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41 the School Janitor DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, .1922, No. 24 41 THESCHOOL JANITOR A' STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONSAND ADMINISTRA- TION OF SCHOOL JANITORSERVICE By JOHN ABSALOM GARBER ( WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY RE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OT DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY p IIC r: CONTENTS. Chapter LIntrmluction: 1. Reasons for making the study 1 2. Objects of the study 1 (a) Administration of janitor service (b) Functions of the Fwhool janitor .1 3. Plan and method of study 2 (a) Research of literature 2 (b) Questionnaire Text of questionnaire 2 Number of returns -and method of treatment 3 Chapter ILImportance of the school janitor's position: 1. Development- of the janitor service 3 2. Safeguards valuable property 4 3. Sets housekeeping standards 4 4. Moral influence of the janitor ti 5. Control over health conditions 5 G. Relation to Ore howls and safety r 6 Chapter III.Administration of janitor service: 14election and appointment 7 (al Methods used (h) Physical examination 7 (e) By whom recommended 7 (d) Standards of effieienry 8 2. Compensation of janitors_ (a) Salaries paid 9 (0) Compared with salaries of teachers 10 (c) Basis for tetermining compensation 10 (d) Number of rooms not an equitable hasp (e) A standard rate for each clash of work 12 (f) The Boston sfhedule 13 3. Janitors' quarters 13 (a) Living quarters 13 (5) Office room 14 Rating and promotion of janitors 15 (a) Methods of promoting 15 (b))Keeping tzervice records 16 (c) A practical plan_ 16 . Tenure 2 ;7 6. Method of employing and paying assistants 18 7. To whom janitors bre responsible, and theirsupervision 19 (a) To whom 'responsible 19 (b) Supervision 20 IV CONTENTS. Chapter In.Administration of janitor serviceContinued. Pap. 8. Instruction and training of janibors 20 (a) Littli+ opportunity for instruction 21 (b) Schools, classes, and conferences recommended____________ 21 (c) Some methods used 22 Pro ams of three conferences 22 Subje4:rctsof 17 lectures - '2.4 Outlines of short Courses +-- 24 (d) Regular programs needed 25 Chapter IV.Anctions of the school janitor: 1. Daily cleaning of floors (a) Vacuum cleaners 26 (5) Sweeping compounds 27 (c) Oiled brush 27 (d) Dry broom 28 (e) Tests of various methods of cleaning 28 2. Periodic cleaning and treatment of floors 30 (a) Scrubbing (loon; 30 (b) Oiling floors 30 3. Dusting 32 (a) Prevention of dust 32 (b) Fresh-air chambers 33 lc) Frequency its!, dusting 33 (d) Methods employed 33 (e) Why dt it is dangerous 34 4. Washing windows 1 34 (a) Frequency 34 (b) Testing different conditions..., 35 5. Cleaning toilets 36 Chapter V.Ruial school janitors: 1. The Ohio survey 37 2. The Illinois survey f 39 3. Janitor work by teachers 40 4. Centralized schools 40 Chapter Va.Summary of result4 and conclusions: 1. Relative (o the impthance of the position 42 2. Relative to 'adminstration __ 42 8. In relation to functions of the janitor 43 4. Standardization 44 Chapted VII.Bibliography 45 Appendix A. Sample examination questions 47 Appendix B. Regulations for the cleaning and care of school buildings and , grounds_7. 48 Appendix C. The Boston salary schedule 51 I THE SCHOOL JANITOR: A' STUDY OF THE FUNCEONS AND ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOL-JANITOR SERV- ICE.' Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. REASONS FOR MAKING THE STUDY. There are three reasons why the following study of the school janitor service has beep made: 1. The importance of the janitor's position in a modern schoolsystem. This is seen by a consideration, especially, of his relation to the up-keep and sanitatiq of buildings inits charge, the health and safety of their occupants, the educative value of the janitor's work, and his influenceupon pupils from a moral standpoint during the years most vital in the formation of character. These various relations are discussed in some detail in ChapterII. 2. The nonappreciation of the janitor's importance on the part of school officials and the public generally. 3. No comprehensive study of the subject has heretofore been made. From these considerations, the neesi for such a studyseems conclusive.If school boards, superintendents, principals, teachers, parents, and janitors them- selves can be led to understand and appreciate the importance of thejanitor as a responsible school officer, and can be shown wherein the service should beim- pr4Ted and the methods by which this:may be accomplished,it ij believed that a valuable service will have been rendered to the cause of public education. OBJECTS OF THE STUDY. Tn pursuing the study there have been two main objects of Investigation,as follows: 1. The adnjinistration of school janitor service. 