He School Custodian

Home , Janitor

11, he School Custodian

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ItY JAMES FRBDERICK ROGERS, M. D. .

I Consultant ih Hygiene

e Qffice of Education

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1 UNITED .STATES4DEPARTM ENT 9F THE INTERIOR i.*dareaL. hiss, Secretary ,. ... (»IncaorEDUciTion... o ...... 4 J. w.Ses44baker,Cosnioasjoser . . s.

.., UflTT STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTINGOPTICS WILMINGTON: 1938 9

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CONTENTS

7 L s Page , FOREWORD V INTRODUCTION - 1 PREVIOUSSTUDIES .. _ 4 THEPRESENT STUDY______, 5 Citieswithapopulation of 100,000or more __:______6

_ Citieswithapopulation of 30,000 to 100,000 2-- - _ _ _ - , 12 Citieswithapopulation of 10,000 to 30,000 18 Communitieswithapopulation of 2,500 to 10,000______25

TuzCUSTODIAN AND SAFETY w 30 . WOMENASCUSTODIANS . 31 * REVIEWAND REMARKS_ _ .._ ..MI t.Ob M _ M 32 s CHANGES SINCE 1922 ..MI 38 .,SALARIES _. OF CI8TODIAN8 38 1 HZ CUSTODIAN OF THE FUTURE_ _.It- _ _*_ _ - ...... _' 39 SELECTED REFIIRENCESa . 41 . APPENDIX n 1 % 42 ; Self-rating questions i _ .. 42

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FOREWORI) The position of caretakertfaschool isamany-sided and animportantone,and thematter of his selection, supervision, and training have hardly been giventhe attention the/ deserve.There have been, inrecentyears, somevaluabre, local studies in this field, butno surveyof nationalscope has been attempted since 1922. In thepresent study Dr. Rogers lusts had the assistance of Stella T. Sebern and the advice of W. S. Deffenbaugh,Chief of the Division of American SchoolSystems, whose early investigation of the subject isreferredtoin the introductory páges.It might siem thiat suchAstudy falls in the field of schoól administration but the custodian isanagent concerned with conVort and safety and hislualificationsas ahygienist stand first in importance. The information concerning practices in cityschoolswas collected in 1935 andwe r:41 tthatpressureof 6ther projects has unduly dplatiyid the pub 'cation of this study.. BENI 000DIriLOCINT21, Assistant Commission& of Education.

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The janitorofamodern schoolbuilding is,next to theprincipal perhaps the)mostimportantoffice,r. DR E 88LA R. A goodjanitor is harderto replace thadagood teacher,and inmost eases, thanagood princiPal. AVERS, WILLIIAlis,and WOOD. A janitorwho is carelessor indifferent in regardto fire hazards in the sma1Iesti4etails,should not betolerated underany circumstafices. GARBER. Diligent andconscientiouscaretakingcontributesmuchto the . health andhabitsoithe childrenin ill types ofschools....Special careshould beexercised in theirselection and Intheorganization of their duties. Report of theCo,nsultativeCommitteeon 0 Infant andNursery Schools, London,England.

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4 111 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN

. INTRODUCTION erIN the wall of the main corridor ofapublicstool in sasmall city of Iowaisabionze tablet bearing, in lbw relief, the heroic likeness ofa manand the inscription"He gavethirty-twoyearsof faithful servicetothe youth of this community."From the dedicatoryprogram welearn that the tabletwasplace4 "by its hundredsof donors with the belief that all those who shall frequent these halls inthe yearsto comewill bo inspired,as wewhopiesentitwere

. inspired, by him." This superiorpersgnage, somemorialized,was not a member qf the board of education; hewas not asukrin- tendent;nor aprincipal;nor anexceptional teacher;but the schooljanitororcustodip.n. The importance of the janitorAin the scheme of public schooling is, emphagized in'thequotations froni hygienists on apreviouspagebutherdisatestimonialtothe fact that themanwho fires the furnace andsweepsthe floorsmayloom . Inthememoryof those whocameunder his humble minis- trationsasofmoremomentthan the remiining personnel of.4.heinstitution.Inanswer tothe question concerning the employment of janitors,asuperinterident remarked, "We havenodifficulty; We justgo outand pickoneup." The schoolmaypickup a personwhocan sweep a roomand stokeafurnacie, but it doesnotalwvs choose the bestmafi for this work and it seldomsecures onewho isatthe.,same timeaskilledsamlatian,andaninspirationtoyouth..1 Comfort and cleanliness shoulgnot belacking inaschool but they do not weigh heavily against kindlinessuand character,for spiritual hygiene is qfmoreimportance than physical

tygiene. 4 * Because of the frequent lack of realization of the impor- tanceof the school janitor thenamehascometo be *associated withanemployee of minor consequente, ,eitheras atech- nicianor as ahump.n boing.For thisreason someattempt has been made to replace the title with that of custodian. However, thisnamehasnotbeen generally adopted and is used most frequently to distinguish thepersonin general 61880 -48-2 1

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Chargeof the .janitorialservice ofaschoolsystemorofa large building,and since, ino rstudywemade inquiry concerning the"janitor" and`janitor-engineer,"these termswill be madeuse-of freq endvantinspublication. In tlie large schoolsystemwehat.eawhole hierarchyof caretakers ana assistantswith specifictiOes and.special respon§ibilities, but inthevast majority of schtolsthework and responsibility ofengineer,fireman, cleaner,carpenter, tt mower,supervisor Ohallsand playgrmuhds,and everything Aft else ptriiiiaingto thecareofabuilding andits, inmate73 devolvesupon oneperson.Thdterm"janitór"had for its ancestoraword meaningdoorkeeperor porter,whilecus- todian'referitoapiardianorkeeper.We-- havetherefore' placedonthecove;of this publication the'inoreappropriate title, '"custodian,"forinmost schools the "janitor"or"jam- itor-engineer,"is responsiblefor -the physical,and less directly, f?" the mental,and moral welfareofevery man, -woman,and child..mthe sc&ool. Whateverwe maycall the_pawl' responsible for thecare ofaschool building and ita equipment, O p. .PA fires and piplosion'sand accidents from mispracedfurnitureorfaultyapparatuscan be prevented .by.wise house,ke.eping.Thetemperaturtrand cleanliness of theair have theirinfluenceonthqrequency 'of iispiratoliraffections andthecareof lavatoriesand toilet. )0. haveabearingoncontact-spread inféetions.The*work of the school is helpedorhinderedby clean wallsand Clear- windows.Moreover, thesanitation of theschool carries anobject lesson forhealthful housekeepingin thehome. The modern schoolrequires less laborbut mor,,knowledgi

t. and skill thanwasformerly requiredof the custodian.

.1 The rapidevolutiog.ofjanitorial-engineeringservice fromcoma paratively pLe, nonskilledwork to that of theskilled and tech- . ;nical types his:conie iounobtrusively thatschoolauthoritiesare asye, butvagueli-iwareof the change. Thejanitor-entineerof

/741 to&ymust beaskilled mechanic,capable dt operating michinery and keeping It inprow oonditinforuse.Ho must beable to handle effictent#Surname, ostati, electricmotqrs,gas engines, ventilatingequipment, electricalsystems, centralvacuum- ekes 'MD systems, electric scrubbingbacilli:1es, and thelike. scow, omydictates that expensiveequipment shouldbe. properly (lied Ind shouldreed*. thecare*Mob Its coat andusefulnesswarrants.

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. N (1, Boards or education.surrintendents of ocpols,principals, :II Vikcbers,pupils,N.sidthe community atlarge have not cometo's full realisationof thea'mountof work and the teebnicatknowledge- and skill that areirlcolvetin the dire'ofamodern school building.. Asa consequence,sehools often employjanitori whoareuntrained and sometimes evenunfitted try physicalormental Incapacity fdithe eiactingandreshonslkleduties whiclvueb !work invcaves. It is datum'that the firstthoughtdf school officials should tx. 4 to secureadequate buildingfktiliti4in which tpcarry onmodern I schoolprogrpms.Thenext consilerationsurrll oughtto betheir re' properoperation and care.: . . Thq,janito.rs orjanitor4ngineers do not alwaysm&sure. uptowhatis expectedof them,orshould be expectedorthem, lit) evident from excerptsfron&urveys of c,ityseliools quoted byEngelbardein tht repòrtof theSubcominittee'opthe SOiool k Plant 6f theWhiteHousè Confeience!: Janitorswho pushsweepings-ofiheschoolroomund)r1.A.N. tors, 4 who neglect dustingand fail to scruband clean 'properly,wha)elep dogs in basdnents,&Ltd who leave thebuildings at 3:30p.tn.; are notsatisfactory to aprincipal interegted in-thewholesometiopsof his school plant. 11, When fresh air inlets areclogged with dirt andfilth, andplen'um chambers areusedasstorage roomsformQpa.biooms, dtibt cloths, and the like, onewonders what excuse canbe advanced forsuch misuse ofthe provisionsthat have been['rudefor thehealth6f ortiool childrep.Dirty window panes,dust laden walls andfurni: t basements storedwith wort-outequipment, and toilets inthe mitfilthy and&wading' conditions, cannotbe excused In any 'hootsystem. 9 Altilough selioolbudainpmaynot conform to desirsblestand- ards of construction,there isno excusefor dirty walls orcorridors, foul smellingand uncleantoilets, closets filledwith discarded mate- Haleaswellassupplies to be utilised,and floors sPottedwith oil. Many janitorsdo notevencomprehend,of what theirventilAting systemconsists,aretinaware,of the Importance. of keeping'air intake ohambersclean. and wholesoine,anti entirely lackstandards

. ofcleanlinebs. -Gymnaatunmare dirtyan51 ill lupt,showermoms areunbeliev- ably dirty, momtemperaturesinrariably toohigh, witidow shades torn andmissing.WithanoccAsibnal exception, it maybe said that there isividence of. absoluteeneg1e4of the 'sanitationof schools.

IRm O. R.,Wed Genders, H.d.School building management.New YorkCity, Damn orMikados* TeachersCollege, ColumbiaUniversity, KM IReport of theSubcommittee an theSchool Plant, sectionIII C. White B. Conference seChad ilealthand Protection.(17npublkhed.1

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.01 That custodiansshouldfallshortof theidealintheir *dicesis to .be expectedsolonktastheyare ufftrainedor b . havenotevep had theexptriencopf visitingaschool.which is a.modelof good housekeeping.'INtoraretheyto blameif conditionsin theschobl plantaré suchas torendétsanitation difficultor unsatisfactory.'Morpover,-untiltheschoolcare- et tAkv,eris fully'preparedfor . his.work,andeven atterward,the supetintandent,theprincipal,orthesuperintendent gris., of build- if heEixists,areprimarilyresRodsibleinthatthey "know should the firstprinciplesofsanitarycónditions..And from yet, a recent surVey 9falitrgecitysystem itwasevident noschool that officer,generaloi special,from diesuperintendent I. downwas informed *on . soelementala matteras schoolroom ventilationalthoughitsprinciples/Werepointedout -by' ittSraceMani'andhencehavebeenknownfora century. The 'Unschooledengineeringandjanitorialstaff . Et *corse, was.4- as ignorant ofsuchbasicknwledge.Themore .incompetentthejanitorialse the , m Kre responsibleis,the superintendent for thesafetyan ,,g..Inof hispupils. . Where trlirector,ofschoolhygieneis employedbyla school,thesupervisionof the custodial servicefromthe side! . of 'sanitar¡r,ptáctice falls inhisfield,buttrainedschool hygienistsare neatlynonexittent.:1), Thatthe ùnportanceof thecustodianistakenseriously many school in systems is rdectedin thefact thatcoursesof instructionfqr.i thoseoccupyingsuchpositionihivebeen arranged, 'not onlylocallybuton a State-widescale.More- ,i, . over a National Associationof , .1, CustodiansandEngineershas 2.interesteditselT e : injledeveloOmentof such t - training. . 0 PREVIOUSSTUDIES In19)5 W. 8. r Deffenbaugh,ofthe'OfficeofEclu.cation, collected informationconcerningjanitorsandjanitAir ;in ifiervice cititii',havingapopulationof from2,500,to that 30,000.At time, in,78percent ofthecitiesreporting,the 'was responsible janitor to'diesuperintendentandprincipal,while in 'theremainder ! hewas responsibledfrectlyto theboardof education.'Only5.3 'percent were evenan examination 44\164ii. before era*ent and in &anyinstancesthiswasofa per- functoryn e,Many ...e. . cities,however,hadformulated 1 io

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,e. . THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN' . r> rules vid regulations concerning thedutiesof the janitor someof whichwereVery detailed.' 4 In'1922this .Offite publishedastudy ofschooljanitorserv- ice conducted by John Aarber 4 whosent his,inquiries tofill cities havingapopulationotmorethan 2,500.

9 Of the 1,085 cities which replied, allout 25percentreported a"merit system" and'7percent, civihservicR examinations for the selection of jahitors. About 7 'percentrequirea applicants topass aphysical examiriation which coiresponds *closely with, .and probablywasincluded in, the ecivil-service xamination. tr" In 72 percentpromotionsweremadeonmerit ;in 3 percefit,

s onlength. ofseivice,'and In. 25percpat,onboth length of

seivice and merit.' . , A In 76 percent, janitorswereresponsibleto thesuperintend- entortotheprincipaliin 12percent, to the board of education;in5percèfit,to the superintendentorcustidiaiiof buildings; in 3 percent, to the head janitor; in about 3 percent, tothe"business manager"whoat.thiptimewasmaking his appearance onthesiaffof large' city schoolsystArns;and in 1 'to the clerk of the boatd,atfachl,or someother

.official. Only in about 5 percent waitanyattemptmadeatinstruct- ing janitors.Besides local effortsat suchpreparation, in49 pities,extensioncourse§wereriported by Iowa State College .

