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Creosote Evaluation: Phase II Sooke Basin Study - Baseline to 535 Days Post Construction 1995-1996

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Creosote Evaluation: Phase II Sooke Basin Study - Baseline to 535 Days Post Construction 1995-1996 Prepared by: D. Goyette Commercial Chemicals Division Environment Canada Pacific and Yukon Region And K. M. Brooks Aquatic Environmental Sciences 644 Old Eaglemount Road Port Townsend, WA 98368 Prepared for: Creosote Evaluation Steering Committee Regional Program Report PR98-04 December, 1998 Readers may direct comments or questions to: Mr. D. Goyette Commercial Chemicals Division Environmental Protection Branch Environment Canada 224 West Esplanade North Vancouver, British Columbia V7M 3H7 Phone: (604) 666-2880 Fax: (604) 666-6800 e-mail: [email protected] For information on creosote risk assessment modeling and its application the reader may contact: Dr. K. Brooks Aquatic Environmental Sciences 644 Old Eaglemount Road Port Townsend, WA 98368 Phone: (360) 732-4464 FAX: (360) 732-4464 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A jointly sponsored study by Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans, the Province of British Columbia and the wood treatment industry was undertaken in Sooke Basin, Vancouver Island to evaluate the impact of creosote treated wood on the marine environment. The primary purpose of this study was to provide a scientific basis for establishing guidelines on the use and placement of creosote treated wood in sensitive marine aquatic habitats under ‘worst case’ conditions. The study focused on the chemical and biological effects from newly installed six- piling dolphins constructed with used pilings treated by conventional methods and pilings freshly treated with techniques designed to produce a cleaner and more environmentally sensitive product by placing them in a natural undisturbed location, free from outside sources of contamination. After careful site selection and thorough examination of the baseline conditions, a series of precisely spaced benthic sediment samples were collected by divers to determine spatial and temporal changes in PAH chemistry, sediment toxicity and benthic infaunal community structure following piling installation. Observations on growth, survival, tissue PAH concentration, spawning success and larval development in caged mussels, along with the mechanism behind creosote transport were also conducted. This report presents results obtained over a one year period followed by additional limited sampling 535 days after piling construction. During this period, significant PAH contamination occurred within an area of 7.5 metres downstream from the creosote treated structure. Significant biological effects were confined to a distance of 0.65 metres from the perimeter of the dolphin structure. Slight adverse effects were observed to a distance of 2.0 metres in laboratory sediment toxicity tests, but not to the benthic infaunal community structure. Observed sediment PAH concentrations are predicted to increase by an additional 18% before reaching their maximum at about three years post construction. Contamination of the benthic sediment occurred mainly as minute creosote droplets which appeared shortly after piling installation and present throughout the study resulting in a variable and uneven distribution pattern. This patchy distribution pattern has a direct bearing on sampling techniques and understanding the ‘real world’ impact of creosote on the marine environment. The information contained in this report is being used to develop regional guidelines on the use of creosote treated wood and providing input into developing strategic options for the use of heavy duty wood preservatives under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Keywords: Creosote Evaluation; creosote; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAH, Sooke Basin, Vancouver Island, B.C. i RESUME Une étude conjointement parrainée par le Ministère de l’Environnement du Canada, le Ministère des Pêcheries et des Océans, la Province de la Colombie Britannique et l’industrie de traitement du bois a été entreprise à Sooke Basin sur Vancouver Island, pour évaluer l’impact du traitement du bois à la créosote sur l’environnement marin. Le but principal de cet étude est de fournir une base scientifique pour établir des directives quant à l’usage et au placement du bois traité à la créosote dans des habitats aquatiques marins sensibles dans les pires conditions. L’étude s’est concentrée sur les effets chimiques et biologiques de piles de six dauphins nouvellement installées construites d’une part avec du bois usagé traité de la manière conventionelle et d’autre part avec du bois récemment traité avec des techniques qui produisent un produit plus propre et non polluant. Ces piles ont été placées dans un lieu naturel et tranquille qui ne contient pas de sources de contaminations de l’extérieur. Le site ayant été soigneusement choisi et les conditions de base ayant été minutieusement examinées, une série d’échantillons sédimentaires espacés de manière précise, ont été prélevés pour déterminer les changements spatiaux et temporels de la chimie du PAH, de la toxicité du sédiment et la structure communautaire du benthic infaunal à la suite de l’installation des piles. Nous avons également dirigé des observations de la croissance, de la survie, de la concentration PAH des tissus, du succés de la ponte des œufs et du developpement des larves de moules en cages, ainsi que du mécanisme du transport de la créosote. Ce rapport présente les résultats obtenus durant une période d’un an suivi d’échantillons limités supplémentaires relevés pendant les 535 jours suivant la construction des piles. Pendant cette période, une contamination PAH considérable s’est produite sur une surface de 7.5 mètres en aval de la structure traitée à la créosote. Les effets biologiques considérables étaient confinés à un espace de 0.65 mètres du périmètre de la structure du dauphin. De légers effets défavorables ont été observés jusqu’à une distance de 2.0 mètres dans les tests de laboratoire de la toxicité des sédiments, mais pas dans les tests du bethnic infaunal de la structure communautaire. La concentration sédimentaire du PAH est prévue d’augmenter de 18% de plus avant d’atteindre son maximum environ trois ans aprés la construction. La contamination du sédiment benthic s’est produit principalement sous forme de minuscules gouttelettes de créosote qui sont apparues peu aprés l’installation des piles et sont restées présentes pendant la durée de l’étude ce qui a eu pour résultat un motif de la distribution variable et irrégulier. Le motif de distribution inégal a un effet direct sur la technique d’échantillonage et sur la compréhention de l’impact réel de la créosote sur l’environnement marin. Les informations contenues dans ce rapport sont utilisées pour élaborer des directives/politiques concernant l'utilisation du bois traité à la créosote dans les milieux aquatiques et des stratégies nationales possibles pour l'utilisation d'agents conservateurs du bois haute performance dans le cadre de la loi canadienne sur la protection de l'environnement. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are greatly indebted to S. Christie, D. Gerelle, G. Hafey, K. Hearn, and L. Laverdure, at Foreshore Technologies Inc., North Vancouver for their field and diving support and especially their personal commitment to this study. The authors would like to thank the staff at Axys Analytical Services Ltd. for their diligence with the analytical chemistry and their dedication to a high standard of analytical quality throughout the study. We are also grateful to S. Lipovsky, Columbia Sciences, Royston, B.C. who provided the benthic infaunal taxonomic identifications and to M. Fennell, D. Lee, C. Buday, G. VanAggelen, and R. Watts, staff at Environment Canada’s Pacific Environmental Science Centre, North Vancouver, B.C. for their assistance and dedication with the sediment toxicity testing. The author’s wish to thank members of the Creosote Evaluation Steering Committee, Messers T. Appleton (DFO-SCH), K. Hutton (DFO-Habitat), N. Nagpal (BC Environment) and H. Walthert, (CITW), for their comments and helpful suggestions towards the preparation of this report. The assistance of the Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory in the preparation and analysis of the SPMD’s used to determine PAH water column concentrations is appreciated. Special thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Watkins, Skookum B&B, Sooke B.C. for their cooperation and hospitality during the field studies. Funding for the study was provided by Environment Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Canadian Institute of Treated Wood and the US Creosote Council. iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………i RESUME…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................ xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………….………xvii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................
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