps that down, or radically change their style just to appeal to them. For don’t provide a great experience, while they value services that are instance, young people expressed dissatisfaction with the tone 35+ 70 11 8 10 relevant and useful at all times. No news app was within the top 25 used by automated news bots built by traditional news brands: apps used by all the respondents in the study, whereas Instagram was the application found on almost all phones with the highest - I don’t need the news to be my friend. Mostly Text Text and Video Mostly Video Don’t Know use in terms of daily minutes used. - No. (×2) OPTQ11D. In thinking about your online news habits, which of the following statements applies - It doesn’t need to tell me ‘Hey, you know what’s best to you? Base: 18-24/25-34/35+: All markets = 3642/5878/28770 This does not mean that traditional brands are not valued by happening in India right now?’ It can just be like, young consumers. Most do have an ‘anchor news brand’ that they ‘Hey, this is what’s happening in India.’ will turn to when a major story breaks and needs verifying – in our qualitative research study this was typically the BBC or Guardian - Yes, exactly. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS in the UK, and CNN or the New York Times in the US. The choice of Chloe, Victoria, Monica, Gen Y friendship Slidethis brand is48 often heavily influenced by early parental influence group interview, UK but the format is almost always digital. On the other hand, they also expressed strong interest in news formats that were more visual and easier to consume than an 800-word article. Some said the lack of context or background HOW YOUNG PEOPLE SPEND TIME ON THEIR SMARTPHONES AND ROLE OF NEWS REUTERSwas often INSTITUTE a problem FOR THEtoo, STUDY so visual OF JOURNALISM explainers / FURTHER– like those ANALYSIS pioneered by Vox – tested well; as did other kinds of visual Aggregated view across 20 respondents Slideand mobile 49 storytelling including graphical storytelling from

Number of separate phones Ordered by the average amount publishers like the Guardian and the BBC. we found this app in: of minutes per day spent on app.

20 18 20

Instagram is THE PRIMARY 20 14 17 app found on almost ALL phones and when found commanded the most 14 14 10 daily minutes. SOURCE: BBC AND GUARDIAN

20 14 19

Podcasts were strikingly popular with our young respondents, but Social Media the appeal of online news video was more mixed. Younger groups Web Surfing No news app (with the are more likely to use online video than older generations, with exception of Reddit) was Communication within the top 25 apps used by Entertainment around 15% of 18–24s saying they prefer using it to text. Again, respondents. When present, Miscellaneous we find that Instagram is playing a central role in popularising they made a comparatively News small amount of daily usage. news video. However, it should be noted even among Gen Z, the majority (58%) prefers text over video because of the control 11 2 1 and flexibility that text still offers. Video is not the way to engage young people, rather it is one of many formats that can engage.

1 2 2 These are just examples of the kind of apps found in these participants’ phones. This is not a reflection of 1 4 1 apps that will be found in each phone, but the kind of apps that are relevant to this audience. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 58 / 59 Slide 50

PROPORTION THAT PREFERS TEXT OVER VIDEO BY AGE – ALL MARKETS Up from 8% in 2016

18-24 58 17 15 10

25-34 64 15 11 10

35+ 70 11 8 10

Mostly Text Text and Video Mostly Video Don’t Know

OPTQ11D. In thinking about your online news habits, which of the following statements applies best to you? Base: 18-24/25-34/35+: All markets = 3642/5878/28770

IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLISHERS

Overall, we find differences between Gen Z and Gen Y as well as significant overlaps. Both groups have fully embraced digital media – albeit in slightly different ways, with Gen Y carrying a certain nostalgia for the physicality of older forms of media, and Gen Z apparently having little time for media that does not display well on a smartphone or does not meet their exacting requirement for relevance forged by Facebook, Netflix, and Spotify. Both groups understand the importance of traditional news brands, but tend to be less loyal than their parents – preferring to pick-and-mix from multiple outlets.

The increased reliance on social media and other algorithmically driven services – which we have documented for several years – highlights that these generations do not want to work hard for their news. This year’s qualitative study shows that they want news access to be easy, and entertaining – but they also want it to be authentic, fair, and meaningful. They certainly don’t want it to be dumbed down.

None of this makes it easy for publishers to define strategies that will keep these groups happy at the same time as satisfying more traditional audiences with stronger allegiances and patterns. To some extent new formats like podcasts and explainers may help bridge the divide but it seems unlikely that younger users will ever be persuaded to pursue a monogamous relationship with the news or to abandon their platform-based habits. All this suggests that working to identify ways to reach and monetise audiences on third-party platforms will become an increasingly important focus for industry.

A full report on the findings of the qualitative study in the UK and US will be published in September 2019 (in conjunction with Flamingo Research). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 60

2.6 Podcasts: Who, Why, What, and Where? Nic Newman Senior Research Associate, Reuters Institute REUTERS INSTITUTEfor FOR the THE STUDYStudy OF JOURNALISMof Journalism / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 52

PROPORTIONIn the Executive THAT USED Summary A PODCAST we IN saw THE how LAST podcast MONTH – PROPORTION THAT USED A PODCAST IN THE LAST MONTH – USA AND SWEDEN BY AGE consumption is growing in a number of countries REUTERSand how INSTITUTE monetisation FOR THE STUDY models OF JOURNALISM are /emerging. FURTHER ANALYSIS USA Podcast listeners by age – USA Young more likely to consume 75% SlideIn this section 53Proportion we exploreof each age group the listening demographics monthly in more detail, as well as the most popular types Young more likely to consume 50% of75% podcast, the preferred locations for podcast 54 53 PROPORTIONuse, and some THAT of USED the EACHmotivations DEVICE TO for LISTEN listening TO 41 PODCASTSto these episodic–UK audio experiences. 25% 30 50% 54 53 19

41 0% MOST PODCAST LISTENERS ARE YOUNG 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ 25% 30 TheSmartphone most striking aspectLaptop of podcast consumptionTablet is the appealDesktop to Sweden 19 younger55% people. In Sweden27% and the United26% States, two countries18% Young more likely to consume 75% that0% have embraced podcasts, we find that over half of under 35s have used18-24 a podcast monthly25-34 compared35-44 with less45-54 than a fifth55+ of over 55s. 50% 59 57 Podcast listeners by age – Sweden 43 By contrast, theseProportion older listenersof each age aregroup twice listening as likely monthly to consume 38 Smart speaker Stereo system MP3 Smart wearable traditional radio news as the young, many of whom do not even 25% 8% 8% 6% 4% own a radio. This is the plugged-inYoung more likely smartphone to consume generation and it’s 75% 16 Which,no surprise if any, of the that following the majority device(s) do youof usageuse to listen is through to podcasts? these Source: connected UK YouGov 0% Profiles,devices, nationally many representative of which come sample, pre-installedMarch 2019. Base = with921. podcast apps and 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ now come equipped with high fidelity wireless headphones. In 59 the50% UK, 55% of listening57 takes place via smartphone, a figure that Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last rises to 62% for under 35s. month? Base: 18-24/25-34/45-54: USA = 177/380/320/246/889, Sweden = 132/335/323/343/874. 43 38 25%

PROPORTION THAT USED EACH DEVICE TO LISTEN TO PODCASTS – UK 16

0% 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+

Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? Base: 18-24/25-34/45-54: USA = 177/380/320/246/889, Sweden = 132/335/323/343/874. Smartphone Laptop Tablet Desktop Smart speaker Stereo system MP3 Smart wearable 55% 27% 26% 18% 8% 8% 6% 4%

Which, if any, of the following device(s) do you use to listen to podcasts? Source: UK YouGov Profiles, nationally representative sample, March 2019.Base = 921. 45-54

35-44

25-34

18-24

52 At home REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER60 ANALYSIS/ 61 61

17 Slide 55 At work 15

Public transport 30 WHERE(bus, DO train PEOPLE etc.) LISTEN20 TO PODCASTS? PROPORTION THAT USED A PODCAST VIA PRIVATE/PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE LAST MONTH – SELECTED MARKETS The majorityPrivate transport of podcast usage is24 at home (58%), commuting on (e.g. car) public transport (24%) or via18 private transport such as the car or 50% Car etc. (private transport) Bus, train etc. (public transport) bike (20%). Around a fifth (18%) listen when out and about Exercise 20 generally(gym, running(going etc.)for a walk12 or to the shops), with a similar REUTERSproportion INSTITUTE (16%) listening FOR THE STUDY when OF taking JOURNALISM exercise. / FURTHER A further ANALYSIS 16% findsOut and the about time generally or opportunity to23 listen to podcasts at work. 30 (park, shops etc.) 28 YoungerSlide groups 54 are slightly13 more likely to listen on the move, 25% 26 23 whereas over 45s are0% twice as likely25% to listen in the50% home. 75% 21 18 50% 16 16

PROPORTION THAT USED A PODCAST IN EACH LOCATION BY AGE – SELECTED MARKETS 0% US UK France Denmark 52 30 At home 25% 28 61 Q11F_podcast_location. In what circumstances do you tend to consume podcasts regularly?26 Base: Those that consumed a podcast in the last month:23 USA = 667, UK = 379, France = 475, Denmark = 487. 17 21 At work 18 15 16 16 Public transport 30 WHY PODCASTS? (bus, train etc.) 20 0% Private transport 24 Across all ourUS countries, the UKmain reasons Francefor listening toDenmark podcasts (e.g. car) 18 are to keep updated about topics of personal interest (46%) and to Exercise 20 learn something new (39%). Other motivations include to fill (gym, running etc.) 12 40%empty time (25%) and as a change from music (22%). But these U35 Out and about generally 23 reasons do not play out equally across age groups. Older listeners (park, shops etc.) 13 35+ are more interested in keeping updated whereas the young are 30 0% 25% 50% 75% 28 looking for podcasts that entertain them or fill empty time. 26 20% 23 21 18 PROPORTIONLooking specifically16 THAT USEDat the AUK PODCAST we also16 canVIA seePRIVATE/PUBLIC important PODCAST MOMENTS: WHAT RESPONDENTS SAY TRANSPORTdifferences betweenIN THE LASTthe younger MONTH age – SELECTED groups: 18–24s MARKETS – which we have previously referred to as Gen Z – are less likely to be IN BED TAKING A BREAK 40% 0% Car etc. (private transport) Bus, train etc. (public transport) ‘On my tablet last thing at ‘Home while having my REUTERSlooking toINSTITUTE USlearn or FOR be THE updated, STUDYUK OFand JOURNALISM moreFrance likely / FURTHER to be lookingDenmark ANALYSIS for night or first thing in the coffee in the morning ‘ entertainment or a change from music; 25–34s, or Gen Y, are morning on waking’ ‘In my lunchbreak’ 30 Slidealso looking28 56 to be entertained, but want to fill empty time with 26 content20% that is educational and23 keeps them updated. OUT AND ABOUT CHORES 21 18 ‘Walking the dog’ ‘When I’m doing 16 16 ‘On a walk with my son the laundry’ asleep in the buggy’ ‘When I’m cooking’ MAIN REASONS FOR LISTENING TO PODCASTS BY AGE – UK 0% 75% US UK France Denmark Q11F_podcast_location. In what circumstances do you tend to consume podcasts regularly? Base: 18-24 25-34 35+ Under 35s/Over 35s that consumed a podcast in the last month: selected markets = 4678/4375 Note: This question was asked in US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Q11F_podcast_location. In what circumstances do you tend to consume podcasts regularly? Base: Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and Canada. Those that consumed a podcast in the last month: USA = 667, UK = 379, France = 475, Denmark = 487. 57 54 54 50% 51 52 51 44 COMMUTING TIME 36 37 32 The average length of podcasts – typically between 20 and 40 25% 29 29 27 minutes – is partly influenced by the time taken on the average 20 21 commute. This is particularly true for the news industry where the Guardian’s Daily News podcast Today in Focus gets much of its 0% Fill empty As a change Be Learn To keep listening during the morning rush hour. Post Reports from the time from music entertained something updated Washington Post is released in time for the evening commute.

Americans are much more likely to listen in the car, according to Q11F_podcast_reason. Which, if any, of the following are reasons why you listen to podcasts? our data, where they spend more time generally, while Europeans Base: 18-24/25-34/45+ that listened to a podcast in the last month: UK = 53/101/160. are more likely to listen when using public transport. One exception is Denmark where listening to podcasts or music on a bicycle has become a part of daily routines for many. 55+

45-54

35-44

25-34 Female

18-24 Male

Sports

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 62 Slide 57

Further insights on motivation came from our in-depth PROPORTION THAT USED EACH PODCAST GENRE IN THE LAST interviews with young people, supporting this year’s research. MONTH – ALL MARKETS The first relates to the convenience. Podcasts are great for multitasking but they also don’t require complex interfaces: Any podcast 36 “I think it’s a bit more passive … You’re able to multitask. Like, I can cook and listen to a podcast, for example …” News, politics etc 15 Sam, 25–30, US Lifestyle In this sense podcasts bring information to listeners in a way that (fashion, food arts) 15 is effortless, but the linear nature is a welcome break from the usual distractions of digital media. On the other hand, they Specialist (tech, business, health etc) 14 maintain the element of control and choice that is second nature to millennials and digital natives, but that traditional radio lacks: True crime, society 12 “[With] radio you can’t control what shows are on, whereas podcasts you can.” Sports 9 Mark, 31–35, US 0% 20% 40% Then there is the content itself, which young people feel is often Male more diverse, more entertaining, and less stuffy than traditional Female radio. The characters and hosts often bring a more informal Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, style and they tell stories in a more natural and less affected way. subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last40% month? Base: Total sample = 75,749. “[Podcasts are] more of an outsider source of news or opinion, so you have a diverse range of news ideas 36 and thoughts from vastly different people; not your For publishers many questions remain, not least the overlap with traditional people who look and act a certain way.” traditional news, the influence of platforms, and the questions of monetisation. The platform picture is changing fast with Spotify Chloe, 31–35, UK 20% and Google joining Apple in a race for the best content. Business models are still emerging but the evidence in this chapter about 15 15 14 the underlying drivers of this change suggest we are12 a long way WHAT PODCASTS? from reaching ‘peak podcast’. 9

Given the insights above, it is worth noting that politics and 0% news (15%) is just one part of the content universe. Other Any podcast News, Lifestyle (fashion,Specialist (tech,True crime, societySports popular genres include lifestyle content (15%), true crime (12%), politics etc food arts) business, health etc) specialist interest (14%), and sports (9%). But many podcasts defy classification with news often discussed in new ways through comedy and celebrity. Young people are listening to podcasts that entertain and inform. This is why many daily podcasts like The Daily from the New York Times use narrative storytelling techniques pioneered in true crime formats such as Serial to add suspense and jeopardy, to keep listeners hooked. Vice and others are applying these techniques to blockbuster documentaries (e.g. Chapo, Kingpin on Trial).

In this chapter we have seen how podcasts carry many of the same benefits as radio – such as multitasking and ease of use – but they have characteristics of their own which are enhancing audio storytelling and engaging new groups. Q11F_podcast_location. In what circumstances do you tend to consume podcasts regularly? Base: Those that consumed a podcast in the last month: USA = 667, UK = 379, France = 475, Denmark = 487. In the home, the flexibility and control offered by podcasts is supplementing and in some cases replacing traditional radio, but podcasting is also taking audio to new locations where there is no easy access to radio. Audio rich smartphones enable audio to compete with newspapers, apps, and websites on public transport for the first time and it makes routine tasks like walking the dog or exercising in the gym less boring and more productive.

Critically, podcasts are bringing fresh voices and production techniques to a medium that has changed little in a generation. Low barriers to entry, combined with high levels of creativity, are shaking the foundations of the radio industry. 62 / 63 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 64 64 / 65

Section 3 Analysis by Country

In this section we publish a country-based view of the findings, which includes an overview of media characteristics and the most important data points in terms of digital news.

These include an overview of consumption in each country, Europe Americas including details of the most popular news brands – traditional 3.01 United Kingdom 68 3.25 United States 118 and online. The pages also contain statistics about the use of new devices such as smartphones and tablets and the role of 3.02 Austria 70 3.26 Argentina 120 different social networks for news. Information is drawn from 3.03 Belgium 72 3.27 Brazil 122 the 2019 Digital News Report survey using the methodology outlined on p.6, with the exception of population and internet 3.04 Bulgaria 74 3.28 Canada 124 levels which are drawn from Internet World Statistics (2018). 3.05 Croatia 76 3.29 Chile 126 Where appropriate, our country-based authors have also 3.06 Czech Republic 78 3.30 Mexico 128 referenced industry-based statistics that supplement our survey-based approach. 3.07 Denmark 80 Asia Pacific 3.08 Finland 82 3.31 Australia 132 Whilst most of our countries see internet penetration of 80% or more, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey in particular 3.09 France 84 3.32 Hong Kong 134 have far lower levels of access. In those countries we are 3.10 Germany 86 3.33 Japan 136 looking at the habits of around half the adult population. It should also be noted that in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Greece, 3.11 Greece 88 3.34 Malaysia 138 Mexico, South Africa and Turkey our samples tend to be based 3.12 Hungary 90 3.35 Singapore 140 more around urban areas. 3.13 Ireland 92 3.36 South Korea 142 Many international comparisons will still be relevant in terms 3.14 Italy 94 3.37 Taiwan 144 of understanding differences in the online sphere, but anyone interpreting these results should be careful not to suggest 3.15 Netherlands 96 Africa these figures represent the total adult population, especially 3.16 Norway 98 3.38 South Africa 148 when considering offline versus online consumption. 3.17 Poland 100 The full questionnaire, additional charts, and tables, 3.18 Portugal 102 plus the raw data, are available from our website www.digitalnewsreport.org. 3.19 Romania 104 3.20 Slovakia 106 We have ordered the countries by geography (Europe, Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Africa) and within each region 3.21 Spain 108 countries are then ordered alphabetically – with the exception 3.22 Sweden 110 of UK at the start of the Europe section and the United States at the start of the Americas: 3.23 Switzerland 112 3.24 Turkey 114 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 66 66 / 67

Europe Section 3 3.01 United Kingdom 68 3.02 Austria 70 3.03 Belgium 72 Analysis by Country 3.04 Bulgaria 74 3.05 Croatia 76 3.06 Czech Republic 78 3.07 Denmark 80 Europe 3.08 Finland 82 3.09 France 84 3.10 Germany 86 3.11 Greece 88 3.12 Hungary 90 3.13 Ireland 92 3.14 Italy 94 3.15 Netherlands 96 3.16 Norway 98 3.17 Poland 100 3.18 Portugal 102 3.19 Romania 104 3.20 Slovakia 106 3.21 Spain 108 3.22 Sweden 110 3.23 Switzerland 112 3.24 Turkey 114 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 68

STATISTICS UNITED KINGDOM Population 67m Internet penetration 95%

The UK’s prolonged and tortuous exit from the European Union has dominated the news agenda over the last year, generating widespread Brexit fatigue. Meanwhile politicians have been flexing their muscles over the regulation of big tech platforms, the role of the BBC, and the need to sustain quality journalism.

More than a third (35%) say they often BuzzFeed. But it is the local and regional father told the media that he holds the or sometimes avoid the news in the UK sector that has been hit hardest with social media giant partly responsible for and the majority of these cite Brexit as the net closure of 245 local news titles her death. By this time next year, the UK the main reason. Avoiders say coverage in the last 13 years according to Press could have among the most stringent negatively affects their mood or they feel Gazette research. One of the UK’s largest regulation of online platforms in the world, powerless to affect events. Partly as a publishers, debt-laden Johnston Press, even as critics warn about the potential result, and with the exception of television collapsed in November 2018, though most implications for free speech. (+5pp), there has been no Brexit bounce titles continue under a new company for the media, with online usage flat and owned by its creditors (JPI media). The BBC also faces new scrutiny from both newspapers on the slide. politicians and commercial rivals. Its online Against this background, a government- news site came under fire from commercial Popular newspaper brands have suffered appointed review, headed by Dame rivals for publishing too much ‘soft double digit falls in print circulation with Frances Cairncross, argued that local news’ and for an obsession with younger the Daily Star (-18%), Daily Mirror (-13%), news coverage could disappear unless audiences. It has been accused of wasting 26 and Daily Express (-12%) hardest hit. These the government provides direct financial millions on promoting a new podcast-filled titles are now owned by Reach plc, which support. Her report, published in February app (BBC Sounds) and neglecting its core has merged some editorial operations to 2019, recommended the introduction of speech radio channel (Radio 4). Meanwhile cut costs by over £10m. a range of different direct and indirect licence fee income is being squeezed by public subsidies to support high-quality lack of interest from the Netflix generation Broadsheet titles have also suffered journalism and that Google and Facebook’s and a government plan to give free TV significant year on year declines in print approach to news should be scrutinised by licences to the over 75s. but are pinning their hopes on new online a new regulator. revenue. The Financial Times hit its target Further pressure comes from calls of a million paying subscribers a year ahead Further pressure on the platforms to increase BBC funding for the local of schedule, while The Times and Sunday came with a highly critical report by a democracy reporting scheme, which has Times have around half a million paying parliamentary committee of MPs that supported more than 130 new jobs in customers with the majority now digital- had been looking into disinformation. commercial newsrooms, and delivered only. And after years of making substantial The committee accused Facebook of more than 50,000 stories in its first year. losses, the Guardian announced a small purposefully obstructing its inquiry and operating profit for 2018-19. More than a failing to tackle attempts by Russia to More publishers are getting involved in million people worldwide have contributed manipulate elections. audio. The Guardian, The Economist, and to the Guardian in the last three years, the FT have launched or rebranded daily with 650,000 currently paying to support And in April the government announced news podcasts in the last year. The BBC the publication on an ongoing basis27. A its plans to fine or block tech platforms is investing heavily in smart speakers new ‘slow news’ venture, Tortoise News, if they fail to tackle ‘online harms’ such and AI while the Guardian has set up an launched in April with 2,500 members – as terrorist propaganda, child abuse, experimental Voice Lab. 40% of its early backers are under 30. and other distressing material. The issue captured public attention with the case Nic Newman By contrast, advertising-supported media of 14-year-old Molly Russell who took Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism has been affected by widespread job cuts her own life after looking at posts about including around a dozen at digital-born suicide on her Instagram account. Molly’s

26 ABC figures Feb. 2018—Feb. 2019 via Press Gazette. 27 BBC News:’Guardian records first operating profit since 1998’, www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48111464 68 / 69

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE BBC News (TV & Radio) 68 BBC News online 5011 ITV News 36 Mail online 166 TOP BRANDS Sky News 26 Guardian online 157 % Weekly usage Daily Mail/Mail on Sunday 15 Sky News online 144 The Sun/Sun on Sunday 15 HuPost 117 Weekly use TV, radio & print A regional or local newspaper 12 Sun online 94 More than 3 days per week Daily Mirror/Sunday Mirror/Sunday People 11 Mirror online 94 TV, radio & print Metro 11 Local newspaper website 95 Weekly use C4 News 10 MSN News 84 online brands Commercial radio news 9 BuzzFeed News 86 More than 3 days per week The Times/Sunday Times 8 Telegraph online 37 online brands The Daily Telegraph/Sunday Telegraph 6 Times online 47 Guardian/Observer 6 Metro online 4 6 ALSO Breitbart 2% London Evening Standard 4 ITV News online 3 6 Westmonster 2% The Express/Sunday Express 4 Independent/ i100 online 3 6 The Canary 2% ‘i’ 3 The Lad Bible 3 6 Another Angry Voice 2%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) TV news reach has started79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint to decline but a key 74%59% 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media parliamentary Brexit50% vote59% 40% Social media 50% 40% Social media 50% 100% 36% Social media 100% 36%40% Online (incl. social media) Tablet during our survey period 36%40% 20% 36% 20% 79% showed how people still20% turn 75% TV Smartphone 20% 74% 0% 71% 67% to the medium at times0% of 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Print 63% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 59%2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 crisis. In terms of online 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%Social media 49% 40% news, the British are 36% 29% 29% becoming increasingly 20% 16% dependent on smartphones. 0% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Trust in the news has fallen DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE over 11 percentage points since THIS BRAND 2015. Even the most trusted News overall BBC News 6.85 7.15 brands like the BBC are seen News I use ITV News 6.82 7.23 by many as pushing or (-2) Financial Times 6.68 7.63 suppressing agendas – 40% Channel 4 News 6.66 7.27 =21st/38 51% especially over polarising Regional or local newspaper 6.4 6.84 issues like Brexit and climate The Times 6.39 7.3 change. Broadcasters have Sky News 6.34 6.86 higher levels of trust than The Guardian 6.21 7.12 News in search News in social Independent/i100 6.05 tabloids or digital-born brands. 6.98 Daily Telegraph 6 6.85 22% 10% HuPost 5.36 5.96 Daily Mirror 4.89 6.41 Daily Mail/MailOnline 4.78 5.82 The Canary* 4.72 - PAY Buzzfeed News 4.69 5.76 The Sun 3.92 5.73 9% * No figure for users of the Canary (did not meet 50 minimum threshold) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 28% (+1) 67% 27% SHARE NEWS 2 Twitter 14% (-) 28% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 10% (+2) 52% 21% 4 WhatsApp 9% (+4) 50% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 6% (+3) 46% PODCASTS in 19% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Instagram 4% (+3) 29% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 70

STATISTICS AUSTRIA Population 8.8m Internet penetration 88%

Austria’s conservative and right- wing government has been on a collision course with independent journalism as it attempts to control the agenda – and reform public service media. In a polarised political atmosphere, the public’s trust in the media continues to decline.

Although Austria continues to have the highest use of printed newspapers in our report, subscriptions and sales steadily by ORF journalists as ‘insubordinate’. The Moreover, in November 2018, 49% of the decline every year. In 2018, the most ORF has issued new rules for the use of shares of WAZ Ausland Holding GmbH, affected brands were Der Standard and social media, with staff asked to avoid the company that owns half of the Krone Kurier, as they experienced a circulation comments that could be interpreted as group and of Kurier, were sold by Funke decline of over 5% compared to the taking a political position of any kind. Mediengruppe to SIGNA Holding GmbH. previous year. As a consequence of lower The latter is a property of René Benko, an More generally, unsubtle attempts by the sales, one of the leading press distribution Austrian real estate investor, which now governing parties to shape public discourse companies, Morawa, closed its business. owns just under a quarter of the largest and led to a warning by the Austrian Press Bucking general trends, the regional third largest daily newspapers in Austria. Council directed to all domestic editors newspaper Salzburger Nachrichten saw the advising them to consider information Innovations by news organisations in amount of copies sold grow by almost 4%. from government agencies only after 2018 include a new, monthly print edition The data collected for the Digital News detailed research and review. One example focused on special themes by the non- Report show some unexpected trends: first, of the government’s approach came in profit, digital-born Addendum (controlled the proportion for respondents extremely an email sent by the spokesperson of the by Red Bull’s owner Dietrich Mateschitz) or very interested in news declined to 64% Interior Ministry led by Herbert Kickl (FPÖ) and a regular magazine by the digital native from 69% in the previous year. Second, to police departments, that was eventually Dossier, which raised the resources for the usage of the public service media ORF leaked to the press. The email suggested project through crowdfunding. Finally, the dropped via both broadcast and online. limiting sharing information with critical entire editorial staff of the digital-born Third, trust in news media declined by 2pp media – and focusing on information about Vice Austria, formerly composed of eight after a decrease of 4pp last year. These crime committed by foreigners. professionals, resigned after it became trends are indicative of a difficult time for known that the Austrian edition would The gloomy news media environment quality news media in Austria, currently be managed from Germany. According of 2018 was partially brightened by a in dispute with the governing coalition, to Editor-in-Chief of Vice Germany Laura promising increase in the share of users Himmelreich, Vice Austria will not be the Austrian People’s party (ÖVP) and the paying for digital news. Our survey downsized, but more resources will be Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). suggests many of those paying come from invested in video production. Early in the year, the government started younger demographics while other data Sergio Sparviero and Josef Trappel a review of the media landscape, aimed show that some regional papers have University of Salzburg at shaping new policies. By the end of increased digital subscribers, albeit from With the collaboration of Stefan Gadringer, 2018, two priorities had emerged. First, a a low base. Roland Holzinger, and Isabella Nening plan to counter the negative effects of the As use of smartphones to access global tech platforms on the local news news continues to increase, Austrian markets and second, a desire to reshape news organisations find more positive the role of the public service media. responses to their efforts to drive digital The far-right Freedom Party has been revenue. These efforts include a variety particularly critical of the ORF, arguing of methods: fees for removing advertising for the abolition of the mandatory licence (Der Standard), combined digital-print fee that finances the public service media. subscriptions (Tiroler Tageszeitung), The party was successful in getting one access to premium digital services, which of its party representatives elected as the also include special offers to students chairperson of the ORF governing body; he (Salzburger Nachrichten), and metered controversially labelled critical interviews paywall (Die Tagespresse). 70 / 71

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE ORF News (public broadcaster) 7616 ORF News online 3411 Kronen Zeitung 3714 Kronen Zeitung online 258 TOP BRANDS ZDF News 2412 GMX News 177 % Weekly usage Puls 4 News 2111 Der Standard online 135 Heute 2011 Heute online 126 Weekly use TV, radio & print ServusTV News 1019 meinbezirk.at/woche.at/bezirksrundschau.at 117 More than 3 days per week RTL News 1019 Kurier online 116 TV, radio & print ARD News 199 Kleine Zeitung online 104 Weekly use Österreich 1018 oe24.at (e.g. österreich.at, sport.oe24.at, buzz.oe24.at) 105 online brands Bezirksblätter 1418 KroneHit News online 69 More than 3 days per week ATV News 1016 heute.de (ZDF Germany) 48 online brands Kleine Zeitung 145 tagesschau.de (ARD Germany) 48 ALSO KroneHit 147 Die Presse online 48 Unzensuriert 4% Kontrast 3% Kurier 126 OÖ Nachrichten 37 Contra Magazin 2% Der Standard 116 MSN News 37 Info Direkt 2% oe24 TV 106 puls4.com News 47 Alles Roger? 2%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Austrians have traditionally79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint read more newspapers and74%59% 2015–19 71% Print 2015–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media magazines than any50% other59% 40% Social media 50% 40% Social media 50% 100% 36% Social media 100% 36%40% Social media Tablet country in our survey, but 36%40% 20% 36% 20% 78% this is beginning to change.20% 75% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 20% 71% 0% 70% 67% Online media now outstrips0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201770%2018 2019 Printed newspapers 64% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 56% both print and TV with the 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 52% 45% smartphone (64%) overtaking 38% 41% the computer (52%) to 18% 20% become the most important 0% 0% device for accessing 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 online news. NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling TRUST Despite conflicts with DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE government leaders, the THIS BRAND public service media ORF News overall ORF News 6.67 6.95 remains the most trusted News I use Die Presse 6.53 7.5 news service in Austria. 39% (-2) ZDF News 6.47 7.09 Der Standard 6.42 Following the ORF are the =25th/38 53% 7.44 German public service media Servus TV News 6.27 7.3 ZDF, liberal, quality national Bezirksblätter 6.16 6.74 newspapers, and regional and Kurier 5.98 6.75 local news media. The most Kleine Zeitung 5.93 6.89 News in search News in social Puls 4 5.89 6.75 sold newspaper Kronen Zeitung NEWS 5.72 6.38 is only ranked 12th in this list of 26% 18% RTL News 5.48 6.43 the most trusted news media. Kronen Zeitung 5.31 6.21 oe24 TV 5.21 5.6 Heute 5.01 5.71 PAY GMX 4.98 5.76

9% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 31% (+1) 60% 33% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 23% (+4) 72% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 23% (+4) 63% 32% 4 Instagram 8% (+4) 28% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 6% (-) 32% PODCASTS in 18% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 4% (-) 11% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 72

STATISTICS BELGIUM Population 11m Internet penetration 94.4%

Belgium has two distinct media markets – one French-speaking, the other Flemish. In these small markets, publishers continue to integrate their operations and focus more on digital platforms, though many still struggle to find sustainable revenue models.