University of Wisconsin. 's and the rr Intimate kocalsurveyshave been madé inrecent yetirs and the work of tilljanitor has been carefully studied and defined 1.,(;-/' by Englehardt, Reeves,Ganders, Womrath, and others.

o THE PI4SENT STUDY hithe presentsurveyof the subject, inquirieswereBefit to superiniendentsiiiall citits havtngapopulation ofmorethan 10,0100and in cities of 2,500 to 10,000personsin 9representa-

tive States. Po Since the custodial service in large cities has becomespe- cialized, questions concerning "janitors" aré likely to result inmanyinstwes only in informatiQnconcérningymembers

8Deffenbaugh, W. S.School administration in the smaller cities.Washington, United

States Departmentof the InterioV Office of Education.Bulletin 1915, ko.44. . 4 Gaper, John A.Thewhoa janitor.Washington, United States bepartment of the

Intwa, Office of Education. Bulletin 1922, No. 24. .

4 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN

9, of the custodial staffentaged in sw)eeping, dusting,and similar duties.However, sinceourinquiry covered"janitors" or"janitor-engineers" the resultingdataarenot limited,even in large cities,tomere"cleaners." CITIES HAVING,04POPULATION Cy100,000 OR MORE Of the 93 cities havingapopulation, of100,000or more,! 65,or70 percent, repliedtoourinquiries.

II GeneralsuperP-* of janitor8.Inthe schoolsystems -of 3. of thew') "cities (46perce4) the janitors,orjanitor-engineers, areunder the generalsupervision of the inspectoror superintendent of buildings'and grounds; in16, under the director,secretary,oraskstant superintendent incharge of business 13, the chief engineer,head janitor,orcustodian; in 3, the superintendentof maintenance; in2,a"deputysuper- intendent," and in-1,the commissioner ofbuildings.In the last instance the official ifiin charge of all thepublic buildings of thecity. . Direct responsibility.--In46,orabout 70percent, the jani- torsarereportedasdirectly responsibleto the principal of the school in which theyareemployed; in5, to the principal and superintendent of buildingsand grounds; in5, to the superintendent of buildings;in 5,to the chief custodian *No orchief engineer; in 2,to the business director; rd in2, to thesuperintendent of plant andoperations (whomay,ofcome,be the P. superintendent of buildings). Montiaemployed.--In53,or86percent, of these cities the janitorsareemployed for12 months; in 2, for11 months; in 1, for 103 months; Lit.4, for theschoolyearonly; in1, theyare employed for9 months at full, and for3 months at reduced salaries-; in1, one-fifth of the staff is employedfor the entire yearand four-fifths forthe schoolyear;and 3 pities:report thatsomejanitorsareemployed for the fullyearandsome re not. a Of the 53 schoolsemploying ja,nitorsby the fullyear,37, or70 riercent,grant 2 weeks' leave withpay;five allow15 days; five, 1 week;one,3 %reeks;one,4 weeks;one,1 daya month; and the remakingthree grantnoleave. Hours.---The numberof hours' workexpected of janitors and especially of janitor-engineerswillvarywith theseason, but theaveragenumber of hoursperweek reported by50 of 4,

A THE SCHOOLCUSTODIAN 7 theie65 citieswas:8 hours 1i26; 9 hours in11; 10 hours in 11, 103' liours in 1; and12 hours in1. On Saturdayoneschoolsystemexs ec itsjanitorsto be in attendancefor 2hours, in35 citi: ey areexpectedto work 4 hours, inone,4% hours; four,434 hours; four,5 hours; in six, 6 hours; inone,8 hours, inone,10 hours; intwo, 4 to 8 hours; inpne,"most of thetime";and in five,theyarenot expected to be inattendance. Of the 60 ciiies givingdata concerninghours of workdur- n thesummer, 13 report 4 hoursa 17 day;one,4% hours; tI,A; three, 6;one,7% hours; twenty-six,8 hours;one,-9; on,lb;and intwo, the hoursare notfixed. For night work janiiorsreceiveextra-pay in 45 cities, and S theyarepaid forother than schoolwork in7. 'rime off" is givento compensate for suchwork inoneschoolsystem. The remaining citiesof thegroupdidnot furnish data. Selection of janitor8.In26,or40 perCent of thesecities, janitorsareemployedthroukh5,ivil-serviceexaminations5 and in 2 'othersanexamination isarranged by thelocal board.In the remaining39 cities the schoolofficeror officersnomillatingpersonsfor janitorserviceare:Superin- tendent of buildingsand-groundsin16; busiLessman -and superintendent,7; superintendent ofjanitorsorhe engineer,4; superintendent of sChools,.2; assistant superintendent, 2; committeeon property, 2; board memberg,2; board oftrustees, 1, personneldepartment,1;maintenande department,1; foréman, 1. Age.Theagerequirements of applicantsfor janitorservice, reportedby49 schoolsystemsare asfollows:

41% Number of Number of\ Age cities Age cities 21-25 .. _ ..... 2 25-50 3 21-40 2 25-55 1 1 21-45 4 Notover . .... 1 40...... 21-50 I Notover45______...... _ 2 21-55 , 2 Notover50 4 21-65 2540 iNotover60 3 1 2 No definite limits_IMP MD 40 Ilab IMP MD IND MI 19 ' 25-45 2 Inonecityonecredit is deduted inthe civil-serviceex- ., amination foreachyearofage over45. -. 1P sSilts= of these 28 citiesare inStateshavinga civil-seevice law. 8 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAS

Gineraleducation.Four citiesreport that their appli- cantsfits janitorshipmust be ableto read'andwrite; in1, they nitrst have completedthe sixth gradeof school;°in15, theymust have passed through theelementarygrades; in1, 'through theninth; and in1, the janitor is expectedto have been graduated fromahigh school.Requirementswere not given by the remainingcities.As 'for specialtrainingand experience, 7 cities require that'the applicantshave-afire- man's license; 2 cities requiresomeexperience intheopera- tion of boilers; in1, the janitormust have served2years as ahelper; in4, he must have hadsomeexperience inschools orindustrialestablishments;mid in1, the applicantmust have attendèdanight schoillfor janitorsand engineers. Some of the "otherqualifications"expected ofjanitors, in the order of frequencyof mentionare:Good character,neat- nessofappearance,tact, good judgment, generalknowledge, personality, willingness,physical fitness,anda"kindly attitude." Medical examinations.Medicalexaminationsof applicants forjanitorservicearereportedasrequiredby17 (26 percent) of these ci*sand in4 of these 17 thereisanannual examination.In 15 (23percent) 'the examinationsaremade by the medical staff of theschools. Probation.Forty-five,or70 percent, of thesecitiessprace their janitorsonprobation-2of them for2 weeks;3 for 2 months; 6-for 3 months;2 for 4 months;15 for 6 months, 4 for 1year,and the remainderfoti)ofixed time. Regions for di8charge.Thereasonsgiven forthe dischfIrge of janitors, in the orderorfrequency ofmentionare:Ineffi- cient work, unbecomingconduct, disobedienceorlackof cooperation, theuseof alcohol,dishonesty, lackofcourtesy, and theuseof tobacco inthe school building. Training.Los Angelesreportsatrade schoolcourseof 160 hours for its janitors;Tampa hasavocationalcourseof 30 hours; in Minneapolisspecial schoolingis given10 hours anionth forapproximately3years;Omahahas classes1 eveningaweek throughoutthe winter; KansasCityreports "special classes",for 2or3 weeks; in FortWorth janitors attendanight schoolonce aweek for9 months; San Diego reportsweeklym'eetingsonSaturdays for2. hours,with lectures anddiscussions; in St.Louis specialtraining isgiven THE SCHOOLCUSTODIAN 9 4 for 10 hoursat various schools; Atlanthgives "actudtraining inoneparticularschoólunder ,experiencedsupervision"; Evansvillearranges atrainingcourseof 2 weeks;Birming- ham and Dallasreport meetings with talksand demonstra- tions.Oklahoma Citymentions bothnight classesanda shòrtsummer course at the State Agricultutaland Mechan- ; ical 'College;Denver, Baltimore,and SaltLake City have summerschools.The businessmanagerof Seattle schools

writes.: UI We have 94schools including9 high schoolsand 4 junior high schools.Each buildingis in charge ofacustodian, andall assist- antsarecalled janitors,so weWavenoassistant fanitoN. The buildingsaredivided intoninegroups of similar character, asnearlyas maybe, andwecall thecustodians for eachgroup intoconfer4nce,at leastonceeachyear, and discuss with them theirgroupproblems,assuchareMade evidentbyacomparative statement of operatingcosts of the buildings intheirgroup. Each custodianis givena of thisstatement which shows t each main item enteringinto operating costs withcomparisons for 2 previousyears. These conferenceshaveprovenhighly satisfactoryand bene- ficial to theserviceasthe discussions touchupon every phase ',of the work andeachmanshares in the experiencesof all therest. All thiscreatesan esprit-de-corpsandacertain amount ofgood natured rivalrywilich is of inestimablevalue to thesystem . . as a whole. . This is best evidencedbyourfire loss record;we carrynóinsur- ance on our buildings andouractual lossesby fire duringthe, past 30yearshave amountedto only $15,000.We believethis record is largelyattributable to thecareand watchfulnessofour custodians and janitorswhose interest in andfaithfulness to their work is not the res'ultofaset of printed rigesand regulations rigialyenforced, butppa,spirit of emulatiafostered byour method ofconferences and discussionsof all problemsconriected withthe work. We haveby thesame means continuously reducedour operating expensesduring thepasi.3yearswithout inany way curtailing the quantityorquality of theservice rendered. In all, aboutone-fourth of 'these65 cities furnish'formal training ofmore orless thoroughnests. et- In6 of the remaining schoolsystems ,the janitorsmust firstserve asassistants; in27 theyserve atfirst underex- ; perienced custodianfiin4 they receive "no specificinstruc- . tion"; in8 there is "no instruction";apd the remaining

°citiesleft the questionupanswered. . 61380°-0-88---3

r Ii 1 ) .1* lo - THg SCHOOLCIIS.TODI4N Twenty4wo,orone-third ofthese cities, 'furnish their janitors with printed instructionsconcerning their work,and in three, periodicals relatingto janitor-engineering workare supplied.In nine cities such journals tiresubscribed for by 6 the janitors. 6 Forty-eight,orñearly three-fourthsof these cities, havea systemforpromonof janitors dependingonmerit in all andonlength of: *ce in 38.Tiientycitiesreport theuse

ofaratingsystem. *

. Twenty cities of thisgroup reportretiremenCwithpension for janitors. . Sick leave.Noallowance ofpayis granted incaseof illness in 12 of these cities and in4 others the janitormustsupplya subátitute.For tile remaining citiesthe sick leave,asfor teachers, showsanastonishingrangeand combination of daysatfullorpartpay orboth, and insonic,the leave is cumulative.Four citiesgrant 5 days at full¡ay;3 give 7 days; 7 allow10 days; and 2, 15.All of the remainingcities

have differingarrangements.Doubtlesstheleave. for janitors (where granted) doesnot usually differ from that for teachersand those interested in variousallowancesarere-1 ferred for further informationto the publication of the Office of Education Bulletin1934, No. 4,onThe Welfare of the Teacher. Incaseof absencemost cities relyontheir list of sub- stitutesto fill thevacancy ;others makeuseof their mechanics orrepairmen.In San Francisconewappointeesarekepl reportingto the warehouse and shop.Ifajanitor isre- ported, absentoneof thesemenissent to take his place; if, there isnoabsentee he is used in the warehouse.The number kept reporting isas nearwhat is required forsub- . stitute dutlaspossible-8menfor about280 regularem- ployees. Women substitutesarenotified-at thek homes by telephone andreportas soon aspossible; butmenmust be ready because they operate heating plants.One correspond- ent statesthat lack of fundsprevents the carrying ofextra trainedmen. .° Cosilime."-In eight of these cities janitorsarerequired towearuniform dress; inone"theytab encouraged tò doso and the janitors associationseerthat it is done"; inone 1

THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 04 il r theyare"encouragedtowearsuitableneatclothing with fine results"; inonethey "are invitedtowear grayjackets"; and in another theyareetxpectedto "wear overallsanda capandto keepcleanr In St. Louis, after much experiment- ing, thecostumefoundmost serviceable and satisfactory re consists of: A blouse made of heavygreycambric cutover afull pattern, 80

4 yards tthe dozen.Band sewed around the bottom of blouse. Two bìt pockets; *collar attached; 2 button holes in collarso' itmaybe listened down; 10 white pearl, size No. 18, live Inittons down the front, 1oneach side at top for collar.Stitched with 40/3 whIte silk finished thread.Cuffsonsleeves.Neckband sizes must be given, sizes 14 to 19. Moleskin trousers made of heavy black and white moleskin;

pockets of heavy pearl pocketing, banding 2.50 drill pearlP and lined with heavycanvas. Light weight, military'caps, colorpey. Neat and comfortable black shoes must bewornand polished at frequent intervals. Matronswear:Dimesmade ofgreycambric 48 inches long witha44nch hem; sleeves 10 inches long and trimmed in .white cuffs.Therearethree pleatsoneach side of dress, each pleat 2 inches wide; pockets above the pleats and the dress hasafull belt'andloops for same. Dustcapmade ofgreycambric and trimmed withawhite ruffle must bewornat all times. Ne4 oomfortaple black shoes and not shoes with worn-downor

run-overheels should be worn. and kept clean and polished. . Some uniformity of dress'is observed by janitorsin 'the whoop! of18 percentof these largest cities. Allotment of labor.Schoolsvarygreatly in size a4d coudi- tion and the apportioning of work for janitors cannot always be thesame;however, theaveragenumber ofrooms perjapi- torreported.had the widerangeof from 7 to 30.One city reportedan average'of 7 minim; 5 of 8; 1 of 9; 8 óf 10; 8 of 12;

