DOCSLIB.ORG

Embargoed: 16 April 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Embargoed: 16 April 2013 Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific A Threat Assessment (Sydney) EST Counterfeit goods Methamphetamine E-waste 14h00 - Ozone-Depleting Illegal wood Bangkok)Trafficking in Substances products Heroin2013 persons ICT April 16 Fraudulent Migrant medicines (11h00 Illegal wildlife smuggling Embargoed: April 2013 (Sydney) EST 14h00 - Bangkok) 2013 ICT April 16 (11h00 Embargoed: Copyright © 2013, United Nations Office on Drugs Writers, consultants and contracted agencies: and Crime (UNODC). Note: Because of significant re-writes and inputs from other sources, the final chapters do not Cover photos: © www.sxc.hu (medicines), necessarily reflect the work of the original drafters. WWF-Malaysia/S.Hogg (pangolin) and CBSA UNODC thanks all writers, consultants and (migrant smuggling). contracted agencies for their contribution. Chapter 1 (Migrant Smuggling and Human APPRECIATION Trafficking): Rebecca Powell with additional inputs from Rebecca Miller on migrant smuggling. UNODC gratefully acknowledges the financial con- Chapter 2 (Human Trafficking): Rebecca Powell. tribution of the Governments of Australia and New Chapter 3 (Migrant Smuggling): Rebecca Miller. Zealand towards the cost of preparing this TOCTA. Chapter 4 (Migrant Smuggling): Rebecca Miller. UNODC also acknowledges the kind contribution Chapter 5 (Heroin): Jianhong Liu (Prof.), Huang of the United Nations Environment Programme to Kaicheng (Prof.), Jieying Lin with additional the development of the chapters 9 and 10 of this contributions from Thomas Pietschmann publication. (UNODC). Chapter 6 (ATS): Shawn Kelley (UNODC). The preparation of this report would not have been Chapter 7 (Wildlife): TRAFFIC Southeast Asia and possible without the data and information reported Edward van Asch. Peer reviewers: John M. Sellar by governments to UNODC and other international (former CITES Secretariat), Ann Panoho (Wildlife organizations. UNODC is particularly thankful to Enforcement Group, NZ). government and law enforcement officials met in the Chapter 8 (Wood-based products): James Hewitt. region while undertaking research. Peer reviewers: William B. Magrath (World Bank), Jeremy Broadhead (FAO), UNEP (Sydney)Regional Office ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok). Chapter 9 (e-waste): Environmental Investigation This study was conducted under the responsibility Agency (EIA). Peer reviewers:EST UNEP DITE IETC of the UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia Japan; UNEP Geneva; UNEP Regional Office and the Pacific (ROSEAP), Division for Operations for Asia and the Pacific – Compliance Assistance (DO), with research support of the UNODC Studies Programme (Bangkok). and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), Division for Chapter 10 (ODS): EIA. Peer reviewers: UNEP Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA). DITE 14h00IETC Japan; UNEP Geneva; UNEP Regional Office- for Asia and the Pacific – Compliance EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION TEAM Assistance Programme (Bangkok). Chapter 11 (Counterfeit Goods): Daniel Schwartz. The TOCTA EAP was produced under the ChapterBangkok) 12 (Fraudulent Medicines): Daniel supervision of Aldo Lale-Demoz, Director, DO, 2013Schwartz. and Gary Lewis, the former UNODC Regional Representative, ROSEAP. ICTEXPLANATORY NOTES April Core team: The boundaries and names shown and the In Bangkok: Mark Harris (Lead Researcher), Akara designations used on maps do not imply official Umapornsakula (Maps and Images),16 Inshik Sim, endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Janeille Thompson, Tun Nay Soe, Shawn(11h00 Kelley, The designations employed and the presentation of Giovanni Broussard, Sebastian Baumeister, Jonathan the material in this publication do not imply the Hampshire, Stefan Wetzel, Patrick Anderson, expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Francesco Salonia, Louise Truslove, Angelica Boyle, the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the Craig McFarlane. legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of In Vienna: Jenna Dawson, Thomas Pietschmann, its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its Louise Bosetti, Suzanne Kunnen, Kristina Kuttnig, frontiers or boundaries. Embargoed:Anja Korenblik. In New York: Ted Leggett. Countries and areas are referred to by the names that were in official use at the time the relevant data were collected. Since there is some scientific and legal ambiguity about the distinctions between “drug use”, “drug misuse” and “drug abuse”, the neutral terms “drug use” and “drug consumption” are used in this report. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. All references to “tons” are to metric tons (also represented at “mt”), unless otherwise stated. DISCLAIMERS This report has not been formally edited. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-prof- it purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiv- (Sydney) ing a copy of any publication that uses this publica- tion as a source. EST The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, Member States, or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. 14h00 The designations employed and the presentation of - the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the Bangkok) legal status of any country, territory, city or area2013 or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ICT April 16 (11h00 Embargoed: Table of Contents Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................................i Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................iii Introduction: Fighting transnational organized crime........................................................................1 The flows 1. Smuggling of migrants and labour trafficking within the Greater Mekong Sub-Region..................................5 2. Trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation within the Greater Mekong Sub-Region...................15 3. Migrant smuggling from East and Southeast Asia to the United States and the European Union.................25 4. Migrant smuggling from South and West Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia and Canada..................37 5. Trafficking of opiates from Myanmar and Afghanistan into East Asia and the Pacific...................................49 6. Trafficking of methamphetamines from Myanmar and China to the region.................................................59 7. The illegal wildlife trade in East Asia and the Pacific....................................................................................75 8. Illicit trade in wood-based products from the region to the world................................................................87 9. Illicit trade in electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) from the world to the region..................................101(Sydney) 10. Illicit trade in ozone-depleting substances (ODS) from East Asia to the world..........................................113 11. Counterfeit consumer goods from East Asia to the United States and the European Union.......................121 12. Fraudulent essential medicines from East Asia to Southeast Asia and Africa...............................................129EST Key issues and implications for response...........................................................................................139 Bibliography...............................................................................................................................14h00 ...............155 - Bangkok) 2013 ICT April 16 (11h00 Embargoed: (Sydney) EST 14h00 - Bangkok) 2013 ICT April 16 (11h00 Embargoed: Abbreviations AA Acetic anhydride (precursor for manufacture of heroin) ACC Australian Crime Commission ACTA Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement ADB Asian Development Bank ADEC Asia-Pacific Operational Drug Enforcement Conference AFP Australian Federal Police AML/CFT Anti Money-Laundering / Counter Financing of Terrorism APG Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering ARCM Asian Research Center on Migration ARQ Annual Reports Questionnaire ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ATS Amphetamine-type Stimulants BMI Business Monitor International bn Billions CBSA Canada Border Services Agency CCDAC Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control of Myanmar CFCs Chloroflourocarbons CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COMMIT Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking CRTs Cathode Ray Tubes DAINAP Drug Abuse Information Network for Asia and the Pacific DIAC Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Sydney) EC European Commission ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes EST ETIS Elephant Trade Information System EU European Union e-waste Electrical and electronic waste FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics FATF Financial Action Task Force 14h00 GASIM Joint Analysis and Strategy Centre- for Illegal Migration GMS Greater Mekong Subregion HCFCs Hydrochloroflourocarbons Bangkok) HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HSTC Human Smuggling and2013 Trafficking Center IDEC International Drug EnforcementICT Committee (US supported)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar UNAIDS
