Perdre Le Fil : Labyrinthes De La Littérature Française Moderne

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Perdre Le Fil : Labyrinthes De La Littérature Française Moderne Vol. 1 (2009) pp. 215-226 ISSN 1989-1709 http://www.ucm.es/info/amaltea/revista.html PERDRE LE FIL : LABYRINTHES DE LA LITTÉRATURE FRANÇAISE MODERNE JACQUES POIRIER UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE RÉSUMÉ Du jour où Thésée tue le Minotaure, le Labyrinthe, devenu une forme en quête de sens, se retrouve sans emploi. Du coup, nous nous trouvons sommés d’attribuer à cette structure vide des significations nouvelles. Confrontés à une telle vacance, les écrivains modernes en auront exploré tous les possibles : tandis que certains, comme Michel Butor, donnent congé à la dimension sacrée, d’autres, comme Serge Doubrovsky, voient en lui l’image du moi (le corps, la psyché…), et d’autres encore, comme Raymond Roussel, Alain Robbe-Grillet ou Georges Perec, font de cette pure structure géométrique qu’est le labyrinthe un modèle esthétique, et donc un miroir de l’œuvre. Il restera cependant à se demander si le labyrinthe vaut comme métaphore de l’écriture ou si, plus encore, il ne peut pas fonder une théorie de la lecture. MOTS CLÉ Labyrinthe, dédale, centre, sexe, géométrie. Losing the Thread: Labyrinths of Modern French Literature ABSTRACT From the day when Theseus killed the Minotaur, the Maze turned into a form in search of meaning, and became useless. As a result, one was enjoined to ascribe nw meanings to the empty strcuture. Modern writers, when confronted with such a void, will have explored all its possibilities: while some of them, like Michel Butor, dismiss the sacred dimensions, others, like Serge Doubrovsky, see in it the image of the self (the body, the psyche...), and others still, like Raymond Roussel, Alain Robbe-Grillet or Georges Pererc, make of the pure geometrical structure of the labyrinth an aesthetic model, and thus a mirror of the work of art. However, one still have to ask whether the labrinth is a valid metaphor for the writing or whether, more accurately, it cannot be the base of a theory of reading. KEYWORDS Labyrinth, maze, center, sex, geometry DÉDALE – les dalles y sont des dés qui changent et se dédoublent. (Leiris 1939 : 82) LABYRINTHE (l’Arbre y tinte…). (Leiris 1939 : 96) 1. INTRODUCTION Les dichotomies ont ceci de fécond qu’elles pointent une difficulté à appréhender le monde en sa totalité. Ainsi, dans « Force et signification », Jacques Derrida oppose-t-il longuement la « forme » et la « force », suggérant que l’attention privilégiée accordée à la première lors de la période structuraliste apparaît sans doute « comme une détente, sinon un lapsus, dans l’attention à la force », puisque « la forme fascine quand on n’a plus la force de comprendre la force en son dedans » (Derrida 1967 : 11). À la lumière de cette phrase, qui pointe une dissociation, on comprend la fascination pour la figure de la totalité qu’est le couple du Minotaure et du Labyrinthe. Et sans revenir sur les raisons complexes qui ont entraîné deux mythes à se conjoindre, on comprend bien la fascination pour une telle conjonction des contraires : la forme et la force, l’ordre et le chaos, la raison et le désir… Tout ce que l’éros coupable a provoqué (le mélange des espèces, la ruine du principe identitaire…), l’architecture a tenté de le réparer, ou tout au moins de le masquer, opposant à la confusion des espèces un principe de cloisonnement. Face aux errances du désir, qui s’affranchit de la loi naturelle et de la loi sociale (Pasiphaé/le taureau…), le rappel à l’ordre que symbolisent les murailles –ou du 215 Jacques Poirier Amaltea. Perdre le fil : Labyrinthes de la littérature française moderne Revista de mitocrítica Vol. 1 (2009) pp. 215-226 moins le voile jeté sur l’horreur– permet en effet de territorialiser le scandale et d’en préserver la cité. Le labyrinthe apparaît ainsi comme le produit d’un combat, combat entre l’apollinien et le dionysiaque, entre l’éros et la tekne. Même si, à y regarder de plus près, les choses sont moins tranchées puisque l’architecte, passé au service de l’ordre, avait d’abord servi les pires divagations en concevant la fausse génisse –où l’on voit que la tekné a aussi partie liée avec la métis. Vu la cohérence imaginaire du motif, on, est là devant un carrefour symbolique, et sémantique. Mais l’essentiel, dans l’histoire du mythe (Siganos 1993), touche à la hiérarchie entre ces deux éléments autonomes que sont le labyrinthe et le Minotaure. En effet, c’est en abritant le « monstre » que le labyrinthe prend vraiment sens : alors que cette forme est censée rendre l’espace illisible et annuler tout repère, elle acquiert un centre, à la façon de l’espace sacré. Peu importe que le sujet soit désorienté quand il pénètre dans la labyrinthe : quelque part au cœur du palais, la menace le guette, qui donne sens à l’aventure. C’est justement cette menace qui permet l’accès et sa disparition qui crée la clôture. À relire le mythe, on s’étonne de l’aisance avec laquelle Thésée entre et se repère. Par ses seules forces, le héros rencontre le « monstre » ; mais une fois vainqueur, il lui faut l’aide d’Ariane, et de son fil, pour échapper à un espace devenu indéchiffrable (Borgeaud 1998 : 85). En confrontant les deux temps, on voit que le monde conserve forme et sens tant que le Minotaure est là, au centre ; mais que le monstre une fois disparu, le monument devient vraiment « labyrinthe », si bien que l’espace se révèle menaçant au moment où le danger semblait écarté. Pour reprendre le dualisme lexical de l’allemand et de l’anglais, qui distinguent maze et labyrinth, Irrgang et Labyrinth, disons que le « labyrinthe » est devenu « dédale » (Caillois 1953 : Préface). Le labyrinthe a en effet ceci de paradoxal qu’il concentre en lui la menace (le Minotaure comme emblème de toutes les transgressions, et comme menace sur la permanence des identités), mais du même coup la circonscrit –le Mal est bien là en attente d’un héros libérateur. Dans cette perspective, peu importe le danger objectif, car, nous le voyons avec Thésée, le labyrinthe, cette géométrie symbolique, n’offre qu’une faible résistance. À l’inverse, le « dédale », pur entrelacs de couloirs et de passages, conduit le personnage à se perdre parce qu’il n’existe en lui ni centre, ni matière à exploit, ni moyen d’accéder à soi, ni par conséquent possibilité de s’arracher à un monde indifférencié. Dans Rencontres, Roger Caillois décrit de façon éclairante ces deux conceptions d’une même forme, quand il oppose des labyrinthes qui s’offrent comme itinéraire, où l’on retrouve « un symbole initiatique des pérégrinations de l’âme en quête de la Grâce ou du Salut, des épreuves qu’il faut tour à tour traverser, des étapes qu’elle doit franchir dans un ordre immuable » (Caillois 1978 : 224), à ces « dédales » qui « ne sont que carrefours, dans lesquels un premier croisement mène à un autre, qui est toujours identique au premier » et où « l’égaré est jeté dans la perplexité perpétuelle et insoluble du choix, qui semble toujours le mener au même point » (Massonet 1998 : 47-48). On peut d’ailleurs relire ce parallèle à la lumière des catégories proposées par Lukacs. Le Labyrinthe (celui du Minotaure) relève de l’épique, c’est-à-dire d’un monde en ordre, régi par des valeurs, et donc aisément déchiffrable, tandis que les structures dédaléennes (les labyrinthes de jardin, par exemple), vides de centre et de sens, participent d’un univers « problématique », caractéristique de la modernité (Lukacs 1920). Alors que le mythe grec correspond à un « climax », par cette conjonction de l’informe et de la forme, la modernité a procédé à une disjonction. Si au XXe siècle le Minotaure fait retour, c’est sans doute par la façon qu’il a d’épouser les discours contemporains (la psychanalyse, la politique, etc.). Mais cette plasticité est liée à une forme de substitution : tandis que, dans les œuvres modernes, Thésée rêve souvent d’un voyage sans retour, désireux qu’il est d’habiter le labyrinthe, devenu l’équivalent de l’Ile ou du Jardin perdu, le Minotaure, lui, acquiert son indépendance. De la 216 Jacques Poirier Amaltea. Perdre le fil : Labyrinthes de la littérature française moderne Revista de mitocrítica Vol. 1 (2009) pp. 215-226 revue Minotaure à Montherlant1, en passant par la Minotauromachie de Picasso ou tel épisode du Satyricon, le Minotaure fascine –tout comme les grands maudits (Caïn, Satan…), réhabilités par le romantisme. Mais si le Minotaure peut s’affranchir du labyrinthe et nous intriguer à ce point, c’est sans doute que, plus ou moins clairement, il apparaît comme étant en soi un labyrinthe. S’il en est ainsi, qu’advient-il alors du palais de Dédale ? Ou si, comme dans certains textes, le Minotaure n’est plus le monstre que craignait la Crête, que reste-t-il du mythe ? Dès lors que les dieux se sont retirés du monde, les monstres s’en sont allés avec eux. Hanté par l’ombre de son grand modèle, un labyrinthe sans Minotaure apparaît donc comme pure béance, mais avec le goût des modernes pour le négatif, et pour la perversion des formes, c’est par cet aspect paradoxal qu’il fascine — riche paradoxalement de se trouver sans emploi. 2. LE CENTRE Or, le propre du labyrinthe tient justement à l’ambiguïté qui est sienne, tant cette forme semble se dérober. En effet, qu’est-ce que ce lieu clos, et cependant entr’ouvert ? Quel sens cela a-t-il d’arpenter des « sentiers qui ne mènent nulle part », pour parler avec les mots de Heidegger ? Un peu comme le dit Gérard Genette du baroque, le labyrinthe est « un vertige fixé ».
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