DOCSLIB.ORG

Salient Brain Entities Labelled in P2rx7-EGFP Reporter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Salient Brain Entities Labelled in P2rx7-EGFP Reporter Brain Structure and Function https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02204-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Salient brain entities labelled in P2rx7‑EGFP reporter mouse embryos include the septum, roof plate glial specializations and circumventricular ependymal organs Felipe Ortega1,2,3 · Rosa Gomez‑Villafuertes1,2,3 · María Benito‑León1,2,3 · Margaret Martínez de la Torre4 · Luis A. Olivos‑Oré2,3,5 · Marina Arribas‑Blazquez2,5,6 · María Victoria Gomez‑Gaviro7,11,12 · Arturo Azcorra9,10 · Manuel Desco7,8,11,12 · Antonio R. Artalejo2,3,5 · Luis Puelles4 · María Teresa Miras‑Portugal1,2,3 Received: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 December 2020 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract The purinergic system is one of the oldest cell-to-cell communication mechanisms and exhibits relevant functions in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS) development. Amongst the components of the purinergic system, the iono- tropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) stands out as a potential regulator of brain pathology and physiology. Thus, P2X7R is known to regulate crucial aspects of neuronal cell biology, including axonal elongation, path-fnding, synapse formation and neuro- protection. Moreover, P2X7R modulates neuroinfammation and is posed as a therapeutic target in infammatory, oncogenic and degenerative disorders. However, the lack of reliable technical and pharmacological approaches to detect this receptor represents a major hurdle in its study. Here, we took advantage of the P2rx7-EGFP reporter mouse, which expresses enhanced green fuorescence protein (EGFP) immediately downstream of the P2rx7 proximal promoter, to conduct a detailed study of its distribution. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the pattern of P2X7R expression in the brain of E18.5 mouse embryos revealing interesting areas within the CNS. Particularly, strong labelling was found in the septum, as well as along the entire neural roof plate zone of the brain, except chorioidal roof areas, but including specialized circumventricular roof formations, such as the subfornical and subcommissural organs (SFO; SCO). Moreover, our results reveal what seems a novel circumventricular organ, named by us postarcuate organ (PArcO). Furthermore, this study sheds light on the ongoing debate regarding the specifc presence of P2X7R in neurons and may be of interest for the elucidation of additional roles of P2X7R in the idiosyncratic histologic development of the CNS and related systemic functions. Keywords P2X7 receptor · Purinergic system · Embryonic brain · P2rx7-EGFP mouse · Postarcuate organ · PArcO · Ventricular hypothalamic organ Abbreviations [5] or 5 Cortical layer 5 5n Trigeminal nerve 7N Branchiomotor facial nerve Felipe Ortega and Rosa Gomez-Villafuertes contributed equally. 8n Vestibulocochlear nerve 9N Glossopharyngeal nerve Supplementary Information The online version contains 10N Vagus nerve supplementary material available at https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0042 11N Accessory or spinal nerve 9-020-02204 -5. 12N Hypoglossus nerve * Felipe Ortega 3v 3Rd ventricle [email protected] 4v 4Th ventricle * Luis Puelles A Amygdala [email protected] ac Anterior commissure * María Teresa Miras-Portugal Acb Nucleus accumbens [email protected] ACg Anterior cingulate cortex Extended author information available on the last page of the article AHi Amygdalo-hippocampal area Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Brain Structure and Function Am Medial amygdala icc Intercollicular commissure AON Anterior olfactory nucleus ICo Intercollicular commissure AP Area postrema ICx Insular cortex aprp Area postrema