    Annual Progress Report, 1 Apr 2006 - 31 Mar 2007 Table of Contents Foreword 3 About this report 5 Highlights in Achievements 7 Progress and Achievements 9 ....... Access to services to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV improved 9 ....... Access to services to prevent transmission of HIV in injecting drug use ....... improved 18 ....... Knowledge and attitudes improved 27 ....... Access to services for HIV care and support improved 30 Fund Management 41 ....... Programmatic and Financial Monitoring 41 ....... Financial Status and Utilisation of Funds 43 Operating Environment 44 Annexe 1: Implementing Partners expenditure and budgets 45 Annexe 2: Summary of Technical Progress Apr 2004–Mar 2007 49 Annexe 3: Achievements by Implementing Partners Round II, II(b) 50 Annexe 4: Guiding principles for the provision of humanitarian assistance 57 Acronyms and abbreviations 58 1 Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar UNAIDS 2 Annual Progress Report, 1 Apr 2006 - 31 Mar 2007 Foreword This report will be the last for the Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar (FHAM), covering its fourth and final year of operation (the fiscal year from April 2006 through March 2007). Created as a pooled funding mechanism in 2003 to support the United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS in Myanmar, the FHAM has demonstrated that international resources can be used to finance HIV services for people in need in an accountable and transparent manner. As this report details, progress has been made in nearly every area of HIV prevention – especially among the most at-risk groups related to sex work and drug use – and in terms of care and support, including anti-retroviral treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State
    A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State ASIA PAPER May 2018 EUROPEAN UNION A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State © Institute for Security and Development Policy V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.isdp.eu “A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State” is an Asia Paper published by the published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. The Asia Paper Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Institute’s Asia Program, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. The Institute serves a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. This publication has been produced with funding by the European Union. The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the paper lies entirely with the authors. No third-party textual or artistic material is included in the publication without the copyright holder’s prior consent to further dissemination by other third parties. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. © European Union and ISDP, 2018 Printed in Lithuania ISBN: 978-91-88551-11-5 Cover photo: Patrick Brown patrickbrownphoto.com Distributed in Europe by: Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transport Trend of Thailand and Malaysia
    Executive Summary Report The Potential Assessment and Readiness of Transport Infrastructure and Services in Thailand for ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Content Page 1. Introduction 1.1 Rationales 1 1.2 Objectives of Study 1 1.3 Scopes of Study 2 1.4 Methodology of Study 4 2. Current Status of Thailand Transport System in Line with Transport Agreement of ASEAN Community 2.1 Master Plan and Agreement on Transport System in ASEAN 5 2.2 Major Transport Systems for ASEAN Economic Community 7 2.2.1 ASEAN Highway Network 7 2.2.2 Major Railway Network for ASEAN Economic Community 9 2.2.3 Main Land Border Passes for ASEAN Economic Community 10 2.2.4 Main Ports for ASEAN Economic Community 11 2.2.5 Main Airports for ASEAN Economic Community 12 2.3 Efficiency of Current Transport System for ASEAN Economic Community 12 3. Performance of Thailand Economy and Transport Trend after the Beginning of ASEAN Economic Community 3.1 Factors Affecting Cross-Border Trade and Transit 14 3.2 Economic Development for Production Base Thriving in Thailand 15 3.2.1 The analysis of International Economic and Trade of Thailand and ASEAN 15 3.2.2 Major Production Bases and Commodity Flow of Prospect Products 16 3.2.3 Selection of Potential Industries to be the Common Production Bases of Thailand 17 and ASEAN 3.2.4 Current Situation of Targeted Industries 18 3.2.5 Linkage of Targeted Industries at Border Areas, Important Production Bases, 19 and Inner Domestic Areas TransConsult Co., Ltd. King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi 2T Consulting and Management Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Shangrila Discovery Is Your Opportunity for a Breathtaking, Picturesque Day 3 Guilin – Kunming (AB, L, D) Adventure Through China’S Yunnan Province