1of 14; 2 of 15; lof16; 1of 20, 5 of 25; and 2 of 30.The. remaining citiesdid not give definite figures. 1 Theaveragenumber ofsquarefeet of floorspaceperjani- tor wasreliorted by 28 'citiesasfollows: One city, 5,600; one,6,000;one,6,250;four, 8,000;one,10,000; three, 12,000;one,14,000; twO, 15,000; one, 15,250; two,16,000, one,17,006;six, 20,000,one,21,000;one,25,000;one, 74,144;one,77,299. 4. 12 THESCHOOL CUSTODIAN

TheaverageAumber of pupilsperjanitorwasrepoited asfollow: Two cities,200 pupils;one,212;one,250;one, 270; three,/300;two, .320; two,350; three, 400;dne,450; one,500;one,680;one,1,125. As *ladymentioned,ourinquiry concerned "janiiors" and "janitor-engineerswhether the largerftures above meanthat the janitorhadone or.morehelpers in hiswork, wecannotsay. Assiganis.--Forty-five ofthese cities employ asiiiitant janitors,at least in large schools.In 36 theyarechosen and ediployed by theschools; in9 theyareselected by thejanitor; and in 6 theyarepaid by thejanitor. The Inl5oftheeecitiesthejanitorshavenospecW duties during therecessperiods; in13 they supervisetoilets; in10 they .the principalsorteachers; in 13 theyperform yard duty; in2 they assist withplayground activities;in1 they look afterthe doors; ini schoolsystem there isno recess; ond in the remainderthe functions ofthe janitorsaredeter- mined by thevarious principals. The school lunch.---Thirtyof these cities re..port that the janitors havenothingto do with the school lunch;in10 they clean therooms;in 2 they assistthe principalin handling the children; ini they help'toservefood; in2 they have differingassignments accordingto the principal ofthe school; in1 city thereare nolunches; andnoinformation wasfurnished by the remainingcities.

CITIES HAVING'A POPULATIONop 80,000TO 100,000 Information concerningtheir janitorserviceswasfurnished by153,or66 percent, of the232 cities havingapopulation of '30,000to 100,000. .1 Generalerupt/-*: '.1,),..-6--Thejanitors,orjanitor-engineersare in charge ofthe superintendentof buildingsin36percent of these cities; of the businessmanagerin21percent; and of the superintendent in16 percent.In8 percentthey'are under the general directionof the chiefcustodianorchief engineer; in6 percent underanassistantsuperintendent;in 6 percent under the derkor seicretaryof theboard; in4per- cent under the maintenanceengineer; in2 under theclerk; and in1 under the principal.

411.

o THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 13

Direct resixtvutibility.--The janitorsaryl:tiredly re6pònOble to theprincipal in77 percent.of these cities;tothe principal and businessmanagerin5 portent;to the principal and ,superintendent of building, in5 percent;to the principal and clerk of the board in 2percent; to the principal, superinz tendent, and businessmanagerin1 percent;to the superintendent of buildingsorbuildings engineeronly, in5 percent; tothe superintimident of maintenancein 2percent; to the businessmanagerin 2percent; and to the custodianin1

percent. . Employment.:Janit9rsamemployed for12 ihonthsìn 75 of these cities; for theschoolyearonly in15per- cent;some arehired by the entireyearandsomeby the schoolyearin 8percent;in 1percent theyareall employed for 11 months and in 1 city forevery,other week duringthe sumnlervacation. . Leave.In cities where janitorsarehired bY thecalendar yeaall but 15percent grant 2 weeks' leave withpay;5 percent allow 4 weeki; 2 percent, 3 weeks; and3 percent, . 1week.In 1 city the head janitoris liven2 weeks and his usistania 1 week; inBpercentnovacation withpayis allowed. e ifours.Inthe cities giving theaveragehoursperday of employment'38peicentreport 8 hours;as many,10 hours; 4120percent, 9 hours; 3 percent, 11 brim; and1 percent,

8% hours. . On Saturdays 35percent expect their-janitorsto beon

,duty for 4 hours; 30 percent,5 hours; 5 perceni, 6 hours;2 percent, 8 hours; and in thee remainder the hourswere not .fixedornot given. .fir the cities which employ janitorsthrough thesummer, 75 percent expect them to work 8 hours ónother than Saturdays; 10percent, 9 hours; 2 percent, 10 hours;1 percent, 8% hours; and 1 percent, 7fiours.The remaining

cities hadnoruleorga*nodefiniteanswer. . Night work.The janitorsarepaidextra for nightday in 75perceut of these cities;théyarepaidexcept for school work in 15percent.Th'eyarenot given extrapayin the remaining 10percent. Selection.--Examinations under civil servicewererepoited only by cities in Massachusetts, New York. andOhio:All ..

3 1'4 THE SCHOOLCUSTODIAN O N

but onéof the cities in eachof thesethree Statesreport their janitorsarechosen in thisway.Only- fourcities of this size in otherStates makeanyformal examiner*.In Hamtramckaseries pf intelligencetestsareused.Where theyare notchosen by competitiveexaminations(80per- centof all), the following . officials 'sleetthe janitors:Super- intendant of buildings andgrounds in20percent; the business managerin 16percent; superintendent ofschools in10 percent; chief engineerorsuperinten4ait of¡miters in7 percent; assistantSUperin tendent in 4 percint; principal .and 'businessmanagerin 4perpent; property committeein 3 percent; janitorial committeeinlpercent; memberáof board in rotation in1 percent; the inspectorof school buildings in1 ?errant; and the school principalin1 percent. The remaining15 percent didnot'mower. Age.--Theageat time of employment isset by the civil .service boardsin 15percent of these cities(see above)and 25percentgave no answer tothe inquiry, whichprobably . meansthat thereare nodefinitereqiilremenls.Atabula: tion showingthe requirements forthegroupisasfolloirs: Aso Permit AP Period I 20-50.....wows. 4111, 4...... 1 30-55 ...... ce e e 1 21-45 1 Notover40_ . ....__ 6 21-40 , 2 Notover45 /I'. 6--.

21-45...... 6Notover50 a. of .0. mr. eff e e a 4 )

21-46 No I NotoverU..a0.OD a ID 40a a ei a 4

21-50 _ op. *.. 2 ...... t...... 2Notover60_... 0. am *a MP AO 11.

OD IND Iff fM. 26-40 2 4111 of. f _ OD ...... 2 Notover70__ _ .. gib GM l ow- 25-45 IND 01* 5 No definite limit..... e ..... 12 25-50 18, 1 Not answeringInquiry__ 25 25-60...... WA M.611, WO Of OP 1 Ageset at time of employ-

30-45 ...... 1 mentIMP ..... 110 ...... 41. lb 40 15 3°762I .. rt...... P Galataalication.--Onepercent of these cities require

41. their janitorsto bi able to speak English; 6 percent diet .4 the'canieadand write; in14 percent theymust havean .elementary-school,and in 5percent,ahigh-echod training. ., In15 percent the educationalrequirements ofapplicantsare set by the civil-serviceauthorities.In about60 percent, therefore, there isnorequirementa It would swimto be ,rare,however, thata man or womanwith sufficientschool-. ing shouldnot be available, unless the salary 4, is deplorably

I ' It; . small. ;4:.

.. ; ":1% * .404' I 4-, tt,' 41:4 , "Ir `tr.%:- * '19*1 gkf 74`. t,411 -0,--11"1"

4.#

- THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 15 Special training.In11 percent previous special training' irequired of firemenorengineers (probablyaState require- ment) andoneschoolsystemrequires that janitors shall . have -attendeda6 wed& engineering traininge. school.Pre- vious experience is lipparently not expected in the remaining school systems.Skill incarpontry and paintingare taken into accountby 3percent. As to otherqualifications these, in the order of frequency of mention,were:Good character, physical fitness,energy, neat appearance,temperance, and resourcefulness.Tact with children and freedom from theuseof profanityare also mentioned.

Medical exam' 5 a certificate:fromaphysician. is demanded by 28 percent ofthese cities.In half ofilia* cities it is required annually, andin 7percentthe examina- don is made by physiciansemployed by the schools. Probaiiips.Fortypercentof these school systems report 11. that they place theirjanitorsonptobation. In 13 percent

the period of pmbationis&months;, in 12 percents 3 months; in 1 percent, 2 months;in 1 percent, 2 weeks.In 6percent it is for 1year;and in 3 percent, for 3years.(In these eh latter cities the probationisapart ofthe scheme for retire- with pension.)No definite time is mentioned by the ment ME remaining respondents.

Discisarge.AmongI e reasonsfor dischaige of janitors, inefficiencyor=satisfactory service is mentiopedby 57per- cent;misconduct by 26 riot orlack of ,coOperation by 22 percent;theuseof alcohol by 20percent; neglect of fluty by 10 percent;dishonestyortheft by 10. . Smokingonthe premisesis mentioned by 1 percent.One city political activity and another"moving out of ta city." i. of jonitors.Thecity of Hamtramck,Mich., requiresr applicants for positions tocomplete satisfac- torilya6-week eveningcoursegiven by the chiefcustodian and maintenaticeengineer. Two weeksof trainingarsalso 4 given after appointment.In Lincoln, Nebr.,anightcourse is arranged underthe Smith-HughesAct.Schooling is given 2 hoursown aweek for 22weeksAy members ofthe faculty of the Universityof Nebraska,the Board of.Educa- 110

' 4 J.

.. . . . , .. . . . ' it.t s - - . ....-:_A's'''' t V b'! . . .1 ' : 0... ".-- 0'7 ''"V-1.; i `A, f i,4.040 - .,..".'s .i ..?, ...t - -- ty1_4-14:smiitir. i ...-iA..r..1,22.112:1X--4..' :1-7>--t --!!):7.--_. '...'Sfily),.....jerAlt,6-dii4, m.,. 4.%., =01=111 .4 .--...,..

16 ' THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN d. s. tion, Adrepresentatives tromindustrialfirms.Madison, Wis.,reportsit courséof 20 hoursgiven by-ateacher from the State vocationalboard.Superior;Wis., sendsits janitors tothe Minneapolistrainingschool for2 weeks... In Rock- ford, M., instructionis furnishedfrom11 to 12 o'clockon Saturdays for10 weeks by thesuperintendentof buildings. In Alum's, Ill.,schooling is given8 hours daily for1 week byateacher fromthe MinneapolisSchool forJanitas. Oak Park, 111.,reportsanannual instituteheld in the last week of June lasting6 hours daily for5 days with demón- stzations#class work,and theoreticalstudies.Monthly meetingsarealso heldfor discusskinof work.In Muskogee, Okla., the superintendentof buildingsand groundsfurnishes instrucaon for1% hoursonce amonth.in East Chicago, Ind., training,. isgiven by .the superintendentof buildingt . with demonstrationsat the School for.Custodiansand Engineers of PurdueUniversity.In Durham,N. C.,a class is conductedonce aweek throughouttheyear(10Ilv tang) by the businessmanager.Janitorsof Asheville, Chezioite, and Raleigharesent to thesummerschool- conductedby the State School Commission.(Seep.39.)Santa Bartiara, Calif.,reportsa coursegiven by theassistant superintendent and director of vocationaleddcationpursued1 .hourper week ."untilfinished." In all, 14 schoolestems in thew) 232 cities(6 percent) eve their, janitorsconsiglerable formalschooling for their work.Fifty-fciur perceirit iiportsong) training for janitors in service.In 20percent this is given by the superintendent of buildings; in20percentby. the chiefengineer. orchief custodian; in6 percent by otherjanitors selectedfor their ability; in5percentby the businessmanager,and in 3per- centbyanassistant superintendent:In 95,,or40percent, of thew citiesnoinstruction isgfren.Only20 percent fur- niah their POWswithanyliteratureconcening theirworks II 6percentsomejanitorsorengineerssubscribeto, profes- gong journals. Forty4ve O percent of, these citiesreportasystem .ofprom motion for their janitors. V In air, thisis basedonmerit, And in '25percent alsoonlerwth,pf.service.Sixpercent havea definite method óftating. I .

