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Kashmir Under Jahangir (1605.1627 Ad)

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Kashmir Under Jahangir (1605.1627 Ad) KASHMIR UNDER JAHANGIR (1605.1627 AD) Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY By ABDUL MAJID MATTOO Under che Supervision of Dr. M. Zameeruddin Siddiqi Centre of Advanced Study Department of History Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. 1973 DS3102 ^( Ace. -• » ^ _, 2BM2m KASHMIR UNDER JAHANGIR (1605 - 162^) S.No, Chapter No, Introduction 1, I Backgroimd (a) Pre-Mughal Society, Economy and Administration. (b) Annexation, Reforms, Administrative Set up under Akbar. II Political situation In 1506, Administration - Mughal Governors (1606-27), Mughal Institutions. Klshtwar Expedition, Punch, and Tlhat Expeditions. III Economic Conditions (1) Agrarian Conditions, Revenue Administration, (11) Agriculture and Horticulture (wl^h special reference to Mughal Gardens) Industries, Trade & Commerce,(Trade Routes) Tourist Influx. State Revenues, Assignment of Jagirs, Khallsa, Endowments. IV Special Conditions Divisions of Society, Conditions of Classes aind Masses, Customs, Ceremonies, Food, Drinks, Dress, Pastimes and Housing, Religious Movements, (Shla Sunnl Conflicts) Activities of various sets, Mystic Orders with Special Reference to Reshl Ism (Their Ideology, Practices and Contribution. V Art and Culture Art, Architecture, Paintings, Language and Literature, Music. VI Conclusion. -2- ABBREVIATION 1. A.N. Akbar Nama 2. Ain Ain-i-Akbari 3. Abul Hassan Jahanglr Nama h. B.N. Badshah Nama Abdul Hamid 5. Badauni Muntakhibatutwarikh 6. Baharlstan Baharistani Shahi Anonymous 7. Bamzia A History of Kashmir By F.N.K. Bamzia 8. Waqiat Waqiat Kashmir Mohd Azam 1153 AH 9. Farmu A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir I969 10. T.R. Tarikh-i Rashidi by Mirza Haldar 11. Eliot Tatima Waqaat Jahangiri 12. Foaster Early travels in India (1608-1613) 13. Furguson Kashmir, An Historical Intro­ duction 1961 1^. Slawdin History of Jehangir 15. HM BMMS Tarikh-i Kashmir By Raisul Malik Haider, British Museum Manuscript 16. Hassan MS Tarikh-i Hassan Manuscript 17. IHC Indian History Congress 18. Jahanglr Nama BMMS 19. JiHS Journal of Pakistan Historical Society 20. Maasir Kamgar Hussain -3- 21. K.K. Mutakhibulubab Kafl Khan 22, Aziz M;-S Tarikh Kashmir by Narain Koul Aziz 1710 A.D. 23. Tuzu Tuzk-i Jehangiri 2l+. Kumbu Shahi Jehan Nama Mohd. Salih Kinboo 25. Lanepole Rulers of India 26. Moorcraft Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Ladakh and Kashmir (1819-28) 27. Tabqat Tabqat-i Akbari by Nizamuddin 28. Felsaert Travels, Jehangirs India PRSt4£S Th« Vall«y of Kashmir has a history of h»r ovn, a glorious past, a Peculiar social s#t-up of h«»r ovm but It had b0«n of llttl* Importance to th«» outor world, for a Pr«»tty longtlra*, not b«caus*» of political backgrounds but b-icaus* of s5«ograPhlcal position, Mlr«a Haldar DugtaJ ^rf^^^ was lrapr«ss«d by the Kingdom, stat*»s that It Is astonishing that so llttl*» is Icnowi about this beautiful Kingdom In th*» out* world. Th#i internal disorder exposed the Kingdom to the outer world and the Mighty Mughals annexed It In 1586 A.D. The period under review exposed the Valley to the outer world and we notice the Influx of all types of men. The Scholars, the Christian missionaries, the ^^irop^an tr?iv«l- l«rs carae with the '^peror and thus the age long Isolation of the Valley was broken. Some of them put on coloured glasses and represented the Kashmiri as a cheat, timid, some termed the Valley as ths land of scholars, and Intelligent People. Some found It the land of ugly men and women and some craved to See a single women. Some of the modern scholar were in­ fluenced by on« set of writers and some by the oth-r. In tMs attempt stress has been laid on contemporary sources and the accounts of tr«^vell«rs, th« views of modem scholars have also been kept In view. An analytic critical approach has b*«r adopt«d to acquaint th# r#adi»rs about factual knowl«df5# of th«» n»wly snnmxmi Kingdom. I h^iv** gr<»at pl«»asur«» In acknowledging th« h«ilp and guidance of Professor K.A,. HlBajnl without ^Ich I would not have b«»en successful In this hunble attempt. T acknowledge the guidance and Pa^eHxal affection of my teacher, Dr. M. %iiOBe*»ruddln Slddlql, x*io took extra ordinary Pains in making my attempt a success. I have to express my regards to Dr. M, \thar ai for his scholastic advisement. I would like to thank Prof»ss«or O.K. Bacha, Patron, Muslim Educational Trust, Kashmir, T*!0 induced ne In this field. Finally, T acknowledge the sincere help of my brother, M,T. Nlsar, My sincere thanks to the staff of Maulana Aaad Library, th» Departmental Library of History, Departmental I^ef^«arch Library, Srinagar and ?