After a round of mergers and acquisitions reshuffling the Belgian media landscape, 2018 saw Belgium’s newly structured news publishers and media companies landscape, continue to struggle to generate De Standaard expanding its offering from work behind the scenes to integrate advertising or subscription revenues. After two to five weekly podcasts and Rossel and their operations. These changes are adding a membership paywall, Charlie IPM collaborating though a Google DNI most evident in Antwerp, with the Mag, a Dutch-language online magazine, grant on Askinfo, a common platform aimed construction of News City, a new home for is setting up a crowdsourcing initiative, the at distributing written articles in an audio the publisher De Persgroep and its newly success of which will determine the future format, specifically through smart speakers. acquired broadcast partner Medialaan. of the outlet. On the French-speaking side, This development brings together the long-form print magazine 24h01 closed Although examples of disinformation are newsrooms of commercial broadcaster in March 2019. Investigative outlets such rare in Belgium, the issue has featured on VTM, the most popular newspaper/website as Apache and Médor are still operating, the political agenda. In early 2018, Federal in Flanders, Het Laatste Nieuws, news but their viability remains fragile. One Minister for Digital Agenda Alexander brands De Morgen and Humo, and a range bright spot is the federal government’s De Croo put in place an expert group on of showbiz magazines. In a similar move, announcement that the 0% VAT rate that disinformation. As a result, a fund for the publisher Mediahuis is centralising its has been applicable to print newspapers fact-checking initiatives was promised activities, also in Antwerp, while moving and magazines for decades will soon be but postponed after the government fell. the newsroom of De Standaard to Brussels. extended to digital news publications. In Flanders the Minister of Media set up a There will be around 80 job losses as a Flemish Journalism Fund of €500,000 to result, including 19 in newsrooms. Readership for news brands has remained stimulate innovative journalistic projects stable over the past four years, in terms – again two fact-checking initiatives were Meanwhile the French-language market of combined print/digital reach. But as among the beneficiaries. While these are remains equally pressured. A restructuring the survey’s data show, print is still losing welcome, there is a risk that government at Les Editions de l’Avenir has led to much ground year after year, with television also subsidies will be scattered across various commotion – two days of strikes followed now seeing a slight decline. This resonates funds and programmes, diluting their the sacking of four journalists and rumours with the findings of the Digimeter survey, overall impact. of a list of 30 journalists who were which suggests that daily live television allegedly disposable put the issue on the viewership in Flanders was just 48% Ensuring a sustainable and diverse mix agenda of the Walloon government. in 2018, down from 60% in 2015.28 of quality journalism remains a key This change raises concerns for overall political concern. To this end, the Flemish Consolidation in the media sector advertising revenues, which will also Parliament approved a resolution in continues to raise concerns about have a knock-on in terms of budgets for March 2018 reaffirming its ambition to pluralism and media freedom. In its 2018 news. A study commissioned by Flemish develop a forward-looking and media- report, the Flemish Media Regulator Minister of Media Sven Gatz, suggesting agnostic way of supporting independent pointed out that traditional media broadcasters, distributors, and media quality journalism. products are now in the hands of only five producers collaborate on a ‘Flemish Ike Picone groups (including the public broadcaster), Netflix’, was welcomed with mixed Vrije Universiteit, Brussels down from nine a few years ago. In feelings by many stakeholders. Wallonia, three large publishers control the six remaining print titles. This is especially In terms of new initiatives, 2018 seems worrying as digital first initiatives, which to have been the year publishing brands contribute to a more diverse news decided to catch up on audio, with

28 www.digimeter.be 72 / 73

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FLEMISH) ONLINE (FLEMISH) AND ONLINE VRT News (public broadcaster) 7616 Het Laatste News online 5311 VTM 4311 Het Nieuwsblad online 3510 TOP BRANDS Het Laatste Nieuws 3612 VRT News online 279 % Weekly usage Het Nieuwsblad 269 VTM News online 2410 Qmusic 157 De Standaard online 145 Weekly use TV, radio & print Nostalgie 115 Gazet van Antwerpen online 124 More than 3 days per week Het Belang van Limburg 103 De Morgen online 115 TV, radio & print Joe FM 104 VRT News De Tijd online 93 Een 45% Weekly use Gazet van Antwerpen 49 Canvas 18% Het Belang van Limburg online 93 online brands ------De Standaard 49 MSN News 47 Radio 2 29% Knack.be (incl. trends.knack.be, More than 3 days per week Regional or local newspapers 97 Radio 1 17% 47 online brands MNM 16% kanaalz.knack.be) Metro 69 Studio Brussel 13% Newsmonkey.be 4 5 Klara 3%

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH) RTBF News (Public Broadcaster) 1771 RTL News online 389 PAY RTL 5214 RTBF News online 3312 TF1 3415 DH online 2410 Bel-RTL 237 Le Soir online 2310 Le Soir 2010 7sur7 215 France Télévisions (France 2, France 3) 188 L’Avenir online 217 11% Metro 1811 MSN News 157 pay for Other regional or local newspapers 159 RTBF News Regional news sites 115 La Une 52% ONLINE NEWS 156 L’Avenir La Deux 16% La Libre 115 Flanders 11% La Dernière Heure 158 La Trois 5% Metro 95 ------Wallonia 11% Radio Contact 155 Vivacité 20% L’Echo 83 La Premiere 18% Le Vif/L’Express/Trends 95 Classic21 12% Yahoo! News 85 Musiq3 2% 100% 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint 74%59% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media 50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet 36%40% 20% 82% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 20% 75% 79% 20% 71% 70% 0% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 59% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 16% 2013 2014 201550%2016 201746%2018 2019 50%TV 58% 40% listen to 45% 39% 39% PODCASTS in 20% the last month 20% 0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019 TRUST News brands have traditionally enjoyed high levels DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST of trust in Belgium, especially in Flanders. Remarkably, this year we see a drop in the score. News overall News I use News in search News in social There are recurring instances of both politicians and citizens adopting a harsher tone towards journalists. 49% (-4) 54% 31% 18% It is telling that the Flemish Association of Journalists =7th/38 has installed a complaints office for journalists who Wallonia 41% Wallonia 47% Wallonia 29% Wallonia 18% are victim of verbal and physical harassment. Flanders 55% Flanders 59% Flanders 32% Flanders 18%

BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING (FLEMISH) (FRENCH) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE ALL THOSE THAT ALL THOSE THAT HAVE ALL THOSE THAT Rank Brand For News For All HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND VRT News 7.37 7.55 RTBF Info 7.07 7.28 1 Facebook 42% (+3) 70% Radio 1 7.26 7.82 Le Soir 6.93 7.19 De Tijd 7.2 7.78 La Première 6.84 7.48 2 YouTube 17% (+1) 55% Radio 2 7.17 7.83 France 2* 6.72 – VTM News 7.12 7.57 Vivacité 6.72 7.46 De Standaard 7.07 7.45 La Libre 6.57 7.1 3 Facebook Messenger 12% (+4) 46% Het Nieuwsblad 6.9 7.35 TF1 6.53 6.95 Knack.be 6.8 7.21 RTL News 6.53 6.97 4 WhatsApp 10% (+2) 41% Het Laatste Nieuws 6.74 6.98 Bel-RTL 6.45 7.22 De Morgen 6.69 7.28 L'Avenir 6.44 7.18 5 Instagram 7% (+3) 27% Gazet van Antwerpen 6.59 7.01 DH 6.23 6.55 Qmusic 6.44 7.1 Radio Contact 6.17 6.89 6 Twitter 4% (-) 10% Metro 6.31 7.08 7sur7 6.16 6.6 Joe FM 6.31 7.5 Metro 6.01 6.87 Apache.be* 5.46 – MSN News 5.44 6.49

* Some brands do not have trust scores for users of those brands (did not meet minimum 50 threshold or did not specifically ask about the use of the brand) Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 74

STATISTICS BULGARIA Population 7m Internet penetration 66%

30 years after the fall of communism Bulgaria remains the poorest member of the European Union, with an increasingly polarised news media. Growing internet penetration and greater use of digital media represents some progress for a country with a rapidly ageing population.

It’s the extreme polarisation of the media and the return of control by political it is targeted at active internet users, and parties which has defined the past 12 largest opposition party in parliament, offers a morning podcast. Podcasts are months. In the early 1990s, each political Movement for Rights and Freedoms. proving to be fashionable, and a growing party had its own newspaper. Today they Not only the TV stations but the media in number of publishers and celebrities are each have their own TV channel. This is general are also increasingly collecting and producing them. partly because television remains such an publishing ‘kompromat’ – compromising important and influential source of news material such as video or photographs Newspapers in Bulgaria have come under in Bulgaria. The links between stations which embarrass political opponents or considerable financial pressure in recent and political parties range from shared other public figures. Both the GERB and years, despite pioneering successful ‘hybrid business links and interests right through BSP use specific journalists as conduits tabloid’ newspapers such as 24 Chasa and to direct ownership. for their own brand of kompromat. Trud in the 1990s. But low incomes and competition from the internet have led The ruling party, GERB, has developed Anton Todorov, the GERB’s spokesman, to a significant decline in readership and the biggest network of influence. Evropa, had to resign after indirectly threatening foreign investors have largely pulled out. a leading cable TV station, is managed a journalist on air in 2017. Since then Three daily newspapers have shut down by Georgi Harizanov, a disgraced former he has specialised in publishing online over the past four years and economic public servant who was publicly exposed ‘investigations’ which have all targeted weakness has left Bulgarian media for lying about his university education and GERB critics. increasingly reliant on funding from local has a conviction for racketeering.29 He is oligarchs or foreign foundations. also a tennis partner of the Prime Minister, On the other side, the Socialists Boyko Borisov, and frequently defends have Elena Yoncheva, a former war The Capital weekly magazine remains the government policies. correspondent who is known for her only Bulgarian publication which charges reports from the Near East and North Nova TV, a national private broadcaster users for its online content. Investigative Africa conflicts. Her investigation into which is currently the most trusted brand site Bivol.bg invites users to support it with the government’s failure to build an in our survey, is set to be acquired by one donations. Payment for online news (7%) effective wall on the border with Turkey of the most influential and notorious is amongst the lowest in our survey. was prevented from being broadcast on Bulgarian oligarchs, Kiril Domuschiev. The the grounds of national security. Her more Internet penetration has risen in the businessman is a vocal supporter of the recent work accused a deputy minister last few years and a wide range of social prime minister and his party, and frequently of corruption but the State Prosecution platforms continue to gain in popularity, attacks its opponents. It was only the barring declined to indict the politician, claiming from Facebook (85%) to Viber (60%), a of the previous bidder by the competition the evidence was insufficient.31 commonly used messaging platform in regulator which gave Domuschiev the this part of Europe. These are significant opportunity to buy Nova TV. 30 It is unclear whether the party TV developments in a country whose channels have affected trust in the news The opposition Bulgarian Socialist Party population is ageing the fifth most – up 2 percentage points on last year – engages in similar practices. It launched quickly in the world. but they have certainly increased the its own channel, BSTV, which offers number of pundits and strongly expressed Stefan Antonov content of interest to the party and old views on air. And in line with the ‘back to Business journalist, (the Bulgarian) movies from communist times. The the past’ trend, just recently Radio Free Economist, and former nationalist parties which are GERB’s Europe reopened its Bulgarian section. Reuters Institute Journalist Fellow coalition partners have two television Employing a small number of journalists, stations, and Kanal 3 is close to the second

29 www.24chasa.bg/novini/article/4052053 30 www.novinite.com/articles/195306/Bulgarian+Businessman+Kiril+Domuschiev+Buys+Nova+Broadcasting+Group 31 www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2019/04/12/3418591_prokuratura_ne_nameri_dokazatelstva_sreshtu_ministur/ 74 / 75

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE NovaTV News 7411 ABV News online 4710 BTV News 1071 NovaTV News online 479 TOP BRANDS BNT News (Bulgarian National Television) 5213 BTV News online 449 % Weekly usage 24 Chasa 3221 novini.bg 3716 Bulgaria On Air 2511 24 Chasa online 3117 Weekly use TV, radio & print TV Evropa News 239 dir.bg 2912 More than 3 days per week Telegraf 1811 BNT (Bulgarian National Television) 267 TV, radio & print BNR News (Bulgarian National Radio) 186 Blitz.bg 2210 Weekly use A regional or local newspaper 1811 Dnevnik online 2012 online brands Trud 1611 Petel.bg 1018 More than 3 days per week Kanal 3 News 167 Bivol.bg 1811 online brands Darik (Radio) 157 Trud online 138 Capital 107 Capital (Capital.bg) 138 Sega 47 Regional/local newspaper website 139 Maritza 3 6 BNR (Bulgarian National Radio) 124 Bloomberg TV News (Bulgarian) 3 6 Pik.bg 126

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS

TV Online (including social media) Computer Smartphone 83% (-1) 88% (-) 74% (-4) 72% (+5)

Print Social Media Tablet 23% (-) 71% (-1) 19% (-2)

TRUST Many news organisations in Bulgaria have become reliant DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE on funding from oligarchs or THIS BRAND

foreign foundations. This in News overall Bulgarian National Television 7.35 7.81 News I use turn has reduced independence Bulgarian National Radio 7.33 8.18 and trust, with the media 40% (+2) Nova TV News 7.15 7.49 increasingly becoming =21st/38 43% BTV News 7 7.41 something of a battlefield 24 Chasa 6.33 7.14 between Russia and the West. Trud 6.12 7.1 Public broadcaster Bulgarian Dnevnik 6.08 6.75 Bivol.bg 5.89 7.71 National Television (BNT) is News in search News in social Sega 5.71 6.97 less popular in terms of reach Onews.bg 5.59 6.49 than commercial rivals, 34% 31% Blitz.bg 5.18 5.8 but remains the most trusted Pik.bg 4.6 5.19 for news in our survey.

PAY - 7% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 74% (+1) 85% 52% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 34% (+2) 71% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 20% (+2) 60% 56% 4 Viber 16% (+2) 60% listen to 5 Instagram 10% (+5) 26% PODCASTS in 41% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 6% (-) 13% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 76

STATISTICS CROATIA Population 4.2m Internet penetration 91%

The Croatian media market is characterised by strong commercial television providers, a print sector trying to adapt to the digital ecology, and a vibrant mix of traditional and alternative online websites. It has recently been marked by threats to journalistic independence in the public and third sector media.

The negative trend in regard to media government cut the support to third 50–60% of the audience market, includes independence started in 2016 soon sector media awarded by the previous the tabloid daily 24 sata and Večernji after the election of the HDZ governing social-democratic government. This list. Hanza media, which owns popular coalition. Particularly troublesome is is also interpreted as a move against daily Jutarnji list and the regional daily the editorial policy of the HTV (Croatian media pluralism, as non-profit media are Slobodna Dalmacija has some 30–40% television, the public service broadcaster) predominantly progressive. A government share of daily newspapers and 40–50% with its pro-government and new Christian media strategy has been promised for in the magazines market.34 According to conservative bias (pro-government bias some time but its unveiling has been the Croatian association of advertising was generally not present from 2000 to constantly postponed. Strong action agencies, total advertising revenues 2016). Public outrage was caused when was announced against misinformation (€196.4m) decreased slightly in 2017, the legal action was brought by the public and hate speech on the internet, but latest year for which we have data, though broadcaster against its own journalists who no proposals were presented amidst internet advertising increased by 14.5%.35 were publicly critical of its non-pluralistic anxieties that censorship might be editorial policies. introduced unwittingly. Public broadcaster HRT is funded by advertising and a licence fee. It faces In March a few thousand journalists and While there have been no significant stiff competition from private networks, citizens marched in Zagreb in support changes in the ownership of national-level including leading national station Nova of media freedom and journalistic media, it was recently revealed that Viktor TV. HTV has kept its third place as source independence after the Croatian Journalist Orbán’s favourite media baron, a member of offline news, but TV reach is down 3% Association (HND) highlighted 1,160 law- of the government-promoted Central from last year, while its radio branch HR suits that had been taken out by politicians European Press and Media Foundation slipped by 2%. HTV’s two commercial and public figures against journalists in the KESMA which now controls much of the rivals retained their positions – Nova TV course of their work. The Association has media in Hungary, is interested in buying is at 59%, the top source of news offline demanded that the government work to a local television in Zagreb (Z1). Media and online in Croatia, and the television stop this practice, seen by the journalists as companies from KESMA acquired parts branch of the Croatian RTL is in second harassment, and guarantee the autonomy of the Slovenian and Macedonian media place, one point down from 2018 (58%). of editorial and journalistic work from in 2016 and 2017, and supported far-right N1, the 24-hour news channel, has also 32 media owners. The Croatian Journalist candidates and parties in the election maintained its share and rank. Association was awarded the Miko Tripalo campaigns. Any similar move in Croatia Democracy Prize for their contribution to would be viewed with great concern in The growth of podcasts is a new democracy in Croatia in 2018 by the Centre the light of upcoming presidential and development with around a third (37%) for Democracy and Law Miko Tripalo, a parliamentary elections for 2019 and accessing at least once a month – with progressive think-tank. 2020, respectively.33 more than one in ten using podcasts relating to news and information. Government is also criticised for not Print circulation continued to fall by distributing the funding for the non- 10% in 2017 across the board, with the Zrinjka Peruško profit media sector earmarked several two main press companies maintaining Centre for Media and Communication years ago by the EU Social fund. The 2016 their relative shares. Styria, with some Research, University of Zagreb

32 Osam zahtjeva protiv cenzure, 1 Mar. 2019. www.hnd.hr/osam-zahtjeva-protiv-cenzure1 33 Berislav Jelinić, Orbanova medijska hobotnica preuzima Z1, 19 Feb. 2019. No. 1087, pp. 8–12, www.nacional.hr/orbanova-medijska-hobotnica-preuzima-z1/ 34 Agencija za zaštitu tržišnog natjecanja, www.aztn.hr/24-sata-prvi-na-trzistu-prodaje-jutarnji-list-na-trzistu-oglasavanja-u-dnevnim-novinama-a-7dnevno-i- medimurjenajprodavaniji-o 35 hura.hr/istrazivanja/medijska-potrosnja-u-hr 76 / 77

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE NovaTV News 5916 24sata online 5717 RTL News 5815 Index.hr 2056 TOP BRANDS HTV & HR News (public broadcaster) 5716 Jutarnji online 4616 % Weekly usage 24sata 3718 Net.hr 4319 Jutarnji list 2915 Dnevnik.hr 2036 Weekly use TV, radio & print Otvoreni radio 218 Tportal.hr 3518 More than 3 days per week Večernji list 1019 Večernji online 3414 TV, radio & print Narodni radio 167 HRT news online (public broadcaster) 2013 Weekly use Local radio news 156 RTL News online 1812 online brands N1 125 Dnevno.hr 1811 More than 3 days per week Antena radio 125 Telegram.hr 169 online brands Slobodna Dalmacija 115 Slobodna Dalmacija online 166 Regional or local newspaper 118 Direktno.hr 138 Local television news 106 Novilist.hr 105 Al-Jazeera 85 Local radio news online 106 Novi list 47 N1 online 3 6

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Internet penetration in 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint Croatia is now over 90% 74%59%and 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media this growing connectedness50% 59% is 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 50% 36% Social media 100% 91% 36%40% 89% Social media Tablet also reflected in smartphone 36%40% 20% 36% 20% 79% 78% Online (incl. social media) use – 76% use the device20% for 76% Smartphone 20% 72% 0% 66% 68% news weekly. Croatians0% also 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201856%2019 55% love their social networks 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50% TV 43% with Facebook, YouTube, 39% WhatsApp, and Viber most 17% 17% regularly used for news. 0% 0% 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019 TRUST Trust in the media remains stable with the ranking of DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) media brands similar to last ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE THIS BRAND year. The most trusted news News overall NovaTV 6.86 7.29 sources are two commercial News I use RTL 6.62 TV stations (both foreign 7.06 Otvoreni radio 6.32 7.11 owned), alongside two main 40% (+1) 41% Jutarnji list 6 6.4 daily newspapers and the =21st/38 HR News (public radio) 5.99 6.65 public service radio. The Večernji 5.99 6.51 tabloid 24sata has a lower HTV News (public television) 5.86 6.51 trust score along with the Tportal.hr 5.81 6.47 News in search News in social more politically inclined Net.hr 5.71 6.18 portals – Dnevno.hr on the index.hr 5.6 6.27 right, and Index.hr on the left. 31% 30% 24sata 5.59 6.15 Dnevno.hr 5.37 6.34

PAY - 6% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 56% (-1) 75% 40% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 28% (-) 77% via social, messaging or email 3 WhatsApp 14% (+3) 56% 37% 4 Viber 13% (+1) 59% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 12% (+1) 53% PODCASTS in 25% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Instagram 10% (+4) 34% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 78

STATISTICS CZECH REPUBLIC Population 10.6m Internet penetration 88%

The Czech media market has experienced further ownership concentration with control shifting towards domestic tycoons, who have been also expanding abroad. Czech digital platforms are stepping up original content production, while concerns about the political independence of public service media are growing. when the French company Lagardère sold series, and talk shows – the Czech retailer Under favourable economic conditions its assets – the nationwide commercial clearly takes inspiration from Amazon. It (GDP +3.0%), the Czech media market stations Frekvence 1 and Evropa 2, and is attempting to compete with the leading has continued to grow in 2018, with several other local stations – to Czech Czech online portal Seznam.cz which has advertising expenditures rising by 10%. Media Invest, controlled by one of the been involved in TV content production As in 2017, online adverts recorded the richest Czech businessmen Daniel for several years already with its online biggest annual growth (23%), attracting for Křetínský. The transaction involved service Stream.cz and, since last year, the first time more expenditure than print Lagardère’s radio stations in other Central terrestrial SeznamTV. The growing interest and radio combined, and amounting to and Eastern European countries, as well as of Czech audiences in new forms of online 25% of the advertising market altogether. its many French magazines, including the consumption is also seen in the rising Nevertheless, the dominant position of TV popular brand Elle. Křetínský’s expansion popularity of podcasts, spearheaded by is still far from being challenged (46%).36 in the French market continued with the independent producers but also involving purchase of the news weekly Marianne and some established brands such as Czech There has been a further drop in the a minority stake in the legacy newspaper Radio and Forbes. circulation of daily press, as publishers Le Monde, which sparked concerns about sold on average 7% fewer copies than the impact on editorial autonomy among The increasing politicisation and more last year, an indication that the relative French journalists. Together with the explicit partisanship of the Czech slowdown of the decline between 2016 acquisition of leading telecom operators in news media have been reflected in the and 2017 (-5.5%) was only a temporary Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro intensification of struggles for political 37 one. The decline was driven particularly by the Czech investment group PPF, owned independence of the public service by print subscriptions (-11%), and was by another billionaire Petr Kellner, these broadcasters. These have been targets observed across all individual titles, investments symbolise rising power as well of regular criticism and attacks by with the exception of the financial daily as appetite of the Czech business tycoons the governing party as well as by the 39 Hospodářské noviny. The market shares of to extend their media empires beyond President. Despite the rising political the five leading publishers – with the first national borders. hostility, public service broadcasting as three controlling 85% of the daily press an institution can still rely on substantial market – remained virtually unchanged. Amid the overall pessimism in the print support from the Czech public. This was Nevertheless, a further concentration market, there was a sign of hope in the seen several times during 2018 when of the print market took place following launching of a new liberal daily at the end people took to the streets to protest the withdrawal of Bauer Media, which of 2018. Deník N was established following against attempts to curb the independence was purchased by Mafra, a publishing a crowdsourcing campaign, and benefited of Czech Television and Czech Radio. Both house once controlled by the Czech Prime from close cooperation with its Slovak broadcasters also – yet again – top the list Minister Andrej Babiš.38 Apart from Mafra counterpart Denník N. Having started as an of news brands in their perceived trust by becoming the number one publisher, this online daily, Deník N added a print version Czech audiences. move has marked the near-completion from the beginning of 2019, emboldened of the process of print media takeover by by an increasing subscriber base. Václav Štětka domestic businessmen – a notable change Loughborough University from several years ago when foreign The fast-growing online TV market investors dominated the market. has been further expanded with the emergence of Mall.tv, established by the A shift in favour of domestic ownership second biggest Czech internet retailer occurred within the radio market, too, Mall.cz. Offering original content – films,

36 www.spir.cz/28-6-miliard-korun-investovali-zadavatele-do-internetove-reklamy-v-roce-2018-vice-nez-polovina 37 www.mediaguru.cz/clanky/2019/02/prodej-deniku-loni-ovlivnil-i-problem-s-predplatnym 38 www.reuters.com/article/czech-media/czech-pms-former-firm-buys-bauer-media-groups-local-publisher-idUSL8N1WP4AX 39 www.tol.org/client/article/27653-the-battle-for-czech-public-media.html 78 / 79

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE Czech Television News (incl. 1, CT24) 5612 Seznam.cz/zpravy 3810 TV Nova News 5012 iDnes.cz 3712 TOP BRANDS Prima News 4313 Novinky.cz 308 % Weekly usage Mlada Fronta DNES 199 Aktualne.cz 2913 Blesk 167 TN.cz 228 Weekly use 2210 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspaper 1016 CT (Česká Televize) News online 155 iPrima.cz 198 More than 3 days per week Czech Radio News TV, radio & print TV Barrandov News 156 Blesk.cz 166 Weekly use Televize Seznam 135 Denik.cz 147 online brands Metro 136 Super.cz 106 More than 3 days per week Radio Impuls News 135 Lidovky.cz 48 online brands Denik 106 iHned.cz 37 ALSO Frekvence 1 News 49 Re ex.cz 47 Parlamentnilisty.cz 15% Evropa 2 News 49 Tyden.cz 4 6 Prvnizpravy.cz 5% Sputnik 3% Lidove noviny 47 Extra.cz 4 6 Ac24.cz 3% 3 6 EuroZpravy.cz 3 5 Hospodarske noviny Aeronet.cz 2%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Smartphones have continued79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint to rise as the second most74%59% 2015–19 71% Print 2015–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media popular device for accessing50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 91% 36%40% Social media Tablet news, while the use of tablets 36%40% 85% 20% 85% 36% 83% 20% has further stagnated. 20% 77% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 20% 70% 0% However, the consumption0% of2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 51% news on social media has 50% 41% 49% 50%TV declined compared to 2018, 37% 34% 28% particularly on Facebook (-7%). 16% 14%

0% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling TRUST The tendency towards DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE declining trust in news, THIS BRAND

recorded in previous years, has News overall Czech Radio (public broadcaster) 6.58 7.4 News I use been stopped and slightly Czech Television (public broadcaster) 6.51 7.02 reversed, even if the overall 33% (+2) iDnes.cz 6.31 6.8 trust figures are still =30th/38 39% Aktualne.cz 6.16 6.74 comparatively low. Public TV Prima 6.14 6.89 broadcasters remain most Mlada Fronta DNES 6.07 6.53 trusted by the public while Novinky.cz 6 6.42 Seznam.cz/zpravy 5.97 tabloids and partisan brands 6.46 News in search News in social TV Nova 5.52 6.22 are trusted least. Denik N 5.5 6.08 33% 20% Parlamentnilisty.cz 5.28 6.57 Blesk 3.55 4.88

PAY - 7% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 50% (-7) 75% 37% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 26% (-) 65% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 17% (+1) 51% 37% 4 WhatsApp 10% (+3) 32% listen to 5 Instagram 8% (+4) 23% PODCASTS in 22% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 4% (-1) 9% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 80

STATISTICS DENMARK Population 5.8m Internet penetration 97%

Denmark’s media are adjusting to significant changes and reductions in funding to public service broadcasting along with increased subsidies for private media, both introduced by a right- wing government.

In a break with traditions of broad political compromises about media regulation, in June 2018 Denmark’s government introduced a controversial media settlement for the next five years. Dagblad saw increases of just under 10%. of journalists they employ, the social Denmark has two public broadcasters, DR Politiken’s Sunday edition also increased diversity of their readership, and the and TV2, and a national and local press readership by 10%. Advertising revenues amount of democratically important partly supported by state subsidies, and for print newspapers dropped 14% in 2018. political and cultural content they create. the changes reduce total public funding of Niche nationals receive an average media by €54m. Since February 2019, the key TV news subsidy of €3.3m; broadsheet and tabloid providers have been competing head-to- national dailies €2.3m; regional dailies The specific changes involve a 20% funding head for late-night news viewers, after €1.6m; local dailies €400,000; online cut for the main public service provider, DR, TV2 Nyhederne moved its 10pm newscast native sites €500,000. from €508m to €415m in 2023. At the same to 9.30pm. DR so far has kept its audience time, the press subsidy programme gets share, and before TV2’s announcement It is still proving hard to run sustainable extra money, which will benefit online and had already decided to move its bulletin news media targeting children and young local media. A fund that gives private media to 9pm in 2020. adults. Young people have less brand support for specific public service content loyalty and prefer multiple sources or is boosted from €4.7m to €13.3m. Finally, The tabloid BT and free daily MetroXpress aggregators with a blend of several brands. there is a requirement for the new holder were partly merged in April 2018. Online of the radio franchise FM4 (currently run by newsletter Føljeton has barely reached the In 2018, Berlingske closed its Kids News Radio 24syv) to move its headquarters at break-even point. Long-read and in-depth (printed weekly, 6–12 years). JP/Politiken least 110 km from Copenhagen. news digital publisher Zetland still runs a closed Format (online, 20-to-30-year- substantial deficit. One strategy to counter olds) after just eight months, partly due to The settlement for DR will reduce staffing these difficulties has been to produce audio disappointing user referrals from Facebook. by 375 jobs (85 in news), reduce its number versions of articles, a path also taken by Similarly Vice (online, 20-to-30-year-olds) of TV channels from six to three, and cut the free politics-focused online newspaper launched its youth-oriented online news radio channels from eight to five. The Altinget, and big mainstream news media magazine in May 2018 only to close it in contract forbids the production of long like Politiken. February 2019. The market still includes in-depth text-based news articles online, print weeklies for 9-to-12-year-olds, online intended as a measure to strengthen private Concerns over the possible growth in news for teenagers, online videos for 20-to- news organisations’ competitive power. misinformation during the national 30-year-olds, and daily podcasts, some of Cuts will affect entertainment, sport, and elections has led news magazine Mandag which receive a public subsidy. imported drama more than news. Morgen to set up a fact-checking unit. It will collaborate with Facebook about Danes use social media less for news than Opposition parties say they are prepared intercepting misinformation.40 many other countries. Facebook plateaued to roll back parts of the government’s in 2019, while Instagram and WhatsApp legislation if they come to power after Payment for online news has stagnated are relatively new on the Danish media this year’s general election, saying they at 15% since 2017. All major newspapers scene. DR News, niche financial newspaper would aim to restore the strength of public use freemium models online, and are Børsen, and born-online, political news- service media and to curb the influence of struggling to increase payment levels. oriented Altinget have begun to cautiously international tech giants. In 2018 major newspapers priced online explore morning chatbot newsletters and subscriptions at around €35 per month, alerts on Facebook Messenger.41 In print, most national and regional the main exception being Berlingske with newspaper readership continued to drop its €15 offer. Kim Christian Schrøder and Mark Ørsten by 10% or more on weekdays and 3–15% Roskilde University on Sundays (industry figures). But niche The state subsidy is given to private newspapers Information and Kristeligt news media in relation to the number

40 Mediawatch, 27 Sept. 2018. 41 Mediawatch, 13 Aug. 2018. 80 / 81

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE AND ONLINE DR News incl P1, P3, P4 (main public broadcaster) 6115 DR News online 3710 TV2 News 5713 TV2 News online 337 TOP BRANDS Regional news via TV2 (Nord, Fyn, Lorry) 279 Ekstra-Bladet online 277 % Weekly usage Local free weekly newspaper 1419 BT online 258 Local/regional newspaper 114 Politiken online 135 Weekly use TV, radio & print BT Metro 104 Jyllandsposten online 114 More than 3 days per week Commercial radio news 105 Local/regional newspaper website 104 TV, radio & print Ekstrabladet 49 Local weekly website 106 Weekly use BT 95 Berlingske online 49 online brands Radio 24syv 48 Avisen online 85 More than 3 days per week Politiken 3 6 Altinget online 37 online brands Jyllandsposten 3 6 Radio24syv News online 3 6 Berlingske 2 5 Dagens online 4 6 Søndagsavisen 3 4 Information online 3 5 ALSO Børsen 2 4 Børsen online 2 5 Den Korte Avis 4% Fagblade 3 4 MSN News 2 4 Zetland 3%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) In 2019 there is a continued79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint move away from accessing74%59% 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media news on computers 50%and tablets59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet towards smartphones. More 85% 36%40% 20% 36% 20% 80% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone than two-thirds of the Danes20% 81% 20% 69% 0% 65% now use their smartphones0% to2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 57% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 access news. 2013 2014 201550%2016 49%2017 2018 2019 50%TV 50% 45% 43% 31% 31% 25% 22%

0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST News trust levels are slightly DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE up on last year, in contrast to THIS BRAND many other European News overall News I use DR News 7.68 7.94 countries. Public TV2 News 7.42 7.7 broadcasters DR and TV2 still 57% (+1) Børsen 7.31 8.12 carry the most trust with 3rd/38 63% Berlingske 7.01 7.88 popular tabloid Ekstra Bladet Politiken 6.99 7.91 and extreme-right Den Korte Jyllands Posten 6.97 7.69 Avis trusted least by the Information 6.88 7.87 Danish public. News in search News in social Radio 24syv news 6.47 7.21 Søndagsavisen 6.24 6.09 Avisen.dk 5.87 6.74 26% 15% BT Metro 5.51 5.7 BT 5.44 6.33 Dagens.dk 5.34 6.41 PAY Ekstra Bladet 4.87 5.82 Denkorteavis 4.64 7.24 - 15% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 36% (+2) 75% 19% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 9% (+3) 53% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 8% (+1) 52% 24% 4 Instagram 6% (+2) 36% listen to 5 Twitter 5% (-) 11% PODCASTS in 12% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 LinkedIn 5% (+1) 19% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 82

STATISTICS FINLAND Population 5.5m Internet penetration 94%

The news media environment in Finland is characterised by a strong regional press, a strong public broadcaster (YIe), one widely read national daily (Helsingin Sanomat), and two popular evening tabloids, both reaching over half of the adult population. Finnish news media remain the most trusted in our survey. For example, Karjalainen, a regional in legacy media. The most well-known A small number of publishers dominate newspaper, sells 24-hour access to its site of these is MV-lehti (4% weekly reach), the news market as both the Finnish to those sending a 95 eurocent SMS. whose founder was recently sentenced language and small market seem to shield to jail for publishing material which was national news brands somewhat against The government’s decision to decrease found to be both libellous and racist. international competition. Finnish news VAT for digital media from 24% to 10% There is an appeal pending. MV-lehti brands also do well in terms of reach (the same as for subscribed print media) operates now with a new leadership. because there is still plenty of free online will probably accelerate the change from content available (especially the evening print to digital and make investing in online Podcasts seem to have gained ground tabloids and YIe), and a strong Finnish services more attractive for publishers. in Finland over the last year, and many reading tradition. Despite this, news reach newspaper companies have started Finland has always tracked as the country in most sources is slowly declining as podcasts of their own. Sometimes the with the most trusted news media in entertainment media such as Netflix and initiative has come from individual the Digital News Report (59% this year). Spotify compete for people’s time. journalists. Regional newspapers This is probably due to the Finns’ general Aamulehti and Satakunnan Kansa started Newspaper circulations have continued trust in social institutions and the fact podcasts about sports in autumn 2018 to decline, which is a serious problem that the mainstream news media are while Helsingin Sanomat continued because most of their revenue still comes not politically divided. It seems, though, its political commentary podcast from print. Finnish newspaper publishers that even in Finland things are slowly Uutisraportti (News Report) that already have smoothed their print-readers’ changing. Overall trust in the news is now has a quite established position. way into digital by offering bundled down 9 percentage points from 2015, subscriptions at a similar price – or just a though trust in ‘news I consume’ dropped The national news agency STT little higher – as print-only subscriptions. only 2 percentage points. strengthened its position after a period This strategy has made bundled of economic difficulty. The government The widening gap between trust in news subscriptions quite popular in Finland. At granted it a €1.5 million subsidy and overall and ‘news I consume’ might the same time, they have tightened their Sanoma increased its ownership of STT indicate some kind of polarising trend. online paywalls and tried to sell digital to 75% by buying Alma Media’s and TS- Social topics from immigration to wolf- subscriptions. While a few publishers have Group’s shares. Sanoma also announced hunting have recently led to heated public had some success with this strategy42 that Helsingin Sanomat will start using debates and accusations of bias against – Helsingin Sanomat now has around STT’s services again. established media. In a 2016 survey, 71% 100,000 digital-only subscribers and more of those supporting the nationalist True Esa Reunanen than 300,000 overall – less than one-fifth Finns party said they had ‘lost their trust University of Tampere, Finland of the adult population (16% last year) in traditional media’, while among all Finns overall has paid for online news. only 38% agreed with that statement.43 The current trend in paywalls is a mixed Another explanation is that the public model in which people can read a few discussion about fake news has made stories free while some premium content people more aware of the potential is only available to subscribers. When unreliability of news – while they still people come up against a paywall, they broadly trust the mainstream news media. are often offered a free trial or low- There is a small nationalist and anti- cost subscription. There are also some immigration alternative media scene in experiments with micropayments. Finland, which actively engenders distrust

42 Media Audit Finland circulation data, http://mediaauditfinland.fi/levikit/tilastot 43 vipepister.puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi/218550-vihreat-tyytyvaisia-mediaan-perussuomalaiset-pettyneita 82 / 83

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE Yle news (public broadcaster) 6815 Ilta-Sanomat online 5611 MTV3 News 5517 Iltalehti online 5410 TOP BRANDS Free city paper 2131 Yle News online (incl Areena News) 3513 % Weekly usage Regional newspaper 237 Helsingin Sanomat online 278 Local newspaper 1019 MTV news online (incl. Katsomo news) 2311 Weekly use TV, radio & print Ilta-Sanomat 188 Regional newspapers online 156 More than 3 days per week Helsingin Sanomat 176 Local newspapers online 136 TV, radio & print Iltalehti 166 Taloussanomat online 138 Weekly use News on commercial radio 146 Kauppalehti online 126 online brands Suomen Kuvalehti 3 5 Uusisuomi online 95 More than 3 days per week Kauppalehti 3 5 Talouselämä online 69 online brands Foreign TV news channels 3 5 Free city papers online 85 ALSO HS TV news on Channel 4 4 5 MSN News 48 MV-Lehti 4% BBC News 3 5 Foreign newspapers online 2 5 Nykysuomi 2% Foreign TV news online 3 5 Talouselämä 2 4 Oikea Media 2% CNN 3 News on commercial radio online 3 5 Kansalainen 2% CHANGING MEDIA

The weekly reach of100% all sources 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) of news is either declining100% 79% or Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS flat, which may be because79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint 74%59% 2015–19 71% Print 2014–19 59% 71% Print other media are increasingly50% 59% PrintSocial media 50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% competing for people’s50% time. 36% Social media 90% 36%40% Social media Tablet 36%40% 85% 20% 36% Meanwhile the smartphone20% is Online80% (incl. social media) Smartphone 20% 75% 20% rapidly increasing its 0% 66% 62% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 62% importance. 62% of Finns0% now2013 2014 2015 2016 201753%2018 2019 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV use the smartphone for news 40% 39% 41% 39% weekly, with 43% of Finns 23% 24% saying it is their main device,

compared with 39% in 2018. 0% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Even in Finland, trust in news DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE is slowly declining. This may be THIS BRAND

because of polarising News overall Yle News 7.77 8.14 News I use tendencies in this traditionally Helsingin Sanomat 7.27 7.7 consensual and trustful 59% (-3) Kauppalehti 7.25 7.82 society, or because the debate 1st/38 70% Local newspapers 7.21 7.61 about so called ‘fake news’ has Suomen Kuvalehti 7.19 8.08 undermined trust in news MTV 7.17 7.1 overall. The national Taloussanomat 7.16 7.56 Regional newspapers 7.16 7.79 broadcasting company YIe News in search News in social retains its position as the most Talouselämä 7.15 7.65 Maaseudun Tulevaisuus 6.86 7.96 trusted media in Finland. News on commercial 28% 18% radio channels 6.53 7.24 Uusisuomi 6.46 6.99 Free city newspapers 6.26 6.92 PAY Ilta-Sanomat 6.2 6.58 Iltalehti 6.11 6.5 - 16% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 30% (-3) 68% 27% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 14% (-1) 67% via social, messaging or email 3 WhatsApp 10% (-) 61% 26% 4 Twitter 8% (+1) 16% listen to 5 Instagram 6% (+2) 37% PODCASTS in 15% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 6% (+1) 39% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 84

STATISTICS FRANCE Population 65m Internet penetration 93%

Recent months have been marked by a persistent and troubled wave of protests in France known as the Yellow Vests movement. On the ground, journalists have been insulted and attacked while the news media itself has suffered the biggest fall in trust in years.