Ir ""-I e- ..

tr' ...... , 1 . ' . . sl , . .... I . .tt .., . ..,:.. ...iy .I i . "A 6.* ,:kr,' ¡-. ' A lor V41. :1 . ,,,Ii-..6 wn ."49,e_ N.T. ki.P. k t r ti¡!_r,,,, --t -Ay: J .' r-.. ki.t....1._ d e 4; ir oli.:14 ...4;'-41r. ../I413' " f.`4 '4'C'- 41,r''Si'.1'.1 4.14/frilr''!-4 : . j"' top

4P THE SCHOOLATODIAN 17 I

I. Twenty-twopercent retire their janitors with pension,ilia Statesystemapplyiig bojanitors in Massachusetts,New Hampshire, NewJersey, NewYork, Ohio'',and Pennsylvania. Sick leave percent pl these citiesresrt that they allownosick leave with pi;37or6venonil:onthe subject.In the remaining citiesthere is,Asin I . cities, agreat range and variety in allowance, fromdeduction ofa substitute'spay, to1monthatfullpay,granted by Salem Mass. Themostfrequentgrantis Hrdaysatfullpay(15 percentof cities) and thenextis 5 daysatfullpay(6 percent). Incaseof absence,6 percent fill thevacancywithoneof theextrajanitors whom they employandonescboolsystem". ..keepstwo extramen on partpa,¡.In15 percent,men are dfliwn from the department of maintenince;in4peicent,

, extra,work is done 14% the tegularjanitors.Fortypercent . haveélist of silbstitutesonfile.In15 percent there isno provision and the remaining citiesdidnot furnish infortaa- tiononthis subject. 'Assidanits.Sixty-fivepercentlofthese citiesreport - ite employment of assistant janitorsatleast insomeschool* In 48percent theyareemployed by thedepartment of Mule cation.In 17-percenttheyareselected by the janitorand in 15percenttheyarepaid by the janitor. costwne.Fivepercent of these schools require uniformity of dress in their jwitors and in(yieother cit'y this is expected in high schools.Inmist Ind., -the dressconsists ofgray e shirk black bow tie,. darkgraytrousers, and black ahoes. Alktment of labor.---One cityreports that the number of roomsassignedtoonejanitorrangesfrom4 to 24.The averagenumberperjanitor =Owed_ by other citietiwu 4 , e asfollows: . er

Mauipa *NW Numberof citsa1 Row pujimaar Amberslain ;*

. 5}4.... e 41. e .. 44 4. to 4P I, 1 I 13 e _Om I I CI, a...... O m. C 411. C MI 4. Ili. 44 1 . . 6.. ag. Im IND I AMP 1 -14 aO. to44 4014..... 1111 IM e ...... 3:

OP e e e _ 7a ...... _...... 1 15 0P61° ...a, _ 8_ Ms.SIP MP OM e "M" 17 18_ , mr N., 44 ow 14. 2 g 1I - 10 OP .....IN OP el 4I O. CO 414141. MD SP C M S OP44. MO 15 20 N M. e w. s . so al. 2 I. 12 44 a. .44. 44 44. 44 ID 13 22 OP to o. 44..41. al 7-0, . pne city gives theaverage perjanitoras8 and fora'jantgiri

andanassistant, 12. 41. 4 61880-311----4 .ci

"- . .t;, te47:4:*4-i-4.11? . "re' 7T

iI ( t r ..

8 IECE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN No-

t Theaveragefloorarea perjanitor is . . 4, Boorspace Floorapses Number of Vise reporting per janitor Number of citiesreporting janitor 7. e 2, 560 ibm.r ...... 1 i...... `'...... 14, WO6 .. 1 .., ... .m, ...... OD OM II NS IS_IMP VW. 5,-500 2 ...a...CC15, 000 % 1______1_ _ _ _a .*... ___6, 000 1 17, 000 . 1______7, 200 .2 ...... 18, 000 / ...i 4I.____OE. MP On. OMm 7, 500 1 ace19, 000 r...... , 8a. co .s am ow em,inow. co mow owMEP . IMP .... 10 OM 1 : 8, 000 ...... ______a19, 500

1.____._....;_e e aIMb MP M NSe e e _IMII . 9, 000 4 a 1. 20, 000 N. .. 1_____...... ______- 9, 977 1__e.. 23, 000 4 8_____,...... ______10, 000 i_ _ .... a25, 000 2 .4111 .... e11, 000 1 ...... 30, 000

2 _ __._ _ _ _ a _ _ .. _ ..12, 000 1 ar-la mi e. 32, 922 Theaveragenumber of pupilsperjanit9r is Pupils . Cities reporting Pupils , CWics reporting

. ., a _. 11= 147______e ...... 1. 300 .11110 1.16 gip eNIM a _ 7, 4 158______MD ...... 1 330 ...... a...a._ 1 .....11. MDel»111 MI ..... 1 336 1

17CLMr _ A...... 1 350__ __,_ i. /14 *175MP MO M. e______1.. 370 yin 15.

_MO. OPACM. op IMP .. .r.- - 1 375 411 11,016IIM1.1 , ,1 . 200IM OD M. SW IP...... _...... 3 387..... 1 222______1 400_ 3

#225____ MI.am, e ...... 1 'Jo? 425" 1 o 250 250.. OD EOM. _ 1 ..... 450 s71 po

260 IIM .. I= I= MO 11 ...... 1 500 3 In Hamtramck "eachcustodian isrequiredto do 170 units of work. One unitconsists of100squarefeet of floorspace, O. 2,000squarefeet of groundarea,and 1,000 cubicfeet of building arpa" o Reces8.----In35 percent of these chit);the janitorshaveno special duties duringtherecess,period; in35percent they Jo ,,have bharge of theboys' toilets.Sixpercent of the respondents report the ringing of bellsoropening ofdoors andthe ( rermander statethat the janitorsassist theprincipal oi trcher in the corridorsor onthe playground. a. e- CITIES HAVINGA POPUIATIONOF 10,000 TO80,000 Of the6714cities havingapopulfition of from10,000to 36,000,415,or62 percent, respondedtoour request for information. b. 4

. . 4. go'

'11/i = eo:Art 0 . . ..5 i , t .. ik . . . I ...... '., ..., ',* , ¡ ._ ,..' i.1a:, ,¡ _ vs".. - c. I .. e ' ...... ' :17,.., '*+ \. i .'f '.- . e .1...*.4e-i .,'. .' , :, ,k .-r- . ..;;;:3:,;4,;.,_,_-:kf :.'' 1..., ...... ''.4..1:-'' : .31bi.i.:::;.; .. rVa:4"....4,..i.:::;(!e..4V%-'10,-...ik7), .;.4-Vii- ..;1"v4il;...6 ° i, :15!.- .. ; : A-4i_e'l..i, ,h tO t PY 6...... fii?re:kKr.V,h,fteA; asik..14?-4A-LaS.-L-;(, '....ailly'4.7---1.1;1 ilt.;."'l ..7!.4":4%1.3../S NI. 4e.-3!:,;-fa. la ._ alitr iti 't.r.41-4,1W.znictre...Milli,../0? -14<.14:1- ; THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN e19

General, .Schoolsystemsin communities of this sizeare, a& arule,moresimply organized than is the casein. largercities.Therearenotso manyspecialists in administration andinnearly. two-thirdswefind the janitors under thegeneral- direction of the superintendent.In 13 percenttheyareunder the superintendent ofbuildings and grounds;in 10perceiit,under the businpssm: er; in 4 percent, underthe custodianorchief engineer, , under thesuperintendent and principal; in 2, underthe superintendent andbusinessmanager;in 2, licler thesecre- tary orclerk of the board, in 2, waderthe superintendent arid committee.9fthe board; in 1, under the superintendent, andchairinan pf the committeeonbuildings and grounds; in 1, under the secretary;in 1, under the attendance and O ¡efficiency officer;in 1,, under the principal, and in 1 percent, under the utilityengineer. . Direct re8ponsibility.In84 percentof these cities the janitorá%aredirectly responsible to theprincipal; in 5 percent tothesuperintendent; in 5 percent tothe custodianor superintendent of janitora;in 1 percenttothe superintendent of maintenance;in 1tothe superintendent ofbuildings and grounds; in 1 to theprincipal and business manager;,in 1 to theprincipal and headcustodian; in 1 to the principal and supermtendentof buildings; and in 1 perceht tothe head janitor andsuperitttendent \ç,f built. ings. Einployment.In70 percentoftinge schoolsystemsjani- tors areenifdoyed for 12 months andlin 8 percentsome janitorsare soemployed, in 1 percent theyareemployed for 11mönths; in 6 percenttheyareemployed for part time during the sum)tqer;and in theremaining 15 percent they' arehirOd for the schoolyearonly% Of t4ecities'employingsome orall janitors by theentire piar,10perce4tgrant 1week47ifvacation; 80 percent_allow 2 weeksor'10Clays; percent, 15.days;24percent,3 weeks; and 4 percent, 30days.One city allowsweeks' vacation and 1 weelc toattendatraining sChbol. No leaveis granted kby 3puce

a. 20 THESCHOOLCUSTODIAN

Theaverage number ofhours of work viasgiven bythese citiesasfollows: \. Hours , 0 Percent 4daa 'Howe Paved ofcities 6 I 4 , 1 10%...... 1 . ...--______.. ___ _ _ A 8...._ ...... 23 11__,,_ ...... _..... 8 _ ...... L...... gm ...... 12 11% 1- 1 9% 1 12...... _ _ ...... 2 0 4m...... 21 Notgiven 35 LincolnPark,Mich.,reports that "engineersworkuntil 3p. m.and janitorsthencomeand stayuntil11p.m." Oneperceht of thesecitiesexpect their janitorstoserve3 I. hoursonSaturday;22percent, 4 hours;25percent, 5 hours; 5percent,a"halfday";1 percent,6 hours;3 percent,7 hours;8percent, 8 hours;2 percent,9 hours; and2peicent, 10 hours. Duringthesummermonths theusual hoursof employment are8.4 In48percent of the citiesof this sizethejanitorsarepaid for nightduty; in10percent for nightworkother thanschool purposes. Twopercent have specialnightcustodians.In the remaining40percent thejanitorsareexpectedto do night work without&tiltpay. . . Employmentofjanitors.Onlycities inMassachusetts, NewYork, andOhio, inwhich Statestherearecivil-service commissions,report civil-serviceexamination%and only2 perdent of the citiesinother Statesreportanyformaltests. Ten ofthe30 Massachusettscities reportilig,10 of the26 New Yorkcities,'and18 of the 24 Ohiocities, selecttheir . janitors fromcivil-servicelists. Where janitorsare not chosen byexamination(about89 percent of thisgroupof cities)personsfor suchpositionsare nominatedby thesuperintendentof schoolsin37percent; by theboardor acommitteeof theboard in12percent; by the superintendentof. buildings :s grounds in4percent; by thesupervising'janitorin4pe t;* bythe engineerin. 2percent; by thebusinessmanagerin 2percent; by the janitorialcommitteefor theboard in2percent; and bythe .secretaryorclerk ofthe boardin2.In theremaiuing24 percenhafcities thejanitorsareselected bysonrcombination of the aboveofficial& .

;7'..%)1-1.2) THESCOOLCUSTODIAN 21

411 Age.Theage requirementsforjanitors,wheregiven,are asfollows,: Afs Percent bpcities Age Percent by cities 1 i 35-45 44. 2 2 -40 1 35-50 21-45 1 2 35-55 1 21-50 a. 2 Notunder 21 4 21-55...... 1 Notunder 30 Yq 2 -60 1 Notunder 40...... - 4 SID 2 21- .... 1 ...... Notunder45__...... 1 25-35 1 If Notover 40a. 1 25-40 1 Notover 45 25-45 3 1 Notover 50 4 25-50 2 Notover 55 1 4 25-55 ...... 1 Notover 60 25-70 3 1 Notover 65 1 30-45 _ .... 1 Notover 70 30-50 1 .12 Not given 53 30-60 1, ,cv. Generaleducation.In3percent thejanitor isexpected to be at 1.6astableto read andwrite;in10 percènt hemust haveanelementaryschooling;in2percent hemust have completedthe juniorhighschool;and in2peicenthe is expectedto have attefidedhighschool.Theremainint83 percentgave no specific requirelient. Specialediwation.----Onecity ofthisgrouprequiresthat the applicantpresent acertificatefrom.ajanitorialtrade school. AStatelicenseas..aboilerfireman isrequiredbyone schoolsystem andsome experience inhandlingboilersis expected by/1percent. Threepercent of respondeiats preeir that theirmenbe skillfulincarpentry and inmakingrepairs. In ()lie schoolsystem "engineersarechosento qualifiy forpar- ticular positions,i.e.; oneis alsoelectricalmanandanother isaboilerexpert." Otherpalification8.Inorder offrequency ofmentionthe followingpersonalqualitiesarelookedfor: Goodcharacter, neatness ofappearance, good personality,abstinencéfrom alcohol,no useoftobacco,and thattheapplicant ismarried. Medicalexaminationa.--In21percent ofthese citiesjani- torsarerequiredtopresentacertificateof goodhealthfrom aphysician.In10percentamedicalexalhinationisre- quiredannually(half ofthese citiesareinaStatewhere suchanexaminationisrequiredby law).Inone .. cityan

, .. .% . .. 4I s I....? 4 7 . . . . , 3. .. . 1." ""i- --..rrf-st-IT- Wi' f,-/ --'1 4 ;::, qt. *-14.41eAki-Aigif.4.4;..A4:44;16/#1.,..... " ' ,4f ilf1' .44.....-- 4.4.1.1V.W44, i .',.,4,.12,.. :t.' *e,,:,.:11:"" -..-4.'..44, t.41...,4,11A. 44- 44184.7,SV.. :. 22 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN examination is requiredevery2years;inone, every3years;' and inone, every5years.In 7 percent of the above cities the examininkis done by physicians employed by the schools. Probation.In 30 percent of the cities of this size, janitors areplacedonprobation.In 2percentfor 1 month; in1 percentfor. 2 months; in 1 for 3 months; in 1 for 4 months; in 1 for 10 months; and in 14 percent for 1year.In the, remaining 10 percent theyare"alwaysonprobation"or