roof plate IG Indusium griseum APT Anterior pretectal nucleus IO Inferior olive Aq Aqueduct IP Interpeduncular nucleus Arc Arcuate nucleus irp Isthmic roof plate AT Acroterminal domain IRt Intermediate reticular area A32 Area 32 Isth Isthmus bas ep Basal ependym IZ Intermediate zone Calb1 Calbindin LC Locus coeruleus Cb Cerebellum LD Lateral dorsal nucleus CbN Cerebellar nuclei primordia LDTg Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus cbrp Cerebellar roof plate LH Lateral hypothalamus cc Corpus callosum ll Lateral lemniscus tract CG Central gray LL Nucleus of lateral lemniscus ch Chorioidal tela LOCx Lateral orbital cortex CM Centromedial thalamic nucleus LPo Lateral preoptic area Cnf Cuneiform nucleus LSD Lateral dorsal septal nucleus CNS Central nervous system LSe Lateral septal mantle CoPT Commissural pretectal LSI Lateral intermediate septal nucleus CPB Corpus pontobulbare LSV Lateral ventral septal nucleus Cu Cuneatus nucleus lt Lamina terminalis Cx Cortex LVe Lateral vestibular nucleus DCo Dorsal cochlear nucleus MB Midbrain DG Dentate gyrus MCg Middle cingulate cortex DH Dorsal horn McPC Magnocellular posterior commissure DLL Dorsal lateral lemniscus nucleus DMH Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus MD Medio-dorsal nucleus DR Dorsal raphe nucleus MeAV Anteroventral medial amygdala DS5 Descending sensory column Med Medulla oblongata DTg Dorsal tegmental nucleus Mes5 Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus DVe Descending vestibular nucleus merp Medullary roof plate Ecu External cuneate nucleus mfb Medial forebrain bundle EGL External granular cell layer mfp Mesencephalic foor plate ERh Entorhinal cortex MiTG Microcellular tegmental nucleus ESC Embryonic stem cell MM Medial mammillary body FCx Frontal cortex MnPo Median preoptic nucleus f Fimbria MOCx Medial orbital cortex fx Fornix tract MPo Medial preoptic area Gr Gracilis nucleus mrp Midbrain roof plate GSK3 Glycogen synthase kinase 3 MS Medial septal HB Habenula MVe Medial vestibular nucleus hc Hippocampal commissure Nv Navicular nucleus HDB Horizontal diagonal band nucleus OB Olfactory bulb HDG Hippocampal dentate gyrus OT Olfactory tuberculum Hi Hippocampus PAG Periaqueductal gray hp1 Hypothalamic prosomere 1 PAGD Dorsal part of periaqueductal gray hp2 Hypothalamic prosomere 2 Pal Pallidum HVO Hypothalamic ventricular organ PArcO Postarcuate organ Hy Hypothalamus PBG Parabigeminal nucleus IC Inferior colliculus pc Posterior commissure (fbers) ic Internal capsule PcPC Parvocellular posterior commissure nucleus 1 3 Brain Structure and Function PcPT Precommissural pretectal StA Strio-amygdaloid area PCx Parietal cortex SubB Subbrachial nucleus PDTg Posterodorsal tegmental nucleus SVe Superior vestibular nucleus ped Peduncle tc Tectal commissure PHy Peduncular hypothalamus Tel Telencephalon pi Pineal gland TG Tectal gray Pir Piriform cortex Th Thalamus PIsth Preisthmus TH Tyrosine hydroxylase Pk Purkinje cell layer THy Terminal hypothalamus Pn Pontine nuclei TS Triangular septal nucleus Pn migr Pontine migration or corpus pontobul- Tz Trapezoid body bare CPB) VB Ventrobasal complex PnR Pontine raphe nucleus VCo Ventral cochlear nucleus POA Preoptic area VDB Vertical diagonal band nucleus poc Posterior commissure VH Ventral horn Pr Prepositus hypoglossi nucleus VHO Periventricular hypothalamic organ PreP Prepontine hindbrain VLL Ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus PRM Periretromammillary area VMH Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus PS5 Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus VNUT Vesicular nucleotide transporter PT Pretectum VPM Ventral premamillary nucleus PTh Prethalamus VTA Ventral tegmental area P2 receptors Purinoceptors VTg Ventral tegmental nucleus P2X7R P2X7 receptor ZLO Zona limitans organ r Rhombomere ReP Retropontine hindbrain rf Retrofex tract Introduction RhL Rhombic lip RM Retromammillary body The development