The Yellow Vests protests, which began in autumn 2018 and has led to widespread violence on the streets, show no sign of running out of steam. The protesters peddling’. Draft French legislation to demands for greater efficiency. In a major have no identifiable leader, structure, or combat what the government considers restructuring plan they are getting rid of coherent agenda which has made it hard ‘fake news’ includes provisions to take 2,000 out of 9,600 staff and have a plan for journalists to tell their story. And yet foreign broadcasters off the air if they to create more programmes that might the protestors consider the media to attempt to ‘destabilise’ the country.44 attract younger audiences. Meanwhile be part of the problem – critical of their the French are shifting their allegiances movement and over-supportive of the In response to the Yellow Vests’ demands, to online video services, with Netflix government. Reporters have faced verbal President Emmanuel Macron and his reaching 5m subscribers and Orange, and physical attacks, with a number government have organised the ‘Great one of the biggest telecom providers, thrown to the ground and even mugged. National Debate’, a chance for citizens to making significant investments in original French journalists have likened covering input ideas to improve quality of life in programming. One French minister, Gérald the protests to reporting from a war zone. France. More than 1.9 million contributions Damarnin, has suggested going even were submitted online and about 10,000 further and abolishing the ‘audio-visual Despite the violence, the Yellow Vests nationwide discussions were held. fee’, which funds French public media – a continue to attract public support. tax of €139 per year for those that own a TV. Many citizens believe the media have Emmanuel Macron has also been on the sensationalised events and have defensive over the behaviour of his former Another blow to trust came in February interviewed polarised or extreme security officer. Alexandre Benalla was when a number of senior French journalists witnesses. As a result, we see a large fall in sacked by the President after Le Monde were suspended or fired for allegedly co- overall trust in the news to just 24%, one of revealed that he attacked a protestor ordinating online harassment via a private the lowest in our survey. during May Day demonstrations in Paris. Facebook group. The largely male ‘Ligue Several months later, the subscription- du Lol’ mocked women, including other But here’s the paradox: BFM TV, which based investigative publication Mediapart journalists, using pornographic images and has been broadcasting breaking news and revealed that he’d been unlawfully using jokes about rape. The story was uncovered information since 2005, is at the same diplomatic passports. by the French daily Libération, many of time the most criticised channel and one whose journalists were involved, and While the French State has been of the most popular in France (see data became something of a MeToo moment. pushing for a EU-wide tax on the big tech on opposite page). Reporters working for Many journalists hope the revelations will companies, many news organisations in BFM TV now use a no-logo microphone help to clean up decades of sexism and France continue to struggle financially. The windscreen so the brand will not be easily out-of-date habits in French newsrooms. identified and are protected by security French news agency AFP (Agence France- guards when they report live. Presse), is looking to lose almost 100 staff Meanwhile, podcasts (25%) are still At L’Express, the weekly newspaper created engaging French listeners, exploring soft The protests have largely been organised in 1953, 40 journalists are set to leave news angles and gender issues, especially through social media, including through after unsuccessful attempts to charge for those produced by female journalists. private and public Facebook Groups. online content. But others are faring better. Kremlin-funded RT France also helped Le Monde grew digital subscriptions by Alice Antheaume sustain the movement through extensive 20% to 180,000 following a redesign and Executive Director, broadcast coverage – supplemented by increasing the number of articles behind Sciences Po Journalism School unmediated Facebook Lives. Our data its paywall.45 show 3% using RT France online weekly and even higher usage (7%) from heavy Meanwhile public broadcaster France social media users. President Macron Télévisions is under mounting pressure, has described RT as a tool for ‘influence- with falling audiences and government

44 www.rferl.org/a/france-warns-rt-claims-broadcast-syrian-chemical-weapons-attack-douma/29326822.html 45 www.digiday.com/media/le-monde-site-tweaks-helped-increase-subscriptions-20-percent-2018 84 / 85

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TF1 4413 20 Minutes online 168 BFM TV 4314 Regional or local newspaper website 146 TOP BRANDS France Télévisions (public broadcaster) 3711 Le Monde online 136 % Weekly usage M6 News 2710 France Info (public broadcaster) 125 A regional or local newspaper 2212 Le Figaro online 116 Weekly use TV, radio & print LCI 188 HuPost 105 More than 3 days per week Public radio news (France Inter etc.) 176 BFM TV online 104 TV, radio & print Commercial radio news (RTL etc) 166 Yahoo! News 104 Weekly use 20 Minutes 148 MSN News 93 online brands CNews 147 Mediapart 47 More than 3 days per week Le Monde 85 TF1 online 37 online brands Le Parisien 48 L’Express online 4 6 Le Figaro 57 Le Point online 4 6 ALSO RT France online 3% Ouest France 47 Linternaute.com 5 6 Sputnik 3% France 24 4 6 Brut 3 6 Le Media 2% La Voix du Nord 3 5 Aufeminin.com 4 6 Agence LCD News 1%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) TV news reach continues to79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint decline even if people still74%59% turn 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media to this medium during50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet moments of national crisis. The 36%40% 20% 84% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone Yellow Vests protests have20% also 71% 20% 0% 68% 69% boosted use of social0% media for2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers 59% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 news (42%) while French 2013 2014 201550%2016 46%2017 2018 2019 50%TV 50% 52% 42% people are more likely to access 24% news from a smartphone than 18% 18% 19% a computer for the first time. 11% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 TRUST Trust in news in France is now the lowest (24%) in Europe DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) – hit by coverage of the ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE THIS BRAND Yellow Vest protests. Trust in the 24-hour channel BFM News overall Le Monde 6.36 7.31 News I use has fallen from 5.9 to 4.9 Le Figaro 5.96 6.82 Mediapart 5.94 7.44 (on a ten-point scale) over (-11) 24% 5.87 L'Express 6.78 the past year and is now the 34% 37th/38 Le Point 5.87 6.8 least trusted brand in our list. L'O bs 5.87 6.81 Social media are also blamed France Télévisions News 5.85 6.39 (14% trust score) for Le Parisien 5.85 6.78 spreading conspiracy News in search News in social 20 minutes 5.77 6.68 theories, bias, and Libération 5.75 6.63 algorithmic filtering. 21% 14% M6 News 5.75 6.38 TF1 News 5.64 6.33 Le HuPost 5.57 6.61 Brut 5.24 PAY 7.13 BFM TV 4.94 5.77 - 9% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 46% (+5) 66% 30% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 24% (+2) 54% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 13% (+3) 38% 25% 4 Twitter 9% (-) 17% listen to 5 Instagram 8% (+3) 24% PODCASTS in 22% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 WhatsApp 8% (+2) 24% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 86

STATISTICS GERMANY Population 82m Internet penetration 96%

More Germans have been adopting the internet for news, even if television remains the most widely used source of news. Historic laws to stamp out so-called ‘fake news’ and hate speech on social media are widely viewed as a success by German politicians.

The German Network Enforcement Act, known as NetzDG, controversially demanded that social platforms like the print and online teams, since one of the recently experimented with a new printed Facebook and YouTube remove hateful supporters of Relotius, Ulrich Fichtner, will political magazine BILD Politics in northern and illegal content within 24 hours or face not now take up the role of editor-in-chief, Germany, built on stories around the huge fines. Despite fears that ‘overblocking’ as was originally planned. themes of anger, curiosity, and joy. could limit freedom of speech, at a Meanwhile the economic outlook for news Greatest trust within the news media political level the law that was introduced organisations in Germany remains difficult, in Germany is still attributed to the two at the start of 2018 is widely seen as a particularly those from a print background. main public service news brands (ARD success.46 Faster take down of illegal Falling circulation and declining print and ZDF). While populist attacks on the content has led many other countries to advertising have not been replaced by so-called ‘lying press’ seem to be ebbing consider similar measures. digital revenue as only a small minority off somewhat (Ziegele et al. 2018), a Two reports published by Facebook (8%) of Germans are currently paying for new discussion has flared up about show that social media users are getting any online news. content and funding for public service better at identifying offensive and illegal broadcasting in Germany. Partly as a result, growing concentration material. In the second half year of 2018, can be observed (Röper 2018) with A number of federal states are looking at 1,048 violating pieces were reported, of newspapers merging (Verlagsgruppe providing an indexed level of contribution which 369 were removed. This represents Rhein-Main) and newsrooms combining fee to public broadcasters (PSBs), rather a significant increase in the proportion of (Madsack Media Group and DuMont). A than setting the level every four years. posts removed, compared with the first number of publishers have announced While this would involve some cost cutting, half of the year. In the run-up to European significant job cuts, and some are PSBs would get more planning certainty Elections, Facebook has partnered with considering pulling out of print altogether and better control over their own budget. the investigative non-profit newsroom, (Funke Mediengruppe). Others are putting Correctiv, as a fact-checking partner but parts of their print portfolio up for sale Public broadcasters have also come to an also with the German Press Agency (dpa). (DuMont). The digital-born sector is also in out-of-court agreement with newspaper trouble, with HuffPost Germany, operated publishers over the extent of their internet Despite these initiatives, low trust in the activities. PSBs will scale back internet text news found in social media has fallen to by the Burda media group, closing down at the end of March. output that competes with newspapers 16%, a decrease of 2 percentage points and magazines. In return they have been compared to 2018. Overall trust in the In sharp contrast, Axel Springer SE given the go-ahead to keep television news has also decreased slightly to 47%, reported the most successful year in programmes online for an extended period possibly influenced by revelations that the company’s history in 2018, with its of time and even to launch them before a top reporter for Der Spiegel magazine digital business accounting for 84% of transmission (online first). had falsified news stories for many years. its operating profit of €737m. The bulk Claas Relotius, a journalist with numerous of the company’s profits now come from Sascha Hölig and Uwe Hasebrink awards, made up stories and fabricated advertising (classifieds) after it sold off Leibniz Institute for Media Research quotes for a range of media outlets most of its print titles. Axel Springer still I Hans Bredow Institute, Hamburg that also included Die Zeit, Frankfurter operates Bild and Die Welt along with the Allgemeine Sonnntagszeitung, Die Welt, digital-born Business Insider and the news and SZ Magazin. For Der Spiegel, in aggregator Upday. Bild remains Germany’s particular, this process may have lasting largest selling newspaper and has more consequences on the proposed merger of than 400,000 digital subscribers. It has

46 www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/netzdg-koalitionspolitiker-sehen-gesetz-gegen-hass-als-erfolg-opposition-bekraeftigt-kritik/23815526.html 86 / 87

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE ARD News (Tagesschau, Tagesthemen etc) 5416 Spiegel online 188 ZDF News (heute, heute-journal etc) 4417 t-online 156 TOP BRANDS Regional or local newspaper 3415 Focus online 147 % Weekly usage RTL News 2910 Bild.de 134 Public radio news 217 Web.de 134 Weekly use TV, radio & print n-tv 208 ARD News (Tagesschau.de etc) 135 More than 3 days per week N24 1019 Gmx.de 124 TV, radio & print Regional TV news 179 n-tv.de 125 Weekly use Commerical radio news 165 Regional or local newspaper websites 105 online brands Sat.1 News 157 N24.de 104 More than 3 days per week Bild/Bild am Sonntag 116 Sueddeutsche.de 95 online brands Der Spiegel 69 Welt online 95 WDR News 49 ZEIT online 85 ALSO Junge Freiheit 3% Focus 68 ZDF News (Heute.de etc) 47 Compact online 3% ProSieben Newstime 85 Stern.de 47 PI News 2% Stern 57 HuPost 3 6 Epoch Times 2%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Television is still the most79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint widely used source of news74%59% in 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media Germany but its reach50% has59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet been steadily declining in 36%40% 20% 82% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone recent years. The internet20% has 72% 71% 20% 66% 0% 68% gained in popularity,0% including 2013 2014 2015 2016 63%2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers 56% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 55% the use of social media and 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV messaging applications, 34% 34% 22% 20% though Facebook was used 18% less for news than in 2018. 10% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST A fraud scandal shattered the DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE German press in the end of THIS BRAND 2018 as it was revealed that a News overall ARD Tagesschau 6.97 7.66 Spiegel reporter had News I use ZDF heute 6.8 7.57 manipulated reports in (-3) Regional/local newspaper 6.72 7.34 various media outlets. This 47% n-tv 6.55 7.08 12th/38 60% year’s brand figures show Süddeutsche Zeitung 6.45 6.97 declining trust across a Die ZEIT 6.38 7.05 number of major titles from FAZ 6.28 7.09 Der Spiegel to major public Focus 6.03 6.47 News in search News in social broadcasters to the tabloid Der Spiegel 6 6.66 newspaper/website Bild. Spiegel online 5.99 6.62 27% 16% Stern 5.84 6.68 Sat.1 Nachrichten 5.68 6.85 RTL aktuell 5.53 6.87 PAY t-online 5.53 6.31 Bild 3.66 5.2 - 8% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 22% (-2) 50% 22% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 19% (+4) 58% via social, messaging or email 3 WhatsApp 16% (+2) 66% 21% 4 Instagram 6% (+3) 23% listen to 5 Twitter 5% (-) 12% PODCASTS in 14% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 4% (-) 24% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 88

STATISTICS GREECE Population 11m Internet penetration 70%

The media market in Greece is characterised by online fragmentation, a changing and polarised TV market, a print sector in crisis and one of the highest uses of social media for news. Trust in the news remains one of the lowest in our survey.

The past year saw a number of structural changes in the broadcasting landscape. MEGA finally ceased operations, 29 years after its first broadcast and a few years than 20 national newspapers in Greece, blogs that regularly engage in dangerous after getting into financial difficulty. including six sports papers. As a point conspiracy theories. The number of news Open TV, owned by a Greek-Russian of reference, the UK, a country six times brands used can be explained by the very businessman, Ivan Savvidis, with links to larger than Greece, has half the number high use of social media platforms for Vladimir Putin, launched this year. It took of national newspapers. The abundance of news in Greece, a behaviour that has been over from Epsilon TV which is now reduced news sources in Greece can be explained linked to incidental exposure to news to being a regional broadcaster in the by attempts of some businesspeople sources (Fletcher and Nielsen 2018). More capital. The Vardinogiannis family, owner to influence the political agenda or to than two-thirds (67%) of Greeks use social of Star TV, is about to close a deal for 50% gain revenue from state advertising. The media as a source of news, while 20% of of Alpha’s TV and radio stations, pending government announced in May that it will Greeks online (and 32% of those under approval from the broadcasting regulator, support local and regional newspapers 35) claim that social media are their main potentially opening the way to greater with €16m during the next four years. source of news. Apart from Facebook (58%) collaboration between the two. One TV, The money will be distributed to news and YouTube (36%), Greeks use messaging a new online broadcaster, is awaiting organisations based on the number of full- applications widely to share and discuss approval for obtaining the sixth national TV time employees they have, while a similar news. A quarter of the sample (25%) uses license. It is owned by Evangelos Marinakis support package for national newspapers Messenger for news, while Viber is used for who has during the past years bought a will follow. news by 17% of Greeks, the highest share in number of legacy news outlets. all 38 countries of the study. The online media market in Greece is The polarised political climate in Greece highly fragmented, with new digital- Antonis Kalogeropoulos was reflected in the news media landscape born players making up half the list of Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism this year. The main opposition party, most popular websites. Newsbomb.gr New Democracy, banned its MPs from maintained the top spot for a number of being interviewed by the public service years with its sensationalist news coverage broadcaster for five months, citing unfair (34% weekly access). A few legacy players coverage and pro-government bias. like SKAI (25%) and Proto Thema (18%) Meanwhile the governing party, Syriza, has have built up a loyal audience online while boycotted the largest news broadcaster some new outlets have strong connections SKAI since summer 2018, following their to legacy journalism, being the personal dissatisfaction with SKAI’s wildfire coverage initiatives of famous journalists or news in Attica. In December, SKAI suffered a anchors (e.g. Enikos or NewsIt). One bombing attack at its headquarters from a interesting new digital-born initiative is the left-wing terrorist organisation. ‘slow news’ Inside Story, which operates behind a paywall, following the example of The print market in Greece continues its De Correspondent in the Netherlands. dramatic decline. The Sunday newspapers currently in circulation sell a small fraction Greeks report using on average more than of the 1.1 million papers sold ten years 5 online news sources per week, the second ago.47 Print editions of most newspapers highest among 38 countries. While this face tough competition in an environment finding reflects plurality in news selection, where most content can be found for free in the long-tail list of the most visited online. Despite this, there are still more websites are a number of news websites or

47 Data from Argos (www.argoscom.gr) and the Athens Daily Newspaper Publishers Association (eihea.gr). It should be noted that a handful of large newspapers have asked to be excluded from the industry circulation data published from the Argos press distribution agency. 88 / 89

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE SKAI News (including Radio) 5417 Newsbomb.gr 3416 ANT1 News 4519 Dikaiologitika.gr 3013 TOP BRANDS Alpha News 4417 SKAI online 2514 % Weekly usage Star News 3518 News247.gr 2513 ERT (incl. ERT3) (Public broadcaster) 3313 In.gr 2413 Weekly use TV, radio & print Open News 2713 Newsit.gr 2212 More than 3 days per week A regional or local newspaper 1419 mixanitouxronou.gr 1912 TV, radio & print Real News (print & radio) 1019 Newsbeast.gr 1911 Weekly use Kathimerini 1711 Proto Thema online 189 online brands Proto Thema 1611 CNN Greece online 179 More than 3 days per week To Vima 129 Kathimerini online 179 online brands Ta Nea 118 Zougla.gr 1017 Emerida ton Syntakton 106 ERT news online 179 BBC News 105 Ie merida.gr 169 CNN 49 Enikos.gr 1016 Ethnos 68 Yahoo! News 145

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Smartphones are now used79%74% to SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint access news as often as 74%59% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media computers for the first50% time.59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 96% 36% Social media 36%40% 92% Social media Tablet Almost all Greeks online get 36%40% 20% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone news via online sources 20% 74% 72% 20% 68% 65% 0% 66% (92%), with social media0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 67% Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 65% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (67%) considerably more 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 47%

popular for news than in 31% 28% many other countries. TV 24% 26% news usage remains steady 0% 0% while newspaper readership 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019 continues to decline.

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) Only a third trust the news ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE THIS BRAND they use themselves, while Greece ranks 36th across News overall Kathimerini 6.13 7.25 News I use 38 countries in overall Real News 6.03 6.87 Alpha News 5.99 trust in news. Decades of 27% (+1) 6.75 Ant1 News 5.93 6.69 corruption, political and 36th/38 33% To Vima 5.84 7.15 business undue influences, in.gr 5.83 6.63 and their targeting by news247.gr 5.75 6.66 left- and right-wing populist newsit.gr 5.62 6.85 parties have resulted in News in search News in social Emerida ton Sintakton 5.59 6.98 the media being widely Star News 5.59 6.44 distrusted by Greeks. 35% 22% Proto Thema 5.52 6.71 SKAI News 5.48 6.62 Newsbomb.gr 5.47 6.32 PAY ERT News 5.25 6.45 Tromaktiko 4.7 6.59 - 7% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 58% (-2) 80% 46% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 36% (-) 81% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 25% (+3) 63% 36% 4 Viber 17% (+3) 54% listen to 5 Instagram 15% (+5) 42% PODCASTS in 31% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 12% (-1) 24% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 90

STATISTICS HUNGARY Population 9.7m Internet penetration 89%

Government allies strengthened their grip on the media market last year through acquisitions and mergers, distribution of state advertising and subsidies, control over public service media, and smear campaigns against critical journalists. Against this background it is not surprising that the audience’s trust in news is very low. Social media networks are a key source of news. reflected in the structure of the media distribution of state funding: while pro- market. The aftermath of the elections government media receive much of their In April 2018, the Prime Minister Orbán led saw the capitulation of former-Orbán- budget from state advertising, critical 53 right-wing parties (Fidesz-MPP and KDNP) ally-turned-nemesis oligarch Lajos media are struggling for survival. Some to a third consecutive term in government, Simicska. He either closed or sold all his independent outlets are experimenting with a two-thirds majority in Parliament. assets, including his media companies. with new business models: crowdfunding Since the election, governmental attacks This resulted in news channel HirTV (memberships and donations) has against democratic institutions have being taken over by government-friendly been a significant part of the budget of continued, including the judiciary, academic owners and editors, and in the closure of investigative journalism centres Atlatszo 50 institutions, NGOs, oppositional parties, the historic daily Magyar Nemzet , the and Direkt36, and the weekly and online media outlets, and the European Union weekly Heti Valasz, and Lanchid Radio. As outlet, HVG, for some time. Other media itself. Government campaigns against a consequence of Simicska’s withdrawal outlets have been following this path, ‘migrants’ and the European Union are from the media market, Hungary’s biggest running crowdfunding and membership running on various channels (billboards, online news portal, Index, also changed campaigns (Magyar Hang, 444), including television, and social media) paid for by the its ownership structure, raising further the biggest online portal, Index. public purse. Reflecting concerns about concerns about its independence and Hungary has one of the lowest levels of democratic backsliding, Freedom House sustainability. Zoom.hu, a recent addition trust in our entire survey (28%). On the changed Hungary’s status from free to to the online news market, has ceased one hand, there are ongoing discussions partly free in their annual report. According operation due to financial problems. and research into the presence of to Transparency International, Hungary is But the most significant change on the misinformation (including Russian the third most corrupt country in the EU48 Hungarian media market was the creation propaganda) in the Hungarian media with Prime Minister Orbán’s close friend, of a new Central European Press and Media market. On the other hand, it is common Lőrinc Mészáros, becoming the richest Foundation (CEPMF), merging a total of practice for politicians and pro-government Hungarian in the course of a few years.49 476 media companies – with donations media to label critical journalists and Investigations into the wrongdoings of from many of the owners of the biggest outlets as ‘fake-news’. RTL Klub is the most oligarchs and politicians are conducted by pro-government groups. The affected titles trusted of the brands in our survey, with independent journalism outlets, but are include the second-most-read tabloid pro-government TV2 least trusted. rarely followed up by police investigations paper, one of the most visited online news Paywalls are yet to be introduced to or covered by pro-government media portals, numerous radio stations and the Hungarian online market. Other including the public service broadcaster. television channels, and all the regional 51 innovations include content production Because of the structure and nature dailies. Though the CEPMF raises in various formats (visualisations, videos, of the Hungarian media environment, questions of fair competition and people’s etc.), of which podcasts are a success – significant segments of the audience are right to information and pluralism, the 32% of respondents have used podcasts in systematically underserved with critical authorities have not investigated this since the past month according to our survey. information, while the reach and breadth the government declared the move to be of ‘national strategic importance’.52 of pro-government outlets is extensive. Eva Bognar Center for Media, Data and Society, In captured media environments such Besides ownership, governmental control Central European University as Hungary, political power tends to be over the market is exercised through the

48 transparency.hu/en/news/hungary-bringing-up-the-rear-of-the-region-in-transparency-internationals-most-recent-world-corruption-ranking 49 forbes.hu/a-magazin/magyarorszag-50-leggazdagabb-embere-mar-nem-csanyi-az-elso 50 Later in 2019, the pro-government daily, Magyar Idok took on the ‘Magyar Nemzet’ name and brand. 51 english.atlatszo.hu/2018/11/30/data-visualization-this-is-how-the-pro-government-media-empire-owning-476-outlets-was-formed 52 mertek.atlatszo.hu/a-sajtoszabadsag-lapzartaja 53 mertek.atlatszo.hu/state-advertising-2006-2017 90 / 91

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE RTL Klub 5916 index.hu 3819 TV2 3815 24.hu 3619 TOP BRANDS ATV 2811 origo.hu 3318 % Weekly usage HírTV 2313 rtl.hu 2611 Blikk 2216 hvg.hu 2615 Weekly use TV, radio & print MTV (public television) 219 444.hu 2413 More than 3 days per week Duna TV 2011 tv2.hu 229 TV, radio & print HVG 1015 blikk.hu 2113 Weekly use Magyar Rádió (public radio news) 146 atv.hu 198 online brands Regional or local paper 128 hirtv.hu 127 More than 3 days per week Bors 118 168ora.hu 118 online brands Rádió 1 105 Regional/local newspaper website 118 ECHO TV 95 napi.hu 118 168 óra 68 hirado.hu (public broadcaster) 116 Regional or local TV/radio 48 borsonline.hu 68 Nemzeti Sport 47 portfolio.hu 47

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Though online channels are79%74% the SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint most significant news source,74%59% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media television still scores50% very59% high 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 88% 36%40% Social media Tablet considering the composition 36%40% 20% 36% 85% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone of our sample (online news20% 72% 74% 20% 68% 0% 64% 63% consumers). Social media0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 63% Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 59% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 as news source, especially 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 43% Facebook, are high in 27% international comparison. 16% 12% 10% 0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated TRUST due to an error in polling Trust in the news remains extremely low in general DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) (28%), though is much higher ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE THIS BRAND for sources that people use News overall RTL Klub 6.41 7.59 themselves (54%). This News I use suggests a highly polarised HVG 6.34 7.25 Index.hu 5.99 media environment where 28% (-1) 6.83 54% 24.hu 5.98 6.76 consumers are drawn to =34th/38 ATV 5.94 7.19 brands that reflect their Népszava 5.47 6.94 political views. This can also Regional or local newspaper 5.33 6.08 be seen by the difference in Hir TV 5.26 6.46 News in search News in social brand trust between those Origo.hu 5.19 6.31 who are aware of a brand and Magyar Idők 4.87 6.42 users of that brand. 41% 28% MTV (public broadcaster) 4.75 6.26 TV2 4.74 6.4

PAY

- 7% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 62% (+2) 85% 37% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 29% (-) 77% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 16% (+5) 64% 32% 4 Instagram 7% (+3) 26% listen to 5 Twitter 4% (-1) 11% PODCASTS in 23% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Viber 4% (+1) 29% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 92

STATISTICS IRELAND Population 4.8m Internet penetration 93%

Brexit has dominated news coverage in Ireland, the EU country most likely to be affected by the terms of the UK’s withdrawal. At the same time the government continues to examine the role of platforms in disseminating misinformation and over political advertising – something which came into focus during a hotly contested vote on abortion laws. There have been shifts in media regulation, of its channels and signalling a need for which could ease the pressure on the press. further reform. The government allocated Ireland went to the polls twice in 2018, Some titles were engaged in defamation an additional €8.6m of funding. The BAI first with a referendum on abortion in cases, often settled out of court. One of also recommended an increase in PSB May and then a presidential election. Ireland’s largest media owners, Denis funding of €30m for RTÉ and €8m for The referendum was preceded by a O’Brien, tried to sue the Sunday Business TG4. RTÉ faces challenges in appealing ‘citizen assembly’ which debated the Post for defamation but was unsuccessful. to younger audiences and relaunched its issue and ensured factual information Recently, the High Court reduced what had streaming app to help this. was available for voters. Nonetheless, been the most substantial payout under the TV3 became Virgin Media in August 2018, issues arose particularly concerning Defamation Act from €10m to €250,000, a deal which had been agreed the previous political advertising on Facebook. strengthening the case for reform. year. Virgin Media Ireland, which also owns A voluntary group, the Transparent NewsBrands Ireland launched a campaign mobile and broadband services alongside Referendum Initiative, used open-source ‘#journalismmatters’ – a five-point plan its subscription and free TV channels, says software supplied by Who Targets Me to support independent journalism which profits rose by 7% in 2018.54 to analyse messages which were being called for the reform of defamation, the promoted to voters. It discovered that introduction of a media minister in the There were several redundancies in some adverts from outside Ireland were government, and provision of more training. newspapers. The DMG Group which appearing in people’s news feeds. Partly It also successfully lobbied the government owns the Irish Daily Mail and Mail on as a result of this, both Facebook and to reduce VAT on printed newspapers which Sunday announced it was seeking 35 Google – whose European HQs are based 55 took effect in January 2019. voluntary redundancies , which comprised in Dublin – announced moves to put a halt about 20% of its Irish total. News Corp UK to political advertising during the course Journal Media created a new investigative & Ireland is shutting the local print edition of of the campaign. The election of Ireland’s platform, Noteworthy, supported by The Times and making most staff redundant. president was more contentious than the Google Digital News Initiative fund, usual – the role is largely ceremonial – allowing the public to suggest topics Independent News & Media is set to as a result of populist coverage of remarks for journalistic investigation which are change hands after its Irish billionaire about an ethnic minority made by one assessed and opened up for crowdfunding. shareholders accepted an offer from of the candidates. Belgium’s Mediahuis to buy the business Media plurality in Ireland reduced for €145.6m. Denis O’Brien – who is Between Brexit and the two polls, it is somewhat over the past year with the one of Ireland’s richest men – was the unsurprising to see 76% of Irish people acquisition of the Landmark Media group biggest single shareholder in INM, which expressing an interest in political by the Irish Times. The deal ended the publishes the Irish Independent and Sunday news. More broadly, the digital news ownership of the Irish Examiner by the Independent as well as a popular online environment saw a slight shift with the Crosbie family whose custodianship began version. The titles had already announced development of some online partisan in 1872. Nonetheless, the latest BAI Report they were seeking 30 redundancies after alternative media initiatives, mirroring on media ownership and control concluded a 15.4% fall in pre-tax profits in 2018. developments in other countries, raising that there has not been a significant INM had signalled plans to introduce critical questions about mainstream change in plurality due to changes in a subscription model in 2020.56 news providers. Media Literacy Ireland’s control in the 2015–17 period. ‘Be Media Smart’ campaign, supported by Jane Suiter the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI), The public service broadcaster RTÉ Dublin City University has been providing educational resources continues to struggle to make sustainable on how to evaluate news sources. revenues, raising concerns over the future

54 www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/revenues-at-virgin-media-ireland-rose-7-in-2018-1.3809619 55 www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/daily-mail-to-cut-more-than-20-of-its-irish-staff-1.3811222 56 www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/independent-news-media-eyes-digital-subscriptions-as-profits-fall-15-4-1.3842795 92 / 93

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE RTÉ News (public broadcaster) 6115 RTÉ News online 3312 Irish Independent/Sunday Independent 3218 TheJournal.ie 3212 TOP BRANDS Sky News 2911 Irish Independent online 279 % Weekly usage BBC News 2712 BreakingNews.ie 2211 Local radio news 238 Irish Times online 188 Weekly use TV, radio & print Today FM 219 BBC News online 178 More than 3 days per week Newstalk 177 Sky News online 167 TV, radio & print The Irish Times 179 Her.ie/joe.ie 147 Weekly use Virgin Media TV News (was TV3) 166 Local radio news online 135 online brands Local/regional newspaper 139 Irish Examiner online 104 More than 3 days per week Irish Daily Mail 127 Yahoo! News 48 online brands ITV or Channel 4 News 116 Mail online 83 Irish Examiner 105 BuzzFeed News 85 The Sunday Times 97 Irish Mirror online 85 CHANGING MEDIA CNN 83 Local/regional newspaper online 85 Sunday World 68 The Times (Ireland) online 47 The prevalence of digital news use has not fluctuated much 100% 100% Online (incl. social media) over five years, holding100% at an Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) average of 84%. However,79%74% the SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint use of TV news has continued74%59% 2015–19 71% Print 2015–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media to decline by almost50% 10 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet percentage points over four 36%40% 20% 83% 36% 84% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 20% 76% years to 67%. In line with 20% 74% 0% 67% 68% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer international trends,0% the use2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201750%2018 2019 52% 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50% 50%TV of smartphones continued to 49% 48% increase over the past five 37% years, rising to 68% from 52%, 22% 25% while the use of computers 0% 0% and laptops continued to fall. 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Trust levels are relatively high DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE by international standards THIS BRAND

with the highest trust among News overall RTÉ News 7.28 7.7 News I use RTÉ consumers. However, BBC News 7.16 7.58 continued discussion about 48% (-6) Irish Times 7.16 7.64 the quality of news media and =9th/38 55% Irish Independent 7 7.46 regulation of online political Sky News 6.92 7.45 advertising has been an TV3 News 6.86 7.44 ongoing debate in Ireland Irish Examiner 6.84 7.53 Newstalk 6.8 7.4 which may have contributed News in search News in social to an overall decline of trust Today FM 6.77 7.37 in news to just 48%. Breakingnews.ie 6.32 7.1 31% 17% Journal.ie 6.27 6.94 Irish Daily Mail 5.57 6.41 her.ie/joe.ie 5.48 6.49 PAY HuPost 5.46 6.63 Yahoo! News 5.36 6.72 - 12% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 37% (-1) 64% 36% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 17% (-1) 60% via social, messaging or email 3 WhatsApp 15% (+2) 58% 37% 4 Twitter 12% (+1) 23% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 9% (-) 44% PODCASTS in 21% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Instagram 7% (+2) 31% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 94

STATISTICS ITALY Population 59m Internet penetration 92%

After last year’s general election, minor changes in the Italian media environment took place to reflect the new balance of power within Italian politics. This year has also been marked by a continuing weakening of the printed newspaper sector.

