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Ulster Pennsylvania Ulster-Scots and &‘The Keystone State’ Ulster-Scots and ‘The Keystone State’

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Ulster Pennsylvania Ulster-Scots and &‘The Keystone State’ Ulster-Scots and ‘The Keystone State’ Ulster Pennsylvania Ulster-Scots and &‘the Keystone State’ Ulster-Scots and ‘the Keystone State’ Introduction The earliest Ulster-Scots emigrants to ‘the New World’ tended to settle in New England. However, they did not get on with the Puritans who controlled government there and whom they came to regard as worse than the Church of Ireland authorities they had left behind in Ulster. For example, when the Ulster-Scots settlers in Worcester, Massachusetts, tried to build a Presbyterian meeting house, their Puritan neighbours tore it down. Thus, future Ulster- Scots emigrant ships headed further south to Newcastle, Delaware, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, rather than the ports of New England. Pennsylvania was established by William Penn in 1682 with two objectives: to enrich himself and as a ‘holy experiment’ in establishing complete religious freedom, primarily for the benefit of his fellow Quakers. George Fox, the founder of the Quakers, had visited the region in 1672 and was mightily impressed. As the historian D.H. Fischer has observed in Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1991): William Penn was a bundle of paradoxes - an admiral son’s who became a pacifist, an undergraduate at Oxford’s Christ Church who became a pious Quaker, a member of Lincoln’s Inn who became an advocate of arbitration, a Fellow of the Royal Society who despised pedantry, a man of property who devoted himself to the poor, a polished courtier who preferred the plain style, a friend of kings who became a radical Whig, and an English gentleman who became one of Christianity’s great spiritual leaders. 1 Ulster & Pennsylvania Ulster-Scots and ‘the Keystone State’ The region had fertile soil, large deposits of iron ore, coal, copper In 1731 the lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania acknowledged and other useful minerals, forests of oak, walnut and chestnut, that the colony had ‘considerable numbers’ of Germans and many creeks and tributaries running into the Delaware river which people from ‘the north of Ireland’ among its inhabitants. On the assisted inland navigation, a temperate climate, and friendly eve of the American Revolution Benjamin Franklin estimated that natives. It was these considerations which prompted Penn to seek the Scotch-Irish and their descendants accounted for a third of a formal charter from Charles II. Pennsylvania’s population of 350,000 and that they occupied more than half the seats in the colonial assembly. The proposed name of ‘Sylvania’ which means ‘forest land’ in Latin was, at the insistence of the King, prefixed with ‘Penn’ as a tribute By the middle of the eighteenth century Pennsylvania was a to William Penn’s father Admiral Penn. Thus Pennsylvania means thriving colony, rich from agriculture and trade. It had a culture ‘Penn’s Woods’ or ‘Penn’s Forests’ and the state still accounts for of minimal and relatively uncorrupt government and religious nine percent of the United States’ woodland. toleration. First Frame of Government, the Colony’s constitution drafted by In 1790, according Louis Wright, the Scotch-Irish accounted for Penn, guaranteed liberty of conscience. Thus, Ulster Presbyterians, 14.3% of the total white population of America. David Noel Doyle who many argued had ‘sacrificed home and homeland rather than breaks down this figure thus: New York 11%, Maryland 11%, North capitulate to religious tyranny’ could anticipate a friendly reception Carolina 13 %, Virginia 14%, Pennsylvania 21%, South Carolina in Pennsylvania. In 1717 Jonathan Dickson of Philadelphia 24% and Georgia 27%. reported that there had arrived from ‘the north of Ireland many According to the 2006–2008 census, the five largest estimated hundreds in about four months’ and during the summer ‘we have ancestry groups in Pennsylvania are: German (28.5%), Irish had 12 or 13 sail of ships from the North of Ireland with a swarm (18.2%), Italian (12.8%), English (8.5%) and Polish (7.2%). of people’. Early in 1725 James Logan, the Ulster-born secretary of Only 2.0% claim Scotch-Irish ancestry and 1.7% claim Scottish Pennsylvania, noted a growth in the number of Scotch-Irish in the ancestry. Why do the Scotch-Irish and Scots account for such a colony and in 1729 he observed: comparatively modest proportion of the population of the modern It looks as if Ireland is to send all its inhabitants hither, for last state? A number of possibilities may be suggested. First, the impact week not less than six ships arrived, and every day, two or three of the sheer scale of nineteenth and twentieth-century immigration arrive also. The common fear is that if they thus continue to come from Europe must surely be an important factor. Secondly, the they will thus make themselves proprietors of the Province. Scotch-Irish were ‘a restless people’ who were constantly on 2 3 Ulster & Pennsylvania Ulster-Scots and ‘the Keystone State’ the move. In the first instance they gravitated towards western James Logan Pennsylvania, especially the area around Pittsburg. Then, many of 1674 - 1751 them poured through the ‘Cumberland Gap’, just north of where the modern-day states of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia converge. James Logan was born in Lurgan, County This region became ‘the seed plot and nursery’ of Ulster-Scots Armagh, on 20 October 1674, the son of settlement in north America. Finally, the title of Patrick Griffin’s Isabel Hume Logan and Patrick Logan, a Quaker book, The People with No Name: Ireland’s Ulster Scots, America’s school teacher. Both his parents had Scottish ancestry. Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689-1764 In 1689, the Logan family moved to Bristol where, in 1693, James (Princeton NJ, 2001), suggests yet another explanation. Unlike replaced his father as schoolmaster. In 1699 he travelled to other immigrants, the Scotch-Irish did not become hyphenated Philadelphia as William Penn’s secretary. Americans. They simply became Americans. It is also possible that He held a succession of political offices in rapid succession: some of those who identified themselves as Irish in 2006–2008 including commissioner of property (1701), receiver general (1703), census may well be people with only a hazy appreciation of their clerk (1701), and member (1703) of the provincial council. He was Scotch-Irish ancestry. Some of those who consider themselves to be elected Mayor of Philadelphia in 1722 and served as the colony’s of Scottish ancestry may actually be Scotch-Irish. chief justice from 1731 to 1739. In the absence of a governor, he Why is Pennsylvania known as ‘the Keystone State’? Again there served as acting governor of the colony from 1736 to 1738. are a number of possible explanations. Geography provides the Despite his Quaker background, he opposed Quaker pacifism and first: the state’s central location in the original Thirteen Colonies. war tax resistance, and encouraged pacifist Quakers to give up History provides a second: many of the key documents of the their seats in the Pennsylvania Assembly so that it could make American Revolution, including the Declaration of Independence war requisitions. and the Constitution were drafted and approved in Pennsylvania. Economically, the state acted as a bridge between the industrial Through Logan’s influence Ulster-Scots played an important part north and the overwhelmingly agricultural south, Pennsylvania in the extension of the frontier. Logan encouraged Ulster-Scots straddling the divide. Finally, especially the stylized version settlement in the colony and welcomed them as his ‘brave’ fellow- depicted on the state’s car number plates, Pennsylvania bears a countrymen. He wanted the Ulster-Scots to act as buffer between strong resemblance to a ‘key stone’. his fellow Quakers and the Indians (and, to a lesser extent, land hungry Marylanders). 4 5 Ulster & Pennsylvania Ulster-Scots and ‘the Keystone State’ In 1720 he wrote: Logan was also a natural scientist whose primary contribution to the emerging field of botany was a treatise that described At that time we were apprehensive from the Northern Indians …I experiments on the impregnation of plant seeds, especially corn. therefore thought it might be prudent to plant a settlement of such He tutored John Bartram, the American botanist, in Latin and men as those who formerly had so bravely defended Londonderry introduced him to Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist, physician, and Enniskillen as a frontier in case of any disturbance … These and zoologist. He was also a mentor of Benjamin Franklin, who people if kindly used will be orderly as they have hitherto been published Logan’s translation of Cicero’s essay ‘Cato Maior de and easily dealt with. They will also, I expect, be a leading Senectute’ (‘On Old Age’), the first translation of a Latin text to be example to others. published in North America. He ended up feeling sorry for the Indians whom he felt were treated harshly by the Ulster-Scots settlers, claiming that ‘a settlement of five families from the north of Ireland gives me more Francis Alison trouble than fifty of any other people.’ 1705 - 1779 Ulster-Scots were not worried by legalities. To Logan’s acute Francis Alison, the son of annoyance, they increasingly settled on land without bothering to Robert Alison, a weaver, secure legal rights to it. According to Logan they ‘alleged that it was born at Leck, near was against the laws of God and nature, that so much land should Letterkenny, County Donegal. be idle, while so many Christians wanted it to labour on, and raise He was probably educated at their bread’. the Royal School, Raphoe. He emigrated to America in 1735 Logan engaged in a wide range of mercantile activities, especially after graduating from Glasgow fur trading, with such success that he became one of the wealthiest University where he had been a men in the colonies.
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