of the mammalian CNS is a complex and rp Roof plate dynamic process that requires an accurately orchestrated Rt Reticular nucleus sequence of genetic, environmental, and biochemical events. RtM Medial reticular formation The generation of neural cells, i.e. neurons, astrocytes and RtTg Reticulotegmental nucleus oligodendrocytes, implies a precise and positionally difer- SAC Stratum album centrale of superior ential control of crucial processes, such as cell proliferation, colliculus cell fate determination, migration, maturation, synapse for- SC Superior colliculus mation, network implementation, and eventually, controlled scbp Spinal cord basal plate apoptosis, to defne the correct neuronal number and loca- SCh Suprachiasmatic nucleus tion. The control of these processes accounts for multiple SchO Suprachiasmatic organ mechanisms including extracellular signaling molecules. SCO Subcommissural organ Amongst such regulatory signals, extracellular ATP and Scorp Septocommissural roof plate other nucleotides are one of the more promising candidates SHi Septohippocampal nucleus in the regulation of CNS development (Zimmermann 2006). SHy Septohypothalamic nucleus Going beyond the classic metabolic function of ATP, SI Substantia innominata which is associated to energy storage, its involvement in SI/Bas Substantia innominata/ purinergic signaling acting as an extracellular transmitter/ basal nucleus of Meynert modulator, constitutes one of the oldest cell-to-cell commu- SFi Septofmbrial nucleus nication systems evolved (Burnstock 1972; Burnstock et al. SFO Subfornical organ 1970; Oliveira et al. 2016). Signal transmission mediated by SNC Substantia nigra pars compacta ATP begins with its loading into secretory vesicles, exerted Sol Solitary tract by the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). This trans- Sph Spheroid nucleus porter was frst characterized by its pharmacological and SpO Supraoptic nucleus biochemical properties (Bankston and Guidotti 1996; Gualix SS Superfcial stratum of superior colliculus et al. 1996, 1999), and fnally was cloned in 2008 (Sawada St Striatum et al. 2008), hence enabling a more detailed study of its 1 3 Brain Structure and Function distribution in the CNS. VNUT exhibits
Load more

Recommended publications
  • KANG-THESIS.Pdf (614.4Kb)
    Copyright by Jennifer Minsoo Kang 2012 The Thesis Committee for Jennifer Minsoo Kang Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: From Illegal Copying to Licensed Formats: An Overview of Imported Format Flows into Korea 1999-2011 APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: Joseph D. Straubhaar Karin G. Wilkins From Illegal Copying to Licensed Formats: An Overview of Imported Format Flows into Korea 1999-2011 by Jennifer Minsoo Kang, B.A.; M.A. Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2012 Dedication To my family; my parents, sister and brother Abstract From Illegal Copying to Licensed Formats: An Overview of Imported Format Flows into Korea 1999-2011 Jennifer Minsoo Kang, M.A. The University of Texas at Austin, 2012 Supervisor: Joseph D. Straubhaar The format program trade has grown rapidly in the past decade and has become an important part of the global television market. This study aimed to give an understanding of this phenomenon by examining how global formats enter and become incorporated into the national media market through a case study analysis on the Korean format market. Analyses were done to see how the historical background influenced the imported format flows, how the format flows changed after the media liberalization period, and how the format uses changed from illegal copying to partial formats to whole licensed formats. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the global format program flows are different from the whole ‘canned’ program flows because of the adaptation processes, which is a form of hybridity, the formats go through.