Topics related to immigration, government formation, and the relationship between the ruling coalition parties have dominated news coverage this year. After months of Forza Italia (the party led by Berlusconi). of social media, its focus on online videos, negotiation, the anti-establishment Five Some of these TV shows have now been and the establishment of large teams Star Movement and the far-right League restored after audience pressure. At of multimedia experts and social media party formed a government in June 2018. the public service broadcaster RAI, the managers, Fanpage is now among the top Immigration has long been a core topic for reorganisation has been widespread: as five online news players in our survey list. At the League’s leader Matteo Salvini, and regularly happens after a new election, top the end of December 2018, Enrico Mentana, his tough approach towards landings of managers and the TV newscasts editors the editor of La7 television newscast, immigrants from North Africa, together have been substituted to reflect the launched Open, a digital-born news outlet with his tendency to comment on crimes changes in the political majority.59 that has been widely publicised from the where immigrants are involved, have kept Facebook page of its founder. However, it is the topic in the media spotlight and at the While broadcasters’ revenues have too early to evaluate the success of Open centre of the public debate. been relatively stable from 2013 to in terms of audience results or its digital 2017, newspapers’ and magazines’ advertising revenues. Social media posts, especially Facebook revenues experienced a 21% reduction live streams, have been intensively used by during the same period. In terms of Because of internal disagreements, RAI the leaders of both the Five Star overall revenue share within the Italian has not yet launched the online news Movement and the League to circulate communication system, the main players outlet that has been at the centre of anti-elite and anti-migrant messages, as are the international broadcaster Comcast many discussions in recent years. The well as to share moments of their personal Corporation/Sky (15%), Berlusconi’s online news reach of the Italian public and family life. With more than 3.5m broadcasting group Fininvest/Mediaset service broadcaster is still far from the followers, Matteo Salvini has the greatest (15%), and the public service broadcaster levels it achieves on traditional platforms. reach on Facebook of any European RAI (14%). Other relevant players are the Although several leading newspapers politician.57 Social media has also been international platforms Google (4%) and like Il Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica often used to attack Italian journalists. Facebook (3%), Cairo Communication (the have adopted ‘soft’ paywalls in the last In early 2019, a Council of Europe report publisher of the TV channel La7, which also few years, our data show the proportion of warned against the hostile rhetoric from controls Il Corriere della Sera, 4%), and GEDI people paying for any online news is only members of the Italian government.58 (the publisher of La Repubblica, La Stampa, 9% in Italy, with the figures for ongoing and several other local newspapers and digital subscriptions even lower. In line with the Italian tradition of media radio stations, 3%).60 partisanship, editorial and managerial Alessio Cornia changes in the broadcasting sector have The online news market is still dominated Dublin City University followed the election results. At Mediaset, by legacy players. The websites with Note: Some brand positions have moved significantly the main commercial TV group owned the widest online reach are those of this year as a result of new education quotas and by Silvio Berlusconi, only minor changes established commercial TV broadcasters changes to our panel providers as we try to increase took place. Some TV shows hosted by (the Mediaset’s TgCom24 and SkyTg24), accuracy. We have not commented on brand shifts, journalists known for their anti-migrant the main newspapers (La Repubblica, Il therefore, without corroborating evidence. and anti-establishment positions were Corriere della Sera, and Il Fatto Quotidiano), cancelled or suspended. Many observers and the main Italian news agency (ANSA). have seen this as an attempt to cut the However, 2018 has also been marked by media support for Salvini’s League, which the impressive results of the digital-born at the 2018 general election outpolled outlet Fanpage. Thanks to its effective use

57 www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/06/14/news/matteo_salvini_e_il_politico_europeo_piu_popolare_su_facebook-199008668 58 cpj.org/blog/COE_JournalistsReport_2019.pdf 59 agensir.it/quotidiano/2019/4/1/osservatorio-tg-eurispes-numerosi-i-cambi-di-direzione-nellinformazione-televisiva/ 60 www.agcom.it/osservatorio-sulle-comunicazioni 94 / 95

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE RAI TV News (Tg1, Tg2, Tg3, TgR) 4614 TgCom24 online (Mediaset) 2411 Mediaset TV News (Tg4, Tg5, Studio Aperto) 4412 ANSA online 1021 TOP BRANDS SkyTg24 1231 SkyTg24 online 208 % Weekly usage TgCom24 (Mediaset) 3015 La Repubblica online 199 RAI News24 2513 Fanpage 1016 Weekly use TV, radio & print Tg La7 2210 Il Corriere della Sera online 168 2014 More than 3 days per week Regional or local newspaper Il Fatto Quotidiano online 147 TV, radio & print Il Corriere della Sera 1016 Notizie Libero online 148 Weekly use La Repubblica 1016 RAI News online 137 online brands Commerical radio news 158 Yahoo! News 127 More than 3 days per week Porta a Porta 1015 HuPost 106 online brands Piazza Pulita 1013 Commerical radio news online 105 RAI radio news (Gr1, Gr2, Gr3) 115 Il Sole 24 ore online 95 Il Fatto Quotidiano 105 Local newspaper online 95 La Stampa 69 TgLa7 online 95 Dimartedi 97 La Stampa online 95

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Newspaper readership 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint continues to fall steadily while74%59% 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media television news viewership50% 59% has 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet been more stable than in many 36%40% 20% 80% 36% 78% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone other countries. With over20% half 76% 20% 74% 0% of our sample (58%)0% using it2013 for 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 59%2017 2018 2019 58% 58% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 news each week, smartphone 2013 is2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 47% 46% now the main device used to get 27% 25% 25% online news. 18% 14%

0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling TRUST Trust in news is particularly DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE low. This long-standing THIS BRAND trend is mainly due to the News overall ANSA 7.4 8.02 partisan nature of Italian News I use SkyTG24 6.97 7.5 journalism and to the 40% (-2) Il Sole 24 ore 6.86 7.92 RAI News 6.67 6.94 strong influence of political =21st/38 47% and business interests on Tg La7 6.58 7.33 news organisations. Brands Il Corriere della Sera 6.51 7.39 La Stampa 6.27 7.22 that are most trusted are La Repubblica 6.26 7.19 generally those that are News in search News in social Il Fatto Quotidiano 6.12 6.98 known for lower levels of Mediaset News 6.01 6.55 political partisanship. 35% 23% Porta a Porta 5.8 7.31 Hu Post 5.73 6.79 Il Giornale 5.66 7.02 Libero Quotidiano 5.49 6.35 PAY Fanpage 5.33 6.26 - 9% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 54% (+3) 77% 41% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 27% (+2) 78% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 25% (-) 69% 30% 4 Instagram 13% (+6) 41% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 8% (-) 40% PODCASTS in 27% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 8% (-2) 19% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 96

STATISTICS NETHERLANDS Population 17m Internet penetration 96%

Faced with fears about disinformation, the Netherlands government has been encouraging its citizens to read critically. While trust levels remain relatively high, the government reserved €20m to support investigative journalism.

Although overall trust numbers are slightly lower in 2019, the Netherlands still has relatively high levels of trust in news from mainstream news organisations. Trust for most top brands has even Parliamentary elections in May. launch a daily podcast focusing on one slightly increased. This may be the most main story, similar to NYT’s The Daily. De remarkable finding in this year’s survey. Facebook and Nieuwscheckers, a fact- Correspondent launched a podcast version NOS News is still by far the most used checking initiative at Leiden University, of a selection of their articles. Commercial source and also the most trusted brand. ended their collaboration over a dispute broadcaster RTL News launched a over legal liability: neither Facebook nor WhatsApp 7am wake-up service in the There is increasing concern about the university was prepared to bear liability form of a two-minute audio summary of people’s ability to differentiate for legal claims over the content, such as the day’s main news. Digital news kiosk between professional news sources and defamation or slander. NU.nl, the most Blendle continues to be loss-making, but political information/disinformation. popular online news platform, is the only it says Blendle Audio – audio versions of In December 2018, a state commission Dutch organisation that still checks news articles – is successful and will receive advised the cabinet to regulate digital items for Facebook as publisher Sanoma further investment.64 political campaigns, for instance by underwrites any litigation costs.63 In line forcing platforms to indicate clearly with this focus on facts, their discussion NOS News launched NOS Stories on when advertisements were financed platform, NUjij, banned comments that YouTube, Instagram, and Snapchat, bringing by political parties. The Minister of the deny climate change, explaining that, while news stories targeted at 13-to-18-year-olds. Interior wants to try self-regulation they encourage critical discussions about before introducing legislation. climate change, denying it constitutes Dutch public broadcaster NPO received spreading falsehoods. an additional €40m from the government In March 2019, the Dutch government to compensate for lower-than-expected launched a campaign, ‘Stay Curious. Successful membership-based online advertising revenues. Though stressing Stay Critical’, to raise awareness of news site De Correspondent has spent that the Dutch media landscape requires disinformation and to teach people much of the year focused on how to adapt solid public broadcasting, the cabinet says how social media, algorithms, and filter its formula for the English-language a ‘fundamental reflection’ about NPO’s bubbles function. For instance, research market. Their crowdfunding campaign future is necessary. A long-term vision is shows that videos from right-wing raised (US)$2.5m within the first month, due to be developed. parties PVV and Forum voor Democratie through 45,888 members from more than are recommended on YouTube three 130 countries. The campaign was backed The government reserved €20m to times as often as videos from all other by dozens of high-profile ambassadors, be spent over four years to support 61 Dutch political parties combined. including Jay Rosen, Nate Silver, Judd investigative journalism. Emphasising the What’s more, collaborative research by Apatow, Rosanne Cash, and DeRay increasing financial constraints of regional De Volkskrant and De Correspondent Mckesson. The Correspondent will start and local journalism and importance suggests that YouTube paves the way for publishing content in September, but of their watchdog role, 75% of the new radicalisation, through recommendations announced in March that their HQ would budget is earmarked for regional and local which become more extreme as users be remaining in Amsterdam, raising some projects. So far, €2.7m has been divided watch more videos. Their data also show eyebrows among (US) supporters who had between 23 projects. a much stronger presence of the extreme been under the impression there would be Irene Costera Meijer and Tim Groot Kormelink right compared to the marginal presence a US office. of the extreme left.62 The government Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam campaign ran from March until the In line with rising podcast figures (up 3 summer to include the Dutch provincial percentage points), news organisations elections in March and the European are investing in audio. Newspaper NRC will

61 www.denieuwereporter.nl/2018/11/micro-targeting-bots-en-algoritmes-ondermijnen-democratieen-wereldwijd 62 www.volkskrant.nl/kijkverder/v/2019/hoe-youtube-rechtse-radicalisering-in-de-hand-werkt and www.decorrespondent.nl/9149/aanbevolen-voor-jou-op-youtube-racisme- vrouwenhaat-en-antisemitisme/445528853-0f710148 63 www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/02/26/factchecken-facebook-loopt-stuk-op-aansprakelijkheid-a3655348 64 www.quotenet.nl/Nieuws/Blendle-eindigt-dieper-in-de-rode-cijfers-in-2017-maar-is-positief-over-de-toekomst-219024 96 / 97

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE NOS News (public broadcaster) 6214 NU.nl 4312 RTL (including RTL Z and EditieNL) 3413 NOS News online 2710 TOP BRANDS SBS News 259 Algemeen Dagblad online 258 % Weekly usage Free newspapers 1521 De Telegraaf online 237 Local/regional newspaper 198 RTL News online 177 Weekly use TV, radio & print Other NPO TV news programmes 188 Other regional or local newspaper website 125 187 More than 3 days per week De Telegraaf Regional/Local TV news online 115 TV, radio & print Commercial radio news 166 SBS News online 48 Weekly use Algemeen Dagblad 155 de Volkskrant online 47 online brands Regional TV news stations 136 MSN News 37 More than 3 days per week Metro 117 Geen Stijl 4 6 online brands Regional radio news stations 116 Metro online 3 5 de Volkskrant 95 Linda News 2 4 CNN 47 BBC News online 2 4 BBC News 47 NRC online 2 4 BNR Radio news 3 5 Trouw online 3 4

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Traditional forms of news79%74% such SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint as TV and print have become74%59% 2015–19 71% Print 2015–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media less important in the50% last 59%five 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet years while online news has 36%40% 20% 80% 36% 20% 78% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone remained broadly flat. The20% 20% 76% 70% 0% 64% smartphone is now the0% most 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers 58% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 popular device for digital news,2013 2014 201550%2016 201743%2018 2019 50%TV 50% 42% 39% 42% switching places with the 33% computer. The tablet is slightly 25% 23% on the rise again. 0% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling TRUST While trust is still relatively DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE high in the Netherlands THIS BRAND (4th place), overall trust in News overall NOS News 7.42 7.75 News I use news is slightly in decline. RTL News 6.89 7.45 This might be caused by 53% (-6) NU (Nu.nl) 6.75 7.23 AD (Algemeen Dagblad) 6.68 7.26 increasing discussions about 4th/38 64% disinformation and fake De Volkskrant 6.65 7.52 news on social media, rather NRC Handelsblad 6.61 7.33 Het Financieele Dagblad 6.6 than by declining quality of 7.26 Trouw 6.55 7.26 mainstream news. News in search News in social BNR News radio 6.37 7.38 Hart van Nederland (SBS nieuws) 6.29 7.35 30% 19% Metro 6.09 6.63 De Telegraaf 6.02 6.88 De Correspondent* 5.91 - Linda news 5.36 6.37 PAY GeenStijl 4.74 6.08 - * No figure for users of De Correspondent (did not meet 50 minimum threshold) 11% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 28% (-1) 61% 22% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 18% (+1) 70% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 14% (-) 52% 21% 4 Twitter 7% (-) 16% listen to 5 Instagram 6% (+1) 27% PODCASTS in 15% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 4% (+1) 29% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 98

STATISTICS NORWAY Population 5.4m Internet penetration 99%

The Norwegian media landscape mixes strong national publishers and public service media with a reputation for innovation in content and business models. Norwegians show high willingness to pay for online news. Meanwhile, #MeToo resulted in political scandals as well as debates on media ethics and trust.

Norway remains the country with the service broadcaster NRK from licence fee to Politics and social media have become highest number of consumers (34%) willing tax, and to redistribute some existing press increasingly interlinked in Norway. As to pay for online news, up 4 percentage subsidies to local news and innovation. in many other countries, the #MeToo points since last year, with growth movement has sparked heated debates. skewed towards those with high income. Almost a third of Norwegians (31%) have The prime case has been the fall of Labour Norwegians have had a strong tradition for used podcasts during the last month, party Deputy Leader Trond Giske, following reading print newspapers and the transition and several of the major newspapers a number of sexual harassment allegations to digital subscriptions has been facilitated have launched a range of podcasts, against him – with accompanying through hybrid solutions that typically especially focused on news commentary. condemnation on social media. When bundle paper and digital content. This, and Public service radio broadcaster NRK Giske attempted a political comeback the absence of freesheets, explains why has responded by adding podcasts to its in early 2019, the tabloid VG reported Norway remains on top when it comes to already rich menu of programming, for a further incident in an Oslo bar, but paying for online news. example by relaunching older shows or was forced to apologise when it turned developing niche podcasts for popular out that the woman involved had been These trends are reflected in the balance hosts. Podcasts especially reach younger misquoted.65 All this triggered widespread sheets of traditional publishers. The age-groups, where over half (52%) of discussion, and a major documentary on foundation-owned local newspaper those under 35 years have used podcasts, public television about sexual harassment, company Amedia, for instance, reported compared to only 22% of those over the ethics of reporting such cases, and the a €40m (EBITDA: 13.1%) operating the age of 35. The growth of podcasts treatment of sources. profit in 2018, with a solid increase in has sparked a debate on regulation in local digital advertising revenue partly comparison with other news media. Like many other countries, Norway has replacing falls in print. Schibsted, which Comedians’ podcasts that cover politics, seen the rise of ‘partisan’ news sites in the owns the largest quality newspaper for example, are accused of repeatedly last few years. Resett.no, document.no, and Aftenposten as well as the popular breaching ethical guidelines widely rights.no, are among the most used, all with tabloid VG, and numerous regional observed in Norwegian journalism. a tough stance on issues of immigration newspapers and publishers abroad, and Islam, and all causing public debates reported record operating profits Meanwhile the toxic nature of online that extend beyond their relatively small (EBITDA: 19%). In 2019, Schibsted will comments has led a number of major audiences, thus influencing the wider news divide its businesses into two parts; a news brands to pull back from offering agenda. These sites are, however, much consumer media division focused on the these services. Digital-born tabloid less trusted than mainstream media, with Nordics region and an internationally Nettavisen followed suit in early 2019, the public broadcaster NRK still topping focused online classifieds business. The despite earlier having launched an the list in our survey. There is an ongoing split may give Schibsted more cash to elaborate system to counter anonymous debate about partisan media and whether invest in strategic acquisitions. trolling and hate speech. Meanwhile, they should be part of Norway’s self- relations between Norwegian news regulatory regime. In 2018, the Association In March 2019, a much-anticipated white providers and the global platforms of Norwegian Editors granted membership paper on media policy was published by remained strained. Non-profit fact- to the editor of Document.no, but denied an the Conservative-led coalition government. checker Faktisk.no, entered into a application from the editor of Resett, based The white paper restated the need for an collaboration with Facebook, but this on repeated violations of ethical guidelines. arm’s length distance between government led to questions and a debate about its and the media – an important principle, not editorial independence, given that it now Hallvard Moe and Hilde Sakariassen to be taken for granted. It also proposed takes money directly from the platform. University of Bergen changing the funding model for public

65 www.newsinenglish.no/2019/04/26/lack-of-humility-led-to-giskes-fall 98 / 99

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE NRK News (public broadcaster) 5513 VG Nett online 4252 TV2 News 4914 NRK News online 2433 TOP BRANDS VG (tabloid newspaper) 2410 Dagbladet online 2433 % Weekly usage Local or regional paper 2210 TV2 News online 2028 P4 News (radio) 167 Nettavisen 2515 Weekly use TV, radio & print Local radio news 156 Aenposten online 2416 146 More than 3 days per week Aenposten Local/regional newspaper websites 2115 TV, radio & print Dagbladet 127 ABC News online 115 Weekly use Local TV news 115 Dagens Næringsliv online 116 online brands Radio Norge 106 Bergens Tidende online 69 More than 3 days per week BBC News 48 Adresseavisen online 85 online brands CNN 47 BBC News online 37 ALSO Dagens Næringsliv 3 6 Dagsavisen online 3 6 Resett 7% Document 6% SVT (Swedish TV) 3 6 MSN News 2 5 Human Rights Service 4% Bergens Tidende 2 5 CNN.com 2 5 Minerva 2% CHANGING MEDIA Adresseavisa 2 5 P4 News online 2 4 Radikalportal 2% The vast majority of 100% 100% Online (incl. social media) Norwegians (84%)100% use Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) online news weekly, one79%74% of the SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint highest figures in our survey,74%59% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media while traditional news50% sources59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet – print and television – are in 86% 36%40% 20% 36% 84% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone decline. Online patterns20% are 20% 72% 66% 69% 0% 64% shifting from computers0% to2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers64% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201754%2018 2019 54% smartphones, which are now2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 46% 50%TV 41% by far the number one device 36% 29% for news in Norway. 27%

0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019 TRUST Trust in news is fairly low (13th of 38 countries DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) surveyed), despite little social ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE THIS BRAND and political polarisation News overall NRK News 7.5 7.83 in media use patterns, News I use Local or regional newspaper 7.19 and financial support for 7.55 Dagens Næringsliv 7.05 7.73 media. Research has shown 46% (+1) 61% Aenposten 7.03 7.63 that trust in journalists’ =13th/38 TV2 News 7.02 7.5 professionalism and biases VG 6.51 7.04 depends on political P4 6.47 7.26 preference, with far-right Dagbladet 6.31 6.86 News in search News in social voters and those with Dagsavisen 6.28 7.07 strong views on immigration Morgenbladet 6.23 7.2 expressing most mistrust. 29% 17% Nettavisen 6 6.69 Klassekampen 5.94 7.7 Document.no 4.7 6.98 PAY Resett 4.35 6.75

- 34% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News* For All 1 Facebook 45% (+5) 75% 25% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 14% (+2) 56% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 14% (+3) 57% 31% 4 Snapchat 10% (+1) 47% listen to 5 Instagram 10% (+4) 41% PODCASTS in 16% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 6% (-) 15% via social or website

* Note: Due to a scripting error, the news figures come from a re-poll in March 2019. The base is slightly lower than for other questions. 1387 of the original 2000 sample responded to the re-contact request. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 100

STATISTICS POLAND Population 38m Internet penetration 78%

Media in Poland has become deeply polarised in the last few years with the ruling Law and Justice party offering direct or indirect support to pro- government media while targeting critical journalists, sometimes with law enforcement agencies.

Poland’s highly competitive broadcasting sector has had a remarkable year: for the first time in a decade TV advertising spending outpaced the rate of growth of constituted the unauthorised disclosure of about to launch a new paid content section in internet advertising.66 Substantial price personal data. In another case, the internal 2019 to diversify its revenue. hikes introduced by Polish broadcasters security agency entered the house of a helped the bottom line. Public television TVN cameraman with accusations that French media group Lagardère withdrew (TVP) revenue, for example, grew by 14% he’d been promoting fascism. The agency from Central Europe. As a result, the on the back of stronger ratings – helped by referred to pictures taken while working company owned by billionaire investor Daniel major sports events, such as the World Cup undercover as part of a team that infiltrated Křetínský became the owner of the second and Olympic Games. Polish neo-Nazis and filmed Hitler’s birth largest commercial radio network, Radio Zet. anniversary celebration.70 The case against In February 2019 the new owner sold it to the But ratings for news have not fared so well, the TVN employee (owned by Discovery consortium created by Agora (the publisher with TVP’s flagship bulletin, Wiadomości, Communications) was dropped four of Gazeta Wyborcza) and Czech SFS Ventures, 73 falling from 17.4% to 15.1% share. There months later. linked to billionaire George Soros. were smaller but significant declines also at TVN and Polsat. More widely, TVP remains Focused on fighting for survival, major For years podcasts were seen by the Polish dependent on financial support from independent newsrooms worked on media industry as hard to monetise and government after further declines in licence improving their reporting and scoops. RMF have been largely left to amateurs. But fee revenue.67 The subsidies, which have now FM, one of the most trusted brands according in the last year newsrooms started to see reached €227.3m, have been paid since 2017, to our data, has built its reputation on podcasting as an important way to drive and together with ads leaves just 20% of TVP breaking news. The Onet news team focused loyalty for premium products. Puls Biznesu revenue coming directly from licence payers. on in-depth reporting and investigations that launched a regular podcast Puls Biznesu do translated into the Grand Press Digital award. słuchania (Puls Biznesu to listen) and claims The government continues to support a to have 15,000 regular listeners. Tok FM radio number of other media companies through Gazeta Wyborcza published recordings of produces six regular podcasts and Onet and the substantial advertising spend of state the Chairman of the Financial Supervision Newsweek also jumped on the bandwagon enterprises and agencies. Tadeusz Kowalski, Authority soliciting a bribe from the owner last year.74 a media scholar at the University of Warsaw, of a bank.71 In January Wyborcza launched has shown that the main beneficiaries are a series of stories based on recorded Poles do not seem to be as concerned about pro-government titles such as Gazeta Polska, conversations between the Law and Justice their privacy as many of their European Sieci, and Do Rzeczy. For them, state-related leader, Jaroslaw Kaczynski and his associates. counterparts; hence time spent on revenues accounted for 45%, 40%, and 23% The politician was discussing a project to Facebook and Facebook Messenger kept of total ad revenues respectively.68 build a pair of skyscrapers in Warsaw on growing in Poland, while other European land owned by a company controlled by countries were using WhatsApp more often. Meanwhile, some independent journalists his associates.72 Mobile operators offering data plans and have been attracting government attention pre-installing Facebook applications on of a different kind. A reporter of the Polish Original content seems to help to sell smartphones drive Facebook usage in Poland. edition of the Newsweek weekly was subscriptions, and Gazeta Wyborcza remains summoned for questioning after publishing a clear leader in this area with more than Vadim Makarenko a profile of the vice-president of Poland’s 170,000 digital subscribers at the end of 2018. Journalist at Gazeta Wyborcza, and former Constitutional Court.69 It was suggested by Tok FM radio announced in March 2019 that Reuters Institute Journalist Fellow the prosecutors’ office that the article had it has 15,000 active subscribers and Onet is

66 Estimates from Wavemaker, the biggest media agency in Poland. 67 www.politico.eu/article/tvp-pis-poland-media-battle-gets-political 68 www.press.pl/tresc/56634,prawicowe-tytuly-z-najwiekszymi-przychodami-z-reklam-od-panstwowych-spolek 69 mappingmediafreedom.ushahidi.io/posts/22887 70 www.tvn24.pl/tvn24-news-in-english,157,m/private-polish-broadcaster-tvn-says-is-facing-intimidation-from-state,886858.html 71 www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-13/poland-premier-to-probe-bank-watchdog-over-getin-bribe-report 72 www.ft.com/content/b08c0e68-2550-11e9-b329-c7e6ceb5ffdf 73 www.reuters.com/article/agora-radiozet-soros/polish-media-group-agora-buys-minority-share-in-radio-zet-idUSL5N20F62M 74 wyborcza.pl/7,156282,23983125,audio-pozostanie-nisza-ale-przychodowa-jak-zarabiac-na-podcastach.html 100 / 101

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TVN News (incl. TVN 24) 509 Onet.pl 5416 RMF FM 4213 WP.pl 4713 TOP BRANDS Polsat News 3613 TVN24.pl 3812 % Weekly usage TVP News (public broadcaster) 319 Interia.pl 3212 Radio Zet 3012 Fakt.pl 2311 Weekly use TV, radio & print Gazeta Wyborcza 2413 TVP.info 217 2414 More than 3 days per week Fakt RMF24.pl 209 TV, radio & print Eska 208 (Gazeta) Wyborcza.pl 1019 Weekly use A regional or local newspaper 1812 Gazeta.pl 189 online brands Super Express 1812 Radiozet.pl 157 More than 3 days per week Regional or local radio 157 Polsatnews.pl 158 online brands TTV 146 Regional or local newspaper website 117 ALSO Newsweek Polska 69 NaszeMiasto.pl 107 Mariusz Max Kolonko 10% Pikio 8% Rzeczpospolita 69 Newsweek.pl 95 OKO.press 7% Angora 69 Dziennik.pl 57 PolskaNiepodlegla 6% CHANGING MEDIA Przegląd Sportowy 95 PrzeglądSportowy.pl 37 Prawicowy Internet 4% Online and television remain 100% 100% Online (incl. social media) the most important100% sources of Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) news with popular portals79%74% like SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint Onet and WP a defining 74%59%part 2015–19 71% Print 2015–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media of the Polish media50% landscape59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet along with extensive social 84% 36%40% 86% 20% 36% 81% 20% 81% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone media use (60% use for news).20% 76% 72% 20% 0% 70% Meanwhile the smartphone0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 60% Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201752%2018 2019 52% has overtaken the computer 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV as a way of accessing news for 28% the first time. 25% 18% 16%

0% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated TRUST due to an error in polling The general trend is that private independent media DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) score higher on a trust ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE THIS BRAND scale than public service News overall RMF FM 6.93 7.55 broadcasters acting in recent News I use years more like government Polsat News 6.51 7.37 Onet.pl 6.4 7.08 cheerleaders. TVP’s news 48% (-) 55% WP.pl 6.37 7.07 tickers have become an =9th/38 TVN News 6.35 7.22 object of memes among Gazeta Wyborcza 5.86 7.37 social media users. Despite Fakt 5.55 6.82 significant indirect support Polskie Radio News 5.44 6.93 News in search News in social from the government, Wpolityce.pl 5.28 6.57 partisan media failed to Gazeta Polska Codziennie 5.15 5.82 grow audience or trust. 50% 42% TVP News 5.15 6.7 Radio Maryja 3.06 7.02

PAY

- 16% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 61% (+7) 77% 43% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 39% (+2) 71% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 22% (+9) 53% 38% 4 Twitter 10% (+2) 18% listen to 5 Instagram 9% (+4) 27% PODCASTS in 29% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 WhatsApp 9% (+3) 24% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 102

STATISTICS PORTUGAL Population 10m Internet penetration 78%

In an election year, the fight against fake news has gone mainstream with the Portuguese parliament giving draft approval to moves to tackle disinformation. Nevertheless, trust in news remains among the highest in the countries surveyed.

The challenges of fake news and disinformation have been highlighted by elections at national, local, and European levels. Legislation is being considered in The Media Capital Group, owner of the TVI Meanwhile leading Portuguese publishers parliament and the media regulator, the news channels as well as radio channels have continued to push ahead with their ERC, has produced an evidence-based like Rádio Comercial, hit the headlines innovative data-sharing platform Nónio, report to inform the debate. There have in 2018. The group, considered highly which aims to provide an alternative login already been several initiatives to address profitable and currently owned by Spanish system to Facebook and Google. Users only the issue, including a conference hosted by media giant PRISA, became a takeover need to log in once to be recognised across the Portuguese news agency LUSA, and the target by telecom multinational Altice. the hundreds of news websites, including launch of a website dedicated to fighting The acquisition didn’t go through, though magazine and news brands, as well as TV disinformation.75 Additionally, investigative there have been hints that other media and radio on-demand services. journalist Paulo Pena undertook an in- companies might be interested. Telecoms depth investigation for leading paper Diário regulator ANACOM has insisted that talks Portugal has been consistently at the de Notícias, which revealed the connections about media and telecom mergers and top of the rankings for trust in the news, of some fake news and disinformation sites acquisitions should be closely watched according to this survey. Nevertheless, to social media platforms, as well as their because of the risks to competition and it has witnessed the birth of its first 76 methods and backers. the dangers of market concentration. standalone fact-checking platform. The move towards digital and the social Polígrafo launched in November 2018, with In June 2018 Diário de Notícias, which is impact of online has been encouraged by an experienced journalist as director and one of the oldest Portuguese papers and investment from telecoms providers in major backer. Funded by private investors, part of the Global Media group, abandoned new forms of data contracts. Most of these the platform has seen interesting growth its daily print edition, instead investing offers target the key 18–35 demographic rates in its first months. In 2019 several heavily in its online edition. It still prints and rely heavily on zero-rating tariffs on universities developed partnerships with an edition on Saturday, but Executive selected apps, a situation that strongly media outlets, journalists’ professional Editor-in-Chief Catarina Carvalho said benefits international players such as bodies, and lifelong learning organisations this approach does not mean that the Google and Facebook. to fight fake news and propaganda. paper will become a weekly. The aim, she said, was to consolidate the brand as a The sustainability of media groups and Ana Pinto-Martinho, Miguel Paisana and daily source of news in a renewed digital outlets continues to be difficult, with Gustavo Cardoso environment. There were no job losses as funding for innovation often coming from ISCTE-IUL University Institute of Lisbon a result for now, even if some staff have initiatives like Google’s Digital News been transferred to other brands within Initiative (DNI). In 2018 it financed five the Global Media Group. It also owns the Portuguese projects to a total of €1.4m daily Jornal de Notícias and legacy radio (Media Capital, Cofina, Diário de Notícias, broadcaster TSF. Observador, and a pilot project from a start-up called ‘The Mosted’ which plans Printed paid circulation continues its to offer journalists real-time metrics as steady annual decline across the sector they write). Most of these projects came and at the same time there has been little from established media groups, but there progress in getting users to pay online. was also funding for Fumaça, a podcast The proportion paying for any online news produced by an independent journalism including subscription, membership, and group which also received funding from the one-off payment is just 7%, one of the Open Society Foundations, and which is lowest in our survey. making an impact in the media landscape.

