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Science-Policy Briefs on the Impact of Rapid Technological Change on the Sustainable Development Goals

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Science-Policy Briefs on the Impact of Rapid Technological Change on the Sustainable Development Goals Science-Policy Briefs on the impact of rapid technological change on the Sustainable Development Goals Contributions to the Technology Facilitation Mechanism by individual experts 1 Interagency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals Science-Policy Briefs on the impact of rapid technological change on the Sustainable Development Goals Contributions to the Technology Facilitation Mechanism by individual experts DRAFT New York, May 2019 1 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations or its senior management. The terms ‘country’ and ‘economy’ as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Division. Reference to companies and their activities should not be construed as an endorsement by the United Nations of those companies or their activities. The boundaries and names shown and designations used on the maps presented in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Status: 10 May 209. This document is a DRAFT living document that will be updated periodically over the coming year. Please provide your policy briefs and other relevant inputs to R.A. Roehrl at <[email protected]>. Suggested citation: IATT (2019) (eds.). Science-Policy Briefs on the impact of rapid technological change on the SDGs. Contributions to the Technology Facilitation Mechanism by individual experts. New York: Interagency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals. May 2019. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/tfm/ 2 Contents I. Artificial intelligence ........................................................................................................................................ 4 AI Geospatial Mapping Systems ................................................................................................................................... 5 Artificial Intelligence for Aid-NGOs ............................................................................................................................. 14 Towards Intergovernmental Collaboration on Responsible Artificial Intelligence ..................................................... 24 Artificial Intelligence and Development ..................................................................................................................... 36 Artificial Intelligence as a global game changer: three key challenges ...................................................................... 41 Is This Time Different? Impact of AI in Low, Middle and High-Income Countries Considering Structural Economic Dynamics, Trade and Economic Diversification .......................................................................................................... 47 AI and Neurotechnology: Risks and Recommendations ............................................................................................. 51 Artificial Intelligence for Development: AI4D ............................................................................................................. 55 Automation and artificial intelligence – what could it mean for sustainable development? .................................... 59 II. New production revolution, inequality, and ethical aspects ............................................................................. 62 On Some Ethical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence and Automation ........................................................................... 63 The Next Production Revolution and Potential Impacts on Developing Economies .................................................. 69 Technology, inclusive growth and the future of work ................................................................................................ 72 Productive employment, current context, and future of work .................................................................................. 76 Future of work ............................................................................................................................................................ 79 Exponential Technology Growth and Reduction in Global Income Inequalities ........................................................ 84 Confronting the Implications of Globalization and the New Technological Revolution: The Need for a Transformative Change in Development Strategy in Latin America .......................................................................... 93 III. Biotechnology .......................................................................................................................................... 100 Do-it-yourself biology: an open innovation movement or a threat? ....................................................................... 101 Open Access to Digital Sequence Information Benefits the Three Objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity .................................................................................................................................................................... 105 The promise of synthetic biology for sustainable development .............................................................................. 122 CRISPR/Cas9 - gene-editing technology takes off .................................................................................................... 125 Marine microbial ecology and bioreactors ............................................................................................................... 130 Biocatalysis in Sustainable Development ................................................................................................................. 133 IV. Nanotechnology ....................................................................................................................................... 136 Nanotechnology, Nanowaste and Their Effects on Ecosystems: A Need for Efficient Monitoring, Disposal and Recycling ................................................................................................................................................................... 137 Nanotechnology in Water Treatment....................................................................................................................... 141 Nanotechnology in Agricultural Production ............................................................................................................. 153 3 V. Green nexus technology ............................................................................................................................... 164 Impacts of rapid technological change on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals – Focus Nexus Technologies (Green-tech Cluster) ........................................................................................................................... 165 Progress Toward Achieving Sustainable Development ............................................................................................ 171 Urban climate research: potential and challenges ................................................................................................... 173 Artificial Intelligence and Renewable Energy System in Africa: Advancing Technological Innovations and SDGs .. 178 Responsible Consumption & Production and long-term sustainability impacts of a demand-side focus .............. 182 Does the sun hold the key to improving the lives and well-being of a growing older population in rural Africa? .. 187 E-waste (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) – The Other Side of Rapid Technological Changes .............. 192 The Dynamics of E-waste .......................................................................................................................................... 197 A Horizon Scan on Aquaculture 2015: Traceability .................................................................................................. 200 VI. Big data .................................................................................................................................................... 208 Balancing Big Data and the Right to Health: Strategies for Maximising Ethical and Sustainable Impact ................ 209 Thoughts on Big Data and the SDGs ......................................................................................................................... 213 Individual Perception of Environmental Change as Supplement to Big Data .......................................................... 222 An Application of NASA MODIS Remote Sensing Images to A Comprehensive Estimation of Ecological Impacts of Urban Development ................................................................................................................................................. 226 Big Data for Financial
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