    [Show full text]
  • Birth and Evolution of Korean Reality Show Formats
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Film, Media & Theatre Dissertations School of Film, Media & Theatre Spring 5-6-2019 Dynamics of a Periphery TV Industry: Birth and Evolution of Korean Reality Show Formats Soo keung Jung [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/fmt_dissertations Recommended Citation Jung, Soo keung, "Dynamics of a Periphery TV Industry: Birth and Evolution of Korean Reality Show Formats." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2019. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/fmt_dissertations/7 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Film, Media & Theatre at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Film, Media & Theatre Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DYNAMICS OF A PERIPHERY TV INDUSTRY: BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF KOREAN REALITY SHOW FORMATS by SOOKEUNG JUNG Under the Direction of Ethan Tussey and Sharon Shahaf, PhD ABSTRACT Television format, a tradable program package, has allowed Korean television the new opportunity to be recognized globally. The booming transnational production of Korean reality formats have transformed the production culture, aesthetics and structure of the local television. This study, using a historical and practical approach to the evolution of the Korean reality formats, examines the dynamic relations between producer, industry and text in the
    [Show full text]
  • LETTERS to the EDITOR. Middle Cerebral Artery Tortuosity Associated
    J Neurosurg 130:1763–1788, 2019 Neurosurgical Forum LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Middle cerebral artery tortuosity tective factors against aneurysm formation.” Nevertheless, according to that explanation, it can be inferred that the associated with aneurysm incidence of aneurysms in patients with local tortuosity development should be decreased rather than increased. Therefore, it would be better for the authors to provide an in-depth ex- planation about the above results and arguments. TO THE EDITOR: We read with great interest the ar- Second, the authors stated, “There are a few rare ge- ticle by Kliś et al.2 (Kliś KM, Krzyżewski RM, Kwinta netic syndromes that are linked to the presence of vessel BM, et al: Computer-aided analysis of middle cerebral tortuosity, such as artery tortuosity syndrome or Loeys- artery tortuosity: association with aneurysm develop- Dietz syndrome.” The genetic syndromes they mention ment. J Neurosurg [epub ahead of print May 18, 2018; are systemic lesions involving multiple parts of vessels DOI: 10.3171/2017.12.JNS172114]). The authors conclude of the body and therefore often involve multiple intracra- that “an increased deviation of the middle cerebral artery nial aneurysms.1,3,5 However, this article did not provide (MCA) from a straight axis (described by relative length detailed information on the characteristics of intracranial [RL]), a decreased sum of all MCA angles (described by aneurysms, for example, the incidence of multiple aneu- sum of angle metrics [SOAM]), a local increase of the rysms, the specific sites of the MCA aneurysms (M1, M2, MCA angle heterogeneity, and an increase in changes in M3, M4), and the size of the aneurysms, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlation Between the Cerebralization, Astroglial Architecture and Blood-Brain Barrier Composition in Chondrichthyes
    Correlation between the cerebralization, astroglial architecture and blood-brain barrier composition in Chondrichthyes Ph.D. thesis Csilla Ari Semmelweis University Neurobiology School of Doctoral Studies Supervisor: Dr. Mihály Kálmán, Ph.D. Reviewers: Dr. Anna Kiss, Ph.D. Dr. Klára Matesz, DSc Committee of Final Examination: Chairman: Dr. Béla Vígh, DSc Members: Dr.Tibor Wenger, DSc Dr. Tamás Röszer, Ph.D. Budapest, 2008. Introduction Comparison of cerebralization in chondrichthyan fishes with that of other Representing a separate radiation of vertebrates, Chondrichthyes underwent a vertebrate groups has been made by constructing ‘minimum convex polygons’ to unique brain evolution. They display a wide range of cerebralization, differences enclose data points in a double logarithmic scale of a brain weight/body weight in the glial architecture and in the composition of the blood-brain barrier. Some plot by Jerison (1973). The same method was applied to additional data, by groups of Chondrichthyes, and also some of their brain parts were neglected in Northcutt (1977, 1978, 1981) and Smeets et al. (1983). According to such previous neuroanatomical studies and only few immunohistological techniques analysis, chondrichthians exhibit a wide range of cerebralization. The brain were applied in order to describe the glial pattern of cartilaginous fishes. weight/body weight ratios in batoids and galeomorph sharks are two to six times Class of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) comprises two major divisions larger than in squalomorph sharks. Within the superorder Batoidea (skates and (subclasses), the Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates and rays) and the Holocephali rays), Rajiformes (skates) have relatively low brain weight/body weight ratios, (chimaeras or ratfishes or ghostsharks).