75 combatefakenews.lusa.pt 76 O Observador (online media outlet) already had a fact-checking space within its website. 102 / 103

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE SIC News (incl. SIC Noticias) 1871 Correio da Manhã online 2913 TVI 5918 Notícias ao Minuto 2913 TOP BRANDS RTP/RDP News (public broadcaster) 4716 SIC News online 2811 % Weekly usage Correio da Manhã 3318 Sapo 2611 Correio da Manhã TV 3011 TVI News online 2510 Weekly use 2210 TV, radio & print Jornal de Notícias 2514 Jornal de Notícias online 2310 MSN News 177 More than 3 days per week RFM TV, radio & print Rádio Comercial 2210 Observador 178 Weekly use A regional or local newspaper 1014 Público online 179 online brands Diário de Notícias 139 Expresso online 159 More than 3 days per week TSF 136 Correio da Manhã TV online 158 online brands Público 138 Diário de Notícias online 148 Expresso 139 RTP News online 136 A Bola 104 A Bola online 113 Rádio Renascença 105 Dinheiro Vivo 107 Record 95 Jornal Económico 95

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Television is increasingly 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint challenged by online and 74%59% 2015–19 71% Print 2015–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media social media as the most50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet important source of news. 86% 36%40% 20% 85% 36% 81% 20% Online (incl.78% social media) Smartphone WhatsApp now reaches 20% 79% 20% 0% almost half of our sample0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201761%2018 2019 Printed newspapers 62% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 57% 57% (47%) and is used by five times2013 2014 201550%2016 201747%2018 2019 50%TV more people for news than in 36% 34% 2015. Instagram is growing fast 21% 17% with the young. 0% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling TRUST This year trust overall DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE has come down to 58% THIS BRAND

(-4), perhaps due to News overall RTP News 7.41 7.9 News I use heightened concern about SIC News 7.31 7.62 misinformation, but still leaves 58% (-4) Expresso 7.19 7.93 Portugal in second position 2nd/38 61% Jornal de Notícias 7.17 7.68 across 38 countries. Public Rádio Renascença 7.09 8.07 broadcaster RTP remains Diário de Notícias 7.07 7.63 the most trusted brand with Público 7.04 7.76 RDP Antena 1 6.98 7.94 tabloid Correio da Manhã least News in search News in social trusted – but widely read in TVI News 6.77 7.3 Sapo 6.47 7.26 both print and online. 43% 27% O Observador 6.38 7.53 Correio da Manhá 5.45 6.22

PAY

- 7% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 53% (-) 77% 49% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 24% (+2) 70% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 20% (+1) 61% 34% 4 WhatsApp 15% (+4) 47% listen to 5 Instagram 12% (+6) 40% PODCASTS in 29% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 LinkedIn 6% (-1) 17% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 104

STATISTICS ROMANIA Population 20m Internet penetration 74%

With established political parties and institutions facing a crisis of confidence, Romanians seem to be taking it upon themselves to solve the country’s problems with the help of mainstream newsrooms and independent journalistic projects. Yet trust in news overall has dropped by 7 percentage points since 2018 – the effect of a perfect storm that hit Romanian media amid an especially, leveraged its mass-market In parallel, Libertatea, a mass-market approach to support public information print title owned by the Swiss Ringier intense election period. campaigns on health, environmental, and group, has been gradually changing its other public issues. Thanks to this support, editorial positions ahead of elections. Its Romanian newsrooms are underfinanced, the project for the first paediatric oncology new investigative team uses social media overworked, and vulnerable to economic hospital in Romania managed to raise all the to promote stories and has succeeded in and political pressures. This is not an ideal funds needed for its completion. sparking important debates. Facebook position in a year when the country took remains a significant gateway for access the rotating presidency of the Council of Balanced coverage helped some other to news (68% of the digital public), and is the European Union and is going through media brands retain their audiences. regularly used to generate support for a series of important elections. This is the case with foreign-owned radio civic campaigns. station Europa FM, with public radio At European level, the Romanian government Radio România Actualități (RRA), and with The decline of 7 percentage points in trust faced intense criticism on anti-corruption three strong online Romanian-owned in ‘news overall’, is not due to a lack of and justice issues. The response domestically brands, HotNews, Adevărul, and Ziarul public support for journalists. It may be from leaders of the ruling coalition has Financiar. Other brands, that have carried the effect of a perfect storm of adverse been to step up anti-European and populist more polarised coverage in supporting conditions. Politicians are attacking rhetoric, including encouraging conspiracy or criticising the government, showed journalists on a constant basis while the theories. The targets have been the so-called a decline in declared usage, of up to ruling coalition is adopting legislative ‘parallel state’, which is purportedly run by 10 percentage points in the past three changes which damage the judicial system secret services, and uses the judicial system years: Antena 1, Antena 3, and România but which are hard to explain to the to decimate the political elite, the banking TV (pro-government), and Realitatea TV general audience. Street demonstrations system, George Soros, and foreign investors (anti-government). Two journalists from and protests, which had gone on for – which are supposedly trying to impoverish both sides of the divide played a prominent two years, decreased, meaning a drop in Romania in order to subjugate it. role as candidates in elections for the 2019 people’s sense of urgency which had kept interest in the news alive. And last but not These themes were widely covered by European Parliament. least, Romanian newsrooms maintained polarised newsrooms, often with inflamed Meanwhile public television, TVR, and their tradition of attacking each other in vocabulary and varying degrees of outrage, public radio, RRA, continue to struggle order to position themselves. As usual, though some newsrooms tried to maintain to remain relevant to audiences – taking these attacks become more intense before balance. The National Audiovisual Council positions 5 and 11 in the list of most used elections and thus affect the general took timid steps to try to keep TV stations offline brands – despite their stable trust in journalism. in line with legislation, but they did not finances. In 2018, for every €4 spent on prove effective. advertising in Romania, €1 was matched Raluca Radu University of Bucharest The top two media brands, which are widely from the public budget for the public followed by the digital public both online and service media. Concern about editorial offline, are a generalist TV channel, ProTV, independence in the face of political and an all-news television, Digi 24. They pressure has affected their credibility are both part of publicly traded companies, and limited their appeal. The president on NASDAQ and on the Romanian stock of public television, for example, was exchange, respectively. Both newsrooms recorded criticising a journalist for being tried to keep balance in covering breaking too aggressive with a politician from 77 news and investigative reporting. ProTV, the ruling coalition.

77 Dragoș Pătraru, 3 May 2018, ‘A message on the Freedom of Speech Day: Get your Paws off the Public Television’,https://patraru.ro/2018/05/03/un-mesaj-de-ziua-libertatii-de- exprimare-jos-labele-de-pe-tvr/ 104 / 105

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE Pro TV News 6514 ProTV news online 3010 Digi 24 4313 Digi 24 online 299 TOP BRANDS Antena 1 News 3915 Ziare.com 2918 % Weekly usage Realitatea TV 3412 Yahoo! News 2610 TVR News (Public broadcaster) 2913 Hotnews 2412 Weekly use TV, radio & print Antena 3 288 Stiripesurse.ro 2212 More than 3 days per week România TV 259 Mediafax online 1020 TV, radio & print Radio Europa FM News 229 Adevărul online 2011 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper 2215 Ziarul Financiar online 1018 online brands B1 TV 187 Evenimentul Zilei online 1711 More than 3 days per week Radio România News (public broadcaster) 187 Realitatea TV online 176 online brands Kanal D News 178 Libertatea online 1016 Adevarul 1511 Cancan 159 Prima TV News 147 Antena 3 online 144 Libertatea 1014 Click online 137 Radio ZU News 147 Antena 1 online 135

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) TV and online remain the79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint most important news sources74%59% 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media in Romania with declared50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 88% 36%40% Social media Tablet printed newspaper 36%40% 87% 20% 84% 36% 20% 80% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone consumption (19%) amongst20% 20% 72% 71% 0% 65% the lowest in our survey.0% The2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 62% Printed newspapers 64% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 56% smartphone (71% weekly use)2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV has overtaken computers this year as the most important 22% 19% 17% 15% access point for digital news. 0% 0% 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Declining trust in the news DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE puts Romania at the lower THIS BRAND

end of our international News overall Pro TV News 7.17 7.68 News I use survey. Increased polarisation Ziarul Financiar 7.03 7.88 and rising political attacks 35% (-7) Digi 24 6.98 7.79 on journalists are part of the 29th/38 43% Mediafax 6.79 7.62 explanation. The most trusted TVR News 6.62 7.52 brands try to offer the most HotNews 6.43 7.31 balanced picture on politics Adevărul 6.35 7.2 Ziare.com 6.21 6.92 while more partisan brands News in search News in social stiripesurse.ro 5.99 tend to rate lower in general, 6.85 Realitatea TV 5.94 7.23 though not with regular users Libertatea 5.77 6.93 of those brands. 39% 27% Antena 1 News 5.69 7.22 B1 TV 5.6 7.08 România TV 5.34 6.87 Antena 3 4.82 7.24 TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING -

PAY Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 68% (-1) 86%

10% 2 YouTube 32% (+1) 78% pay for ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 23% (+5) 64% 40% 4 Facebook Messenger 22% (+4) 62% SHARE NEWS via social, messaging or email 5 Instagram 10% (+3) 35%

6 LinkedIn 7% (+1) 24% 32% COMMENT ON NEWS via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 106

STATISTICS SLOVAKIA Population 5.4m Internet penetration 85%

Journalism and the media not only made the news, they were the news in 2018, as the full repercussions from the murder of investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and his fiancée were played out in the judicial and political systems and in street protests.

The violent death of the young journalist, whose work focused on corrupt links between business and politics, continued to resonate in all spheres of Slovak public Two cases illustrate the prevalence of In the context of continued decline in life. A wave of street protests ‘for a decent disinformation in social media. One was print advertising revenues (according to Slovakia’ prompted the resignation of the exposure of a PR agency which was Unimedia’s forecast for 2019 the printed the Prime Minister, Interior Minister, and running campaigns for politicians and sector’s share of advertising will fall to 8% Chief of Police. Then a series of leaks from commercial firms based on creating false against 34% for online), the German-Swiss the investigation kept journalism in the social media accounts and discussion media group Ringier Axel Springer sold public eye, when it emerged that Marian contributions.80 Another was the repeated its remaining printed titles (such as the Kočner, a businessman charged with failure of Facebook to remove posts and leading daily Nový Čas) to Slovak buyers, commissioning the murder, had employed suspend accounts when alerted about retaining only its online brands, notably private detectives to gather information hate speech and false identities. A bone of aktuality.sk. With the withdrawal, too, not just on Kuciak but on several other contention for local media is that neither of Bauer Media, which had owned several journalists whose investigations threatened Facebook nor Google has a fact-checking magazines, this completes a remarkable his interests. partner for Slovakia, limiting people’s U-turn in a sector which, for 20 years, opportunities to reliably assess reports of was dominated by foreign capital. If this made many journalists feel ‘fake news’ sites and posts. angry and vulnerable, the protests Podcasts are a strong growth area for demonstrated the commitment of civil Tensions continued between staff and news consumption in Slovakia, after society to a free and critical media. management at the public service strategic investment by news media in Tributes to prominent investigative broadcaster RTVS amid concerns about the the format. Currently the most popular journalists were repeatedly made from ability or will of top management to shield is SME’s Dobré ráno daily podcast, which the podiums of the demonstrations. programme-makers from political pressure. attracts on average 17,000 listeners, about A centre for investigative journalism More than a dozen staff have resigned from two-thirds the level of the newspaper’s affiliated to the international Organised news and current affairs complaining of a print sales. Second is Denník N’s weekday Crime and Corruption Reporting Project poisonous working atmosphere. podcast Newsfilter, which had almost was later founded in Kuciak’s name.79 10,000 downloads per day by February Representatives of two of the governing 2019, more than double print circulation. Our data do not, however, indicate an parties, Smer-Social Democracy and the Third is aktuality.sk’s Nahlas. Podcasts are upsurge in public trust in news overall Slovak Nationalists, have repeatedly produced by many of the country’s news (down 1% and comparatively low) or in presented proposals that many see as magazines, pure players, commercial radio trust towards particular brands (also hostile to the media. These have included stations, and even the state news agency. slightly down). This may reflect the reintroducing a clause in the Press Law to The Apple podcast app is the most popular unceasing flurry of accusations about give politicians a broader right to reply (as means of reception, even though more fake news and disinformation between was the case between 2008 and 2011, when Slovaks have Android operating systems ‘mainstream’ and ‘alternative’ platforms, Slovakia was criticised by international on mobile phones.81 fuelled by politicians. A generalised bodies for restrictions on press freedom), mistrust towards public information stiffer legislation on the responsibility Simon Smith sources might best characterise broader of media for the content of online Charles University, Prague public attitudes towards the media. discussions, and replacing the industry-run press and digital council with a state-run body, which critics say would severely curtail professional self-regulation.

79 spectator.sme.sk/c/22024637/new-investigative-centre-will-seek-cooperation-among-media.html 80 It was eventually expelled from the National Association of Public Relations for breaching its ethical codes (dennikn.sk/minuta/1360244/). 81 podcasty.sme.sk/c/22024994/podcasty-v-roku-2018-statistiky-a-grafy-pocuvanosti.html 106 / 107

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TV Markíza 5916 topky.sk 4517 TV JOJ 5917 aktuality.sk 4317 TOP BRANDS RTVS (Public Broadcaster) 5015 sme.sk 2815 % Weekly usage TA3 4215 cas.sk 2712 Rádio Expres 3214 tvnoviny.sk 2414 Weekly use TV, radio & print Nový Čas 2616 aktualne.sk 2214 1015 More than 3 days per week SME noviny.sk 2014 TV, radio & print Plus 7 dní 1411 pravda.sk 199 Weekly use Fun rádio 137 pluska.sk 1018 online brands Pravda 138 ta3.com 147 More than 3 days per week A regional or local newspaper 1012 dennikn.sk 137 online brands Rádio Vlna 105 hnonline.sk 106 Plus Jeden Deň 107 hlavnespravy.sk 49 Rádio Jemné 95 dnes24.sk 85 Rádio Europa 2 95 zive.sk 85 Hospodárske noviny 57 webnoviny.sk 57

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) TV and online news remain79%74% the SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint most popular sources of news74%59% 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media in Slovakia, with usage50% of 59%print 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet newspapers among the lowest 86% 36%40% 20% 36% 80% 20% 79% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone in our survey. Smartphone20% use 79% 20% 0% 64% is growing but many0% people 2013 still2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers 62% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 58%2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 53% 53% access news using a laptop or2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 41% desktop computer. 29% 25% 16% 14%

0% 0% 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019 TRUST Trust in the news overall remains amongst the lowest in DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) our 38-country survey, though ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE THIS BRAND trust in specific news brands News overall TA3 7.03 7.44 is higher. Those that featured News I use in last year’s sample show RTVS 6.88 7.29 slightly lower levels of trust, 33% (-1) Hospodárske noviny 6.55 7.38 43% Rádio Expres 6.26 7.14 but the order is identical, with =30th/38 Aktuality.sk 6.21 6.8 the rolling news channel TA3 TV JOJ 6.17 6.79 regarded for the second year Pravda 6.17 7.03 running as the most trusted TV Markiza 5.99 6.61 News in search News in social source and popular tabloid Sme 5.91 6.79 Nový Čas as least trusted. Fun rádio 5.75 6.68 32% 19% webnoviny.sk 5.69 6.15 Denník N 5.52 6.73 Plus 7 dní 5.36 6.34 PAY topky.sk 5.14 5.83 Nový Čas 4.91 5.77 - 8% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 55% (+4) 76% 42% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 26% (+3) 67% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 18% (+4) 51% 43% 4 Instagram 8% (+3) 23% listen to 5 Pokec.sk 7% (+1) 15% PODCASTS in 24% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 WhatsApp 5% (-) 20% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 108

STATISTICS SPAIN Population 46m Internet penetration 93%

New management teams and revised editorial positioning at El País and RTVE took place against the backdrop of political change and turmoil in Madrid. In online news, the strongest pure players thrived while initiatives for regaining trust proliferated ahead of elections in April and May.

A no-confidence vote ousted Mariano Rajoy (Popular Party) as Prime Minister at the start of June 2018, and Pedro The process of renewing the governing and just some breaking news. The schedule Sánchez (Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party) board of public broadcaster RTVE was includes a new show ‘analysing “fake news” formed a cabinet of ministers with eleven delayed by pleas from candidates against and “clickbait” with humour’, Todo es women and six men. Meanwhile, Soledad alleged unfair assessments. A failed mentira (‘Everything is a lie’), presented by Gallego-Díaz became the first female parliamentary vote to choose an interim Risto Mejide, a broadcaster, advertising editor-in-chief at El País, appointing a board for the national broadcaster was one boss, author, and former talent show judge. new management team. The paper faces of the first signs of the new government’s Mediaset, which also cancelled its daily double-digit falls in sales, even if El País still weakness, and it resulted in the election live three-hour midday politics show Las leads a market where the circulation of the of an interim administrator, Rosa María mañanas de Cuatro in June 2018, is reportedly 82 main ten newspapers decreased by 92,000 Mateo. President Sánchez’s calling of a working on a new online news operation. copies in 2018. La Vanguardia unified its snap general election for 28 April, just four weeks before the scheduled European, While the bigger news brands still compete print and digital newsrooms and said it for volume, big media groups Prisa and would redesign both editions during 2019. regional and local elections, caused the process to stall for even longer. Meanwhile Vocento have started to sell programmatic El Mundo also redesigned its website for its advertising together. Vocento continued 30th anniversary. the television service of the new Valencian public corporation À Punt Media, maybe to roll out a strict metered paywall across more of its regional titles, under the Exclusive stories from El Confidencial and the first of its kind to be truly multi- ON+ brand. Meanwhile another regional Eldiario.es resulted in the resignation of platform from launch, went to air in June newspaper chain, Prensa Ibérica, bought two ministers of the new government, one 2018 and it has seen a slow but steady Grupo Zeta, publisher of El Periódico (in for having evaded taxes in the past and the uptake in its first year. Catalonia and other regions), Sport, and other over doubts about how a master’s a handful of magazines. According to the degree was obtained. Both leading digital- Alternative approaches for covering news National Commission on Markets and born news services have recruited new staff, are being tested on the second channels of Competition, by mid-2018 one in three promoted others, and strengthened their the three main broadcasters. In TVE, La 2 internet-connected households in Spain European coverage. Amid the financial Noticias was taken off air for several weeks, now use paid-for platforms to watch difficulties affecting millennial, social- while staff changed their workflows to audio-visual content online, with media-dependent outlets, BuzzFeed Spain create a transmedia brand, now producing Movistar+ slightly leading over Netflix. and Vocento’s Eslang closed altogether, and as much for online and social as for TV. PlayGround announced it was making more Atresmedia increased the live weekday Samuel Negredo, Alfonso Vara, than half of its payroll redundant. news, current affairs and infotainment programming in laSexta up to 15 hours/day, Avelino Amoedo, and Elsa Moreno Center for Internet Studies and Digital Life, El País and El Mundo were the first with the addition of a new breakfast show University of Navarra Spanish partners of The Trust Project, Arusitys from 7:30 to 11am. And in February and while Público launched a Transparent 2019, just after fieldwork was completed Journalism Tool, others focused on various for this survey, Mediaset folded the two fact-checking initiatives, with Facebook daily programmes of Noticias Cuatro, and selecting Newtral, Maldita.es, and AFP their website, into a new current affairs as partners to identify disinformation brand, Cuatro al día. The better-performing in Spanish. Voice news services are now weekend editions retain the editorial tone available via Alexa, Google, and Siri from a of a newscast and are still produced by range of providers, including CCMA in the Mediaset’s news division, but on weekdays Catalan language, with news from EITB in it is now a broader-ranging talk show with Basque in Amazon’s service. on-the-field reporters, studio discussion,

82 www.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/medios/mediaset-lanzara-portal-noticias-liderado-juan-pedro-valentin/20190315135925123119.html 108 / 109

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE Antena 3 News 5615 El País online 2410 LaSexta News 4012 El Mundo online 188 TOP BRANDS TVE News (public broadcaster) 3914 Antena 3 online 188 % Weekly usage Telecinco News 3810 ElDiario.es 1811 Cuatro News 3012 20 Minutos online 156 Weekly use 2414 TV, radio & print El País El Con dencial 148 198 More than 3 days per week Regional or local TV news Marca online 134 TV, radio & print El Mundo 1911 La Vanguardia online 136 Weekly use Cadena SER News 156 Telecinco online 135 online brands Regional or local newspaper 159 OKDiario 126 More than 3 days per week 20 Minutos 148 LaSexta online 125 online brands COPE News 124 ABC online 105 Marca 126 El Periódico online 105 CHANGING MEDIA El Periódico 116 RTVE online 105 105 Consumption is more mobile La Vanguardia Yahoo! News 104 Onda Cero News 95 than ever before, with two in Público 95 three using their smartphones 100% to access online news.100% Market Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) penetration of fibre-to-the-79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV home connections in Spain74% is 75%71% TVPrint 74%59% 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media 44% of households50% and59% the 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media country tops yearly growth 36%40% Social media Tablet 36%40% 20% 36% 20% 79% 80% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone according to FTTH Council20% 20% 72% 72% Europe – this may explain0% why 67% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 61%2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 56% 21% claim to use the0% internet 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 53% 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 46% 40% features of connected or 35% smart TV to catch up with 28% 20% what is going on. 13% 0% 0% 2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 TRUST NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling Trust in news among Spanish internet users remained stable, DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) as they continued to access ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE a broad number of sources. THIS BRAND During fieldwork in January, News overall Antena 3 6.37 7.06 News I use debates about the role of El País 6.25 7.15 the media had to do with 43% (-1) Cadena SER 6.21 7.31 the mostly sensationalistic 19th/38 48% TVE 6.2 6.92 treatment of the LaSexta 6.16 7.11 Cuatro 6.15 disappearance and attempted 7.01 El Mundo 6.1 7.06 rescue of a 2-year-old boy La Vanguardia 5.97 7.18 stuck in a shaft, which filled News in search News in social Eldiario.es 5.94 7.04 pages and airtime and boosted El Periódico 5.93 6.92 audiences for two weeks. 34% 25% 20 Minutos 5.85 6.58 El Condencial 5.81 6.64 ABC 5.76 7.02 PAY COPE 5.72 7.69 Telecinco 5.57 6.84 - 10% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 47% (-1) 73% 52% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 36% (-) 78% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 26% (-) 68% 39% 4 Twitter 16% (-6) 29% listen to 5 Instagram 12% (+4) 38% PODCASTS in 27% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 7% (+2) 27% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 110

STATISTICS SWEDEN Population 10m Internet penetration 97%

Sweden is a digitally developed country marked by a mix of public service broadcasters, commercial legacy news media, and emerging alternative news media. Domestic news publishers have lost much of their advertising revenues in recent years, with many hoping that increasing reader revenues will make up some of the gap.

From 2008 to 2018 Swedish commercial In Sweden many news media have The shift to a reader revenue model will news media lost more than one-third of continued to cut staffing levels require changes to analytics infrastructure their advertising revenues, and since figures and improve efficiency. Some have and the metrics used for understanding the are quite stable for television, the biggest implemented or expanded their use of the needs of existing and potential customers. losers are organisations formerly known as services for automated content production In light of this, some Swedish news newspapers. Clearly, the digital and mobile offered by companies like United Robots. publishers are trying to reduce their advertising markets have grown over time, Others, like the largest local news dependency on platform companies by but most of that growth has gone to global organisation in Sweden (MittMedia), have focusing more on creating value on their platform companies such as Facebook and focused on developing and running better own websites and apps (Chua and Westlund Google (and increasingly also Amazon). technical systems for their digital news 2019). Having said this, several news media Advertisers have also shifted marketing publishing, analytics, and advertising sales. recently partnered with Facebook over spend towards paying influencers to talk This has allowed them to syndicate news fact-checking ahead of and throughout the about their brands, especially on Instagram more easily, as well as increasing revenues general election, to combat disinformation. and YouTube. across 28 local markets. Lastly, let us turn to partisan and So far Swedish news media remain in Our Digital News Report survey data show alternative sites, what Holt et al. (2019) business, albeit a great number are that 27% of Swedes have paid for online conceptualise as ‘alternative news media’. dependent on press subsidies from the news in the last year, one of the highest levels In Sweden these are mostly found on Swedish state, with a budget of nearly in our survey. Several news publishers offer the right wing, and have positioned 500m SEK (US$53m) in 2018. Following special promotions with reduced pricing to themselves as ‘alternatives’ for those who a media inquiry, the government decided convert readers into registered subscribers. do not find legacy news media credible. to increase subsidies to publications that However, churn rates are often high, with Fria Tider, Nyheter Idag, and Samhällsnytt regularly produce original news content many people ending subscriptions after the are the three most widely used, each comprising at least 55% of their content, promotional period ends. reaching around one-tenth of the Swedish and have at least 1,500 news consumers, online population on a weekly basis, predominantly in Sweden. Support for print Swedish news publishers continue to according to our recall-based survey. has increased by 10%, with distribution accelerate their efforts to increase reader These figures are comparable to survey support increasing by 50%. The new deal revenue, experimenting with different findings for the two largest quality also adds more support for innovation and approaches to online subscription models. newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska a subsidy of up to 1m SEK to local areas MittMedia made a bold move during the Dagbladet in print and a bit lower than with limited news provision (so-called autumn, enforcing a paywall for all of their online news consumption figures. news deserts).83 Meanwhile, public service their own news materials (not newswire broadcasters continue to attract sufficient materials), and across their portfolio of Oscar Westlund reach among the Swedish population (and local news publishers. Before making Oslo Metropolitan University, Volda University the young) to maintain their legitimacy and this move, their data scientists, analysts, College, and University of Gothenburg public acceptance for the tax payments. The and business developers carried out tests publicly funded television company SVT has with such paywalls on a small selection reworked their proprietary website, while of local markets. A baseline requirement SR continues to work strategically with for reader revenue also involves making non-proprietary social media platforms, and use of functioning systems for subscriber has experimented with atomised audio. SR management. In 2018 Bonnier Magazines produces a substantial number of podcasts, lost approximately 10–20% of all their which are also accessible via commercial subscribers in the course of a few months audio streaming service provider Spotify. due to problems with their systems.

83 www.nordicom.gu.se/en/latest/news/new-media-subsidy-scheme-suggested-sweden 110 / 111

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE AND ONLINE SVT News (public television) 5614 A onbladet online 4510 4915 3410 TOP BRANDS TV4 News Expressen online 3610 3111 % Weekly usage SR News (public radio) SVT News online A regional or local newspaper 2211 Tv4 News online 189

Weekly use A onbladet 157 Regional/local newspaper website 166 TV, radio & print Metro 158 Dagens Nyheter online 146 More than 3 days per week TV, radio & print Expressen 126 Svenska Dagbladet online 137 Weekly use Dagens Nyheter 93 Nyheter 24 (News 24) 128 online brands Svenska Dagbladet 83 SR News online 125 ALSO More than 3 days per week Nyheter Idag 11% CNN 4 6 Göteborgs-Posten online 115 online brands Fria Tider 10% BBC News 4 6 Dagens Industri online 49 Samhällsnytt 9% Dagens Industri 3 6 Sydsvenska Dagbladet online 47 Ledarsidorna 7% Samtiden 6% Göteborgs-Posten 3 6 BBC News online 4 6 Nya Tider 6% CHANGING MEDIA Media from outside country 3 5 Metro online 3 5 Det Goda Samhället 4% TV and online news remains 100% stable, but newspaper100% reading Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) and social media news access79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint have dropped significantly.74%59% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media The latter is explained50% by59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet Facebook changing their 89% 36%40% 20% 36% 84% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone algorithms to expose their20% 69% 20% 72% 70% 0% 67% users to less news, 0%but also 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers64% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201756%2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 54% because news publishers’ 2013are 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 43% 46% focusing more on their own 34% 30% 31% websites. 70% access news via smartphone, one of the 0% 0% highest figures in our survey. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Four out of ten Swedes DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE express a general trust in THIS BRAND

the news, similar to previous News overall Sveriges Radio (SR) News 6.61 7.36 News I use years. Trust is naturally Sveriges Television (SVT) News 6.59 7.14 higher for the news sources 39% (-2) Local or regional newspaper 6.41 6.87 people regularly turn to. =25th/38 48% Svenska Dagbladet 6.26 7.05 Swedes express somewhat Dagens Nyheter 6.02 7.17 lower trust in news found TV4 News 5.88 6.54 through search engines, and Metro 5.32 6.23 Expressen 5.14 5.78 express substantially less News in search News in social trust in news exposed via Nyheter 24 (News 24) 5.13 6.8 social media. Nyheter Idag 5.06 6.8 30% 13% A onbladet 5.02 5.69 Samhällsnytt 4.9 6.93 Nya Tider 4.15 4.91 PAY Fria Tider 4.1 7.12

- 27% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 32% (-4) 71% 27% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 14% (+1) 64% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 10% (+1) 50% 35% 4 Instagram 9% (+2) 50% listen to 5 Twitter 8% (-) 16% PODCASTS in 19% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 WhatsApp 3% (-) 19% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 112

STATISTICS SWITZERLAND Population 8.5m Internet penetration 91%

The media industry has become increasingly focused on cost- cutting and consolidation in this small and linguistically segmented news market. These trends are further reducing the diversity of outlets and opinions – problematic in an election year, and for Switzerland’s direct- democratic system in general.

Media organisations have continued Worries about diversity also affect the While it claims increasing digital news to bear down on costs in the face of multi-lingual public service broadcaster subscriptions (e.g. day passes), the data stiffening economic headwinds – with SRG SSR (including SRF and RTS), which from this year’s survey again show that the centralised newsrooms becoming announced in 2018 it would centralise number of Swiss willing to pay for online standard. A new joint venture (CH Media) more resources in its main studio in news remains very low (11%). The ‘news- is merging all content, except regional Zurich at the expense of Bern, where its deprived’ now constitute the largest (36%) news, for its outlets such as Luzerner prestigious radio studio would be given up. and fastest-growing group, where if people Zeitung and Aargauer Zeitung. The Similar ideas are being tested in French- consume content at all, it tends to be from company announced in 2018 it would speaking Switzerland. Politicians have more popular sources and mainly accessed cut 20% of its journalists in the next launched a bid in Parliament to stop the via social media.85 few years. In a similar move, Tamedia, moves. The SRG SSR, which won a widely Switzerland’s largest private media debated referendum in early 2018 on Media companies are experimenting company, installed central newsrooms the abolition of the licence fee, is under with new formats. Tamedia is testing for its German-speaking and French- political pressure again. ‘robo-journalism’ on referendum results, speaking outlets such as Tages-Anzeiger, producing hundreds of articles based 24heures, and Basler Zeitung, a traditional At the same time, the SRG SSR and private on polls which are customised for each newspaper it had only recently bought media organisations are taking a few steps voting district. Ringier has recently hired a from Christoph Blocher, a well-known to increase co-operation. While SRG SSR is well-known political news anchorman to right-wing politician. Only Tamedia’s 20 leaving the advertising platform Admeira, enhance its efforts in producing video on Minuten and 20 minutes, Switzerland’s which had been seen as a threat by some its widely used websites, and Neue Zürcher largest online and offline brands (offering private operators, it is joining with private Zeitung works with a newsletter tailored tabloid-like journalism), have kept their media in a national radio player app. for audiences in neighbouring Germany. own newsrooms. To cut costs, publishers They are also planning a ‘log-in alliance’ It increasingly offers its articles in audio, have given up parts of print production which would allow sharing of user data as does the digital-only Republik. in 2018; Tamedia’s Le Matin, a traditional for targeted advertising. Swiss media have and popular tabloid, and Ringier’s Blick come to identify global tech companies Conditions for new players remain difficult. am Abend, a widely circulated free-sheet, as the cause of their problems, even as Watson.ch (launched in 2014) has found have become online-only outlets. they offer even more content on social an audience but is not profitable, and new platforms, including those which had been players like crowdfunded Republik still are These mergers and centralised newsrooms neglected (20 Minuten, for example, is niche products. Thus, success for planned have reduced the diversity of content. planning a WhatsApp newsletter). Thus, start-ups in French-speaking Switzerland Most international and domestic political as in the EU, Swiss publishers are seeking like Heidi News (partially supported by news coverage, including commentary, financial compensation from Google and Google’s News Initiative) is by no means is increasingly shared among outlets others through new copyright laws. guaranteed. belonging to the same company. Taking three different news outlets of Tamedia as The financial situation for publishers Linards Udris and Mark Eisenegger an example, 68% of political commentary remains difficult, not least because more Research Institute for the Public Sphere and is now identical.84 This shrinking diversity is companies, most notably Switzerland’s Society, Department of Communication and a problem in a country where the diversity largest telecom provider, have stopped Media Research, University of Zurich of opinions is institutionally needed, since advertising in newspapers completely. several referendums take place each year. Tamedia, for instance, is still profitable but mainly because of businesses other than news.