"can be dismissed atanytime." , Inefficient work is givenas a musefor the discharge of janitors in 45 pep* ofthew; cities; noncooperationorin- subordination by 18percent;immoral conduct by 10per- cent; theuseof alcohol by 7 percent. Training ofjanitoro.Thirty-fivepercentof these, cities reportthat their janitorsaregivennotraining. Fort Collins, Colo., sends its janitors toa summer course for custodiansatthe Colorado State College of Education; janitors in Peru and Whiting, Ind., attenda2-daycourse atPurdue University; the 6-weeksummer coursein Iova State College trains janitors of Ames;a5-daycoursegiven by the Kansas State Board for Vocational Education at the Kansas State Teachers College of Pittsburg is reported by that city, Atchison, Coffeyville, andSalina.Royal Oak, Mich., makesuseofa coursefor 3 days eachyearat the State Agricultural College and Mankato, Minn., requires ita janitors to attend the 40-hourcourseat the State University. six of the eight cities of NorthCarolina'report thatthéy sendsome orall of theirmentothe:summer, coursegiven by the State School Commission. Besides the above-mentioned cifies which find training schools . at hand,. thejanitors of Bessemer, Ala., attend monthly meetings. A specialinstructor . isemployed. Burbank, Calif., reports special evening classes; in Santa Cruz the head custodian gives instruction for 2 hods each ilionth;in Palo Alto thejanitors'have regular scheduled meetings.Pomona reports16-ndanceon"districtmeet- ings."In Greeley, Colo., thenewjanitor works withthe head janitor 2 bolusaday_foramonth; in Lakeland, Fla., the novice is instructed by the chief'janitorfor 2weeks beforeabuilding is turnedovertohim; in Boise, Idaho,a courseis given by the superintendent of buildingsand THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 23 grounds.In New Castle, Ind., four meetings, presided overbyexperts,areheld during the schoolyear; a2-day summerschool is held in Chicago Heights, Ill., presidedover byaninstructor from the University of Minnesota; Fort Madison, Iowa, arringesa3-day 8-hourcourseunder experts from the State Agricultural College; inOitumwa,Iowa,an extension commie is given by the State agricultural board; _ Arkansas City, Kans., furnishes instruction by its best custodian for10 weeks during thesummer.Meetingsare held for instruction in thesummervaeation'atLafayette, La.; lectures and demonstrationsaregiven bycompetent instructorsto thejanitors of Wellesley, Mass.In Union City, Mo., instruction is givenonce amonth by the fireman;South River, N. J., mentions lectures and conferences for its janitors; in Freeport, N .,thenewjanitor is assigned toviorkunderanexpertc: dian for from3 to 6 months;

in Okmulgee, Okla.,gro o meetingsareheld wider the direction of tb.uperindent of buil 'andgroundson 5or6 Saturday liornings; in Shawnee, Obrit.,an84ìour courseis given insummerbyaninstructor in mi4lualarts; in Washington, Pa., the utility engineer gives training for

. 3 weeks; in, Munhall, Pa., practical dembnstrations ofma- Thinery inuse,with examipatiims,-aregiven together with ieinstruction by senior janitors,1 hour each day for 3Nvieeki; Pottstown, Pa., mentions health talks bY the school medical inspect:ortogether with instruction by the head janitoras tofiring; in West Warwick, R. I.,a course. in fire practicis is given by 4ie Rhodp Island State Fireman's League; in Lubbock, Tex., thenewjaitorsmeetwith the superini;a

tendent of main. nancetwiceamonth; in Pampa, Tex., they meetonce amonth with thesuperinei41ent,principal, and head" janitor; and in Provo, Utah, jpiitors attenda summercane for1 week. Fivepercentof the remainingdaismentionsomeinstruct- don of janitors by the superintendent, 5percentby the head janitor; 4 percent by the superintendent of buildings and grounds.In all, 65 percentreportpomesortof instruction. However, in only 26 permit ofan of theseschoolsystems isanyprinted material concerning their work furnishedto janitors.

Alb

II 24 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN

Promotion and retirement.Seventeenpercent of\these schoolsystems haveamethod of promotion for their jaiiitors. In allcasesthis is foundedonmerit and in1 1 percent, length of serviceitalso taken intoaccount.hi 3 percentaformal rating sheet is used. Cities in New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania reportaretirementsystem with pension.Monroe, Mich., "continues financial aidtoold employees who have become inpicitated ;" inonecity janitorsover65aregiven "guard dui or'otherlight dutyathalf 'pay." One respondent rearks"Weshould havearetirementsystem forjanitors 11,i, allmeans.Dodderingoldmen arekeptonthrough sympathy."Altogether, only abotit10 percent.ofthese citiesreportanyprovision for pensioning these workers.

ack leave.-a--Hafof these citiesgrantsick leaveto janitors, a though in10 percentasubstitutemust bye furnished...The tmost frequent allowance (12 percent of cities) is. for10 days per yearatfunpayand the next mostcommon(10-percent) is 5 days.

Substitute. janitors.---Forsupplying the place of absent jaiiitors, four of these citiesreport that they haveafew personsavailable whom they have trained,.atareduced salary.The remaining eschoolsystemsseemto depend altogetherón'untrained gubstitutesrPosdiblyassistant

janitorsareoftem madeuseof iùemergency.Forty-Ave . percent of these cities ompIoy such assistenta.In 20percent of achools they arti selected by the janitor indin14 percent theyarepaid by him. Dress.In5 .percent of these cities uniform dress is requirid.-,pronecity the board of educationbears half the cost, and inonethe firsttwosuit/0arefurnished free.In Manitowoc,'Wis., all custodianswear grayshirteivithblack ties and darktrousers. * Allotment of labor (wheregiven)

R;owssper Percent Roma pa -Per Roomsper - Perina . *titer - of edits *saw qt *saw of dam J 5 1 ii_.. _ .,. _ _ _ _ _ 1 W.__...... IMP COIN fm. IM 't_-L.--4111 11,...OINI.. - 8 12 10 L111 o 7...... 1 18 . .... 2 20 411P4.dim ma.alal 001, 22 .. 8 8 14 ..... 6 ,..opdo gomo oioNosodud P. 9 Mr MD OD MI . NO IMP. OD OS in 8 15... --... ao, OD v -"a .

10 111 4ID 22 16 is ow -It' 4. =ADall ... . &J. 0I 26 . . - 1Not allotted. - .11

, A. .. . Y , . I ._ i.( -.7 t., Nr ei ,i,t :t :s '.. ''". S'Ct - ?da 71 ....- ' 1-'5*.:-;; ;!..1.,'."' ---, v.., .... ti' ' - 4... t714`4..,lii,.-t.7"*k0F441'.43?4,.&-iii*'..4'.0 i . 4i4,244-11,kati;:livx0-,,,r. W4 ". . . IS t. ' dir arVI.

s. THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 25

Floorspace*janitor Numberoy Avast Number of Percent N'teelierof Peron. sparefed - of diks quotetest ofcities spin fad ofdties 4 800- - - - 1 8,500______1 17,600:-IIDODOD- 1 5,000 1 9,000..%.... _ 1 19,000.. .. . _ .. _ 1 5,200 ... b. 1 9,600.a..... 2 20,000 8 . , 6,000 1 10,000 . 7 80,000 1 ._ 7,000 4 12,000 6 CD" 63

8,000 2 14,000_.. _....

8,800__ ___a_ DO 1 i6,doot. 1

I Not stated fl Numberof Labor4 Husks cf k per Percent of pm:- ¡LP Pkr Percent of pupilsper Permit4 janitor - cities AIMS, I cities losgor Alm

150 1 285,...... _ _ 1 480 OD ..... CO ea 2 180 1 300. 17 500 - 4

190_L 1 310__ _,....OD 1 640. 1

200...... DIND OD IND 6 330_ _ _ _ 1 583 1 , 280 1 '840 1 600...... OD 1 _ . 250 5 350....C.C.... 10 700 1 . 260 1 400_ ... .DID .6 (1). ... el. MI I I1 GP sa 4. 266 .. 1 450_..IM CD OP OD OW OD ODINI 1 Not reporting.

'Lutist= I Assistantsareemployed in.45percent of thesecities; in 21percent theyartiselected by the janitor; and in 15 percent theyarepaid by him. Reoess.In30 percent of these cities thejanitorsIaveno

dutiestoperform in connectio4witsthe '131. 'N:period;in27 pement they look after thebasements and toilets;id1(1per- cent theyhelptosupervise the plaYgrounds.In 8 percent theyareexpected to ring bells andopendoors.The remain-

ing 20percent did notf **specific information. . CITIES HAVING A POPULATION. OF FROM 2,500 TO 10,000

.:* Inquiriesweresent topupezintendenta in communities of

the above populations in Alabama,. California,Illinois, Kamp), 'Massachusetts;Miniesota,New Jersey, Ohio, and Texas.It was' felt that information from these nine States would be representativefoithe country at large.Four / hundred and tiotenty-five,or55,percént, ofthécities within the limits of population in these States answeredour ciuestions. 4 General supervision.--In62 percent of these school systems the superintendent is in gene* charge of&itjanitorial

servige. .In 16 percent the janitorsareunder the principal orsupervising principal; in .8 percnt, under theclerk;in 5

Do.

Pip r-74-

s ThESCHOOL CUSTODIAN 26 9 -J 40 i percent, under thesuperinteitdent'Ofbuildinisand°grounds;r ip 5percent, under theconimitteeonbuildings andgrounds; in 3percent, underthe school board; and in3 percent, wider the bead janitor.Informationwasnot givenonthis subject by the remaining 2percent. Diredrevonaibilitt.In 77percent of thesecomiiiunitiea , the janitorsaredirectly responsibleto theprincipal of the school in which they work; in16 percent, to the superintend-.. ent;in 3percent, tothe board of education; in1 perceat, to the district clerk; in1 portent, to the committee 6n buildings and grounds; in1, to the supérintendent of buildings and grounds; and in1, tothe head janitor. - Emploinseni.In65 percentof these citiesthe janitorsare employed for 12 months and in 18percentsomeof themare soemployed.In 17percenttheyarehired for the school yearonly.Wheresome, orall,ateeinployedfor the efitire year(353 cities) i week of leave is minted in42 iitiest,' 2 weeks in 223 cities; 15.days in4cities;3 weeks in 4 cities; 30daisin 21 cities; 2 months in4cities; -andtheslimmer- time after cleaning is dohe in8cities.No vacation is allowed in the: remidning47 cities.

V . Alwayshour ofworkasreportsd by16(cities of thisgroup a

. On Saturday 1 Inammo.I Numberat _. weekday boom Wise Number at I Number al Roars cities Hours dike .. le , ,

1 116 $ -' k I s f' r f 1 4 1111111111111

r 4____, s OM, a aloe..raID 114 GOV lb r co e & 4 4 72 - 4 73 -8 . 1111 i 0 5 II 9..... aeaaa . ii .i $3 II 311 s ,... 11 7 00 4 al, as 94 6 47 4MP r . , U 4. i. 411 7 41 120 21. .1 ., 11 47 ...... 4__ I 9 1 ... . -...... -.b.- ...a.a. .. 0.. 0 10. 11 . . 1 ILiI Not all at theschoolswitting employ *dimauSaturday and Inthesummer. . to - V Thirty-onepercentsofthese citiespay'their janitorsfor -night workandin 12percent theyarepaid when the buildiñj is used for other than schoolpurposes.--Topercent have anightjanitor who takescareof such, mirk. The rimainine cities did*notfurnish information.=this subject.

'.t OEM

s f .

se. I. -a " .P 41, I . 604 . r.,_11 - *La - ;0..t* . z -n0.11 4.4 - . .1- ,71142:' , _ . 1 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 27

or Employment ofjanitors.Onlyoneof the three States in which janitorsareemployed through civil-service examina- tionwasrepresented in these returns.Of the 40 Ohio citibs returningourquestionnaire; 10 employ -allor somejanitors by suchexaminations. Two cities in other States withn'o; civil-seivice system reportaformal examination. Where janitorsarenotemployed by civil-service otother competitive examination (97 perentof these communities) thepersontobe chosen iánominated by'thesuperintendent

a in 50 percent;the trusteesorschool board in 25percent;a committeeoimember of the board in 10 percent,the principal in 5 perct, thesuperintendent of buildings and grounds in 2 percent;the businessmanagerin rpercent;the chief engi- neerin1percent;and the head janitor,'engineerand superintendent in 1 percent.The questionwasnotanswered 1 by 5 percent.. . ,. 1 Qualifteations.--Only 22 percentof these cities set 'any limits concerning ,theageofthe&applicants for the position' xi custodian.Theseweregivenasfollows: , , Mend Parent Asa , 0 cities A. et dew 21-145 ° 1 30-50 ...... 4M. 1 21-50 , 2 46-50 1 , % 111-55...... 1 Over 21 yeais...... t 21-65 ...... 1 -Notover35years a... 3 21-70_...... _ _ OW Mb ..... 1 No%over50years 2

25-35 dk 1 Notover60yews___ _ .....mr .. 111. 2 . 25-40 '1No limit set..._ _ __ ...... 78

25-45DV VD IND OD al, O. VDowAM 011.. Calvow _Lo.VD eVa var.4.G. 1

, e ./ Tito pekcent of theseschool systems demandthai their e is.janitorscanretdgild write;7 percentthat they havean et, elementaryschooling; and 2 percent that theyhave attended high schuol.The remaining cities (89 percentof all)set zio requirementalthough they doubtlessseldom-find itnecessary toemIploya*soil withoutKanoeducation. No specialtraining priot toemploynientis required byany ofiheseecho& althoughafew respondents mention that they prefermenwhoareexperiencedasplumbers, plasterers,

V , carpenters, etc.,anc145-percent expect them to knowhow to manage abeating plant.