    [Show full text]
  • Whitewater's Slideboarding Brings Gaming Technology to Waterparks
    #59 • volume 11, issue 4 • 2015 www.inparkmagazine.com 39 WhiteWater’s Slideboarding brings gaming technology to waterparks 17 36 Waterpark attendance Jurassic World, zoos & figures & NEW analysis hybridization Making the connection between waterparks, zoos and aquaria GGE #59 • volume 11, issue 4 Growing green 6 Gilroy Gardens rolls out new educational attractions • by Christine Kerr Bringing animals to light 10 Lighting for aquaria and zoos • by Patrick Gallegos Waterparks: what does the future hold? 14 Predictions for the market • by Monty Lunde The rising tide of waterpark attendance 17 Trends show continued global growth • by Brian Sands Good design habitats 22 Designing to celebrate and protect animals • by Jeremy Railton Hot in Cleveland (and other zoo exhibits) 28 Letting animals swim, soak and splash • by Judith Rubin The road to blue world 32 SeaWorld San Antonio evolves and expands • by Joe Kleiman Attraction hybridization 36 What Jurassic World teaches us about zoos • by Stacey Ludlum and Eileen Hill Changing the waterpark game 39 Slideboarding brings gaming technology to waterslides • by Martin Palicki Ocean Park Hong Kong 45 Enhancing the conservation message through experience • by Martin Palicki GGE staff & contributors advertisers EDITOR CONTRIBUTORS Alcorn McBride 38 Martin Palicki Patrick Gallegos DEAL 5 Eileen Hill DNP 16 CO-EDITOR Christine Kerr Judith Rubin Stacey Ludlum Electrosonic 9 Monty Lunde Entertainment Design Corporation 34 CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Jeremy Railton The Goddard Group 2 Joe Kleiman Brian Sands Kim Rily IAAPA Attractions Expo 35 Mitch Rily DESIGN Polin Waterparks back cover mcp, llc Technifex 11 InPark Magazine (ISSN 1553-1767) is published Such material must be accompanied by a self- Triotech 13 five times a year by Martin Chronicles adressed and stamped envelope to be returned.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 SWOT Analysis
    Chapter 7 SWOT Analysis March 2014 This chapter should be cited as ERIA Study on the Development Potential of the Content Industry in East Asia and ASEAN Region (2014), ‘SWOT Analysis’ in Koshpasharin, S. and K. Yasue (eds.), Study on the Development Potential of the Content Industry in East Asia and the ASEAN Region, ERIA Research Project Report 2012-13, pp.95-117. Jakarta: ERIA. CHAPTER 7 SWOT Analysis 1. Analysis Framework The status of content industries (mainly audiovisual content) in each member country was analyzed, based on interviews conducted in member countries in addition to market data, regulations and promotion policies, sample cases of ripple effects on export and other industries presented in previous chapters. The analysis results were presented below as the form of SWOT analysis. Through the SWOT analysis, strengths and weaknesses of content industry (internal environmental analysis) and opportunities and threats for content industry (external environmental analysis) were extracted. The viewpoints after the extraction were presented below. Parameters related to the below viewpoints would turn to be Strength/Weakness or Opportunities/Threats on the SWOT analysis. Table 26: Parameters considered for SWOT Analysis Viewpoints Examples Internal Ability to create Ability to create attractive ideas environmental content Ability to establish business for specific content analysis Skill to create high quality content Ability to create content within a certain level of budget Production with the latest technologies Productive
    [Show full text]
  • Fondamentaux & Domaines
    Septembre 2020 Marie Lechner & Yves Citton Angles morts du numérique ubiquitaire Sélection de lectures, volume 2 Fondamentaux & Domaines Sommaire Fondamentaux Mike Ananny, Toward an Ethics of Algorithms: Convening, Observation, Probability, and Timeliness, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 2015, p. 1-25 . 1 Chris Anderson, The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete, Wired, June 23, 2008 . 26 Mark Andrejevic, The Droning of Experience, FibreCultureJournal, FCJ-187, n° 25, 2015 . 29 Franco ‘Bifo’ Berardi, Concatenation, Conjunction, and Connection, Introduction à AND. A Phenomenology of the End, New York, Semiotexte, 2015 . 45 Tega Brain, The Environment is not a system, Aprja, 2019, http://www.aprja.net /the-environment-is-not-a-system/ . 70 Lisa Gitelman and Virginia Jackson, Introduction to Raw Data is an Oxymoron, MIT Press, 2013 . 81 Orit Halpern, Robert Mitchell, And Bernard & Dionysius Geoghegan, The Smartness Mandate: Notes toward a Critique, Grey Room, n° 68, 2017, pp. 106–129 . 98 Safiya Umoja Noble, The Power of Algorithms, Introduction to Algorithms of Oppression. How Search Engines Reinforce Racism, NYU Press, 2018 . 123 Mimi Onuoha, Notes on Algorithmic Violence, February 2018 github.com/MimiOnuoha/On-Algorithmic-Violence . 139 Matteo Pasquinelli, Anomaly Detection: The Mathematization of the Abnormal in the Metadata Society, 2015, matteopasquinelli.com/anomaly-detection . 142 Iyad Rahwan et al., Machine behavior, Nature, n° 568, 25 April 2019, p. 477 sq. 152 Domaines Ingrid Burrington, The Location of Justice: Systems. Policing Is an Information Business, Urban Omnibus, Jun 20, 2018 . 162 Kate Crawford, Regulate facial-recognition technology, Nature, n° 572, 29 August 2019, p. 565 . 185 Sidney Fussell, How an Attempt at Correcting Bias in Tech Goes Wrong, The Atlantic, Oct 9, 2019 .