84 See the summary of the ‘Yearbook Quality of the Media 2018’ (in English, French and Italian) and the full version (in German) at www.qualitaet-der-medien.ch/downloads 85 Yearbook ‘Quality of the Media 2018’, www.qualitaet-der-medien.ch/downloads 112 / 113

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT (GERMAN) ONLINE (GERMAN) AND ONLINE SRF News (public broadcaster) 6717 20 Minuten online 5511 20 Minuten 5216 Blick and Blick am Abend online 3111 TOP BRANDS German public TV news 2511 Bluewin news 228 % Weekly usage Private TV news 2410 SRF News online 2212 German private TV news 2410 Watson 168 Weekly use Blick 2210 gmx 136 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspapers 1019 Teletext online 116 More than 3 days per week 187 115 TV, radio & print Private radio news Tages Anzeiger online Tages Anzeiger 137 MSN News 49 Weekly use online brands SonntagsZeitung 85 NZZ online 95 More than 3 days per week Sonntagsblick 57 Regional/local newspaper websites 48 online brands CNN 47 CNN.com 46

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH)

PAY RTS News (public broadcaster) 8022 20 Minutes online 559

20 Minutes 6119 RTS News online 2816 French private TV news 3915 Le Matin online (incl Sunday) 2813 French public TV news 3215 Bluewin.ch 2410 11% 24 heures 2310 24 heures.ch 207 pay for Le Matin Dimanche 2013 Teletext online 178 ONLINE NEWS Private radio news 188 MSN News 116 Swiss French 15% Le Temps 148 Yahoo! News 105 Swiss German 9% Regional or local newspaper 148 Tribune de Genève online 104 Tribune de Genève 126 LeNouvelliste.ch 93 Commercial TV news 117 Le Temps online 95 Le Nouvelliste 103 Le Monde online 85 100% 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint 74%59% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media NB: 2018 figures for 50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% computer use were 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media likely overstated due Tablet 36%40% 20% 82% 36% 83% to an error in polling 30% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 20% 71% listen to 20% 69% 0% 61% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201763%2018 2019 62% Printed newspapers Computer PODCASTS in0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 60% 57% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 201550%2016 201747%2018 2019 49% 50%TV the last month 45%

Swiss French 33% 29% 26% Swiss German 31%

0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST Trust this year is back to the same level as in 2017, News overall News I use News in search News in social with higher trust last year probably resulting from the strong and highly visible counter-reactions 46% (-6) against the referendum proposal to prohibit licence fees. Interestingly, however, trust in =13th/38 55% 29% 17% individual brands remains as high as in 2018. German 48% German 57% German 30% German 20% French 42% French 49% French 27% French 13%

BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING (GERMAN) (FRENCH) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE ALL THOSE THAT ALL THOSE THAT HAVE ALL THOSE THAT Rank Brand For News For All HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND

SRF News 7.25 7.5 RTS News 7.42 7.77 1 Facebook 32% (-1) 60% NZZ 6.9 7.83 Le Temps 6.98 7.36 Tages Anzeiger 6.72 7.43 24 heures 6.83 7.41 2 YouTube 26% (+2) 64% ARD* 6.68 – Tribune de Genѐve 6.73 7.25 Tele Züri* 6.17 – TF1* 6.48 – 3 WhatsApp 26% (+4) 74% Aargauer Zeitung 6.12 7.02 La Liberté 6.46 7.38 Weltwoche 5.93 7.07 Le Nouvelliste 6.45 7.36 20 Minuten 5.92 6.32 Le Matin 6.44 7.14 4 Instagram 10% (+3) 32% WochenZeitung (WoZ) 5.91 6.94 France Télévisions 6.41 6.82 Bluewin 5.85 6.9 20 minutes 6.24 6.55 5 Facebook Messenger 8% (+1) 32% Watson 5.56 6.46 Arcinfo 6.17 7.76 RT L* 5.35 – Private TV news 6.15 6.46 6 LinkedIn 6% (-1) 17% Republik* 5.28 – Bluewin 6.01 6.96 gmx 5.18 6.11 Bon pour la tête* 5.66 – Blick 4.77 5.62 MSN 5.02 6.09 - - * Some brands do not have trust scores for users of those brands (did not meet minimum 50 threshold or did not specifically ask about the use of the brand) Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 114

STATISTICS TURKEY Population 82m Internet penetration 68%

The ruling party has strengthened its control of the Turkish media over the last year with the sale of the leading media group to a pro-government businessman. Television remains the most important source of news in Turkey while social and digital media are an important outlet for alternative and critical perspectives. more expensive.88 Other newspapers More widely, the high levels of political and The sale by the main Turkish media mogul have either reduced pagination or axed media polarisation in Turkey have been a Aydin Dogan of all his media outlets to their Sunday supplements. Some local fertile breeding ground for misinformation Demirören Holding, a pro-government newspapers have also ended print editions. over the last few years. In this context, we’ve conglomerate with interests primarily in Annual total circulation of printed seen the emergence of a few credible fact- energy and construction, was the most newspapers and magazines fell 33% from checking organisations such as Teyit.org. significant development in Turkish media 2013 to 2017.89 Given this background, it over the past year. As with the sale of would be no surprise if other newspapers Podcasts too are becoming increasingly Turkuvaz Media in 2008, the transfer were to close in the near future. popular, not only in news media but took place with the help of credits from also in sectors such as sport, literature, the state bank.86 As expected, several The most popular online media listed in science, and learning English. All of the experienced journalists were fired, editors this year’s survey include only two outlets main social media platforms are popular were changed, and the coverage became which are critical of the government (Sözcü with young people in Turkey. WhatsApp pro-government in all media outlets in the and Cumhuriyet), along with foreign media and Instagram are particularly popular group.87 Although Dogan Group’s capability like the BBC. The independent watchdog for news – but that cannot be explained for criticising the government of President Freedom House classes Turkey as being simply by the fear of government 90 Tayyip Erdoğan had already eroded before ‘not free’, and in this context social media surveillance, since they are also used the sale, coverage has become more and smaller internet sites have become the widely by supporters of the ruling party. explicitly supportive of government lines. main platforms for alternative news. The Servet Yanatma The fact that the transfer included the opposition parties, for example, primarily Turkish journalist and former internationally known daily Hürriyet is used social media to reach the electorate Reuters Institute Journalist Fellow particularly important. Its coverage reflects during the presidential election campaign the political transformation in the country. in 2018 and municipal elections this year.

The second development was the ending While small-scale digital-born brands of the print edition of two newspapers, continue to provide alternative Habertürk and Vatan, in mid-2018 due to perspectives, they have not managed to reduced sales and rising costs. The former achieve significant reach. Many showcase was one of Turkey’s largest-circulation stories from international brands such as newspapers, and its CEO explained the BBC Turkish, DW, and Euronews as they move saying: ‘The cost of publishing a have limited staff to generate original newspaper has become unsustainable at content. Other perspectives are provided a time when advertisements are mainly by foreign media like Russian-backed channelled into digital media outlets and Sputnik, and a new Turkish version of the broadcasters.’ The circulation of Turkish (UK-based) Independent, financed and newspapers and their share of advertising run by the Saudi Research and Marketing revenues has been declining steadily, while Group (SRMG) that has close links to the 91 printing costs have also risen as a weak Saudi royal family. Turkish lira makes imported newsprint

86 www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/ekonomi/2019/02/23/ziraat-bankasindan-demirorene-kredi-aciklamasi-paramiz-vardi-verdik 87 www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/why-turkish-medias-credibility-dead 88 www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-daily-haberturk-decides-to-end-print-edition-134085 89 Yanatma, S. 2018. Digital News Report: Turkey Supplementary Report. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/digital-news-report-2018-turkey-supplementary-report 90 freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/turkey 91 www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jul/19/independent-joins-saudi-group-to-launch-middle-east-websites 114 / 115

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE Fox TV News 5813 CNN Türk online 4016 CNN Türk 4415 NTV online 3515 TOP BRANDS NTV 3814 Hürriyet online 3316 % Weekly usage Sözcü 3817 Sözcü online 3111 Hürriyet 3823 Sondakika.com 2913 Weekly use TV, radio & print TRT News (Public Broadcaster) 3814 Mynet 2911 3416 More than 3 days per week Kanal D News Milliyet online 2613 TV, radio & print ATV News 1231 Haberler.com 2513 Weekly use Habertürk TV 3013 Habertürk online 2311 online brands Star TV 3015 Cumhuriyet online 2211 More than 3 days per week Milliyet 2917 Sabah online 2111 online brands Sabah 2917 AA (Anadolu Ajansi) 1021 Show TV 2812 BBC News online 209 Cumhuriyet 2614 TRT News online 1019 Posta 2314 ĺnternethaber 1019 Ahaber 219 Ensonhaber 1018

100% 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint 74%59% 2015–19 71% Print 2015–19 59% 71% Print Although online news50% is 59%widely PrintSocial media 50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% used by our urban-based50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet 88% 36%40% 87% 20% 36% sample, across Turkey as20% a Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 20% 75% 20% 74% 71% whole television remains0% the 67% 65% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 59% most important source0% of 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 57% 2013 2014 201550%2016 201750%2018 2019 50%TV 52% news. Print newspapers also 46%

continue to be well read by 24% 27% international standards,

though use is declining. 0% 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Smartphones are now easily NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated the most important device for due to an error in polling accessing online news.

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Overall levels of trust in THIS BRAND the news increased by 8 News overall Fox TV News 6.93 7.84 News I use percentage points, although NTV News 6.69 7.4 there doesn’t seem to be any 46% (+8) CNN Türk 6.63 7.25 obvious explanation for such =13th/38 52% Cumhuriyet 6.52 7.81 a dramatic change. TV news Sözcü 6.45 7.65 sources like Fox and NTV Habertürk 6.26 7.18 Hürriyet 6.07 6.9 – along with critical voices Mynet 6.07 6.76 like Cumhuriyet and Sözcü – News in search News in social Kanal D News 6.04 7.14 tend to be most highly rated TRT News 5.96 7.57 for trust. Pro-government 47% 40% Milliyet 5.95 7.1 media tend to be trusted AA (Anadolu Ajansi) 5.81 7.84 less, though they have Show TV News 5.73 7.02 higher scores from those Sabah 5.28 7.18 that use them. Ahaber 4.95 7.23 -

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING

PAY Rank Brand For News For All 1 YouTube 49% (+8) 76% 60% SHARE NEWS 34% 2 Facebook 47% (-4) 71% pay for via social, messaging or email ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 33% (+3) 74%

4 Instagram 33% (+9) 64% 5 Twitter 33% (-2) 49% 45% COMMENT ON NEWS 6 Facebook Messenger 10% (+1) 35% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 116 116 / 117

Americas Section 3 3.25 United States 118 3.26 Argentina 120 3.27 Brazil 122 Analysis by Country 3.28 Canada 124 3.29 Chile 126 3.30 Mexico 128 Americas Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 118

STATISTICS UNITED STATES Population 327m Internet penetration 96%

The climate of heightened hostility toward the US press under Donald Trump shows no signs of abating as attention turns to the 2020 election. The relentless attacks appear to be exacerbating already low levels of media trust – especially on the right.

Over the last year, major US news outlets have reaped both audience attention and near-constant derision for their coverage affected a variety of publications, from the Netherlands whose membership model has of President Trump, and especially of the venerable Cleveland Plain-Dealer to digital- made it a darling of many commentators federal inquiry, headed by Robert Mueller, born First Look Media. Most notably, in and pundits, announced plans for an into whether his campaign colluded January 2019, BuzzFeed laid off 15% of its English-language site in November. with Russia during the 2016 election. worldwide workforce (220 positions) the Enthusiasm quickly soured when CEO That inquiry yielded dozens of criminal same week that Verizon Media Group, which Ernst Pfauth revealed in March that De indictments, but when it wrapped up in owns HuffPost, announced a 7% reduction Correspondent would close its New York March without firmly establishing collusion, across its media properties, totalling about campaign headquarters and operate the Trump and his supporters declared victory 800 positions. Gannett, the largest news English-language edition from Amsterdam. and called for retribution against CNN, publisher in the US, also recently announced The US continues to lead the world in MSNBC, BuzzFeed, and other news outlets layoffs at local newspapers in regions around podcast listening and has seen a wave of they said misled the American public. the country, stoking continued concerns about the future of local news. daily news-focused offerings. The New York Warning against overcorrection, Washington Times’ The Daily, which started in 2017 and Post media columnist Margaret Sullivan Although viewership of local television now averages 1.75m daily downloads, has defended aggressive reporting on the Russia news has held steady, a recent report finds been joined by the Washington Post’s Post story from the Post, the New York Times, the that about 1,800 metro and community Reports, Vox’s Today Explained, Slate’s Wall Street Journal, ProPublica, and others. newspapers in the US have closed or What Next, ABC News’ Start Here, and Recent revelations included a trove of merged since 2004, and more than 1,300 others. Another notable development saw documents showing that plans for a Trump US communities have lost news coverage VICE News partner with Spotify to produce 92 Tower in Moscow continued through the completely. New efforts to address the bilingual podcast series Chapo. 2016 race – a major investigative coup for these deficits include an expansion of ProPublica’s Local Reporting Network; Platforms continue to invest in new BuzzFeed. Meanwhile, the New Yorker’s Jane initiatives to bolster the news industry. Mayer exposed deepening ties between a reporting collaborative, sponsored by the Solutions Journalism Network, Google recently launched a boot camp for the White House and Fox News, including eight publishers in the US and Canada to the charge that before the election the among local newsrooms and institutions in Charlotte, North Carolina; and a $20m develop new digital subscription strategies, broadcaster buried a story on Trump’s while Facebook announced in January that payoffs to adult film star Stormy Daniels. fund from the Knight Foundation and the Lenfest Institute to ‘strengthen local it would dedicate $300m to programmes focused on developing local newsrooms These controversies have unfolded in a journalism for the digital age’. and content globally. news environment in which audiences Significant growth in digital revenues remain deeply polarised, much more so Despite such steps, there have been new than most other countries covered in this remains elusive for all but a few large US news outlets. The New York Times calls to regulate platforms both from the report. Concerns about Trump’s continued left, led by presidential hopeful Senator antagonising of the press as ‘the enemy of announced in February that it had surpassed $709m in digital revenues in Elizabeth Warren’s plan to break up tech the people’ were reinforced in the wake of a giants, and from the right, with prominent shooting at the Capital Gazette newspaper in 2018 and was on track to grow its digital subscriptions to more than 10m by 2025. Republicans like Senator Ted Cruz accusing Annapolis, Maryland, in June 2018, that left Google and Facebook of bias against five staff members dead. Some digital-born organisations aimed to diversify revenue streams by introducing conservative views. membership models, including BuzzFeed News outlets are navigating this complex Joy Jenkins and Lucas Graves and Quartz. Meanwhile De Correspondent, political environment in the face of Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism persistent economic pressure. Job cuts have the digital-born ‘slow news’ operation in the

92 www.usnewsdeserts.com/reports/expanding-news-desert 118 / 119

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE Local televison news 307 Yahoo! News 208 Fox News 298 CNN.com 197 TOP BRANDS NBC/MSNBC News 259 Fox News online 196 % Weekly usage CNN 228 HuPost 189 ABC News 229 New York Times online 178 Weekly use TV, radio & print Regional/local newspaper 2010 Washington Post online 157 209 159 More than 3 days per week CBS News BuzzFeed News TV, radio & print Local radio news 177 NBC/MSNBC News online 157 Weekly use NPR News 134 Local television news sites online 146 online brands BBC News 116 BBC News online 116 More than 3 days per week PBS News 106 MSN News 116 online brands City paper (e.g. Boston Globe) 95 Regional or local newspaper website 106 ALSO New York Times 49 NPR News online 105 Breitbart 7% The Daily Caller 6% USA Today 85 Website of a city paper (e.g., Boston Globe) 95 The Blaze 6% Washington Post 3 6 USA Today online 69 Occupy Democrats 5% Free city paper 4 6 ABC News online 95 Info Wars 3%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) The bump in news 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint consumption is clearly visible74%59% 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media in 2017 after the election50% 59% of 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet Donald Trump but since then 36%40% 20% 36% 20% 75% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone TV, print, and social media20% 20% 72% 72% 71% 0% news use is significantly0% 2013down.2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 58% 57% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 53% Meanwhile the smartphone 2013 2014 201550%2016 47%2017 2018 2019 46% 50%TV (57%) has overtaken the 27% 28% computer (53%) in terms of 22% 19% 16% weekly news, with tablet 0% 0% usage flat. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Already low, overall levels of DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE trust in news declined only THIS BRAND

slightly since last year, but this News overall Local television news 6.43 News I use 7.02 masks a deeper divide. Under Wall Street Journal 6.09 7.22 Trump, trust in news has risen 32% (-2) NPR News 5.89 8.12 among audiences on the left 32nd/38 50% ABC News 5.78 7.31 while falling sharply on the CBS News 5.78 7.21 right – from 17% to 9% in the Washington Post 5.69 7.74 last year alone. New York Times 5.65 7.62 News in search News in social NBC/MSNBC News 5.59 7.44 CNN 5.38 7.33 Yahoo! News 5.13 6.13 25% 14% Hu Post 5.01 6.92 Vox 5.01 6.72 Fox News 4.82 6.98 PAY Buzzfeed News 4.74 6.47 Breitbart 3.88 7.11 - 16% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 39% (-) 66% 37% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 20% (-) 62% via social, messaging or email 3 Twitter 15% (+1) 27% 35% 4 Facebook Messenger 9% (+2) 40% listen to 5 Instagram 7% (+1) 29% PODCASTS in 29% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 WhatsApp 4% (-) 10% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 120

STATISTICS ARGENTINA Population 45m Internet penetration 93%

The combination of an economic crisis and political polarisation has affected the media industry in Argentina. There have been significant job losses in newsrooms throughout the country, and hopes for a law which could have regulated media concentration were dashed when the legislation stalled in Congress.

News consumption in Argentina has telecommunications company. The newly Political interference in media regulation decreased across all platforms, from print merged corporation accounts for 42% of and polarisation could be related to low to social media, but print has suffered fixed telephone lines, 34% of the mobile levels of trust in news in general (39%) the largest losses, with circulations of telephony market, 56% of fixed internet in 2019. There were also changes in news the ten top-selling dailies down by 8% connections, and 40% of cable television consumption on social media platforms, in 2018 compared to 2017. La Nación, the connections, in addition to owning the which increased on Facebook, WhatsApp, second-largest daily, closed its print plant top-selling newspaper, the 24-hour news Instagram, and Facebook Messenger early in 2019, which led to around 100 jobs channel with the largest audience, the and decreased on Twitter and YouTube. being lost. Editorial Atlántida cancelled leading AM radio stations, and several Argentines spend, on average, more the weekly print editions of 97-year-old FM radio stations. than three hours a day on social media, women’s magazine Para Ti and 99-year-old which could explain, at least partly, the children’s publication Billiken. In all, more Grupo Clarín’s dominant position is evident growing reliance on these platforms for than 500 jobs were lost in the news media in the ranking of the top brands examined information. The role of social media will 93 industry during 2018. for this report. The corporation owns three probably be a hot issue during the electoral of the top ten brands in the offline ranking campaigns this year, and several local and Paywalls have been one of newspapers’ (TN, Canal 13, and Clarín), and three of global organisations, such as Chequeado ways of responding to falling circulation the top ten brands in the online ranking and First Draft News, respectively, are numbers in the digital space. However, (TN, Clarín, and sports newspaper Olé). gearing up to combat false information so far only three newspapers, top-selling However, for the second year in a row news on these platforms. Clarín and La Nación from the city of website Infobae, which is not part of Grupo Buenos Aires, and La Voz del Interior from Clarín, was the top-ranked online brand. Eugenia Mitchelstein and Pablo J. Córdoba have implemented them. Clarín This year it also became the top-ranked Boczkowski reached 150,000 digital subscribers in brand overall. Center for the Study of Media and Society, 94 December 2018. However, only 8% of our Argentina (MESO) survey respondents said they had paid for The government drafted legislation which online news in the past year. would have allowed other corporations to offer ‘quadruple play’ services (landlines, Due to competition with streaming mobile phones, pay television, and services such as Netflix and YouTube, broadband internet). The bill was approved broadcast television ratings reached their in the Senate, but stalled in the Chamber of lowest level since 2004 and advertising Deputies due to lack of consensus between decreased significantly in 2018. Pay the government and the opposition. The television had the highest market share bill is not likely to pass during 2019, which ever, and in November 2018 Kantar Ibope is a presidential election year. The lack of a media, in charge of measuring TV ratings, law means that media regulation is mostly announced it would start measuring Time conducted by executive order. Polarisation Shifted Viewing. has also influenced news coverage of corruption scandals, with most media Political polarisation has influenced devoting space and attention according both telecommunication regulation to their political alignments. Public and news coverage. In June 2018, the media have remained relatively neutral, government formally approved the merger something which did not happen under between Grupo Clarín, the largest media the previous administration. organisation in Argentina, and Telecom, a

93 Fopea (Foto de Periodismo Argentino). INFORME 2017–2018 Observatorio y alerta laboral de periodistas (2019), https://www.fopea.org/informe-observatorio-y-alerta-laboral-de- periodistas-de-fopea-2017-2018/ 94 Grupo Clarín, Memoria y Estados Financieros Consolidados, 2018, grupoclarin.com/IR/files/ESTADOS-CONTABLES/2018/GCSA%20-%20EEFF%20-%2012-2018.PDF 120 / 121

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TN (Todo Noticias) 4111 Infobae 4215 Telefe News 3712 TN online 3412 TOP BRANDS Canal 13 News 3211 Clarín online 3012 % Weekly usage C5N 2810 La Nación online 229 Regional or local newspaper 2515 Minuto Uno 1017 Weekly use TV, radio & print América TV News 2310 Olé 136 116 More than 3 days per week Clarín 2214 Regional/local newspaper website TV, radio & print A24 187 Public TV and radio online news 105 Weekly use Crónica TV News 189 Página/12 93 online brands Canal 9 News 156 Yahoo! News 95 More than 3 days per week TV pública news (public broadcaster) 158 La Voz 49 online brands La Nación 149 Primicias Ya 95 Regional or local TV news 125 Diario Uno 85 Canal 26 News 126 Cadena 3 online 48 Radio Mitre News 124 MSN News 47 Regional or local radio news 104 CNN.com 47

TRUST Trust has declined from the DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE previous year, from 41% to THIS BRAND 39% for ‘news overall’ and News overall News I use Telefé News 6.25 7.2 from 51% to 47% in ‘news I Infobae 5.93 6.49 use’. However, trust in news in 39% (-2) TN (Todo Noticias) 5.85 6.83 search remained stable and =25th/38 47% La Nación 5.81 6.9 trust in news in social media Radio Mitre 5.7 7.84 went from 29% to 32%. A24 5.58 6.67 Minuto Uno 5.31 6.48 News in search News in social TV pública 5.29 6.23 Clarín 5.24 6.36 C5N 5.12 6.49 38% 32% Página/12 5.07 7.02 Perl 5 6.01

PAY

- 8% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 63% (+3) 83% 56% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 39% (+2) 82% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 25% (-2) 73% 31% 4 Instagram 18% (+5) 49% listen to 5 Twitter 15% (-3) 24% PODCASTS in 31% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 11% (+2) 39% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 122

STATISTICS BRAZIL Population 211m Internet penetration 71%

The 2018 presidential election and its aftermath have galvanised the Brazilian media. The high political polarisation surrounding the poll set the stage for multiple controversies involving not only the candidates but also the way media covered the elections.

Social media and messaging apps played a crucial part in the campaign of former army captain Jair Bolsonaro, who was elected president with 57.8m votes in a run-off The clash between candidates’ supporters Globo, as an enemy. The following month, election – despite having had just eight escalated on social media, culminating in Bolsonaro shared in his Twitter account seconds TV advertising each day during the the publication by Folha de S. Paulo, one accusations that were proven to be false first round. WhatsApp became a powerful of the country’s leading newspapers, of against a reporter from O Estado de S. campaign tool, with roughly a million open a story accusing Brazilian businessmen Paulo, one of the main newspapers.97 groups being created to promote candidates of illegally financing a large-scale standing in the elections.95 campaign to bombard WhatsApp users Data from the first half of 2018 showed with hundreds of millions of messages a concentration of advertising spending 98 In an attempt to prevent fake news from attacking the left-wing candidate on free-to-air TV and online, which – spreading, the main Brazilian media Fernando Haddad. The day after the story combined with the slow recovery of the outlets set up joint fact-checking projects ran, WhatsApp announced that it had in Brazilian economy – contributed to the during the campaign. The ‘Fato ou Fake’ the preceding weeks banned more than closing of long-established print titles. The team – comprising eight print, online, 100,000 accounts in an effort to contain 114-year-old regional newspaper A Cidade, radio, and television outlets – fact- misinformation and spam. published in São Paulo state, also closed checked 759 quotes from politicians and its print version. Founded in 1891, the daily several hundred rumours. Another 24 Brazilians remain some of the heaviest Jornal do Brasil revived its print edition news brands joined ‘Projeto Comprova’, a users of social media in the world and in 2018. But, after a little over a year, the coalition that received more than 67,000 usage of all the top social and messaging company announced that its content messages through its WhatsApp account. brands has gone up significantly again would again only be available online. over the last year. Growth was particularly After three years of successive drops in strong among Instagram (+10), WhatsApp Rodrigo Carro circulation, the efforts of the newspaper (+5), and YouTube (+8) users. Throughout Financial journalist and former Reuters industry to attract digital subscribers the presidential campaign (and after it), Institute Journalist Fellow 96 seemed to be paying off. Overall daily Bolsonaro’s frequent tweets and Facebook print and digital subscriptions of the top Live appearances forced a change in ten paid-for papers rose 2.9% year-on- traditional media coverage, as journalists year – a 33% rise in digital subscriptions had to keep a constant watch not only over for those which have electronic editions. the president’s social media accounts but The increase was fuelled by heavy also on those of his allies. Before taking discount campaigns and by the extensive office, the Brazilian president announced adoption of paywalls. 14 of his 22 ministers through Twitter.

Overall trust in news, however, dipped 11 Though Bolsonaro had stated his percentage points to 48% in comparison commitment to freedom of the press with last year’s survey, directly in the weeks prior to the second round, affected by an atmosphere of political his relationship with the media, both polarisation. The environment of political as candidate and president, has been confrontation brought partisan media fractious, at best. In an audio message to mainstream attention, as a significant leaked to the media in February 2018, number of voters were divided between he referred to the largest media the left-wing and the far-right candidates. conglomerate in the country, Grupo

95 Non-governmental organisation SaferNet Brasil. 96 Top 10 best-selling dailies, according to Instituto Verificador de Comunicação (IVC Brasil). 97 www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/bolsonaro-brazil-fake-news-journalist-media-attack 98 Conselho Executivo de Normas-Padrão (CENP). 122 / 123

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE Globo News 6012 UOL online 4418 Record News 4213 Globo News online (inc. G1) 3914 TOP BRANDS Jornal do SBT 3914 O Globo online 1431 % Weekly usage BandNews 3814 Yahoo! News 2510 O Globo 2613 Record News online (inc. R7.com) 249 Weekly use TV, radio & print Regional/local newspaper 2413 Folha de S. Paulo online 1021 2010 219 More than 3 days per week Folha de S. Paulo MSN News TV, radio & print Commercial radio news 146 Jornal do SBT online 208 Weekly use CNN 135 Band News online 2010 online brands O Estado de S. Paulo 136 Terra online 1019 More than 3 days per week Rede TV News 126 O Estado de S. Paulo online 147 online brands BBC News 126 A website of a local newspaper 137 ALSO TV Brasil (public broadcaster) 69 BBC News online 136 O Antagonista 19% Free city paper 85 Rede TV News online 85 Rede Brasil Atual 12% Brasil 247 10% Jornal Extra 85 Online commercial radio news websites 48 Diário do Centro do Mundo 8% 85 85 Jornal O Dia Jornal Extra online Radiovox 5%

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Online and television remain79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint the most important source74%59% of 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media news in Brazil while50% print59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media Social media Tablet 90% 36%40% readership has almost halved 36%40% 87% 81% 20% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone since 2013. Meanwhile 20% 75% 77% 20% 73% 0% smartphones not only0% overtook 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 64% Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 55% 2013 2014 201550%2016 50%2017 2018 2019 50%TV computers as the primary 47% means of accessing online news, they also established 27% 23% a wide lead. 14% 11% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling TRUST Trust has fallen 11 percentage DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE points in the last year after THIS BRAND a difficult and polarising News overall Jornal do SBT 7.12 8.03 election. Brazilians have News I use Band News 7.07 7.72 the highest level of concern 48% (-11) Record News 6.97 7.91 about misinformation and =9th/38 51% UOL 6.53 7.35 disinformation in our survey O Estado de S. Paulo 6.5 7.52 and high use of social media Terra online 6.37 7.39 facilitated the spread of Rede TV News 6.37 7.32 inaccurate information News in search News in social Folha de S. Paulo 6.26 7.45 during the election. O Globo 6.06 7.2 47% 31% Globo News 5.97 6.97 iG. Online 5.96 7.68 HuPost 5.54 7.73

PAY

- 22% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 54% (+2) 76% 58% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 53% (+5) 84% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 42% (+8) 80% 51% 4 Instagram 26% (+10) 54% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 15% (+5) 44% PODCASTS in 36% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 15% (+1) 28% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 124

STATISTICS CANADA Population 37m Internet penetration 90%

The Canadian government announced a major package of support for news organisations producing public interest journalism – one of the most extensive in the world. This amid widespread fears that local newspapers in particular are struggling to fulfil their democratic function.

The past decade has been especially hard content, especially subscriptions. The Toronto Podcasts are as popular in English Canada for local newspapers in Canada. Hundreds Star and the SaltWire Network, a chain of 35 as in the US, but much less among of local news outlets – most of them newspapers in Atlantic Canada, launched Francophones. One in three Canadians community newspapers – have closed, metered paywalls for online content. listen to podcasts and are highly engaged though this has been somewhat offset by Ownership of La Presse, now entirely digital with this format, averaging five podcasts launches of new local operations. Research and centred on its free tablet app, has been a week.101 Facebook, and increasingly shows that depth of reporting about civic transferred to a non-profit structure. Facebook Messenger, are used more as affairs declined sharply in small and mid- vehicles for news consumption by French- sized Canadian communities between 2008 In its 2019 budget, the Canadian federal speaking Canadians than English speakers, and 2017, leaving citizens less informed government outlined criteria for qualifying who in turn are more keen on Twitter. about their democratic institutions.99 journalism organisations that will benefit from non-profit status and refundable Attacks on media and journalists from Advertising revenues in 2016/17 fell most tax credits on labour costs. Canadians right-wing politicians seem to mirror those of sharply for newspapers (-20.4%) and with digital subscriptions to qualifying Donald Trump. They are coming from Ontario 100 magazines (-28%), -8% for media overall. Canadian news outlets will also be eligible Premier Doug Ford, who uses his ‘Ford Nation Many media groups made significant layoffs, for an annual tax credit until 2025. The TV’ on YouTube to connect directly with including the Postmedia group, owner of government initiatives, which won’t come voters, and from Maxime Bernier, a former the largest newspaper chain in Canada; Vice into effect until 2020, raised concerns Conservative minister who launched a new Canada; Rogers; Huffington Post; Canadian in the journalism community about federal party with a populist platform. Press; and Star Metro, a group of free dailies transparency, as well as comment about owned by Torstar and Metro International. the types of media that would be excluded Oil pipelines, immigration, and – especially The new ownership of Métro Montréal (i.e. broadcasters, specialised outlets, small in Quebec – religion continue to be appears to be off to a rocky start, with a local publications with a single journalist). polarising issues, and concern regarding series of resignations, including several disinformation is on the rise. However, trust newsroom managers. Also in Montreal, Agence France-Presse became the in traditional and online media remains Voir ended publication of its monthly print Canadian partner of Facebook’s third-party higher in Canada than in the US. magazine, launched in 2016. fact-checking programme, with a journalist dedicated to rating accuracy of news stories In early February, the Globe and Mail Rogers, once Canada’s biggest print circulating on the social media platform. published allegations of political magazine publisher, sold its remaining After ending its joint venture with Rogers, interference in criminal proceedings against publications including Maclean’s (news) Vice Canada entered a broadcast agreement SNC-Lavalin, an engineering firm. This led and Chatelaine (women, general interest), with Bell Media. to the resignation of two cabinet ministers, to St Joseph Communications. Torstar the Prime Minister’s closest adviser and the acquired iPolitics, a digital news source Several industry-based initiatives were Clerk of the Privy Council, the top federal focusing on Canadian politics. New launched to foster news literacy, digital civil servant. Although early polls suggest media initiatives include the Logic, a citizenship, and ‘counter-disinformation’, the scandal has been damaging to the subscription-based digital news source with new projects focusing on local news governing Liberal party, it remains to be focusing on the innovation economy, and (Facebook) and underserved communities seen whether trust in media will be affected QUB, an online French-language radio (The Discourse/Public Policy Forum) and as a result of this heavily covered story. service from Québecor. teens (CIVIX). Partisan news sites such as Rebel Media and National Observer still Colette Brin National newspapers the Globe and Mail and have limited reach in Canada. Centre d’études sur les médias, Université Laval Le Devoir continue to focus on paid online

99 A. Lindgren et al., Local News Map, www.localnewsresearchproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/LocalNewsMapDataasofFebruary12019.pdf ; Public Policy Forum (2018), Mind the Gaps, www.ppforum.ca/publications/mind-the-gaps/?sf_data=all&sf_paged=5 100 Compiled by ThinkTV for 2016–17, based on data from Statistics Canada, Television Bureau, IAB Canada, and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. 101 GlobalWebIndex Q3-Q4 2018; Edison Research, The Infinite Dial Canada 2018. 124 / 125

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT (ENGLISH) ONLINE (ENGLISH) AND ONLINE CTV News 4112 CBC News online 269 Global News 3312 CTV News online 239 TOP BRANDS CBC News (public broadcaster) 3212 CNN.com 197 % Weekly usage CNN 279 Global News online 189 Local radio news 257 HuPost 159 Weekly use CityTV News 2210 Yahoo! News 157 TV, radio & print A community newspaper 1912 MSN News 156 More than 3 days per week TV, radio & print Local daily newspaper e.g. Calgary Sun 158 Globe and Mail online 138 Weekly use Toronto Star 148 Toronto Star online 126 online brands BBC News 137 BuzzFeed News 127 More than 3 days per week Globe and Mail 116 BBC News online 105 online brands 49 Fox News Local radio news online 104

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH)

PAY TVA/LCN Nouvelles 6513 TVA Nouvelles online 3211

Radio-Canada/RDI (public broadcaster) 5113 Radio-Canada/ICI RDI Nouvelles online 319 Journal de Montréal/de Québec 3618 La Presse online 289 9% Local or regional newspaper 1317 Journal de Montréal/de Québec online 2711 pay for local radio news 145 MSN News 2210 TV5 Nouvelles 126 Canoe 107 ONLINE NEWS Le Devoir 95 Le Devoir online 95 English 9% CNN 95 HuPost 95 French 8% Le Soleil or regional daily 48 Yahoo! News 48 Métro 48 L’Actualité online 85 L’Actualité 57 Local radio online 83 24 hours 47 Regional/local paper website 67

100% 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint 74%59% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media 50% 59% 40% Social media NB: 2018 figures for 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media computer use were Tablet 29% 36%40% likely overstated due 20% 36% listen to 20% Online (incl. social media) to an error in polling 20% 75% 76% Smartphone 20% 71% PODCASTS in0% 66% 64% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 57% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 the last month 2013 2014 201550%2016 201748%2018 2019 50% 50%TV 51% 39% 36% 28% 24% 25%

0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST

Trust in media declined in Canada this year, News overall News I use News in search News in social returning to 2017 levels. The shift is most perceptible among respondents under 35 52% (-6) 59% 35% 20% and Francophones, who previously had 5th/38 higher trust in media than Anglophones. English 52% English 59% English 35% English 20% French 52% French 61% French 36% French 19%

BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING (ENGLISH) (FRENCH) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE ALL THOSE THAT ALL THOSE THAT HAVE ALL THOSE THAT Rank Brand For News For All HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND

CTV News 7.22 7.68 ICI Radio-Canada Info/ICI RDI 7.82 8.21 1 Facebook 40% (+2) 70% CBC News/Newsworld 7.21 7.78 TVA Nouvelles/LCN 7.45 7.89 Global News 7.17 7.6 La Presse 7.44 8.09 2 YouTube 25% (+3) 65% CityTV News 6.97 7.67 Le Devoir 7.35 7.8 Globe and Mail 6.96 7.52 La Presse Canadienne* 7.29 – 3 Facebook Messenger 12% (+2) 49% The Canadian Press* 6.8 – TV5 Nouvelles 7.13 8.03 National Post 6.77 7.73 L’Actualité 7.03 7.3 Maclean’s 6.7 8.01 CBC/Newsworld 6.98 7.7 4 Twitter 11% (-1) 24% Toronto Star 6.64 7.42 CTV News 6.92 7.54 Vancouver Sun 6.41 7.45 Journal de Montréal ou Québec 6.9 7.56 5 Instagram 8% (+2) 31% 24 Hours 6.27 7.17 24 Heures 6.57 6.89 Metro 6.12 7.52 Canoe.ca 6.43 7.35 6 WhatsApp 4% (-1) 16% Hu post 6.09 6.8 Métro 6.36 7.21 MSN News 6.07 7.08 HuPost 6.27 7.37 The Rebel.media* 5.11 – MSN News 6.18 6.81 - - * Some brands do not have trust scores for users of those brands (did not meet minimum 50 threshold or did not specifically ask about the use of the brand) Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 126

STATISTICS CHILE Population 18m Internet penetration 78%

Public and private broadcasters, print and digital – all aspects of the media in Chile feel like they are facing a crisis, with layoffs, closures, and major restructuring. There is some innovation in the hunt for new audiences and revenues, but everyone is searching for a successful strategy.

