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Thesis Organization CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2011-12 The rebellion of enlisted personnel and democratization in Malawi Phiri, Hartone Lawrence. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10673 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE REBELLION OF ENLISTED PERSONNEL AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN MALAWI by Hartone Lawrence Phiri December 2011 Thesis Advisor: Maiah Jaskoski Second Reader: Anne Clunan Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2011 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Rebellion of Enlisted Personnel and 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Democratization in Malawi 6. AUTHOR(S) Hartone Lawrence Phiri 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ______N/A______. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis analyzes the factors that led to the insubordination of enlisted personnel of the Malawi Defense Force (MDF), which happened during the transition to democracy in December 1993. The regular enlisted members of the MDF engaged in an armed conflict with the armed wing of the ruling Malawi Congress Party (MCP)—Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP). The MYP was then completely disarmed and disbanded in an operation called “Operation Bwezani,” which was started by the enlisted personnel without proper orders from the officers’ corps or the general commanding the MDF. The author argues that competition of military resources, corruption among generals, officers’ promotion goals, poorly defined roles of the MYP, and little incentive among senior military leadership to confront the president to push for free and fair democratic elections were the main factors that led to the rebellion of the enlisted personnel. The moment in which military personnel turned on Malawi’s authoritarian government by disbanding the MYP, helps us to predict future cases in which the armed forces may withdraw their support from a nondemocratic regime, thereby triggering instability and potentially space for the installation of democracy. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Rebellion, Disarmament, Democratization, Civilian Control 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 91 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THE REBELLION OF ENLISTED PERSONNEL AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN MALAWI Hartone Lawrence Phiri Captain, Malawi Defense Force Marine Unit B.Sc., Electrical Engineering, University of Malawi, 2007 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (COMBATING TERRORISM: POLICY AND STRATEGY) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2011 Author: Hartone Lawrence Phiri Approved by: Maiah Jaskoski, PhD Thesis Advisor Anne L. Clunan, PhD Second Reader Daniel Moran, PhD Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the factors that led to the insubordination of enlisted personnel of the Malawi Defense Force (MDF), which happened during the transition to democracy in December 1993. The regular enlisted members of the MDF engaged in an armed conflict with the armed wing of the ruling Malawi Congress Party (MCP)—Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP). The MYP was then completely disarmed and disbanded in an operation called “Operation Bwezani,” which was started by the enlisted personnel without proper orders from the officers’ corps or the general commanding the MDF. The author argues that competition of military resources, corruption among generals, officers’ promotion goals, poorly defined roles of the MYP, and little incentive among senior military leadership to confront the president to push for free and fair democratic elections were the main factors that led to the rebellion of the enlisted personnel. The moment in which military personnel turned on Malawi’s authoritarian government by disbanding the MYP, helps us to predict future cases in which the armed forces may withdraw their support from a nondemocratic regime, thereby triggering instability and potentially space for the installation of democracy. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................1 B. IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................2 C. PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESES ...............................................................2 1. Problem .................................................................................................2 2. Hypothesis .............................................................................................2 D. METHODS AND SOURCES .........................................................................3 E. CASE DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................3 F. THESIS OVERVIEW .....................................................................................6 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................9 III. SECURITY FORCES IN MALAWI .......................................................................21 A. THE PERIOD 1964–1993..............................................................................21 1. Brief History of Malawi .....................................................................23 2. Inheritance of Malawi Defense Force from the British Colonial Rule......................................................................................................30 a. Military Involvement in Mozambican Civil War ...................33 b. Other Explanations Why Banda Gave the Military Limited Capabilities ................................................................35 3. Establishment and Roles of the Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP) and Dr. Banda’s Tyrannical Rule ....................................................35 B. FINDINGS: CAUSES OF THE REBELLION ...........................................42 C. ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION FOR THE REBELLION ..................51 IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................53 A. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................53 B. INTERNAL SECURITY AND DEMOCRACY IN MALAWI .................58 C. COUNTERTERRORISM EFFORTS IN MALAWI .................................64 D. RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................................67 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................................69 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST .........................................................................................75 vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Political Culture and Military Intervention ......................................................11 ix THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK x LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFORD Alliance for Democracy DC Defense Council DPP Democratic Peoples’ Party DSCNA Defense Security Committee of the National Assembly FIU Financial Intelligence Unit FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front MCP Malawi Congress Party MDF Malawi Defense Force MOD Ministry of Defense MYP Malawi Young Pioneers NCTC National Counterterrorism Center NAC National African Congress NEC National Electoral Commission NIB National Intelligence Bureau NIS National Intelligence Services SADC Southern African Development Community RENAMO Mozambican National Resistance Movement UDF United Democratic Front UN United Nations xi THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Disclaimer The
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