    [Show full text]
  • Potential of Cognitive Computing and Cognitive Systems
    Open Eng. 2015; 5:75–88 Vision Article Open Access Ahmed K. Noor* Potential of Cognitive Computing and Cognitive Systems Abstract: Cognitive computing and cognitive technologies 1 Introduction are game changers for future engineering systems, as well as for engineering practice and training. They are ma- The history of computing can be divided into three eras jor drivers for knowledge automation work, and the cre- ([1, 2], and Figure 1). The first was the tabulating era, with ation of cognitive products with higher levels of intelli- the early 1900 calculators and tabulating machines made gence than current smart products. of mechanical systems, and later made of vacuum tubes. In This paper gives a brief review of cognitive computing the first era the numbers were fed in on punch cards, and and some of the cognitive engineering systems activities. there was no extraction of the data itself. The second era The potential of cognitive technologies is outlined, along was the programmable era of computing, which started with a brief description of future cognitive environments, in the 1940s and ranged from vacuum tubes to micropro- incorporating cognitive assistants - specialized proactive cessors. It consisted of taking processes and putting them intelligent software agents designed to follow and inter- into the machine. Computing was completely controlled act with humans and other cognitive assistants across the by the programming provided to the system. The third era environments. The cognitive assistants engage, individu- is the cognitive computing era, where computing technol- ally or collectively, with humans through a combination ogy represented an intersection between neuroscience, su- of adaptive multimodal interfaces, and advanced visual- percomputing and nanotechnology.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxmed July2017
    Oxford Medicine THE NEWSLETTER OF THE OXFORD MEDICAL ALUMNI OXFORD MEDICINE . JUNE 2017 Contents President’s Piece . .2 Weatherall Lecture item . .2 People and News . .3 New trial for blindness rewrites the genetic code . .6 Touch in infancy is important for healthy brain development . .6 New Portraits . .7 The medical literature is no such thing . .8 Data Protection . .10 Surgical Outreach to Phnom Penh, Cambodia . .11 With Sadness . .14 OMA Events . .16 2 / OXFORD MEDICINE . JUNE 2017 President’s Piece Welcome to the June edition of I’m sorry to have to announce that, in July, Jayne Todd is retiring as the Oxford Medicine which I hope you administrative Head of Medical Alumni Relations. We wish her a long and will enjoy. In April, once again, we happy retirement. Over the years, Jayne has worked tirelessly for all members celebrated Sir David Weatherall’s of OMA in administering the very successful programme of reunions pioneered enormous contribution to the Oxford by Theo Schofield; her knowledge of alumni of all ages and their interests is Medical School and to world-wide truly encyclopaedic and will be sadly missed. Jayne has also been a driving medicine with the annual OMA force in increasing interactions with the current clinical students and Osler Weatherall Lecture. This year this was House. For the first time, we have arranged that members of the OMA coming delivered by Professor Tom Solomon to a reunion will be offering their experience to current clinical students eager who was Sir David’s last houseman to hear about the pros (and cons) of particular clinical specialities, so you at the time when the author Roald should expect a request for similar help as your own reunion approaches! The Dahl was an in-patient.