Chile is a seismic country, and its news industry has been experiencing tectonic movements and a consequent such as camera operators, and also their Television remains the most important shakedown. Whatever comes out of these long-form news stories which will now traditional news source in Chile, beating movements, the landscape will be very be made by independent production radio and newspapers. MEGA, the leading different for producers and consumers companies. Despite this, Canal 13’s news TV station, which is home to many of the alike. The public broadcaster Televisión bulletin is the second most viewed in the most popular programmes and the most Nacional (TVN), funded completely by country, and they have pioneered the watched news broadcast, AhoraNoticias, advertising – and in tough competition integration of their TV broadcast with their has fared better in the economic crisis with private rivals – faces particular radio station and online platform, t13.cl. than the rest of the media. Bolstered by problems because of low ratings and weak the robustness of its position, it opened a The crisis has also affected the print ad sales, which has led to newsroom and second television station – Mega Plus – for industry. Copesa, owner of La Tercera, production layoffs. As a result, its board cable and terrestrial digital television, with one of the two big Chilean newspaper has changed, it has been hit by strikes, and news, documentaries, and lifestyle topics. companies, closed two of its most has received a government cash injection It’s integrated with its information radio prestigious and award-winning paper of US$47m to keep it on air. In addition, station Imagina and incorporates visual magazines, Paula and Qué Pasa, with some senior executives had their pay versions of radio shows in the TV schedule. editors and journalists laid off. But the cut. The broadcaster’s president, Bruno brands returned as online and social Social media, especially Instagram, is Baranda, announced a multi-platform publications, produced by new teams mainly used as a way of drawing attention strategy in the hope of building audiences and with a new focus on innovative to content which is produced on other and making money. digital products. Another example is platforms. It is used more for advertising TVN’s cable news channel, 24 Horas, an afternoon web newspaper called La than for journalism, with content often became the most viewed Chilean cable Tercera PM which arrives as a newsletter; condensed to help comprehension. There station, beating the local version of CNN. the company’s radio stations have also is little original material produced for Although it’s not as trusted as CNN, strengthened their podcast distribution. these platforms, and there is limited this has been matched with an increase interaction, though MEGA and Paula Emol is supposed to be an online version of visitors to its website, making it the have made some attempts to do this. Live of El Mercurio newspaper, but it works with country’s second most visited. streams with user comments have been content produced by a separate newsroom used by some publishers, with 13.cl (Canal Chile has felt somewhat insulated from the which doesn’t talk to the print newspaper. 13) also operating a small team dedicated rise of so-called ‘fake news’, and even this El Mercurio’s parallel gambit is to upload to working on mobile journalism and year the debate has seemed to focus on a digital facsimile edition to capture online video. foreign and well-known cases elsewhere. subscriptions through a recently launched The effect on confidence in the news in paywall. The reading experience is similar Francisco Javier Fernández Medina

general has permeated local Chilean to LUN, a tabloid which is third in the online and Enrique Núñez-Mussa Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile audiences with trust levels (45%) down list, and which has a high readership every 8 percentage points on last year. year, despite being just a digital edition.

Canal 13, a TV station formerly owned by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile but now a private enterprise, also had significant layoffs because of a revenue crisis. As part of cost-cutting measures, they outsourced audio-visual services, 126 / 127

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE MEGA News 5012 Emol.com 3016 Canal 13 News 4615 24horas online 2910 TOP BRANDS Chilevisión News 4013 Lun.com 2811 % Weekly usage 24 Horas 4016 Biobiochile online 288 TVN News (public broadcaster) 3614 t13.cl 188 Weekly use 2612 ahoranoticias.cl (MEGA) 187 TV, radio & print CNN 2314 Cooperativa online 178 More than 3 days per week Las Últimas Noticias TV, radio & print Bío Bío Chile 217 Elmostrador online 168 Weekly use Free city newspaper 1812 Elmercurio online 1016 online brands Regional or local newspaper 1017 Latercera.com 168 More than 3 days per week La Tercera 1015 Chilevisión.cl 166 online brands El Mercurio 148 Elciudadano.cl 1015 La Cuarta 129 CNN.com 136 Cooperativa 126 Lacuarta.com 127 118 City newspaper (paid) 106 Terra.cl 115 La Red 105 Theclinic.cl

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Online and social media79%74% are SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint used by the vast majority74%59% for 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media news each week, with50% both59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 93% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet WhatsApp and YouTube 36%40% 86% 20% 80% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) 80% Smartphone becoming more influential20% and 76% 75% 74% 20% 0% 71% Facebook losing some0% ground. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 51% Smartphones have become 2013 the2014 201550%2016 2017 46%2018 2019 50%TV

main way of accessing news 33% 33% (80%) in the last three years, 18% with computers on the decline. 11% 0% 0% 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Trust in the news has fallen DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE substantially in the last year, THIS BRAND but this may be more related News overall Bío Bío Chile 7.35 7.79 to global rather than local News I use CNN 7.33 7.76 trends. Journalism in Chile 45% (-8) Cooperativa 7.21 7.76 tends to be less polarised 17th/38 47% 24 Horas 6.74 7.32 than many other countries Canal 13 6.7 7.3 in the region. Radio and MEGA News 6.66 7.51 TV brands top the list for Chilevisión 6.46 7.2 audience-rated trust, with News in search News in social TVN (public broadcaster) 6.42 7.07 tabloid newspapers and La Tercera 6.31 7.01 online sites near the bottom. 44% 34% El Mercurio 6.16 7.17 Emol.com 6.09 7.02 Lun.com 5.72 6.72

PAY

- 7% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 64% (-4) 81% 57% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 40% (+4) 81% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 31% (+4) 76% 38% 4 Instagram 20% (+8) 48% listen to 5 Twitter 16% (-2) 25% PODCASTS in 37% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 14% (+1) 45% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 128

STATISTICS MEXICO Population 131m Internet penetration 65%

There is a new political landscape in Mexico, with a popular president and new parties in government. The news industry, however, faces the threat of a 50% cut in government advertising, which could have significant implications for revenues.

The presidential elections and the triumph of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, leading a coalition called ‘Juntos Haremos Historia’ called Verificado which involved fact- The 11 titles that appear in traditional (Together we will make history) have checking and debunking of hundreds of high-consumption media also offer their changed the outlook for the Mexican false stories and memes. content on attractive, shareable digital media. It is the first time that a political platforms. Video predominates everywhere Mexican society has changed both its news coalition represented by parties other along with some audio. Grupo Televisa is consumption and wider use of media as a than the PRI (Party of the Institutional unique in offering all its news programmes result of digital platforms, social media, Revolution) and the PAN (National Action via Alexa, Google Assistant, Siri, and Apple and smartphones. These changes in turn Party) has triumphed in Mexico. The new TV. Grupo Reforma and El Economista have contributed to the fragmentation and president had the majority of electoral are the only publishers that use paid political polarisation of audiences, which votes and the coalition represents more subscriptions for their digital products. also become huge challenges for media than 60% of the seats in the Chamber and advertisers. Some publishers have made strategic of Deputies and 53% in the Senate. alliances with international media. For Mexico’s traditionally strong media The new political arrangements are having example, Grupo Milenio includes content outlets are still those generally chosen repercussions on the news media, which from the Financial Times, and Grupo Reforma by the general public online. But at the have become accustomed to having the does the same with the New York Times. same time, it’s clear that publishers are government as their principal advertiser. segmenting their approach, targeting Religious institutions, universities, and Publishers have been told that 50% of different socio-economic groups. the media are the three most trusted the advertising spend by the federal institutions in Mexico in the past decade – government will disappear. This situation, TV Azteca and Televisa continue to be the this stands in sharp contrast to the level of combined with a generally weak economic leading commercial TV companies, with trust people have in politicians. However, environment for the news industry, caused their news programmes having the highest the triumph of the new president has some publishers, including Grupo Reforma, audiences. The newspaper El Universal, restored some credibility and news brands Grupo Milenio, Grupo Radio Centro, and founded in 1916, leads the online news that have an affinity with his ideology such Grupo Imagen, to make significant cuts market, and is also second most popular as Aristegui Noticias may also benefit to their workforce. among traditional media. The most popular from higher trust levels in our survey this digital-native news media are Aristegui For those still in work, journalism remains year. On the other hand, the lower rating Noticias, UnoTV, and Animal Político. They a poorly paid and dangerous profession. for Televisa may be because of links with have different characteristics and strategies. Reporters face constant threats when the various groups which previously had political and economic power – these have covering issues such as political corruption Aristegui Noticias is characterised by been strongly criticised by Andrés Manuel and drug trafficking – murders, kidnappings, strong investigative reporting and a López Obrador and Aristegui Noticias. and other threats are not unusual. business model which focuses on content marketing and working with brands to Bots and trolls spreading false stories María Elena Gutiérrez Rentería distribute content. On the other hand, through social media is another hazard, Universidad Panamericana UnoTV has a high market penetration in a country which has one of the highest because of guaranteed digital distribution uses of WhatsApp, Facebook, and YouTube from its parent telecom company, in our survey. During the recent election, America Móvil. Animal Político stands a number of journalistic organisations out because of its journalism model including AJ+, Animal Político and Pop Up and revenue based on crowdfunding. Newsroom got together to counter the threat of misinformation with a project 128 / 129

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TV Azteca News 4513 El Universal online 3518 Televisa News 4011 Aristegui Noticias 3111 TOP BRANDS El Universal 1931 TV Azteca news online 2610 % Weekly usage A regional or local newspaper 2919 CNN.com 2411 CNN 2812 Yahoo! News 2311 Weekly use TV, radio & print Milenio News 2712 Website of a city newspaper 2312 2611 1021 More than 3 days per week Imagen News UnoTV online TV, radio & print Reforma 1421 Reforma por Internet 2113 Weekly use Radio Fórmula News 199 Televisa News online 218 online brands Excelsior 1811 Animal Político 2010 More than 3 days per week Other local radio news 147 El Financiero online 1811 online brands Canal 22 News 137 Imagen News online 168 Other local television news 137 Other regional or local newspaper website 1016 El Financiero 138 La Jornada por Internet 169 El Sol de México 139 Radio Fórmula news online 158 BBC News 117 El Economista online 138 CHANGING MEDIA 100% Online and social media100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) remain the most popular79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 75%71% TV 74% 75%71% TVPrint sources of news in Mexico74%59% 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media with our predominantly50% urban59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 91% 36%40% 91% Social media Tablet sample. TV and radio remain 36%40% 20% 36% 81% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone important to reach the 20% 72% 73% 20% 70% 0% 65% millions of people who0% are 2013not 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 59% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 201851% 2019 50%TV online. The majority of 45% internet news access is now 38% 35% 24% via smartphones (81%) rather 18% than computers or tablets. 0% 0% 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019

TRUST The media have traditionally DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE enjoyed relatively high THIS BRAND levels of trust in Mexico News overall along with religious News I use Aristegui Noticias 7.43 8.66 institutions and universities. El Financiero 7.01 7.83 (+1) El Universal 7.00 7.58 Television is often the most 50% 6th/38 55% El Economista 6.91 7.68 popular medium with both Canal 22 6.90 7.59 audiences and advertisers, Radio Fórmula Noticias 6.82 7.59 but, unusually in our survey, Imagen Noticias 6.78 7.53 newspaper brands often News in search News in social Reforma 6.71 7.39 score better in terms of UnoTV 6.39 7.25 trust, along with some 48% 39% TV Azteca Noticias 6.18 7.29 digital-born brands. SinEmbargo 5.94 6.79 Televisa Noticias 5.34 6.77

PAY

- 16% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 67% (+6) 86% 64% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 42% (+5) 83% via social, messaging or email 3 WhatsApp 41% (+6) 84% 57% 4 Twitter 23% (-) 40% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 19% (+4) 62% PODCASTS in 43% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Instagram 15% (+7) 46% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 130 130 / 131

Asia Pacific Section 3 3.31 Australia 132 3.32 Hong Kong 134 3.33 Japan 136 Analysis by Country 3.34 Malaysia 138 3.35 Singapore 140 3.36 South Korea 142 Asia Pacific 3.37 Taiwan 144 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 132

STATISTICS AUSTRALIA Population 25m Internet penetration 88%

The Australian media landscape has been through 12 months of upheaval marked by takeovers, closures, job losses, and a leadership crisis at the national public broadcaster. Amidst the gloom, a philanthropist bearing $100m emerged offering hope.

Media ownership in Australia contracted further at the end of 2018, when the broadcaster Nine Entertainment Co. took over Fairfax newspapers. Under the deal, news, the 24-hour subscription channel, Amid the job losses, takeovers, and Nine promised the flagship mastheads of Sky News, is attempting to broaden its instability, there have been some the Sydney Morning Herald, the Age, and the audience by screening on the free-to-air positive developments as well. The Australian Financial Review would remain television channel, WIN. federal government began rolling out editorially independent. So far, 92 jobs its regional innovation funding for local have been lost. Nine has since sold the Just how to deal with the impact of news initiatives, including scholarships Fairfax stable of more than 160 regional Google and Facebook on the news and for 60 young people from regional areas papers, including the Newcastle Herald, the advertising industries is the subject of to study journalism at university. Before Illawarra Mercury, the Canberra Times, the an ongoing inquiry by the Australian Christmas, a $100m philanthropic body, Land and the Examiner, to a former Domain Consumer Competition Commission. the Judith Neilson Institute for Journalism CEO, Antony Catalano. Global job shedding Preliminary recommendations include and Ideas, was established to champion, by Vice and BuzzFeed were also felt in tighter monitoring and regulation of the foster, and fund journalism initiatives and Australia and NewsCorp has let go more way platforms use news, and greater improve public discourse. Independent than 60 staff in the past year. transparency about the use of consumer media brand Crikey also launched a new data. A range of tax incentives and ‘inquiry’ journalism initiative employing 12 Politically, internal federal government subsidies are also being considered investigative reporters. These initiatives infighting resulted in a change of Prime to improve the financial footing of have provided glimmers of hope in a time Minister and subsequent resignations of journalism. The media industry is keenly of uncertainty and contraction. female MPs over claims of bullying and awaiting the final report to government sexism. The leadership instability in federal which is expected at the end of June Podcasts continue to be popular in politics was echoed at the helm of the 2019. In the wake of the terrorist Australia, particularly amongst the public broadcaster when the Managing massacre in Christchurch, New Zealand, under 35s (43%). The highest award for Director of the Australian Broadcasting the parliament passed new laws cracking journalism excellence, the Gold Walkley Corporation, Michelle Guthrie, was sacked down on social media platforms if they Award, went to Hedley Thomas from The by the board without notice. The Chair, host violent extremist content. Australian newspaper for an investigative Justin Milne, resigned not long after amid podcast series called ‘The Teacher’s Pet’ allegations he had called for the sacking of Journalism standards have also made about an unsolved murder. It had a global journalists who were unpopular with the headlines. BuzzFeed found itself at the audience of more than 27m listeners. government, and thereby had undermined centre of a costly defamation case for For a traditional newspaper journalist the editorial independence of the ABC. allegedly ‘slut shaming’ a federal MP. to win for a piece of audio journalism This sparked a Senate Inquiry into political A further 36 journalists and news were marks the massive transformation of interference in the ABC. To restore calm, summoned to appear before the court the news industry away from single to the Prime Minister appointed an icon of for their reporting of the conviction of multiplatform reporting. Australian media, Ita Buttrose, to chair the Cardinal George Pell on historic child public broadcaster and win back the trust sex abuse charges. A suppression order Caroline Fisher of staff and the Australian public. In good prevented the reporting of the conviction News and Media Research Centre, news for the public service broadcasters, until a second related case had been University of Canberra an inquiry rejected complaints that the resolved. The Victorian Director of ABC and the SBS were undermining the Public Prosecutions sent letters to 100 commercial news sector and found that journalists, editors, and news outlets for Google and Facebook were a bigger threat breaching suppression laws and alleged to competition. In other broadcasting contempt of court.

102 M. Evans, G. Stoker, M. Halupka, www.thepolicyspace.com.au/2018/04/272-trust-and-democracy-in-australia-democratic-decline-and-renewal 132 / 133

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE ABC News – TV and radio (public broadcaster) 4013 News.com.au 2510 Channel 7 News 3911 ABC News online 227 TOP BRANDS Channel 9 News 3714 nine.com.au 229 % Weekly usage Channel TEN News 2410 Yahoo!7 135 A regional or local newspaper 2014 BBC News online 126 Weekly use TV, radio & print SBS News 157 Sydney Morning Herald 115 134 48 More than 3 days per week Commercial FM radio News The Age online TV, radio & print Herald Sun 116 Regional/local newspaper website 48 Weekly use Daily Telegraph 105 Daily Telegraph online 85 online brands Prime7 105 BuzzFeed News 85 More than 3 days per week WIN Television 105 Guardian online 83 online brands The Australian 48 Herald Sun online 48 Sky News 83 The Australian 47 BBC News 48 Channel TEN news online 47 CHANGING MEDIA Sydney Morning Herald 85 CNN.com 3 6 TV news remains strong and Commercial AM radio news 83 Sky News online 4 6 steady in Australia and 100% continues to be a significant100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) source of news, while 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 71%75% TV newspapers continue to fall,74% 71%75% TVPrint 59%74% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media and social media stagnates.50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media Online, increasing numbers of 36%40% Social media Tablet 36%40% 20% 36% 20% 78% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone Australians are using their20% 20% 73% mobile phone to access0% news, 65% 66% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers60% Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 58% widening the gap between0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 201752%2018 2019 51% 51% 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 45% 50%TV mobiles and computers. 38% 28% 27% 21% TRUST 0% 0% Trust in news has fallen 2% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019 globally, but in Australia it has dropped 6% from a high of 50% in 2018. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) Turmoil at the ABC with ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE accusations of political THIS BRAND interference, combined News overall News I use ABC News 7.11 7.76 with community concern SBS News 6.92 7.93 about the takeover of the 44% (-6) Australian Financial Review 6.53 7.7 Fairfax newspaper stable by 18th/38 51% Channel 7 News 6.43 7.06 Nine Entertainment Co. and Channel 9 News 6.42 7.07 overall political instability, The Australian 6.33 7.39 may have contributed to Sydney Morning Herald 6.31 7.21 this fall in trust in news. News in search News in social The Age 6.29 7.49 Other data shows trust in The Saturday Paper 6.04 7.97 politics down in 2018.102 32% 18% Guardian online 6.03 7.83 Sky News 5.96 7.25 Herald Sun 5.96 6.99 Daily Telegraph 5.79 6.97 PAY Hungton Post 5.6 6.74 BuzzFeed News 5.06 6 - 14% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 36% (-5) 70% 27% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 19% (-1) 60% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook Messenger 10% (-1) 49% 27% 4 Twitter 9% (+1) 17% listen to 5 Instagram 7% (-2) 30% PODCASTS in 19% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 WhatsApp 6% (-4) 21% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 134

STATISTICS HONG KONG Population 7.4m Internet penetration 87%

The rejection of a Financial Times journalist’s visa renewal application has highlighted continued concerns over press freedom in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, a critical government department report on Hong Kong’s only public broadcaster has raised questions about the organisation’s role and resources amid declining audiences. Club (FCC) and his chairing of a talk in As the only public broadcaster directly The commercial broadcaster TVB August 2018 by a fringe political party funded by the government, Radio continues to dominate free TV and online convener who openly advocates Hong Television Hong Kong’s (RTHK) role has news. Its efforts to deliver cross-platform Kong’s independence from China. Indeed, been subject to much debate, especially media content have been strengthened by when the event was announced the FCC in terms of its editorial independence and the success and profitability of its over- was criticised by both pro-government ability to fulfil its social obligations. This the-top (OTT) streaming service, which politicians and the media for providing a was exemplified by the controversial FCC reaches half of all households in Hong public platform for the calling for Hong talk when management banned news Kong through its set-top box, mobile app, Kong independence. Representatives from staff from live-streaming the speech and online portal. Indeed, the percentage the Office of the Commissioner of the because it was likely to advocate Hong of households owning a set-top TV box has Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China also Kong independence. The additional task increased from 16% to 43%.103 Sensing this sent representatives to dissuade the club of operating three new TV channels since trend and opportunity, pay TV broadcaster from hosting the event, but it eventually 2014, along with seven radio channels, has i-Cable, which has accumulated losses of went ahead as scheduled. created extra burdens for the broadcaster more than US$250m in the past decade, to generate enough media content. A has announced plans to offer its own OTT No reason for the visa denial was given government audit in 2018 criticised the service even though it lacks a substantive by the immigration department despite broadcaster for its lack of original TV online brand presence. requests from the FCC, the Financial programming and repeatedly rerunning Times, and the British government for an the same programmes to fill time. The success of TVB’s OTT business has not explanation. A proposal by pro-democracy prevented the laying off of more than 200 lawmakers to summon immigration Despite these challenges, RTHK remains staff, 5% of its workforce, due to continuing officials to explain the denial was rejected a popular brand for news and ranks the challenges for legacy media with falling by pro-government lawmakers who highest in terms of brand trust. Most of its advertising revenues. Online media have comprise the majority in the legislature. radio and TV podcasts are readily accessible not been spared these difficulties as even online and through its seven mobile apps, HK01.com, which was established in 2016 One notable aspect of the visa denial case which contributes to the overall popularity and has since become a popular online was that the news of Chinese government of podcasts in Hong Kong. news brand as indicated by this survey, has representatives visiting the FCC was laid off 70 staff as part of its restructuring. broken by the crowdfunded English- Michael Chan, Francis Lee, Popular news brand Apple Daily plans language online newspaper Hong Kong and Hsuan-Ting Chen to make readers register for its online Free Press. Founded in 2015 to provide Chinese University of Hong Kong edition, and there is speculation that this independent news, it has been quite is a precursor to eventually introducing a successful in sustaining its operations paywall for its content. through public donations, which rose from over US$130,000 in 2016 to US$220,000 Political influence in Hong Kong’s media in 2017. Despite its early success and came under international scrutiny when inclusion in this survey’s brand list, it does Financial Times journalist Victor Mallet’s not reach a wide audience (3%), reflecting visa renewal application was denied by how English-language news has a very the immigration department without small market in Hong Kong and is still explanation. Most observers attributed dominated by global brands like the BBC this to Mallet’s role as the first vice- and CNN. president of the Foreign Correspondent’s

103 www.nielsen.com/hk/en/insights/news/2018/nielsen-media-index-take-up-of-mobile-first.html 134 / 135

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TVB News 6812 TVB News online 399 Headline Daily 4012 Apple Daily online 388 TOP BRANDS Apple Daily 288 Yahoo! News 3610 % Weekly usage RTHK News (public broadcaster) 2710 Headline Daily online 267 AM730 257 Hk01.com 1021 Weekly use TV, radio & print Sky Post 248 Oriental Daily News online 218 238 186 More than 3 days per week NowTV News RTHK News online TV, radio & print Oriental Daily News 197 AM730 online 175 Weekly use Metro Daily 156 Sky Post online 166 online brands Commercial radio 155 Now TV News online 166 More than 3 days per week BBC News 125 Bastillepost 117 online brands i-CABLE 114 Metro Daily online 104 CNN 115 Commercial radio news online 104 Hong Kong Economic Times 115 CNN.com 104 Sing Tao Daily 115 Hong Kong Economic Times online 93 Ming Pao 104 Ming Pao online 93

100% CHANGING MEDIA100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) Consumption habits have79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 71%75% TV 74% 71%75% TVPrint changed little over the last59%74% 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media few years with television50% 59% and 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media 36%40% Social media Tablet online remaining main 36%40% 20% 84% 36% 82% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone sources of news. The use20% of 74% 75% 20% 0% 67% 68% social media is slightly0% down 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 60%2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 57% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 in the last year – mainly due2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 48%2018 2019 50%TV 44% to declines in Facebook usage 37% 39% 26% – while WhatsApp and 22% Instagram continue to grow. 0% 0% 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Hong Kong online news DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE consumers trusted the THIS BRAND news they personally used News overall RTHK News 6.89 7.64 much more than the news News I use Now TV News 6.77 7.22 derived from online search 46% (+1) Ming Pao 6.65 7.48 and available through social =13th/38 52% i-CABLE News 6.64 7.39 media. Compared to last year, Commercial radio news 6.57 7.22 overall trust in news and trust Sing Tao Daily 6.41 7.24 in ‘news I use’ remain largely AM730 6.41 6.98 the same, along with trust in News in search News in social Headline Daily 6.3 6.78 search and social media. Yahoo! News 6.3 6.76 34% 26% TVB News 6.28 6.67 Oriental Daily News 6.02 6.71 HK01 5.84 6.41 Apple Daily 5.72 6.44 PAY Stand News 5.65 6.72 Bastillepost 5.64 6.31 - 17% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 52% (-4) 81% 51% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 41% (+3) 85% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 33% (-2) 73% 53% 4 WeChat 16% (+1) 54% listen to 5 Instagram 13% (+4) 42% PODCASTS in 23% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 10% (+2) 39% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 136

STATISTICS JAPAN Population 127m Internet penetration 93%

The media landscape in Japan has long been characterised by strong newspapers with large circulations, along with five country-wide networks of television including the licence fee-funded public broadcaster NHK. However, with traditional readership falling, publishers are exploring ways of embracing digital. One unusual aspect of the Japanese Fact-checking has increased with Led by the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, online landscape is the dominant more players joining. In a hard-fought which sells 8.1m, and Asahi Shimbun, 5.6m, presence of Yahoo! News, which became Okinawa prefectural governor’s election daily newspapers are still enormously popular as Japan’s primary portal website in September 2018, many rumours and influential in Japanese society. However, in early 2000s and has maintained that statements online were fact-checked and as in the rest of the world, circulations presence ever since. It aggregates news found to be false or misleading. Among the are decreasing fast. Total newspaper stories from a range of news providers in fact-checkers were two local newspapers circulation in October 2018 was 39.9m return for a share of advertising revenue and Factcheck Initiative Japan, which is or 0.7 copies per household, down 5.29%, and reaches almost half of our sample a coalition of journalists and academics. or 2.23m copies, from the previous year – (48%) more than three times a week and Meanwhile BuzzFeed Japan and NHK a record fall. over half (54%) in total. Yahoo still uses recently investigated anonymous viral humans rather than algorithms to select websites and uncovered details of how The shift to digital is slower than in many the eight top stories on the site – seeking they operated. other countries because there is so to balance different viewpoints and much print revenue to protect. Despite genres such as politics, crime, science, Anonymous viral sites’ stories were on this, Nikkei (Japan Economic Daily) has world news, sports, and celebrity. It also occasion more widely shared and spread accelerated its ‘digital first’ strategy provides original in-depth stories, as well than stories from traditional media, following its purchase of the Financial as articles commissioned from independent BuzzFeed Japan found. The inclination Times, reaching 650,000 paid subscribers. journalists and commentators. towards anonymity in Japan affects Nikkei has started to publish stories first people’s choice of social network. Japan is online, before sending them for print, a Other popular news aggregators a rare country where Facebook is not the practice hitherto unheard-of in Japan. include Line News (19% weekly reach) number one social network; YouTube and In another sign of digital change, Nikkei which is part of Japan’s most popular Twitter are both far larger. They are widely has started to signal exclusive stories social platform. The Line platform used by people to express themselves on Twitter, for example, an hour before reaches around 79m Japanese users anonymously, while Facebook enforces publishing an interview online with jailed and combines professional news with rules around using real names. former Nissan Co. chairman, Carlos Ghosn. social and chat functionality. It has also been used by investigative journalists Public broadcaster NHK recruited a As part of its digital renewal, the Asahi to source important news stories. The rookie female news presenter Yomiko – Shimbun has launched seven new online- Nishinippon Shimbun newspaper, a daily a computer-generated character driven only media brands, each of which covers published in the Kyushu region, runs a by artificial intelligence. Looking to subjects ranging from world affairs to successful ‘Investigation Team’, which appeal to a younger generation, Yomiko millennial women’s lifestyle to college uses Line as its main tipline from readers. uses machine-learning to correct her sports. However, perhaps the most The paper has found the platform a good pronunciation of thousands of Kanji remarkable move is that the Yomiuri way to engage young people; among the (Chinese characters used in the Japanese Shimbun finally announced the relaunch paper’s 4,700 Line Friends (contacts), language). She has also been composing of its digital service Yomiuri Online. It has there are 100 teenagers. This approach Senryu, or Japanese short poems similar been extremely wary of cannibalising print resulted, for example, in a compelling to Haiku, about the latest news stories revenues, but is now offering subscribers an story about students’ complaints about to make journalism more fun. extensive digital product. However, Yomiuri the difficulties of the school curriculum. still doesn’t offer digital-only subscriptions – Yasuomi Sawa access remains bundled with print. Journalist, Kyodo News and former Reuters Institute Journalist Fellow 136 / 137

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE NHK News (public broadcaster) 1251 Yahoo! News 546 Nippon TV News (NTV) 4516 NHK News 49 TOP BRANDS Asahi TV News 4015 Nippon TV News online 49 % Weekly usage Fuji TV News 3815 Asahi TV News online 48 TBS News 3816 Nikkei online (Japan Economic Daily) 27 Weekly use 205 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspaper TBS News online 47 157 47 More than 3 days per week TV Tokyo News Fuji TV News online TV, radio & print Yomiuri Shimbun 132 Asahi Shimbun online 3 6 Weekly use Asahi Shimbun 112 Nikkei Business online 2 4 online brands Commercial radio news 114 Sankei News online 2 4 More than 3 days per week Nikkei (Japan Economic Daily) 82 TV Tokyo News online 2 4 online brands Mainichi Shimbun 1 4 Local newspapers online 1 3 CNN 2 4 Yomiuri online 1 3 Sankei Shimbun 3 Mainichi online 1 3 ALSO BBC News 3 MSN News 1 3 CHANGING MEDIA 2% Weekly Bunshun 3 Television news remains the Abema TV News online 1 3 Buzzfeed Japan 1% most important source of 100% news in Japan, while100% print Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEW75%S TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 71%75% TV over the last six years. 74% 71%75% TVPrint 59%74% 2013–19 71% Print 2013–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media Japanese engage with50% onl59%ine 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media news primarily through 36%40% Social media Tablet 36%40% 20% 85% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone aggregators like Yahoo! N20%ews, 20% 69% tend to use social net0%works 63% 68% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016632017% 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 60% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 less, and have taken longe r2013 to 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 48% fully embrace smartphones. 46% 32%

17% 20% 19% TRUST 6% 9% 0% 0% There has been widespread 3102 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 9102 3102 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 9102 discussion of the issue of low due to an error in polling trust in the media including an NHK drama Fake News DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST and more fact-checking ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE services. Public broadcaster THIS BRAND NHK remains the most News overall News I use NHK News 6.32 6.9 trusted news brand while Nikkei ( Japan Economic Daily) 6.09 7.08 popular magazines (Weekly Nippon TV (NTV) 5.95 6.35 Shincho, Weekly Bunshun) =25th/38 Local newspaper 5.94 6.63 have a reputation more for TBS News 5.86 6.39 gossip and sensationalism Yomiuri Shimbun 5.8 6.59 than serious reporting, Fuji TV News 5.79 6.31 News in search News in social Sankei Shimbun 5.78 6.57 in exposing misdeeds of TV Asahi 5.76 6.36 the rich and powerful. Mainichi Shimbun 5.65 6.45 Asahi Shimbun 5.39 6.47 * 5.09 BuzzFeed Japan* 5.01 PAY Weekly Shincho 4.86 6.46 Weekly Bunshun 4.67 5.74 - * No gures for users of HuPost Japan Edition or BuzzFeed Japan (did not meet 50 minimum threshold) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All

1 YouTube 16% (-3) 50% SHARE NEWS 2 Line 14% (+5) 38% via social, messaging or email 3 Twitter 10% (-2) 25%

4 Facebook 5% (-4) 19% listen to 5 Niconico 2% (-2) 10% PODCASTS in COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Instagram 2% (-) 15% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 138

STATISTICS MALAYSIA Population 32m Internet penetration 78%

Political upheaval in Malaysia after years of authoritarian rule led to high hopes of an extension to media freedom. A year on, the new government appears to be reluctant to carry out its promises.