    Stone Forest EXOTIC TRIP Itinerary AB: American Breakfast, L: Lunch, D: Dinner, SD: Specialty Dinner Day 1 Guilin g You arrive in Guilin. Once we escort you to your hotel, the rest of the day Shan rila Discovery is free for you to explore. Tour Code: TQ Day 2 Guilin (AB, D) 12 days, 11 nights | Guilin, Kunming, Dali, Lijiang, Shangrila, Chengdu Cruise down the Li River and arrive at Yangshuo free market for local crafts and artworks. The Shangrila Discovery is your opportunity for a breathtaking, picturesque Day 3 Guilin – Kunming (AB, L, D) adventure through China’s Yunnan Province. Depart on a sparkling Li River In the morning, explore Elephant Trunk Hill. Later, marvel at the Cruise and venture to the Kunming Stone Forest with immense, colorful stalagmites in the Reed Flute Cave before catching a flight to Kunming, “The Spring City.” limestone structures. View China from atop the sacred Jade Dragon Mountain Day 4 Kunming (AB, L, D) near Lijiang and experience the mighty Yangtze River passing through the Visit the Stone Forest, created by ancient winds and water erosion. fantastic Tiger Leaping Gorge. Afterwards, visit the bustling economy of The Stone Forest is filled with limestone cliffs and peaks. On the way Three Pagodas Shanghai, home of the 2010 World Expo. You will be inspired by “The Land of back, visit Dragon’s Gate and Huating Temple. Sacredness and Peace” throughout your Shangrila Discovery. Day 5 Kunming – Dali (AB, L, D) Catch a flight to Dali, home of the Bai minority, where you will visit the Three Pagodas and the Dali Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Thai-Burmese Warfare During the Sixteenth Century and the Growth of the First Toungoo Empire1
    Thai-Burmese warfare during the sixteenth century 69 THAI-BURMESE WARFARE DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AND THE GROWTH OF THE FIRST TOUNGOO EMPIRE1 Pamaree Surakiat Abstract A new historical interpretation of the pre-modern relations between Thailand and Burma is proposed here by analyzing these relations within the wider historical context of the formation of mainland Southeast Asian states. The focus is on how Thai- Burmese warfare during the sixteenth century was connected to the growth and development of the first Toungoo empire. An attempt is made to answer the questions: how and why sixteenth century Thai-Burmese warfare is distinguished from previous warfare, and which fundamental factors and conditions made possible the invasion of Ayutthaya by the first Toungoo empire. Introduction As neighbouring countries, Thailand and Burma not only share a long border but also have a profoundly interrelated history. During the first Toungoo empire in the mid-sixteenth century and during the early Konbaung empire from the mid-eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, the two major kingdoms of mainland Southeast Asia waged wars against each other numerous times. This warfare was very important to the growth and development of both kingdoms and to other mainland Southeast Asian polities as well. 1 This article is a revision of the presentations in the 18th IAHA Conference, Academia Sinica (December 2004, Taipei) and The Golden Jubilee International Conference (January 2005, Yangon). A great debt of gratitude is owed to Dr. Sunait Chutintaranond, Professor John Okell, Sarah Rooney, Dr. Michael W. Charney, Saya U Myint Thein, Dr. Dhiravat na Pombejra and Professor Michael Smithies.
    [Show full text]
  • Mong La: Business As Usual in the China-Myanmar Borderlands
    Mong La: Business as Usual in the China-Myanmar Borderlands Alessandro Rippa, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Martin Saxer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich The aim of this project is to lay the conceptual groundwork for a new understanding of the positionality of remote areas around the globe. It rests on the hypothesis that remoteness and connectivity are not independent features but co-constitute each other in particular ways. In the context of this project, Rippa and Saxer conducted exploratory fieldwork together in 2015 along the China-Myanmar border. This collaborative photo essay is one result of their research. They aim to convey an image of Mong La that goes beyond its usual depiction as a place of vice and unruliness, presenting it, instead, as the outcome of a particular China-inspired vision of development. Infamous Mong La It is 6:00 P.M. at the main market of Mong La, the largest town in the small autonomous strip of land on the Chinese border formally known in Myanmar as Special Region 4. A gambler from China’s northern Heilongjiang Province just woke up from a nap. “I’ve been gambling all morning,” he says, “but after a few hours it is better to stop. To rest your brain.” He will go back to the casino after dinner, as he did for the entire month he spent in Mong La. Like him, hundreds of gamblers crowd the market, where open-air restaurants offer food from all over China. A small section of the market is dedicated to Mong La’s most infamous commodity— wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Monitor No.7