>,P.S. Library, Brln'igar, for their h«lp and assistance. (1^ Kashmir 1« an ancl<(»nt land with th# high Amgr»» of civilization achl*»v«d by Itt p«opl#, Iti natural b«aaty and th* sources mad«i lt§ n«»lghbour« oa«t covetous -yoi to occupy it. P«opl*i of this r«glon took prld* In th«lr ind«pii.rd*»ne«» and »«lf realization but the ij»aKn#ss instability ar strife In Kashmir led to Its annexation by the Mughals in 1586. Tha Kashmiris lost their independence but their cultur«l industrial, nrt1«tic and agricultural growth was not Inspeded but got a farther fillip by the great change effected by Its becoming a Pirt of the Mup,hal '^plre. The History of Kashmir during tha Mughal Period hnn so far b-^^n negl»ct«d and the part Plflyad by the Peopl* of this reiglon to the cultural traditions industrial and artistic development, social traditions and economic growth durinf? this period have not so far received due attention from the scholars. The period of Jehangir has a special significance In relation to Kashmir and must be studied In fuller details so th«^t the contribution of Kashmir as Part of the Mughal "^cire to the various fields of activity be mnde manifest, b«nce the need of research work of Kashmir under Jeh^gir. •Hie Mughal conquest of Kashmir 1586 ^,D. marked a new epoch in the history of the land, Tt brought (11) forth n«»w opportunlt1«« and fl^ld of activity. It h??9 Its oym advantages and disadvantage ^ich introduced signifi­ cant changes In the aduinlstrative machinery, ruling class, social set-up, econonlc condition and cultural Institutions, The Impact of th« Mughal rule sad the closer contacts of the People of the Vall«flr with the rest of the country deeply ef^'eetttd, the social life of Kashmir resulted In greater Participation of th« people of Kashmir In the corporate life of the ^plr«». It has b^en observed by Dr. Pamu that the Mughal conquest broke the Isolation of Kashmir, with the outer world. This view oay be pnrtlally correct because the lar,d of Kashmir on account of Its geographical situation «id natural resources and beauty was frequented by Peopl* of th# adjoining and far off lands. It had vide ccmtacts with Persia. '''aiaarqand, Bokh-^ra, Chln«L and <lentral Asia and regions b-yond so Its lsol««tlon cannot be pronounced. In fact the Mughal conquest opened up new channals and vistas of life in relation to th«» Indian plains, and established close affinity and tl«»s with India v^nlch brought about the development of trade relations, fr»sh ffiark«?ts for the produce and Bi«rchandlse of Kashmir and th« flow of Indian com to th« Valley. The Mughals had deap a«8th«»tle since and treifi#indously d«»v«lop#»d the sciences spofts, public works, forts, roads, buildings. .(111 (1111 gardens and fruit orohardi \<hlch add#d to th» prosperity and tb« rlcfra of th« Vall«y. Th« #xtrR-ordlnary lBPorti»K'5# attached to the c»tfiali and horticulture lead to the develonn^nt of agriculture qnd betterment of th» peasantry. Th» abolition of torturous and prohlbltlv# ceases and toll tax on Btar'^h'int* gave new Ifflpetous to agricultural activity. The adinlnlstr«»t1 v* Machinery of revenue realization was strain lln«d. \ urilf^nr system of assess!B#»nt on th« model of Todar Mai's reforms wns introduced >jhlch led to the unlforwlty of l^ind tenure qind boosting of agriculturiil produce in the Valley. Though the st'ite d»re?urid was nnhanced y#t thi» aboiltlon^8un<iry tax«s anr! illegal wxation nn6 th«» b*»nillty of the revenue o*'f1clal«' strictly conforming to the extent of th« state demand actually improved th« lot of th* peasants. The construction of ro«?f!s, r-st-houses, inns ?ind another works of oubllc utility, r%c1f1«'^ th« massos, raadftd mash grants to hanraatns ard mn[<f)r?»?a^s v«rf t ^ app«?t«?e th«» p«ioT)l«i at large, Th*» Kfjshrairls had lost their lndep«indenci», but they were not given the impression of subservlan^'© •>^ 8«rvltud», The Mughals were careful not to op^r^s*? the Kashmiri p«»opli», ?h« Governors and officials of tb« v^^hal Qov»mm«nt %*o l<»rs*cuted or suppressed the p«»opl« wor«» transferred or removed or punished. Jehanglrobserved st'^l H 1inp!?rtl??lity In th.^ dispensation of justice and ajPide e^^'nrts to .H V (Iv) Improv* th» lot of th« conmon ai«n u8«d to pass th^oug^ th» «tr»»t» of *?Tlmgar watching th« condlton of tti« t5«opl» and suggffSt'o^ m«^«ur«»f of linprov«»TO«nt so thnt th«i p«opl» of Knshalr should llv«» In ofWt»ntni«»nt.
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