Medical &anti _L,:u .-411 16ittot of these'ekesahealth certificate isrequired and in H of thisgroupit is expected

f 0

N".. MIS , ki41..-4111` .':Z4It *1 1 & ."2r 4c.4.,.:,. -:.." I ... 4. I..#Z1i- .1.. L-,..- '.':...... -,..,: t v '' .t v F7 ' 11'1 Vg -, 44074NSiiitt,:"4''' r "!. -41;t11 - * ea .....,..--..,-1_,_____..1..:a'M.-tr..» V;L.__." ' p - ...rm...:.., W mum, . 1-, t

28 THE,SCHOOraCUSTODIAN '

annually.In only 2percent is the examination madeby physicians employedby the schools. Priam lion.Twentypercent of these cities haveadefinite probationary period fortheir janibirs.In 3percent this period is 30 days;iii2 percent,3 months; in 3 . percent, 6 . months.; and in12percent0year. Themost frequently mentionedcausesfor dischargeof custodiansare:Inefficiency,45 percent of respondents;

improper conduct,30 . percent; insubordination,15 percent; and theuseof alcohol,12 percent.Slovenlinessandun- cleanlipesswart)mentioned by5 percent. \ Training iniervice.--Twenty,or5 percent, of these cities

take advantage.of opportunitiesfor formal trainingof jani- torsincoursesgiven by State institutionsorin large cities. However, only7 of the 42citiesof Kansas whichreported, send their custodiansto the janitorial schools of thatState and 9 of the59 cities of Minnesota.(North Carolbias,where the State maintainsa summer course,wasnot represented in this group).Attendance for2yearsinácoursefor janitors in trade schools isreportedfrOMtwo cities of California Chico, Califreportsaseries of12 lectures by engineersand the superintendent,and Banning, Calif.,provides itsmen with booksand sends themtoa"janitorialconvention." Besides the above5 percent, 12percent furnishsomainstruc- tion by thesuperintendent, principal,superitgandentof _buildings andgrounds, headjanitor,orbusinessmanager, and 15percent report that theirnewjanitorsare set towork undermenwith experience. Theamount of instruction for janitorsconsideredessenfial varies from"a short talkwhen badlyneeded"to 2yearsof teaching.The businessmanagerof one of thesecitiesre- marks; "We lindit takes2 yetrsate properly titianpod janitors." Only 17percent of these cities furnisktheir janitorswith printed cions withreferenceto their workand 7 percentsiTplythem *with periodicalswhichmaybe helpful. . and r .0 ponsion.Tenpercent of these pitiesreport a(listen'of. proinotionby &omitand service,and 2meant haveaformalsystem of rating. - All but8 of the 72 New Jerseycities givetheir janitorsthe idvantageof the Stateretirementsystem.In another

111 4 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 29 State the businessinanagerremarks, 'This State basa retirement provisionbutvit doesnotapplytoschool employ- it* other than teachers.This isa grossinjustice." Only 21 percentof the cities of this sizegrantsick leave exceptthat the janitormayoften receivepayabove the amountexpended for hissubstituie.Of the 21 percent, 51cities grant 5 days, and 38cities 10 days leave annually atfullpay. Whenajanitor is ill the schools in these communitiesare usually withoutanexperienced substitute although the statementthat"thereareplentyonthe waiting list" tells usthatsomeoneis always obtainable.The ,remark, "We eniploy another withall thonecessaryqualifications" would seemtoindicateasurplus of trai,nedmenwhich of bourse is notthecaseanywhere. "We getsomeday laborer" is probablymorenearly the usualoituation.Inone community "the wifeorother relatives do the work," and it is to be hoped thatskill in janitorial servicerunsin the family. Forty percent of thesecities employ assistants for custodial work and in half of themtheassistantiarechosen and paid

by the janitors. . Dresa.--In 8 cities,or2 percent,of thisgroup,diejanitors .; wear'a costumeselected by the board of education. Allohnont of labor.Whengiven, theaveragenumber of rooms,the floorarea,and number of pupilsperjanitorwas asfollows: 4"- -111 1111111Mmip, .111111 ...

1- Parma Itaiiiberof room IPaved ThorrpmPermit 1, ofInks of titles Papas of tittles

. , 1 2 1

SID VD VD 6 3 ...... 3 4 1 &pm Sr, 3 1 4 4 3 10 13 2 1 12. .10 lii 14. 4 a 4 1 la 10 1 IS iL 1 7 1 17 1 7 4 111. 1 1 1 1 1110041. 411I 411.41, fa VD a .... 4 N. 41. 2 (1) ...... OHO fib 1110 Vlo *ID a 2 3 3 a 1

INot stated. . 4 4rr r - r.e ------1

30 THE SCHOOLCUSTODIAL* I.

. . . . Recia.--Only25 portent of these citiesreportanyspecial assignment of dutiesatrecess;in15peicentthe janitors look after theboystoilets; mid in10 percent they assist in supervising the playground. Forieurposesof yomparipori the statistical data from cities of the priceding fourgroups arepresented intabtaarform.

a Comparative data forciliaqfthe4 populationgrows

. .,e 11 .1'

b. PortentIncalmal-

100.0L0 sad over 80.000-100,000 100000404,000 2,800-10,000

=me

o====!PUNI.j ofa*, ...... Ei Mollynapoosibis W pets- s. W OW* OO &layew4.1.10/00* oa, boursmosttraquent 17 maned. p t Taktiir0J . v make& ao ...... We bequest_ period alsaw batloa, In watts. OOOOOO e 13 Janitors vaadve banal Iran- lg O 4 LtaatttwokinstructionClip& 3 a 443. , dkeetronstandobei... a a =aweimbed 78 Unit=&go ...... I.: I $ 0 Asistude Paid7 k so i.... gr Mat. karma of , roams. OO 0,10 10-12 Nodspats par**ix hi JI A . swam Opet 8,000-12,080 16,0i0. to, own, 000 10,ou-ii4al Pantasounanambitof INIMPCo.o4. 4... o. o, o o o ..... 144 o o 800-400 316-in 800480 I

iiitsMt$smstia8 tsZirvItsvirours.lvikerviasUwe. IADartIn Natolovingd TEE CUSTODIAN AND SAFETY The questionwmasked of adniinistrators"What is the function of the janitor with referenceto the.safety of pupils, 446' inside and outaide the building?"Possibly thisdeserved only the general answei that,the janitortake&every precau- tionto preve.ntaccidents.Suchastateme4wouldseem especiallytoaPply to the janitorLengineer.It is somewhat i surprisingtolearn, inacónsiderable ofinstances, that, the Janitor has nothingto do with safety,-Manymore

positive replies indicate thatle. is conoernedònly incaseof

4,4 t-

, . Ft g; ) V7 -r . .144-":"*F .1 4,4», ` . k. , 0.1. ,. t C*- " ' ,r4 "'_ g_14,ti .6 . :o 11, .h Itatl " he ' .9!eti , ,J. 4.44(! 4,,,,N , 4tk ''FF IC 6 I . '.1" ...I., t,, Y-te.k; ; .Atibb,d *0 ' - 0 4.1 THESCHOOecurroDuzi 31

emergency.However,afew reportssuchas,"he testsfire escapes,""keeps stairsand exits free fromobstruction,"or "be keepseverything in.sepair7 hidicatethat thejaftitor is oftenactiveonthe side ofsafety. Tworespondents4nen- tion thittheir janitors preventthe accumulation ofnibbish andinflammablematerials'and inoneschool systemthe and fire-fighting ilzst.2tor mustinspectall panic hardware equipmentdaily and fileareportwith thePrincipal.How- ever,it is mucheuier- topieient, fires -than toextinguish them. 5 AsGarber°.remarks, "Ajanitor whois carelessorindiffer- entin regard tofire hazards,in the smallestdetails, should notbe toleratedunderanycircumstances." . WQMENASCUSTODIANS

='!"t Women areemployedasassistants to the is ,L rinmany schools andonecity reportsthat its'janitors-are'',u enoply, this subj bt,Reeves .thewomendoing all thecleaning.t On tadt.ders4say: If toiletrooms areto becleaned daily duringschool hours, itwill benecessarythatone or morewomenassistants beemplo¡edon théjanitorWforce.Women assistants areneeded also to super- vise girls'.toilet momsduring intermission.If themare np womenassistants thecleaning of girls'toiletmomsmust beleft .until aftr schpolhours.This Is not =Olfactorybecause the needAr etianfngopeureduring the dayand becausejanitors do not havbtia etor the workatter schoolwhen every O minute shouldbe given to thecleaning of classrooms.Superficial cleaning of bothtoilet roomiand classroomswill result if toilet rooms areleft for cleaningafter school. 7 Women assistants canperformmanyother lightcleaning jobs &Altaschool building.Theycantakecareof offices, rest rooms,nurses'Toms,and the like.Theycando light worksuch asdustingfurnIture and cleaningblackboardsanderasers.In ,someschools observedby the writers, womendid much heavy work, such assweeping floors,using vacuumcleaners, washing .windaws, and evenscrubbing" and moppingdoors.It is',Avis- able,however,to employ mento performthemoredifficult *fork in caring forsehopl buildIns.'Inanelementaryschool them are alsoEspyItems ofservice thMwomin -assistantsciim perform, suchaswashing thefe:oesoflittle' children, "giving first-aid to .4 girls who have Peenhurtontheplayground, servingmilk, and .the like.B the4r4atest need of them Is in the careandsuper- vision of toilet moms. 1P op. mt. . .

tb.

.4 a

1;fi '4 ry: ,* P. , 41 -2' ;. ; t'` F:01 ILV ' ,;401- -a 't 4r...0,r, ., t Olt-- T. trqbto .) A ' 4t4.4 k, LI .* Asf 3t it 44. .432 THE .SCHOOLCUSTODIAN

Theemployment ofwomen on the janitorial force shouldnot be carried too far.Womencannot entirelysupplantmenin jani- -k . torial-engineering work.The onlyschool which is ina worse situa- tion thanonethat employtnowomen on the janitorial-engineering force ¡latheschool thatemploysn9 men on the forceexcepta 1 fireman. There ineed: for bothmen.andwomen on a school janitorial-engineeringforce. 4,

* REVIEW ANDREMARKS While thesuperintendentorprincipal shouldhave general knowlet10coficerning thematter of comfort andcleanliness of the schoolsin which he works iis hardly io 136expected 4 that hecanbe posted as'to details of practicewhich bring about thoseconditions.As chief ofthe Pgschoplsystem he is resPonsiblefor everythingbutevenwhere the O organization is simpleand tire isnogo-between buildingdepartment,or business.department, ,thejanitor, like theteacher, shouldbe expectedto know the dutiesof his positionand howto fulfill them: ,Division of labor,orsupervision oflabor, inthe administration of publicschools,appearsin citiesof about 20;000 personsand increases in o 4 frequencyasthe populationrises. It isto be expected thenthat in comniunitiesof lessthan 10,000, the janitor wouid,;inmostcases, serve under tile 3 41. p a general supervisionof the superintendent.This is thecase. in ,nearlytwo-thirds ofcitiesoffrom10,000 to30,000 people. P..410 In most.of theremaining schoolsystems the superintendent of buildingsorthe businessmailageris in generalcharge and -the, proportionin which'the janitorsareiincreedmesuch specializedsubordinatesincreases u4til%in thegroupof largest cities,abouttwo-thirdsareunder the directionof the department of buildings ormaintenanceand theremainder s under thedepartment ófbúsiness.(Where thejlo,nitor%are under the businessmanager OP it is likelythatasupetintendkytt.

of buildingsdoesnot exist.) .* /1.11 The resultsof the workof.the janitorand janitor-engineer areevidentto teacheiss and principalseveryday and ¿very hour andit lir generallyrecommendqd, bythose whohive, studied diesubject, thatthe jani..,, should be 'directly esponsibleto the principal of the scIij1 ihwhich heworks. I his imAlies . that thisofficer should binformed aito what - , heresultsof janitor serviceshould beeventhough the.. r. - .. . l''' 4 (. ' . .10..( . - -.. I e a 1..

, 6% n-, if.11-:.' f4'#: ,' I .. r' t , t.er,i' .1 I, ;; t :Ir, 9 . s .; L. T. 4 t.e .1. 1 t4 , i* ' ' 111"' ' Pitte:Adtk ..!.11.1ilki;12... tilitVii-1,41%.14.1.:idal'41.6.1iik-eilri_Aktit.:;1-tiiJJ.tilrat.t.2.:1.?Iti'Af*PS"V..-.t I:::. ';;. **6 . ,

THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 33 a . .^ methods ofnick edohoitliCally achieving 'those )resultsare outof his fieldof knowledge.In thegroupof largest citiee jinitorsareresponsible to theprincipal in 70 percent, ank thisproportion rises to 93percéntin thegroupof smallest

communiiies.It is to be hopeehat the principalhot only s- judges hisjanitor byconditions roonls,Corridors,and. toilets, butalso in furnacerolim,clos.ts,condition of drinking fountains, offire apparatus,and all things having to dowith healthk,and safety aswellascomfort,,Such supervisipn should%e somebody's business. . In 80 percentqf the largest,cities all janitors seem to be proportion falls to' 65per- employed for 12months, but the, ., f- centin thecommunities of 2,500 to 10,000poople.-No .11, matterfor howmanyLotithstheyarepaid it is to be hoped that thesalary foro thetotal yeai is adequate,especially for thosejanitors who bysiudy and industry havemade them.; selves wqr.thyof iheirhire.Statistics ofsalarie's given later hardly supportthishöii3in all instances. On thissubjectGa03erwrote: Perhaps the best reasonwhy janitors shouldbe employed and paid for theentkeyearis the fact that abetter clast ofmen canbe secured by thatmethod, and theadvantage would, therefore,be Tr reflected inmoieefficieztr service throughoutthe'year.Many .4 cities lose more every y onaccount of wastefulnessand ineffi- .1 cientservice than itwould take to pay thesalaries,required to

9 employ first-classAnitors. Wherethi en&.rare so:the'hours of work A. must varyconsiderably withthe weather,i utsince the clean- -411 ing ofroomscannotbe done untilafter theyareemptythis worklmustextend well beyondschool hours.They will deriend alsoonthe numberof robms which he must carefor. While these average10 to 12in most of theschools furnishing data theywerereportedastwice this 'fiumberin inany instances.It takes time toadequately sweepid dusta room and where 25 rooms areid.be cleaned, either the hours must be longorthe work mustbe slighted. Aside fromthe citiesin the Stateshaving 'civilserviclo0 fonly 15 percent(and these allwith d populationof100,000Sr more)employ theirjánitors throughcompetitive examinations.In cities,of less than 10D,000such examinationsare rarely used exceptin Massachusetts,Ye* 'York, andOhio, ('''..."