2. The functions of the school 'janitor. The data and takussion In relation to administrationare embraced.in Chap- ter III, andinchsuch matters as the selection and appointment of janitors, their ejmpensation, living and office Ituarters, rating and promotion,tenure, method of employing and paying assistants, to whom janitorsare responsible and their supervision, anti the instruction and training of janitors. Matters relating.to the functions of the janitor are included in ChapterIV, under the generbi headings of daily cleaning of floors, periodic cleaningand treatment of floors, dusting, washing windows, andcleaning toilets. Numbers in parentheses in text refer to items of bibliography,p. 1 A A2 THE SCHOOL J'ANITOR. PLAN AND METHOD OF STUDY. Two lines of investigation have been Pursued, under the following plan and method: 1. First of all, thorough research was made through the literatnre be:iring on the subject, and any data which seems to be valuable and pertinent are either included or reference is made to them.In the bibliography. 'Chapter 111, will he fotin4 vshat is believed to Ie ti fairly coniraete 11;71 of references to .publicolous contatning information of any imp20.auee on jaltitors and Janitot, servicA, These references are nil numbered( and when u citationto any of them is tonde In the text, it is by the number corresponding to such pub- licationinthe bibliography.'' The sources embracedinthis partof the investigation may be grouped in the classes, us follows: (a) Books on school hygiene, which, as a rule, contain a chapter each on school housekeeping. (h) Books on school administratiqx some of which also contain timpters on the cleaning and care oft school buildings and grounds. (c) Educational sur,veys.More than 50 school surveys were examinedall, in fact, of any importance that have been made, so far as could be determined. Most ot. these make some reference to the janitor service.About '25 of them contain data of More or less value in showing the actual conditions in the janitor service as found by the various survey experts and speinlists. (4) School reports containing Information on the subject. (e) Special artiele; in periodicals and in proceedings of educational asso- ciations on various phases of the school Janitor question. 2. The second source of information was the replies received to a question- naire sent to the superintendents of schools In all cities 'having a populath, of 2,500 or more.Following is the text of the questionnaire: 1. Are janitors se! eted and Appointed by civil service or merit system? . (a) if so, d sample list of examintion questions or your Standard of require- meats. .(b) If not s leetyd. who passes upon quall5astions of applicants and recommends th to school board for opointment? (o) Is a physical examination required? / 2. Are janitors promoted on basis of merit or letigth of service? If upon merit. who maims recommendation for promotion? a. Do you have any school or classes for the Instruction and training of janitors, either before or after appointment? If so, what method is followed? 4. Do the Janitors employ their own assistants? 5. Who pays Janitors' assistants? 6. Are janitors employed for the entire year, qr for the school term only? 7. Wye salaries of janitors. (a) Highest. (bt Lowest. (s) Average. R. Stan' the basis, or bases, upon which the compensation of janitors is Axed. 9. Are janitors paid additional .amounts for estea service, e. g., when buildings lire used . by tilde bodies? 10. Are janitors, in addition to salary, provided with living quarters? 11. To whOm are janitors repponsilpe? 12. Whitt method of cleaning doors is employed? (a) Ordinary drYbroolvt (b) Brush or broom with use of sweeping compound? (r) Oiled brush? (cli Vacuum cleaner? I 13. How oftenore scrubbed? 14. (a). Are Soots _oiled?. lb) If so, bow often?(r) How Is all applied? 15. (low often is tinging ,daosi SCHOOL JANITOR'S POSITION, 3 16. What method of dusting Is used? ia) Feather duster? (hi Damp cloth ? .le Any other method? 17. How often are windows washed.? 15. [low often are toilets cleaned? To what extent does the Janitor have responsibility for disciplineof pupils upon school premises? 20. AreInuitorsunionized? Kindly send copy of school boardrules andregulations regardingJanitors, and special reports, if any, relative to janitor's work. Iu reply to this queStiouuaire 1309 returnswere received.All answers were first carefully tabulated under their proper heitdings, and summarieswere diet' wade of all replies to each question.The data thus summarized appear in Hie various sections to which they belong througkut thestudy, .together with whatever interpretation and diseussion theyse to require. A summary of results and conclusions growing out ofthe study will be found in Chapter VI. Chapter II. IMPORTANCE OF THE SCHOOL JANITOR'SPOSITION. Some well-known specialists in educationare of the opinion that the janitor is about the most important person in a schoolsystem.Doctor Dresslersays: " The janitor of a modern schbol betiding is.next to- the principal, perhaps the most important officer in the school" (90).'Ferman expresses the saute pinion in the following language: "The position of janitoris n very responsi- ble one:no other individual about the school building, unless it is theprincipal, has 4 much influence over conditions whichaffect the health of pupils (8).
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