    Euro-Burma Office 14 – 27 February 2015 Political Monitor 2015 POLITICAL MONITOR NO.7 OFFICIAL MEDIA GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCES MARTIAL LAW IN LAUKKAI, MONGLA REGION Fighting between Tatmadaw personnel and MNDAA (Kokang) forces continued in Laukkai and Kokang on 18 February. About 200 Kokang groups attacked a battalion near Parsinkyaw village with small and heavy weapons on 17 February evening and withdrew when the battalion responded. Similarly, from 17 February evening to 18 February morning, MNDAA troops attacked Tatmadaw camps with small and heavy weapons and withdrew when counter-attacks were launched. In addition, Tatmadaw personnel who were heading to troops in Laukkai on major communication route to Laukkai such as Hsenwi-Namslag-Kunglong road, Kutkai-Tamoenye-Monesi-Tapah road and Kutkai-Muse-Kyukok-Monekoe-Tangyan were also ambushed or attacked by Kokang groups, KIA, TNLA and SSA (Wanghai). From 15 to 18 February, SSA (Wanhai) forces attacked the Tatmadaw columns between Kyaukme and Hsipaw, Lashio and Hsenwi while KIA and TNLA ambushed the Tatmadaw 3 times between Hsenwi and Kyukok, 2 times between Kutakai and Monsi and once between Monesi and Tapah. Kokang troops also ambushed the Tatmadaw column 4 times between Parsinkyaw and Chinshwehaw. Due to the clashes, the government announced a state of emergency and martial law in the Kokang Self-Administered Zone on 17 February. In a separate statement, the Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services appointed the Regional Control Commander (Laukkai) Col Saw Myint Oo to exercise the executive powers and duties and judicial powers and duties concerning community peace and tranquillity and prevalence of law and order in Kokang Self-Administrative Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • ASEAN-India Connectivity: Towards an Action Plan
    ASEAN-India Connectivity: Towards an Action Plan Prabir De RIS, New Delhi International Conference to Commemorate the 20th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Cooperation Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 20-21 September 2012 ASEAN is India’s Major Trade Partner • ASEAN is India’s one of the largest trading partners, bilateral trade in goods crossed US$ 75 billion in 2011. • India’s trade with ASEAN is likely to cross US$ 100 billion in 2013 (India-ASEAN Business Forum, New Delhi Meeting, 2011) • India-ASEAN FTA, took in effect from 1 January 2010, negotiation on CEPA ongoing. • Major challenge – infrastructure gap (both national and regional) ~ connectivity gap! Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity • At present, Asian market is fragmented and is often an obstacle to free flow of goods and services, and the administrative or technical barriers in the market result in expensive mobility within Asia. • Asia’s aim of single market depends on the existence of a seamless, flexible, and efficient logistics and transportation system. • In 2010, the East Asia Summit (EAS) leaders adopted a comprehensive strategy for smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. • At the 17th ASEAN Summit in 2010, ASEAN leaders adopted the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity, which identifies key strategies and actions to enhance the region’s connectivity in three dimensions: physical, institutional, and people to people. Comprehensive Asia Development Plan (CADP) • The Comprehensive Asia Development Plan (CADP), designed by ERIA for East Asia Summit (EAS) members, provides a grand spatial design for infrastructure development in East Asia, armed with a consistent conceptual framework based on new waves of international trade theory such as the fragmentation theory and new economic geography.
    [Show full text]
  • Beijing Essence Tour 【Tour Code:OBD4(Wed./Fri./Sun.) 、OBD5(Tues./Thur./Sun.)】
    Beijing Essence Tour 【Tour Code:OBD4(Wed./Fri./Sun.) 、OBD5(Tues./Thur./Sun.)】 【OBD】Beijing Essence Tour Price List US $ per person Itinerary 1: Beijing 3N4D Tour Itinerary 2: Beijing 4N5D Tour Tour Fare Itinerary 1 3N4D Itinerary 2 4N5D O Level A Level B Level A Level B B OBD4A OBD4B OBD5A OBD5B D Valid Date WED/FRI WED/FRI/SUN TUE/THU TUE/THU/SUN 2011.3.1-2011.8.31 208 178 238 198 Beijing 2011.9.1-2011. 11.30 218 188 258 208 2011.12.1-2012. 2.29 188 168 218 188 Single Room Supp. 160 130 200 150 Tips 32 32 40 40 1) Price excludes tips. The tips are for tour guide, driver and bell boys in hotel. Children should pay as much as adults. 2) Specified items(self-financed): Remarks Beijing/Kung Fu Show (US $28/P); [Half price (no seat) for child below 1.0m; full price for child over 1.0m. Only one child without seat is allowed for two adults.] 3) Total Fare: tour fare + specified self-financed fee(US $28/P) The price is based on adults; the price for children can be found on Page 87 Detailed Start Dates (The Local Date in China) Date Every Tues. Every Wed. Every Thur. Every Fri. Every Sun. Month OBD5A/5B OBD4A/4B OBD5A/5B OBD4A/4B OBD4B/OBD5B 2011. 3. 01, 08, 15, 22, 29 02, 09, 16, 23, 30 03, 10, 17, 24, 31 04, 11, 18, 25 06, 13, 20, 27 2011. 4. 05, 12, 19, 26 06, 13, 20, 27 07, 14, 21, 28 01, 08, 15, 22, 29 03, 10, 17, 24 Tour Highlights Tour Code：OBD4A/B Wall】 of China.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address Them