. . Op. oit. 11. 4. f. 4 L. .

*94 , I. 1 . , Al . ( , - I. .f. t'). .. ' po IV: `..: . .. ¡ 4 ...... , ) .. 7- ., . :.,t...,,, :. - - . ,, . . . ; LE,.74 . i .,.i. . . .. - S, .- ( Z.. i,,...: , .,,, ... tki,iAtes; ,...),i- ,f...,.,,,,,,3-4/. I..Nt,,..:17- : ,...i.)11%. i, - 7. . , f`a ...4_, 17, k-Aii l 41 -:i Ill 1/1111,a4riktre`Mik-141.: .--41i14.5f ' - .1,31/i t.;;;"7/A/.1..,.. f: z.-3 . i.

34 THESCHOOLCUSTODIAN

where civil-servicesystems havebeenestablished.In the 011 smaller citiesof theabove Statestheemploymentof janitors by this methodmaybeelectiveorthe lawmay not apply. Exceedinglyfew janitorshave hadanyschoolingfor their workorexperience inserviceand henceformalexatninations canreveal littleexcept intelligenceand generalexperience in relatedwork.If rightlymanaged,however,theyare a help insecuringmlitable candidates.Reeves andGandersI remark: Theexaminationsshould consist ofwell-selectedquestiopsper-\ tabling to the viorkto performed, andshouldbe preparedand scored byeducationaladministratorsin chargeofjanitorial- engineeringservice.Justasit isnecessary to considerof qualifications oftiachersbesidesability toanswer a few in an examination, andjustasit isnecessary to chooseteachers who willbest fitparticularsituations,soit isnecessary to givecon- siderationto thesefactors inthe selectionofJanitor-engineers. In the smillercommunitiesinformationasto generalfitness canbe obtainedthroughothermeans. Wherelariitorsare not selected by exaniinationtheir nominationforappointmentin largercities isbyno means alwas afunction ofthe official Whoisresponsible kftheir enersupervisionand thisisespeciallytrue in smaller commudities..In60percent of citiesof10,000to 30,000 peope the janitorcomes unerthegeiraidirectionof the superintendentbut he ispresented forapointment bythp superintendentin only37percent.In acesof less thdn 10 000persons.thesuerintendentis ini argoof 'mitersin 80percent, butpresents theirnames tothe boardin only.50 percent. Higheducationalqualificationsarehardlyessentialto good janitorservice butthe factthat insome communities the janitoris expectedto be ableto speakEnglish(one is, not informedasto how wellhemust speak it)orthat hemust be able'to read andwrite wouldindicatethata person of comparativelylowintelligence ..4 orunabletosecureother employmentmaybe chosenforapositionwhichschool sani- E tariansconsiderof primeimportance. The fa0that janitorsaresometimesemployed(ormaybe emp1oyi0after50or even 60 4 . . . . yearsofagedoesnot make for THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 35

the bestof service,for, in mosterastancestheyareunschooled for theirduties and,as oneofficial remarks, "Old custodians arealmost impossible to teach."if,asanother respondent states,it takes 2yearstotrainajanitor, and older metaare noteasily educable, itseemsinadvisableto setsolatean age foi employment.Besides,asReeves and Ganders note, advancedage"explains the inability ofmanyjanitors to seedirt."Only 22 percent of the places having the smallest populations reportany agelimits.Wherealimit is estab- lished, however,it ismostcommonly betwAen 21 and 45 years.

A medicalexamination of janitors is required in about 25 0 pircent ofcities of 30,000 peopleor moreand in about 20 ,percentof those havingapopulation below that .number. For cities of thefirstgroupthis is only about half thepro- portion of those requhing health.certificitts of teachers.In itfew Statesjanitorsarerequired by lawtofurnish such acertificate and in North Carolina and Washingtonthey mustbe examined`annually.In Kentucky the janitor is included inaregulation of the State department of health which requires schoolemployeestosubmit evidence to the countyhealth officer that theyarefree from infectious tu- berculosis.Insomeother States janitorsmaybe examined a butsofarastuberculosis is concernedanexamination inspired by obvious symptomscomeslate for all concerned. The sightand. *ring of &custodianareof decided impor- tanceanciAliereshould benoexcustfor employinga manwho is seriously defectivein thesesenses. d 0100100", Health certificatesareof comparatively little velue unless

o. the examinationsaremade by physicians employed by the school.In 23 percent of the largest cities theexaminations are somade; in 7 percent,ofcities from 10,000to 100,00Q; 01, dudbionly 2 percent of thesmallest cities. InsomeStatesalicensetofireafurnace is requiredbut aside from this,personstrained for janitor service before 'r employ'mentarenearly nonexistent.Theremaybe "born A janitors" and there Riseundoubtedlyverygood janitors who have had r(o special-schooling but it wouldseem_that most of them would beverymuch better janitors withsometrain- ing.The fact that schools for janitors havebeen'setupby

afew States andcities certainly- indicatesmmuch. .

111

t. l I .: .. . ', .4, ,,,..,,4";'4%*, /.. ' 'b it,1 1 ,*I'''D .:* ', .2 4.' ., . ' '4'''.4 ;'.4.t.. lelt i'tV2: i.! 1,..;4 . ._j_71A2&..,ktrottAL,Ea. ' 4 36 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN

. - 4 N In eight States co.iirsesaremade available in Stateinsti- 11, tutions where janitorsmaybesent for training at only slight expensebut these couriestire taken advantage of byun- expectedly few schoolsystems.In 1935 about one4ourthof the cities ofmorethan100,060personsgav1/(i someformal training (whidi howeverwassometimeso y abrief talk) and altogether88 percent reportedsomeinstruction.In sinallercommunities. schoolingby other than theirovin staff is limitedto about 5 percent; whilereports ofanytraining drop from 65 perpe-nt in theintermediategroupsto 17per- 'cent in the fourthgrdup.Considering the lackofoppor- ,tunity inmost States for the schooling of janitors,,it issur- prising thatfib few schools furnish theirjanitors withany literatureonthe subject of theirwork afid the figuresgiven

I. (seepage30) probably indicatethe proportionof school systems in which thematter of jariitor service is takenvery 4

seriously. Q About5 percent of cities, slightlymorein the largest,' slightly less inthe smallest, specifythecostume of their . janitors.iThe word "uniform"hardly applies hereasthe purposeofaprekribed dress is chieflythat:of havirig janitor's presentagoodappearance.,Consideririg thehumanma- terial froip which theyareoften recruited this issometimes needful, for in the oc,cupatioiifrom which theyhavecome, personalappearanceniay have been of lessconsequenceand

good dothesan extravagance. / ,

A paragraph in the Rules'andReg . sons Governing Cus- todian Services ofthe St. Louis sclioolsreads: . , While it Is *possiblefor the custodiansto keep neat andclean at the time theymust handle coal and ashesand attendto the boilers, yet this shouldnot be usedas an excusefor not keeping clean. By keeping tbe boilerroom,engineroom, pumps, epgines, boilers, and tools,spotlessly Clean, it isa very easy matter to keep clean personally. . , _ * * *Asagefteral rule, men andwomenwhoareparticuar about the cleanliness of theirperson-and theneatnessof their clothesarealso particular about the conditionofthébuildings in . , which they viork. Acustodian should zievergoabout the building or appearin thepresenceof children,teachers,orprincipa/ unless his handsand faceareclean and hair combed.* * *Hair cuts should be in orderat feastonceeach month.***

Shaving shouldbe made,a daily exercise'asnothing makesonefeel I . and lookmoreunkempt thananunshaved face., 4

414 I II

s I No

V 4) THE°SCHOOL CUSTODIAN, 37 Although the grant of sick leave toteachers is notilways exiendedtojanitors there is,outhe whqle,-adecided tend-. encytoinclude them and with the samtdegree'of liberdity. Where little is expectedof the custodian hecanreadily be replacedatthe present time bysomeoneoutof employment ).but there is inmanycitiesaplan for meeting theemergency of theloss ofatrained -worker by pérsons in training.In . thesmall community this is notso, easy amatterand the practice of employinganassistant seeths the best meaftof. solving the problem. Since the assistantmaybe calledupot to serveascustodian it is of the greatest importancethat he berhosen withthis. A emergencyin mind. Heshoulabe able to fill the position notonlyastechnician butas a matt. Whereaisistantsareemployed theyire,at present,paid 'for by the janitors ini3permit ofcities of the largestpopu- lalions; in23 percent of theiiextgroup;in 34 percentof t the'nextand in 50 percent of citiesot.,the smallest size. Withreferencetothis pr4cticeGaiber6 remarks: Two objectionsaremade to the plan of janitorsengaging their assistants and paying them out oftheirownsaláries.In the first place, it is said that this plan placesthe janitors under too strong temptatión to employacheap grade of help in order to get.the -work done with the least possible expense;and in practice it has frequently worked out thway.The other objection urgedis_ that the school authoritiet have nocontroloverthe characterof persoiassoemployed, suchis paients would with to have exercised in such in the selection ofpérsons withwhom theirchildrencome Mo. close daily contact. It wouldseem-that the first objection to janitors engagingand paying their assistants can be removedby the board employing the janitor and givingiaimastated amount for himself, andthen, placing at his disposalacertain maximum sum per montli orday

whichmaybe .used only for payinghisassistants:The*other objeotioncanbe met by having a rulespecifying theage,limit, phySical qualifications, and moral-fitdess of all assistants and helpers, and requiring that suchemployeespass anexamination accordingly.This gives the school authorities acheckonthe f"" attract& and fitness of personsemployed by the janitor. In 1935aretirement system whichapplies to janitors seemstohave been existentin only five States and itwas pointed out bymorethanonerespondent that this initself

60p.cit. .

. - 1 , ow ,.. . t " ;,),..V, .-.4 l'--.. . ti ...... , t irt42::7-. - : . . ,..,4 ')i-,zlr'/:1441 te.lit.)1.- .r. ,% '-.:' . . ' r.,-.44. r A 's 4/4

38 THE SCHOOLCUSTODIAN'

tendstopoorservice in thatcustodianstoo old for active dutyareretained thro.ughsympathy.

CHANGESSINCE1922

.1 That the janitor islookeduponwith inqreasingrespect is evident fromacomparison ofdata collectedby Garber15 years agowith thatobtained fromour more recent qgestion- ing.In 1922 less than7 percent of allcities, ofmorethan 2,500populationrequiredtheir janitorstopass acivil-seivice or aphysical eXamination.At thepresent time thatfigure .could be multipliedby three. - In all cities the customof having-the janitoipayhis assistants has fallenfrom42-percent to about30percent. This practiceincreasesin frequencywith decreasein the' size of thewhim In 1922- only5 schoolsystems in 100 madeany attempt at the training of theirjanitors, whilein1936, formal train- . ing wits giveninas many.cities, whileKt timesas many report someinstruction.

4 1. SALARIESCAPCUSTObIANS:9 The NationalEducationAssociation-collectedstatistics

-concerninithe salaries öfjanitors for1936-37. arid the reader is referred tòita publication ónthe subject7 for details.-ID cities with as apopulation ofmorethan 100,000the salaries ofhead janitorsranged frombetween$1,400 and $1,599 tomorethan$4,000, in cities of30,000 to100,000, from less than $1,006(onlyafewwereless than$1,200)to between$3,600 and$3,809.The mediansalaries inthese

t;fogroups were $2,657 and, $1,882 and'the arithmetic.

means$2,773 and$1,903. . The salaries ofjanitors ringed,in groupl,from lessthan $1,000 (nearly 204percent)to $4,000-or more(3 percent); in the secondgroupfrom less than$1,000 (25percent)to between$3,000 and $3,199; in citiesof10,000to 30,000 people the limp isfrom less than$600 (10 percent)to $3,000 andmore(about1 percent); in places of5,000 to 10,000and in those of2,500 to 5,000 therange wusimilar.' In these five'groupsthe median salarieswere,respéctively':$1,297,

Research bulletin of theNational Iducation Association,vol. XV, No.2, Match 19S7.

National Zama=Association, Washington, DO a s.