In May 2018, a disparate coalition, Pakatan Harapan (PH), won a historic and unexpected general election over the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition which had governed Malaysia for more than six decades. The first few months following Abdul Aziz Sheikh Fadzir, resigned, after Aggregator sites and social media are also the victory saw much euphoria and the having been at the helm for just six on the rise as providers of information welcoming of a ‘New Malaysia’. months. The company then began a round – if not specifically news. One of the Almost a year on, much of that seems to of layoffs. But then Abdul Aziz returned, causes is that many Malaysians continue have died down, with PH losing two state buying up more than 30% of the company’s to be reluctant to pay for online news by-elections. For many, it has been a year shares. The uncertainty continues with – among our respondents 16% say they of some election promises being kept but the conglomerate’s fortunes evidently are paying. To paraphrase the founder numerous others still needing to be fulfilled. being linked to how well UMNO does in of the Malaysian Insight, Jahabar Sadiq, Promises relating to media freedom and by-elections and how far it distances itself Malaysian millennials willingly pay for 105 107 freedom of expression make up some of from former prime minister Najib Razak. lattes but not for news – though it the more controversial ones. One of the should be said that some news sites, like The problems faced by Utusan are common first items on the new government’s agenda Malaysiakini, have built a significant base to the press in Malaysia. Circulation for was to repeal a hastily created Anti-Fake of subscribers (more than 24,000 by virtually all daily newspapers has been 108 News Law, passed by the BN administration late 2018). going down since even before the election. just before the May elections. The aim In August 2018, New Straits Times Press, the Zaharom Nain had been to punish bearers of critical country’s oldest publisher, announced it was University of Nottingham Malaysia information provided by web-based news selling its Kuala Lumpur headquarters and portals and social media. But the repeal has its printing plant. The New Straits Times, like been delayed for at least a year, after being other pro-BN media companies, has been rejected by the Malaysian parliament’s upper experiencing dwindling circulation. Soon house which is dominated by BN senators. after the general election, there appeared to After a reported loss of MYR669m be hope for reform. Groups and individuals (approximately US$172m) in 2017, Media from Malaysian civil society banded Prima, the biggest Malaysian media together to call for – and offer assistance conglomerate, returned to the black at the towards – reforms, including media end of 2018 with a net profit of MYR68.2m, reform. For example, proposals to develop but only because of a ‘a one-off gain in Malaysia’s state broadcaster, RTM (Radio selling property’.104 Media Prima owns four Television Malaysia), into a genuine public free-to-air TV channels including TV3, broadcaster were submitted but there Malaysia’s number one station by audience appears to be reluctance to adopt them. share, and three national news brands Despite the talk, where the media is including the New Straits Times, Berita concerned, the government appears to be Harian, and Harian Metro. more keen on control and censorship than Another conglomerate, Utusan Malaysia about developing a progressive policy. The (Utusan), owned by the once-dominant sentencing of a Facebook user to ten years political party, UMNO (United Malays and ten months imprisonment for insulting National Organisation), is going through Islam and the Prophet Muhammad seems 106 uncertain times. In December 2018, its to illustrate this. executive chairman and UMNO politician,

104 www.theedgemarkets.com/article/media-prima-returns-black-fy18-gain-property-sale 105 www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/08/utusan-no-longer-under-umnos-direct-control/1721079 106 www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2189352/malaysian-jailed-more-10-years-insulting-islam-social-media 107 www.mumbrella.asia/2018/02/malaysian-media-mogul-jahabar-sadiq-millennials-pay-for-lattes-so-why-not-news 108 www.events.wan-ifra.org/sites/default/files/field_ecm_file/7.3_malaysiakinis_digital_subscription_journey_sean_ho.pdf 138 / 139

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TV3 News 4713 Malaysiakini 4421 Astro Awani (24 hour news) 2913 The Star online 299 TOP BRANDS The Star 2711 Astro Awani online 2814 % Weekly usage NTV7 News 2312 Berita Harian online 229 Radio Televisyen Malaysia (public broadcaster) 219 Yahoo! News 198 Weekly use 187 TV, radio & print Berita Harian 2112 Harian Metro online 2111 179 More than 3 days per week Harian Metro Free Malaysia Today TV, radio & print TV9 News 199 Malaysia Today 1611 Weekly use 8TV News 176 Sinar Harian 166 online brands Sinar Harian 158 Utusan online 146 More than 3 days per week Utusan Malaysia 159 CNN.com 148 online brands CNN 148 BBC News online 147 Sin Chew Daily 134 Bernama.com 149 New Straits Times 127 Sin Chew online 123 Kosmo 127 The Malaysian Insight 107 BBC News 126 NST online 95

CHANGING MEDIA100% 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) Online and social media 79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 71%75% TV remain the predominant74% 71%75% TVPrint 59%74% 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media sources of news for50% our online59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media sample of Malaysian news 36%40% Social media Tablet 86% 36%40% 87% 20% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone users. TV and print continue20% 77% 20% 69% to play an important0% role for 67% 65% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 56% those not online. 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201854%2019 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 48% 45% 45% Smartphones are the main 37% access point for digital news 18% with access from computers 14% 0% 0% and tablets falling over time. 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019

TRUST In spite of the assurances of DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) greater media freedom by ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE the new government, and THIS BRAND the impending launch of an News overall News I use Radio Televisyen Malaysia 6.76 7.21 industry-run and regulated Astro Awani 6.52 7.18 Media Council, overall 31% (+1) NTV7 6.49 7.08 trust is similar to last year. 33rd/38 36% TV3 News 6.3 6.55 24-hour TV news channel Malaysiakini 6.23 6.74 Astro Awani leads in the The Star 6.22 6.6 area of brand trust taking a Yahoo! News 6.18 6.98 fresh, open, and even critical News in search News in social Borneo Post 5.9 6.95 approach to discussing news Harian Metro 5.64 6.73 and current affairs. 28% 18% Utusan Malaysia 5.32 6.61

PAY

- 16% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 60% (-4) 78% 51% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 50% (-4) 80% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 32% (-1) 72% 42% 4 Instagram 21% (+4) 48% listen to 5 Twitter 14% (+1) 26% PODCASTS in 28% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 11% (-1) 37% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 140

STATISTICS SINGAPORE Population 5.8m Internet penetration 84%

Singapore is a strategic centre for the English-speaking audience in South East Asia and a media hub for the entire region, with a highly developed if tightly controlled media market. A new law to prohibit the spread of ‘fake news’ has attracted criticism over fears that it could limit freedom of speech.

In May 2019, the Singapore parliament If approved, the proposed ‘fake news’ law in However, digital media start-up passed a controversial law to limit the Singapore will be in addition to regulation mothership.sg inched its way to become spread of ‘fake news’. The Protection from that already applies to local broadcast and the fourth most used news site in Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Bill online media outlets. Starting in 2013, the Singapore, from 23% in 2018 to 29% this was the culmination of an extensive series government introduced a new framework year. Founded in 2014, mothership.sg is of public hearings by a parliamentary that required individual licensing for known for its bite-sized articles, many select committee. Under this law, all online news sites that publish regular sourced from viral social media posts. government ministers will have the power articles on Singapore news and current The site claims to get an average of 9.2m to direct individuals, publishers, internet affairs, and have large numbers of monthly visitors per month, some 60% of whom platforms, and mainstream media to visitors.113 Licensed sites are required are between 25 and 44 years old. publish corrections to a false statement to remove content that is in breach of if the executive deems the falsehood in content standards, such as pornographic, Online media account for the bulk of news 109 question is a threat to the public interest. extremist, or racially insensitive content, consumption in Singapore, as television The government says the law is necessary within 24 hours and post a performance and print continue to see sharp declines. to protect Singaporeans from harmful bond of SG$50,000, similar to the bond TV was down 4 percentage points, to 51%, content – in particular inciting racial and requirement for television broadcasters. while print fell to 38%, down 5 percentage religious disharmony. But critics say the points from 2018 after a 10 point drop the bill gives the government too much power, Just two big media companies dominate year before. Digital news consumption potentially threatening civil liberties.110 the production of local news and in recent appears to have stabilised in 2019 after years have extended their dominance from years of rapid growth, with 86% saying This law comes after online site States traditional to online platforms. MediaCorp, they get news online each week and 62% Times Review voluntarily closed down owned by a state investment agency, via social media. Social media use for in November 2018 after being ordered operates all local television stations in news decreased slightly for both Facebook by the Singapore government to take Singapore. The website of its cable news and WhatsApp – platforms that have down an article it published that linked network Channel News Asia is by far the borne the brunt of blame for the spread Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong with most popular online news source, used by of disinformation in Singapore – but the 1Malaysia Development Berhad 46% in our survey. increased for both YouTube and Instagram. (1MDB) corruption scandal. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) had said such Meanwhile Singapore Press Holdings Edson C. Tandoc Jr. insinuation was baseless and defamatory.111 (SPH), with close links to the ruling party, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication Mr Lee also filed a defamation suit against has a virtual monopoly on the newspaper and Information, Nanyang Technological another blogger who had shared the article industry and owns most local papers, University, Singapore on Facebook.112 STR founder Alex Tan, who including Chinese-language Lianhe operated the site while based in Australia, Zaobao, Malay-language Berita Harian, and later announced that he was transferring Tamil-language Tamil Murasu. Its English- control of the site to someone based in language broadsheet, the Straits Times, is in Canada. STR has since been renamed as second place in online news at 37%, down Singapore Herald and can still be accessed from 45% in 2018. Yahoo! News is the third in Singapore. most frequently used news site (30%).

109 www.todayonline.com/singapore/explainer-how-online-news-sites-can-be-compelled-correct-take-down-fake-news 110 www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/world/asia/singapore-fake-news-law.html 111 www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/states-times-review-founder-says-will-shut-down-website-10914264 112 www.mothership.sg/2018/12/leong-sze-hian-lee-hsien-loong-defamation/ 113 www.gov.sg/factually/content/what-is-the-licensing-framework-for-online-news-sites-all-about 140 / 141

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE The Straits Times 4314 Channel News Asia online 4616 MediaCorp Channel News Asia 3613 Straits Times online 3713 TOP BRANDS MediaCorp Channel 8 News 3212 Yahoo! News 3010 % Weekly usage MediaCorp Channel 5 News 2914 Mothership.sg 2914 The New Paper 209 Today online 2612 Weekly use TV, radio & print CNN 157 STOMP 2010 135 168 More than 3 days per week MediaCorp Radio News BBC News online TV, radio & print BBC News 125 All Singapore Stu 158 Weekly use Lianhe Zaobao 115 The Online Citizen 148 online brands Lianhe Wanbao 48 CNN.com 147 More than 3 days per week Shin Min Daily 48 AsiaOne.com 126 online brands MediaCorp Suria Berita 3 6 BuzzFeed News 69 Berita Harian 3 5 State Times Review 69 Newspapers or broadcasters 3 4 85 from outside Singapore The Independent Regional/local newspaper 2 4 TNP online 37 CHANGING MEDIA MediaCorp Tamil Seithi 2 Zaobao online 37 Print consumption has 100% declined significantly100% over the Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) last few years while online79% and 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 71%75% TV social media continue to74% be 71%75% TVPrint 59%74% 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media the most important50% source59% of 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media news. In this high-tech city 36%40% Social media Tablet 36%40% 86% 20% 85% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone state, mobile news consumption20% 76% 20% 72% dominates with over0% three- 61% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 62% Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201857% 2019 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 quarters (76%) accessing 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 201853% 2019 51% 50%TV 52% 45% news via smartphone. 38%

21% 17%

0% 0% TRUST 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019 Trust in the news decreased to 42% from 47% in 2018, perhaps driven in part by DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) widespread political and ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE media discussion of ‘fake THIS BRAND news’. Long-established News overall News I use MediaCorp Channel News Asia 7.01 7.32 traditional media companies BBC News 6.9 7.46 tend to carry highest 42% (-5) The Straits Times 6.88 7.24 levels of trust – along with 20th/38 45% MediaCorp Channel 5 News 6.81 7.14 international brands like the MediaCorp Channel 8 News 6.78 7.41 BBC and CNN. Digital-only CNN 6.72 6.95 brands like mothership.sg MediaCorp Radio News 6.6 7.12 seem to lack the track record News in search News in social Lianhe Zaobao 6.3 7.08 and heritage that builds The New Paper 6.18 6.79 credibility with news users. 30% 19% Yahoo! News 6.08 6.55 Shin Min Daily 5.84 6.46 HuPost 5.68 6.33 Mothership.sg 5.43 5.95 PAY The Online Citizen 5.23 5.89 All Singapore Stu 5.18 5.96 - 16% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 48% (-4) 74% 41% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 41% (-1) 84% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 27% (+2) 73% 28% 4 Instagram 15% (+4) 47% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 9% (-) 35% PODCASTS in 17% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Twitter 9% (-) 19% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 142

STATISTICS SOUTH KOREA Population 51m Internet penetration 93%

Home-grown portals have become the leading destination for news consumers in South Korea in recent years, eroding the business models of traditional publishers. Now online video and podcasts are beginning to disrupt the broadcast sector.

Domestic portal sites such as Naver (66%) and Daum (34%) have dominated online news consumption for the last decade with a convenient mix of news, blogs, has decreased from 28% in 2016 to 19% in a report about misconduct of a large chat, shopping, games, and email. But 2019 according to our survey. The legacy corporation, leading to protests by young with Korean users increasingly attracted media remain extremely concerned about reporters over the issue of lack of editorial by video, YouTube use is significantly up their deteriorating finances but have independence from advertisers. on last year (38% for news) and ahead of struggled to find sustainable solutions. most other countries. In our survey, almost Discussions about raising the licence fee In an attempt to improve transparency half of YouTube users (45%) said they have (currently about US$2.5 per household per around government advertising, the spent more time with the network in the month) to support public broadcaster KBS National Assembly passed a new law last year. Additional evidence comes from have not made any progress. A proposal governing the process. From the start of Koreanclick.com, a web metrics company over tax exemption for newspaper 2019, the Korea Press Foundation has affiliated with Nielsen, showing YouTube subscription has been submitted, but become the legally entrusted agency mobile app users spending 1,094 minutes it has not yet been approved by the for placing advertisements on behalf of on average in July 2018, whereas Naver app government. Paywalls on most news sites governmental and the public sector. The users spent 700 minutes. Podcasts are also are not a viable option given that most KPF is required to invest their commission surging in popularity with half (53%) saying people can access news for free through fees into a press fund to subsidise they had listened at least once in the last online portals; just 10% pay for any journalism and media literacy. month. Domestic platforms increasingly online news in Korea. Nevertheless, some South Korea tends to be at the forefront of complain about unfair competition and newspaper publishers have managed new technologies that are ushering in the that international platforms like Google, to diversify their revenue streams into next wave of change. In this survey, 9% said Facebook, and Netflix, do not pay enough ancillary businesses such as events and they were using voice-activated speakers tax in South Korea.114 conventions. – almost double the level of a year ago. Meanwhile, Naver has refocused its news Concerns about fake news and Still, few newsrooms have shown serious offering with a stripped-down beta version misinformation (59%) are rising with interest in distributing news in this way. of its mobile app carrying just a search bar concern focused on the distribution of Giant telecom companies like KT, SKT, and and a button on the home page. Faced with politically extreme views on YouTube. LG U+ started 5G mobile services in April criticism over the neutrality with which Last year, the government examined ways 2019. But it’s not yet clear what kind of it selects news for audiences, Naver has to effectively regulate fake news online, content and services will benefit or abandoned a default option selected by but concluded that any governmental how they might be relevant for news. algorithms and staff and now asks users intervention might curtail freedom of Sonho Kim themselves to select news brands they expression. Fact-checking has become Korea Press Foundation want to see. Some critics fear this approach a common practice in many newsrooms – if rolled out more fully – will favour the with Seoul National University (SNU) biggest, most popular brands and could co-ordinating activity in around 30 squeeze out diversity. newsrooms using a common platform, which in turn is financially supported by As more people prefer to watch news Naver. Trust in news is among the lowest videos on digital platforms, TV news again in our survey (22%). The reasons consumption (67%) dropped by 7 points are clear with just a fifth (21%) agreeing this year. In response, broadcasters are that the news media are doing a good planning to open a 24-hour news channel job in monitoring powerful people and on streaming services like YouTube. At businesses. In a related example, one the same time, print news consumption leading newsroom decided not to print

114 www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2018/08/129_253245.html 142 / 143

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE JTBC 5015 Naver 6611 KBS (public broadcaster) 4916 Daum 349 TOP BRANDS YTN News 4215 JTBC News online 269 % Weekly usage SBS News 4016 KBS News online 238 MBC News 3615 YTN News online 239 Weekly use TV, radio & print Yonhap TV News 2711 MBC News online 178 209 177 More than 3 days per week MBN News SBS News online TV, radio & print TV Chosun News 209 Chosun Ilbo online 148 Weekly use Chosun Ilbo 1911 Joongang Ilbo online 126 online brands Joongang Ilbo 1911 TV Chosun News online 125 More than 3 days per week Channel A News 178 Hankyoreh Shinmun online 106 online brands Dong-a Ilbo 128 Nate 105 Hankyoreh Shinmun 128 Yonhap News online 105 Maeil Business Newspaper 106 Channel A News online 105 Kyunghyang Shinmun 69 MBN News online 49 Regional or local newspaper 97 Dong-a Ilbo online 95

CHANGING MEDIA100% 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) Audiences for traditional79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 71%75% TV TV news have started to 74% 71%75% TVPrint 59%74% 2016–19 71% Print 2016–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media dip partly due to more50% 59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media competition from long- and 36%40% Social media Tablet 86% 36%40% 20% 36% 83% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone short-form video online. 20% 20% 71% 70% Readership of newspapers0% is 67% 66% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 60% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 52% also significantly down since2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 2016. More than two-thirds of 32% our sample (70%) use a 28% 26% 19% smartphone to access the 21% 17% 0% 0% news each week. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019 NB: 2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated TRUST due to an error in polling Trust in the news in South DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) Korea is consistently ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE amongst the lowest in THIS BRAND our survey, though trust News overall News I use JTBC News 6.18 7.03 in individual news brands YTN News 5.97 6.68 is much higher. TV news 22% (-3) KBS News 5.83 6.46 brands such as JTBC and 38th/38 26% SBS News 5.78 6.41 YTN tend to be trusted most MBC News 5.63 6.37 with popular newspapers Yonhap News 5.59 6.47 less trusted in general – MBN News 5.27 6.45 even if they are often more News in search News in social Hankyoreh Shinmun 5.18 6.54 trusted by those that use Kyunghyang Shinmun 5.14 6.45 the brands regularly. 20% 15% Channel A News 4.99 6.37 Joongang Ilbo 4.91 6.04 Donga Ilbo 4.81 6.22 TV Chosun 4.57 6.31 PAY Chosun Ilbo 4.51 6.13

- 10% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 YouTube 38% (+7) 68% 26% SHARE NEWS 2 Kakao Talk 28% (-11) 72% via social, messaging or email 3 Facebook 22% (-3) 47% 53% 4 Instagram 8% (+1) 31% listen to 5 Twitter 7% (-1) 19% PODCASTS in 16% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Kakao Story 7% (-5) 30% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 144

STATISTICS TAIWAN Population 24m Internet penetration 88%

The media environment in Taiwan is among the freest and most competitive in Asia, even if mainland China continues to exert economic and political pressure on some outlets. The political and media story of the year has been the sudden rise of a conservative populist mayor with a national profile.

‘Goods will flow out, people will flood in, There have also been concerns about Niche outlets dedicated to quality journalism and Kaohsiung will become a rich city’, possible interference from mainland China, have also seen modest successes. The declared Han Kuo-yu, the newly elected with observers noting the large number Commonwealth Media Group, which grew mayor of Taiwan’s third-largest city, in of foreign IP addresses amongst Han’s out of a respected business magazine, has an inauguration ceremony shown across supporters on social media. It was also developed several digital news channels. The Taiwan. The dark-horse mayoral candidate noted that the owners of some of the TV group enjoyed growing online use (13%) and from the pro-unification Nationalist Party channels (like Chung Tien and TVBS) had relatively high trust (6.41) in our latest survey. (KMT) captured national headlines with significant interests in China which may Meanwhile The Reporter, an independent promises to focus on the economy, to be influencing their editorial line. At one news organisation, has continued to provide show no tolerance for political protest, stage TVBS shelved an interview in which award-winning investigative stories on the and to bypass long-standing laws barring the US de facto ambassador warned about environmental issues, children’s welfare, and Chinese investment in real estate. Major external forces attempting to manipulate labour issues. The outlet has helped to create news outlets rewarded Han’s populist public opinion. an ecosystem of public interest journalism by rhetoric with coverage that drew still more working with freelance reporters. attention, in an echo of successful populist In response to concerns, both citizens campaigns in other countries. and politicians filed official complaints The spread of unreliable information against Chung Tien with Taiwan’s National remains a problem in Taiwan. In September At least two factors help to explain what Communications Commission (NCC), 2018, a false story about how the Chinese came to be called the ‘Han Wave’. The charging that the network produced false Embassy in Japan had helped rescue a first was the campaign’s media strategy news stories and violated professional number of Taiwanese tourists in an airport in a pluralistic environment dominated norms in devoting disproportionate near Osaka after a typhoon was widely by private sector, often partisan TV news coverage to Han’s campaign. It fined reported by the media. The Taiwanese outlets. Han relied heavily on streams the network US$32,000 for breaching media blamed local officials for responding carried live on social media, and supporters fact-checking principles. Chung Tien too slowly. The subsequent pressure on were organised to disseminate pro-Han responded by accusing the agency the Taiwanese Embassy in Japan may have messages online. These messages would of suppressing press freedom and contributed to the death of one official who have reached large numbers of Taiwanese, attacking regulators personally in news later committed suicide. given that 75% of our respondents used programmes, which in turn sparked social media sites like Facebook and Line. a student demonstration against the Meanwhile Yahoo! News remains the most media outlet for abusing its power. used online news source in Taiwan (51% At the same time, Han’s positions drew weekly reach). It provides a convenient one- glowing coverage from the pro-Beijing One bright spot is that this turmoil may stop for news from multiple news providers Chung Tien News channel, which devoted improve the standing of public media, along with email, blogs, and games. Yahoo! significant time to Han’s populist campaign. historically weak in Taiwan. The network does not provide direct revenue for news The relationship proved mutually beneficial: is the most trusted in our survey, though providers but it does generate referral traffic while Han gained attention, Chung Tien’s not competitive in terms of audience for publishers from the prominent links to ratings climbed, with the share of (offline use: 16%). Media reform groups additional news stories. In the last two years, respondents who use the network weekly have urged Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan to Yahoo! Taiwan has started to provide more rising nearly 10 percentage points in our pass the Public Media Act in 2019, which of its own content including commentaries, survey (to 44%). Other market-driven news would improve funding and support for online polls, and discussions. outlets were forced to follow suit, covering major public media. Han’s campaign heavily – and, according Lihyun Lin to critics, often quite uncritically. National Taiwan University 144 / 145

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE TVBS News 5017 Yahoo! News 1551 Chung Tien News 4416 ETtoday online 4920 TOP BRANDS Eastern Broadcasting News 4216 TVBS News online 3111 % Weekly usage Sanlih E-Television News 3615 EBC News online 2812 Apple Daily 3015 Apple Daily online 2813 Weekly use TV, radio & print Formosa TV News 3013 ChungTien News online 259 2412 More than 3 days per week Liberty Times Sanlih E-Television News online 2411 TV, radio & print ERA News 2311 United Daily online 2211 Weekly use China TV News 218 Storm Media 1611 online brands United Daily News 199 Liberty Times online 167 More than 3 days per week Next TV 198 cnYes.com 158 online brands Taiwan Television News 198 Common Wealth Magazine online 138 Unique Satellite TV News 178 Nownews 128 Chinese Television System News 169 China TV News online 115 Public Television Service News 168 Next Magazine online 117 CHANGING MEDIA China Times 159 Business Weekly online 116 Traditional media sources 100% such as television 100%and print Online (incl. social media) 100% Online (incl. social media) 100% 79% Online (incl. social media) are becoming less important79% 75% OnlineTV (incl. social media) 79%74% SOURCES OF NEWS75% TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 79%74% 71%75% TV while digital and social 74% 71%75% TVPrint 59%74% 2017–19 71% Print 2017–19 59% 71% Print 50% 59% PrintSocial media media have become50% more59% 40% Social media 50% 100% 40% Social media 100% 50% 36% Social media widely used. Taiwanese love 36%40% 89% Social media Tablet 88% 36%40% 20% 36% 20% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone their smartphones which20% are 77% 76% 20% 71% used by more than 0%three- 65% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Printed newspapers Computer 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201857%2019 58% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 55% quarters (76%) of our survey 2013 2014 201550%2016 2017 2018 2019 50%TV 50% sample to access news 41% content. Computers have 30% 20% 17% become relatively less 0% 0% important over time. 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018 2019

TRUST Trust in news is down 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) percentage points to 28% ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE with Taiwanese frequently THIS BRAND exposed to misinformation News overall News I use Public Television Service 6.55 7.27 through both mainstream and Common Wealth Magazine 6.41 6.84 social media. Fact-checking 28% (-4) Business Weekly 6.25 7.12 Taiwan, an independent =34th/38 33% Economic Daily* 6.12 – group, has publicly urged TVBS news 5.84 6.31 the social media giant Line Ettoday.net 5.81 5.96 to establish an internal United Daily 5.78 6.41 verification operation along News in search News in social Central News Agency* 5.63 – the lines of Facebook’s fact- China Times 5.57 6.27 checking partnerships. 28% 19% Chung Tien News 5.55 6.3 Apple Daily 5.42 5.95 The Reporter* 5.28 – Storm Media 5.22 5.65 PAY Formosa TV News 5.04 5.97 Liberty Times 5.01 5.92 - * Some brands do not have trust scores for users of those brands (did not meet 12% minimum 50 threshold or did not specifically ask about the use of the brand) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Line 57% (+4) 77% 42% SHARE NEWS 2 Facebook 54% (-2) 77% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 43% (+5) 75% 38% 4 PTT (bulletin board) 12% (-5) 22% listen to 5 Facebook Messenger 8% (-) 37% PODCASTS in 23% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Instagram 7% (-) 28% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 146 146 / 147

Africa Section 3 3.38 South Africa 148 Analysis by Country Africa Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 148

STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA Population 57m Internet penetration 54%

There is a strong tradition of highly trusted, independent media in South Africa, but this is increasingly under threat. Trust is being eroded by a combination of unethical business practices, shoddy journalism, and escalating misinformation affecting critical national elections.

South Africa scores highly on the press freedom index, and largely enjoys a Revenue for news media has been strong and ethical news environment. burning through a reservoir of legacy trust plummeting for several years now, This is reflected in a 49% trust in media, established over many years. It remains to with a 12% drop in ad spend last year one of the highest in our survey, perhaps be seen if the appointment of a new editor for television, 5.6% for radio, and 7.7% bolstered by the media’s recent role in will help. for print.118 Despite 16% of respondents exposing political patronage at the highest In the run-up to the general election in claiming they pay for online news, this levels. News24, The Daily Maverick, and May, misinformation on social media figure will not be representative of South the amaBhungane Center for Investigative exploded, with news brands becoming Africans as a whole given our urban and Journalism were three outlets that helped both targets as well as sometimes highly educated online sample. Indeed, uncover the corrupt relationship between unwitting amplifiers. There has been a most of the local news organisations with former president Jacob Zuma and the surge in organisations training media and subscription paywalls decline to release Guptas, a family implicated in the process civil society to combat misinformation, and their figures, suggesting the number of that South Africans are terming ‘state platforms such as Google and Twitter also paying subscribers is still low. The surge of capture’. In the wake of the scandal, two allocated resources to help. Meanwhile goodwill engendered by the media’s role in major news outlets that were owned by the the Independent Electoral Commission exposing the Guptas has led to an upswing Guptas, the New Age newspaper and the partnered with the NGO Media Monitoring in reader donations to independent 24hr TV news station Afrotone (formerly Africa to produce a system for reporting publications like the Daily Maverick and ANN7), were forced to close for political misinformation. The battle against the investigative unit amaBhungane. and economic reasons. misinformation is made more difficult by But this is an uncertain form of income, Meanwhile Independent Media, one of the South Africans’ high usage of WhatsApp and with no sustainable revenue model country’s largest media groups, has had (88% for general purposes, and a high 49% available, South African media houses are the integrity of its news products severely for news among our online sample). facing a grim future. compromised by its owner’s interference The state broadcaster, the SABC, is only The big social media platforms have in editorial policy, as well as its inability the fourth most-trusted brand, perhaps a effectively won the battle for advertising to pay back a questionably acquired loan result of a protracted and damaging period revenue while resource-starved online of over R1bn to SA’s Public Investment of government interference and near- and broadcast news brands face fierce Corporation.115 The company has undergone catastrophic financial mismanagement.117 several rounds of retrenchments, with a competition from international English- On the positive side, it appears to be turning consequent decline in editorial standards. speaking brands like the BBC and CNN. a corner with the appointment of a new, Over the last ten years, newspaper The Sunday Times weekly newspaper, long relatively apolitical board. The organisation circulation has declined by 49%,119 and one of the country’s most trusted news still enjoys a high level of use for its the majority of media houses seem to brands, was forced to apologise for lapses multilingual television news programming have no idea how to roll out successful in journalistic rigour and the publication (50%) and for its radio news (29%). Online, hybrid subscriptions models that have of several false scoops, and had some of its the SABC website also does well (45%) just worked elsewhere in the world. journalism awards withdrawn.116 Despite behind the hugely popular News24 (70%),

this, it still sits at number six on the list a digital-born early entrant into the market Chris Roper Code for Africa of trusted news brands, but as with some which aggregates content from a number of the Independent titles, it appears to be of print brands such as City Press.

115 Jackie Cameron, ‘Iqbal Survé, Specialist in Media Capture AND State Capture’, BizNews, 15 Apr. 2019. https://www.biznews.com/undictated/2019/04/15/media-capture-iqbal-surve 116 www.ewn.co.za/2018/10/14/sunday-times-apologises-for-tainted-scoops 117 Riaan Grobler, ‘Motsoeneng’s “reckless mismanagement” caused SABC’s problems – Sanef’, News24, 17 Sept. 2018. https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/motsoenengs- reckless-mismanagement-caused-sabcs-problems-sanef-20180917 118 www.themediaonline.co.za/2018/03/gloomy-picture-for-tv-and-radio-advertising-spend-in-sa 119 Compiled by iSizwe Distributors from official data. 148 / 149

WEEKLY REACH OFFLINE TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE

AND ONLINE SABC News (incl SABC 1,2,3) 5011 News24 2070 eNCA 3811 SABC News online 4514 TOP BRANDS Local radio news 3011 ENCA 2810 % Weekly usage SABC radio 2912 BBC News online 199 BBC News 2512 Daily Sun online 199 Weekly use TV, radio & print CNN 2511 CNN.com 1019 2519 156 More than 3 days per week The Sunday Times Netwerk24 TV, radio & print A regional or local newspaper 1421 Regional/local newspaper website 1015 Weekly use Daily Sun 2111 Eyewitness News (EWN) 157 online brands A community newspaper 1015 TimesLive 148 More than 3 days per week Sowetan 138 Mail & Guardian online 138 online brands The Citizen 128 IOL 136 City Press 128 The Citizen online 138 SAFM 126 City Press 138 702/Cape Talk 104 MyBroadband 116 The Star 107 Yahoo! News 116

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS

TV Online (including social media) Computer Smartphone 68% 90% 58% 76%

Print Social Media Tablet 40% 72% 19%

TRUST South African media has DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE a strong reputation for THIS BRAND independence but political News overall News24 7.7 7.91 and business interference News I use eNCA 7.31 7.98 is an increasing concern. 49% Business Day 7.16 7.78 The website News24 has =7th/38 54% SABC News 7.09 7.66 built credibility on the back Mail & Guardian 7.01 7.69 of investments in breaking Sunday Times 6.93 7.39 news. Tabloid newspaper EWN (Eye Witness News) 6.84 7.74 the Daily Sun is widely used News in search News in social City Press 6.5 7.65 but less well trusted. Cape Times 6.45 6.96 43% 28% The Star 6.41 7.41 Daily Maverick 6.16 7.5 Sowetan 6.02 7.3 Daily Sun 5.38 6.34 PAY

- 16% pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For News For All 1 Facebook 59% 80% 59% SHARE NEWS 2 WhatsApp 49% 88% via social, messaging or email 3 YouTube 35% 73% 43% 4 Twitter 20% 34% listen to 5 Instagram 14% 41% PODCASTS in 39% COMMENT ON NEWS the last month 6 Facebook Messenger 14% 48% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 150 150 / 151

Section 4 References and Selected Publications

The authors welcome feedback on this report and suggestions on how to improve our work via [email protected] as well as potential partnerships and support for our ongoing work. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2019 152

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Recent Reuters Institute Publications

Felix M. Simon and Lucas Graves, Pay Models for Online News in the US and Europe: 2019 Update (May 2019)

Joy Jenkins and Lucas Graves, Case Studies in Collaborative Local Journalism (Apr. 2019)

Julie Posetti with Felix M. Simon and Nabeelah Shabbir, Lessons in Innovation: How International News Organisations Combat Disinformation through Mission-Driven Journalism (Apr. 2019)

Zeenab Aneez, Taberez Ahmed Neyazi, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, India Digital News Report (Mar. 2019)

Nic Newman, Journalism, Media and Technology Trends and Predictions 2019 (Jan. 2019)

J. Scott Brennen, Philip N. Howard, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, An Industry-Led Debate: How UK Media Cover Artificial Intelligence (Dec. 2018)

Tom Nicholls, Nabeelah Shabbir, Lucas Graves, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Coming of Age: Developments in Digital-Born News Media in Europe (Dec. 2018)

Nic Newman, The Future of Voice and the Implications for News (Nov. 2018)

Antonis Kalogeropoulos and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Social Inequalities in News Consumption (Oct. 2018)

Alessio Cornia, Annika Sehl, David A. L. Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Private Sector News, Social Media Distribution, and Algorithm Change (Sept. 2018)

Jason Vir, Kathryn Hall, (Kantar Media), News in Social Media and Messaging Apps (Sept. 2018)

Lucas Graves, Understanding the Promise and Limits of Automated Fact-Checking (Feb. 2018)

The Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism is dedicated to exploring the future of journalism worldwide through debate, engagement, and research. It is part of the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford, and affiliated with Green Templeton College. Core funding comes from the Thomson Reuters Foundation with additional support from a wide range of other funders including academic funding bodies, foundations, non-profits, and industry partners.

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism e: [email protected] w: reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk w: www.digitalnewsreport.org

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