    Final Report Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address them FOREST MONREC M i n n is o t ti ry va of ser Natu l Con ral Re enta sourc ironm es nv & E 2 Final Report Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address them Authors Aung Aung Myint, National Consultant on analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State, ICIMOD-GIZ REDD+ project [email protected]: +95 9420705116. December 2018 i Copyright © 2018 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial, No Derivatives 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) GP Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal Production team Bill Wolfe (Consultant editor) Rachana Chettri (Editor) Dharma R Maharjan (Graphic designer) Asha Kaji Thaku (Editorial assistance) Cover photo: On the way from MongPyin to KyaingTong, eastern Shan State. Most of the photos used in the report were taken by the consultant on the eld survey of the Illicit Crop Monitoring in Myanmar-Opium Survey (ICMP) project (TD/MYA/G43 & TD/MYA/G44) under UNODC in 2014 and 2015. Reproduction This publication may be produced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-prot purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. ICIMOD would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address Those
    Analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State and strategic options to address those Author: Aung Aung Myint, National Consultant on analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State, ICIMOD-GIZ REDD+ project. [email protected]: +95 9420705116. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Acknowledgement 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms 3 List of Figures 5 List of Tables 8 1. Introduction 9 1.1. Description of the assignment 12 1.2. Study area: brief description 12 1.3. Scope of the study 14 1.4. Objectives of the assignment 15 1.5. Expected outputs 15 2 Methodology 16 2.1. Data collection and analysis 16 2.1.1. Secondary data collection 16 2.1.2. Primary data collection 16 2.1.3. Spatial data analysis 17 2.1.4. Socio-economic data collection and analysis 19 2.2. Forest resources and their contributions in Myanmar and Shan State 27 2.3. Forest resources assessment 27 2.3.1. Major Forest Types 27 2.3.2. Forest cover change 29 2.3.3. National LULC categories and definitions 30 2.3.4. The NDVI composite maps for 2005 and 2015 43 2.3.5. Estimated magnitude of carbon emission due to deforestation and forest degradation (2005 to 2015) 47 2.3.6. Global Forest Watch were used to compare with international data 50 A. Identification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation 52 (i) Direct Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 53 (ii) Indirect Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 54 B. Determining co-relations between (i) Direst Drivers and (ii) Indirect Drivers of Deforestation and Forest
    [Show full text]
  • Burma's Northern Shan State and Prospects for Peace
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE PEACEBRIEF234 United States Institute of Peace • www.usip.org • Tel. 202.457.1700 • @usip September 2017 DAVID SCOTT MATHIESON Burma’s Northern Shan State Email: [email protected] and Prospects for Peace Summary • Increased armed conflict between the Burmese Army and several ethnic armed organizations in northern Shan State threaten the nationwide peace process. • Thousands of civilians have been displaced, human rights violations have been perpetrated by all parties, and humanitarian assistance is being increasingly blocked by Burmese security forces. • Illicit economic activity—including extensive opium and heroin production as well as transport of amphetamine stimulants to China and to other parts of Burma—has helped fuel the conflict. • The role of China as interlocutor between the government, the military, and armed actors in the north has increased markedly in recent months. • Reconciliation will require diverse advocacy approaches on the part of international actors toward the civilian government, the Tatmadaw, ethnic armed groups, and civil society. To facili- tate a genuinely inclusive peace process, all parties need to be encouraged to expand dialogue and approach talks without precondition. Even as Burma has “transitioned from decades Introduction of civil war and military rule Even as Burma has transitioned—beginning in late 2010—from decades of civil war and military to greater democracy, long- rule to greater democracy, long-standing and widespread armed conflict has resumed between several ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) and the Burmese armed forces (Tatmadaw). Early in standing and widespread 2011, a 1994 ceasefire agreement broke down as relations deterioriated in the wake of the National armed conflict has resumed.” League for Democracy government’s refusal to permit Kachin political parties to participate in the elections that ended the era of military rule in the country.
    [Show full text]