4 8.1 4 o : . . 11. 4 4 4 . *. .: '1, : !'-:.. . t 4 lo 1.4r. ; 1:-- . ;il .. 4 4. -i-ti :- i , 'i I.i -. .41 -1-z.,N.,- 7i -)-1 . .1 I t s'..fh .'" ir..-.var. '-A14. 4.... t; 'f .. :th-;').,;¡,,,'. Jr -.--tt44 .A *%;.. t . ..:-1,-;,-,,IA:s9 ff.;-t--,.... .`t .4,iiit .'r ;14:.-*":1.41-_,.-h2-; As, :,-_-.A. . A .- .), i.r..0-.: .,-r' _ 1..-. I , ?PO fMì I7'''' 4.4 7.44 4*.r:& -,4t .34 ..A., tl'", Iltiftiti % r1.11- -V .23 X- ...1 .4.41' '1 $Oil Lr rffc a I.

THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 39

, . $1,298, $1,231, $1,068,and$1,422and thearithmeticmeans were:--$1,408, $1,337, $1,202,$1,098, and $1,074. A schoolcould hardly&via first-claimservice'froma janitor paidsolittleas someof these figuresindicate. According to Garberthe alterage salaryof janitorsin s 1922wu$980.42,whichwas$355morethan thatof elementary,high-school, andspecial teAchers.Today the relative firancial statusis reverted,iheaveragefor elemen- taryteachersbeing at laid $400morethan forjanitors; that ofjunior highschool,teichers,$850more;and. of senior

N high schoolteachers; $850more.However, idcities of1

lesserpopulation¡groups.the salaries of . janitorscompare favorably with thoseof elementaryteachers. 16

al Tilt CIATODIAN OF 'Pm FUTURE While inmanyquarttri the schooljanitorsecuresMs position becauseof service rendered to, apolitical partyor becausetieis it friend ofamember`of the board (a*number its" of 8uperintendents.frankly stated-asmuch)achange coming about.In 1922 oilly twocentersfor the 4111.1. rapidly o professional preparationof janitoyswereexistent.In 1937, coursesiere offered by fivecollegesoruniversities and through Stateboards forvocationaleductitiónin 37 public sohools ofArizona andin"atotal of 32 centersin'Alabama, California, Michigan,Kansas, Minnesota,Nebraiia,Okla- homa,South Dakota,-Tennessee,Txas, Utah,and Virginia. Including thecolleges and universitiesmentioned above, trianingwasgiven in 74communities in 18States.In New ihrough Jersey the.State departmentof publicinstruction - its cpuntysuperintendentsis organizinglocal conferences 411 foil janitors.In NorthCarolina schooljanitorsarepaid fromState funds andthe StateCommissionconsideis ita ini0jserof public economytotrain theseemployees..Thé Stateassumesthe 'costof board andro9m.butthe costof tranEiportation to'and fromthecolleges( where thetraining is giv.en isborne by thelocal educationaluilits.In August 1936, 100white metattended the5-daysession at theState College atRaleigh, andu nianycolored janitors,thecourse attheAgricultural andTechnical Collegein Greensboro,

e Op. cit 4.

- 44

q. ;4;.. . ;1, 'z?",:` g": 4S*1-`'..--14 nik irje . ! 1,

40 - THE SCHOOLCUSTODIAN p to g. Attendançewaslimitedtomenwho hadnevar attended morethinone course.Instructionwasgiven indetailed janit9risjduties with specialattentionto iconomical firing, thecareand maintenanceof theplumbingand ilea ;11:appa- . ratu.4,the economicalusevf electricity;and the'elimination of fire hazards.Thecost of this schoolingto the Statewas '4 wa& $1,009, but it felt that muofimorethan this,would be

4111. saved in tilemoreeconomicaluse'offuel alone. Conic() (114echnomS,the Universityof Minnesotain the prosimtus of itsd.e. . rschool for engineersand custodians ,states that th:,.'e:,:Itof savingsfrom suchschooling "is indicated by.reportp which showreductipnover a 10;.year h. periodasfollows: Fupl,17-47percent; boiler repairs,17 percent; electric light,27.6percent; water service,10 .per-- o cent;engineering supplies,32 pèrcent; and-generalbuilding maiiiteninceexpense,30percent.Théuseof the_best methódsproduces resultswith the leastexpenditureof th 3

labor and materials!' .

.. In Kansasthe State I Jardfor vocationaléducationoffersa 'master 441 janitor certificate;to those who have I I attended its shorL ..esurseforat least 2Tears.and wbohave satisfacOrily ,. . compReathis. .sicirk outlined.A ccpmitteemadeupofone o or moremembers ofthe"Kama;Anitor,I'.;,0eerAssociátion : andarepresentative of the I3 State board f ocatiónaleduca: tion maieasurprise vis¡tupenthe custodianin hisschool, inspect his building, and pafi.,. uponhisqualifictitionsfora , certificate. In California thecommissionfor vocationaleducation held, in September1937,atrainingprogram'Jolt whichmorethan 40persons wereenrolledto become teachersoftheir fellow . 'custodians throughout theState. . Theverypractical andthoroughteacs o s someof the coursesmentioned isamplydemmistra in thedetailed

mate4a1 fdt iivitructionwhich.4 asbeenses. to this Office. I OM. Doubtlessthe teaching inrolin . 1; local schoolsystems isas adequate. With all thisinteresiiLnd effort inhis behalf,therecanbe little doubtthat the custodianof the futurewill bea.much 43 better technicianand it isto be hoped also thathe will bitofa!/-. f% superior caliberfrom otherpoints of viewandgenuinely . . worthy of the z importantposition whichhe I. assumes. A *

44.4 a t

. yitV v . -"4:ber 1C:,1.-=,_lc./.1.,\ L,.** b. 40

41b `.1 THE SCHOOLCUSTODILN 41

I s. SELECTEDREFERENCES

BROADY, K. O.,andothers.Handbook f9r schoolcustodlins.Extensi. Division, Universityof Nebraska, educationalmoinogaphno.4, a 1934: O CHELus,BROWN, COOPER. andELDER.Tiainingprogramand in- structiónsheets forjanitors and low-pressure engineers.Frank Wiggins Trade School,Los Angeles, Calif. ENGELHARDT, N. L.,REEVES, C., andWOKRATH, G. F. Standards !or public schooljanitorial-engineering service.Teachers College, Columbia University,Neyi York City, 1926. andothers.Survey data book forpublic school janitorial engineering servke.Teachers Came,Columbia University,'New .York City, 1932. FLAGG, S.B.Firingbitunlinous coals in large househeating'boilers. United StatesGovernmentPrinting Office,Washington, D. C. MAHONE,L. W. Keepingthe schoolhousecleansBulletin III, engineering extensionseries, Iowa StateCollege, Ames, Iowa, 1932. Op MARTIN, R. L.,and others.liandb;ok and instructors manual for pu61143schooljanitor-eagineers.Texas State BoardtorVpcati nal

Education,1933.A 4 Rzzvzs,"C. E.' Analysis ofjanitorial service inelementaryschIs. York City, 1925. . Teachers College,Columbia .University, New ,and GANDA*5H. S.School building management.Teachers New York City, 1928. ; . College, Columbia,University, .;UNITEDSTATESDIEPART1tENTOF THEINfERIOR,OgyncicIDIP EDUCATION. 411. )* A Safety andhialthof the schoolchild.Pamphlibt.Ne. 75.Golfers- mentPrintingOffice; Washington,D. O. VAUGHAN, L.L., WHEELER,F. B., and.Kstvica, L. M.Reference a handbook.Janitors short courseitchool,mechanical engineering dewtan'ent,NorthCarolina State College,Raleigh, N. C., 1937. ,r WILLIS,F.-1. Operation andmentenance ofschool buildings.Unión Collegepress,Lincoln, Nebr., 1932. Woman',F. G.School janitorial andenghieering service.The Ameri2an SchoolBoard Journal, 70:47, June 1925;71: 52-54; July 125; 71:68, August 1925;71: 116,Octobbr 1925. .04

*so

4t,

I14- 17

APPENDIX

. 131114P-RAINOSCALIAFOR oZEES ANDCUSTODIANSOr 11, Ekr; Joszia,(Sio.

"The expressedpurpose of this rating scale is to stimulateself- Improvement tkroughthe comprehensivechecking of thetraits and Activities of the schoolieneneer-janitorial Pinworm.Trim* 4 1. Dopillkeep yourselfin good physicaland mental condition? 2. Doyoumakeapractice of shavingeveryday? . &Doyoukeepyourclothes pretable? t Doyoufinishyour"Daily Work Schedule"each day? I 5. Doyouoffer suggestions for theimproyement ofyourwork? IS. Areyou courteous and oonsiderate to childrenaswellasto tl` adults? 7.. Isyourspeech free from v4Igarityt

. & Areyou"square" with ail pupils? 9. Do pupils andteachersrespect you foryourmoral worth? 10. Doyoulook after the "littlefellows?" 11. Doyoumakeuseofyour sparetime to the best ofadvantage? 12. Doyouplaceyourwork above social andpersonal affairs? Cmus-or &Boor,Paonirrv: 1. Doyou see that all windows and doorsareclosed each night? 2. Areyou careful toseethatnoProperty is takenfrom the building?

T-4 & Areyoucareful %ogee thatschoolkeysarekept inyour possessión? .no 4 4.Do yöu keepthe engineroomfree fromallirehazards?. 5. Do'roilremoveall fire hazardsfromunder stairwaysand in closets? 6. Doyoucarefully inspectplaygroundapparatus from timeto time? 7. Doyou removemiring'from school walls*and.furnitureas , theyoccur? , 8. Doyoumake minor repairsof equipmentand furnitureasthe need arises? 9. Doyoukeepyourtools clean and b order? 10. Doyoukeep all walks andcrossingsitem? 11. Doyoukeep the ballsand school grounds freefrompaper, and-eo oil .* 12. Doyoutakepropercareof the lawn and shrubbery? 18. Doyoukeep the engineroom clean and in order?

14;Doyoukeep thetAineteclean and In order? . 42 THE SCHOOL CUSTODIAN 43

4.. Housasisnito: 1. Doyoumaintainatemperature of approximately between 68-72° in classrooms during schoolhiours? 2. Doyoumaintainatemperature of approximately between 58-62° in the gymnasium and halls duringschool hours? 8. Doyoukeep windows clean,onthe outside add the belch)? t Upon enteringthe building, does the airseemfresh and odorless? 6.- Doyoukeep toilets flushed? 6. Doyoukeep toilets free fromflies? 7. Doyoufrequently clean vrashbowis,drinkIng fountains, and sinks? 4 8. Doyoukeep blackboards and chalk troughsclean? 9. Do you frequently moptoilet floors?WashWilk bowls and seats?- 10. poyou sweepall classrooms 'each day, jlailsmoreoften it nooessaryt

11.Dci-youdust "schoolfurnitureeach day? . b. 12. Doyoudean electric light fixturesseveral times each year? 13. Doyouclean the lunchroom each dayafter* pupils have

finished lunch? . A 14. Doyoukeep the glass in bulletinboards, cupboards, and doors clean? 000PIAATION: 1. Do yourender cheerful service toteachers? 2. Areyouprompt filmmaking retorts tothe civil engineer? 8. Areyoupresent at all schoolactrvitlesheld at the school? 4. Doyouspeakagood word foryourschool to the .public? 5. Doyourefrain)from discusiing the failings ofpupils &ad teachers with thepublic? 6. Doyoucheerfullyearryout allinstructions? 7. Doyoutake time to greet pupilsand teacherscheerfully? & Do yoU take time toshow visitors and parents !boutthe building? 9. Doyoutry to be ofservice to all organisations making useof the building/ 10. Doyqudisplay the flag upon properoccasions? 11. Do you lookafter the, "littlefellows" ai they enter and leave the buildingduring oold spells? 12. Doyouput intopractice suggestions fromthe civil engineer? n. Doyoucheck school clocksseveral times each week forcorrect time? 14. Are youCarefulto spbak in a low toneof voice while in the halls during schoolhpurs? SAVINGorMATIBRIALI ANDBurning: 1. Do you keepthe ash pitclean? 2. Doyouturn offthe ventilating fans whennot needed?, 8. Doyouattend to all minorrepairs "on time"?

qa.

.41 '.."1 f. 'd E. 44 THE SCHOOLCUSTODIAN 0 SAVINGOFMATIMIAL AND Suppuzs--Continued, 4. Doyouperform all repairsthatarepossible withoutcall in anexpert? 5. Doyouclean tbehuesof the furnacewhen needed? 6. Doyou commencefiring sufficientlyearly duringexcepti , . . . cold weather? 7. Doyou see thatwitt4andgasIs not wasted? a Areyoucareful to seeing that-unnecessary lightsareturned . out?- 9. Doyoumakeuseof furniturepolish when needed? 10. Areyoueconomical in theuseof janitor.supplies? 11.Dó youkeeparetort' of coal and suppliesused eachyear as a- r

basis ofcomparison? . 12:- Doyou read electricantiwatermetersin2orderto find out if the consumption forthe month isaverage? ;13. Doyoumakeaneffort tosecuretheCameo allpupils, damag-

ing silool property.? . .- 14. Doyoukeepexamsair from thegatingplant byseeing that

AD fire doorsand ash-pit doorsarenotkeptopen too much? Doyoucheek theinsulationclothe.heatingplant/ LS. Doyou-keep the toiletsabsolutely cleanpothatdisinterjaints and deodorantsare notneeded?

7% o IMP

r ; '

14%

..14 .

401111,

¡ . *...1:=-: - - . .

so GI A

s f

1 . . . . s, "*E't.5 g . . ; , *141`.1' ` ; 1- ' ...ek **- v` ' ` ` . ``' ih 1'7 '`; '''s 4 s . #