    [Show full text]
  • Bojangles Coliseum Artist
    Photo by of Mitchell Kearney Reflective Terrain Blane De St. Croix Date Installed September 2020 Location Bojangles’ Coliseum 2700 E Independence Blvd Charlotte, NC 28205 Description The topography of the land beneath Bojangles Coliseum and Ovens Auditorium, now covered by buildings, streets, and sidewalks, inspired the shape of the metal panels inscribed with performances and sport events that were experienced at the venues. Reflective Terrain pays homage to this rich event history, as well as the iconic architecture of the Coliseum, which at the time of its construction in 1956, it was notably the largest free spanning dome in the world. Radiating elements that are distinctive sculptural elements of the wall relief are inspired by architectural renderings found in the archives. This distinctive sculpture serves as a focal point of the plaza as well as a gathering place for guests as they wait to enter the venue or take a quick break during intermission. About Blane De St. Croix Blane De St. Croix’s work has been widely exhibited both nationally and internationally, in solo and group shows at venues including Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (current solo exhibition 2020-2021), North Adams, MA; Fredericks & Freiser, New York, NY; Sculpture Center, Long Island City, NY; Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC; The Land Art Biennial, The Mongolian National Art Gallery, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; The Contemporary Art Center, New Orleans, LA; The Kathmandu International Triennial, Nepal Art Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Värmlands Museum, Karlstad, Sweden; New York University Galleries, New York, NY; The Johnson Museum, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, MA; Smack Mellon, Brooklyn, NY; Future Arts Research, (F.A.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Laumeier Sculpture Park, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Rui Liu Thesis (PDF 1MB)
    Competition and Innovation: Independent Production in the Chinese TV Industry by Rui Liu Art BA /Journalism MA A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Creative Industries Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2011 Competition and Innovation: Independent Production in Chinese TV Industry Competition and Innovation: Independent Production in Chinese TV Industry Abstract Independent television production is recognised for its capacity to generate new kinds of program content, as well as deliver innovation in formats. Globally, the television industry is entering into the post-broadcasting era where audiences are fragmented and content is distributed across multiple platforms. The effects of this convergence are now being felt in China, as it both challenges old statist models and presents new opportunities for content innovation. This thesis discusses the status of independent production in China, making relevant comparisons with independent production in other countries. Independent television production has become an important element in the reform of broadcasting in China in the past decade. The first independent TV production company was registered officially in 1994. While there are now over 4000 independent companies, the term „independent‟ does not necessarily constitute autonomy. The question the thesis addresses is: what is the status and nature of independence in China? Is it an appropriate term to use to describe the changing environment, or is it a misnomer? The thesis argues that Chinese independents operate alongside the mainstream state- owned system; they are „dependent‟ on the mainstream. Therefore independent television in China is a relative term. By looking at several companies in Beijing, mainly in entertainment, TV drama and animation, the thesis shows how the sector is injecting fresh ideas into the marketplace and how it plays an important role in improving innovation in many aspects of the television industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterned Vascularization of Embryonic Mouse Forebrain, and Neuromeric Topology of Major Human Subarachnoidal Arterial Branches: a Prosomeric Mapping
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2019 Patterned Vascularization of Embryonic Mouse Forebrain, and Neuromeric Topology of Major Human Subarachnoidal Arterial Branches: A Prosomeric Mapping Puelles, Luis ; Martínez-Marin, Rafael ; Melgarejo-Otalora, Pedro ; Ayad, Abdelmalik ; Valavanis, Antonios ; Ferran, José Luis Abstract: The prosomeric brain model contemplates progressive regionalization of the central nervous system (CNS) from a molecular and morphological ontogenetic perspective. It defines the forebrain axis relative to the notochord, and contemplates intersecting longitudinal (zonal, columnar) and transversal (neuromeric) patterning mechanisms. A checkboard pattern of histogenetic units of the neural wall re- sults, where each unit is differentially fated by an unique profile of active genes. These natural neural units later expand their radial dimension during neurogenesis, histogenesis, and correlative differential morphogenesis. This fundamental topologic framework is shared by all vertebrates, as a Bauplan, each lineage varying in some subtle aspects. So far the prosomeric model has been applied only to neu- ral structures, but we attempt here a prosomeric analysis of the hypothesis that major vessels invade the brain wall in patterns that are congruent with its intrinsic natural developmental units, as postu- lated in the prosomeric model. Anatomic and embryologic studies of brain blood vessels have classically recorded a conserved pattern of branches (thus the conventional terminology), and clinical experience has discovered a standard topography of many brain arterial terminal fields. Such results were described under assumptions of the columnar model of the forebrain, prevalent during the last century, but this is found insufficient in depth and explanatory power in the modern molecular scenario.
    [Show full text]