The Sacred Magic of Boleskine
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Left: Cover of the most recent translation of The Book of Abramelin, published by Ibis Press and translated by George Dehn. Photo Courtesy of Georg Dehn and Ibis Press. Right: Grave of Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin, also known as MaHaRIL, Jewish cemetery Heiliger Sand in Worms, Rhineland- Palatinate, Germany. Photo by Dietrich Krieger and published under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported The Sacred Magic of Boleskine The Rite that Brought Aleister Crowley to However, there are the hot stories that hit the press like pancakes on a Sunday Boleskine House – Part I brunch griddle, and then there is the sober history of events. !e following INTRODUCTION article intends to explore the latter. By Keith Readdy !e curious activity of what twentieth– !e following essay will take the century esotericist Aleister Crowley reader on a journey less intense than the engaged in at Boleskine House is now One only needs to consider the tales of ‘black magic’ and ‘satanic rituals’ the story of legend and remains one of popularity of Hollywood blockbuster so o"en associated with Boleskine House. the main reasons for the house’s fame. #lms or the fantastical television series Instead, I will examine the mystery that Popular sources ranging from such as Outlander or Game of !rones to brought Crowley to Boleskine House: a mainstream media to independent know that escaping reality and engaging dusty old, yet fascinating manuscript Youtubers o"en repeat the tales of in make-believe can be an enjoyable known as !e Sacred Magic of Abramelin Crowley’s alleged use of ‘black magic’ pastime for a large percentage of the Mage. and ‘the dark arts’ at Boleskine House, the populace. perpetuating the estate’s reputation as a Indeed, even embellished recountings MAGIC AND THE WESTERN haunted and ghastly ‘house of sin.’ of events surrounding Aleister Crowley’s RELIGIOUS TRADITION Some sources have even held that life have more recently hit prime time Contrary to what is commonly Crowley was responsible for opening television with CBS’ Strange Angel, known outside of niche scholarship a portal to hell and allowing strange giving the viewer a sensationalised on religion, ‘magic’ was a standard creatures to be unleashed upon depiction of Crowley’s movement in practice in the Western world up until Inverness-shire, including the Loch 1940s California with the involvement at least the Reformation period Ness monster!1 of jet propulsion engineer Jack Parsons. (c. 1500 CE). 1 See for example Nick Redfern, Nessie: Exploring the Supernatural Origins of the Loch Ness Monster (Woodbury: Llewellyn Worldwide, 2016). 14 Boleskine – The Journal of the Boleskine House Foundation Even within the Christian tradition, practitioners of witchcra", but it was been the subject of some debate in relics, amulets and talismans were believed rather a common method employed by scholarship. A number of manuscripts to hold pervasive supernatural power. As much of the populace. !e ‘sacred magic exist, the two oldest known to be in Keith !omas has noted in his Religion of Abramelin’ (herea"er referred to as the German from the Library of Duke and the Decline of Magic: ‘Abramelin work’ or the ‘Abramelin August in Wolfenbüttel, Germany and operation’) of which Aleister Crowley dated 1608.5 !e full title of the text in Nearly every primitive religion is came to Boleskine House to perform, English is !e Book of the Sacred Magic regarded by its adherents as a medium is one of many examples of a magical of Abra-melin the Mage as delivered by for obtaining supernatural power. !is grimoire that emerged out of the Judeo- Abraham the Jew unto his son Lamech, does not prevent it from functioning as Christian world. A.D. 1458.6 !e work appears to be a system of explanation, a source of !e manuscript describing the written in a semi–epistolary fashion from moral injunctions, a symbol of social Abramelin work, which we will explore a supposed learned Jew named Abraham order, or a route to immortality; but it very shortly can be understood to #t to his son, Lamech in the year 1458, CE. does mean that it also o"ers the within this Judeo-Christian Western Consisting of four parts, the prospect of a supernatural means of magical tradition. manuscript details Abaraham’s journeys control of man’s earthly environment. Its instructions to summon and through Egypt, where he was taught by !e history of early Christianity o"ers constrain lesser spirits in order to a wise mage various methods of magic. no exception to this rule. Conversions commune with God, for example #t For example, the book outlines an to the new religion, whether in the time well into late medieval and early extensive collection of what may be of the primitive Church or under the Renaissance grimoires that preceded it. considered folk tradition in Jewish auspices of the missionaries of more Such ‘ceremonial magic’ is typi#ed in culture during this time of the late– recent times, have frequently been the books attributed to King Solomon medieval period, with a number of assisted by the view of converts that such as the Ars Notoria (‘Notary Art’), recipes from the mixed Kabbalah they are acquiring not just a means of a #"eenth–century manuscript for healing. other-worldly salvation, but a new concerned with obtaining knowledge !ere are also the addition of word and more powerful magic. Just as the of God through a systematic method squares, in the form of ‘magic squares’ Hebrew priests of the Old Testament of invoking angels, mystical #gures that give various names of spirits that, endeavoured to confound the and using magical prayers.4 upon inspection were clearly derived devotees of Baal by challenging them !ere are many other manuscripts from Hebrew names. publicly to perform supernatural acts, from this period similarly associated What makes this text the tale of so the Apostles of the early Church with what was known as ‘Solomonic legend is part three, or ‘Book !ree,’ attracted followers by working magic,’ attributed of course to the which outlines a detailed mystical miracles and performing wisdom of King Solomon in the Bible. methodology of self-initiation by which supernatural cures.2 !ese works, particularly the Ars the practitioner comes to witness Notoria describes practices very conversation with the guardian angel. Indeed, magical garments, trinkets, similar to that of the Abramelin It is this aspect of the text that has jewellery, words, gestures and inscriptions work. !is is no surprise, as these intrigued esotericists throughout the were entrenched within the Catholic manuscripts emerged during similar nineteenth– and twentieth–centuries. Christian world. periods of history, and therefore should According to the contents of the In fact, it was one of the many be considered within the same milieu manuscript itself, this work appears to explanations given by the supporters of Renaissance theurgical literature. originate from within a mystical Jewish of the Protestant Reformation for the current around the late–fourteenth – corruption of the Catholic Church.3 In ABRAHAM OF WORMS or early-#"eenth century. Scholars short, magic was part of the Western !e manuscript that has come to be however have disputed this, arguing that religious tradition all the way up to the known as !e Sacred Magic of Abramelin the work is most likely not of Jewish early modern period. It was not at all the Mage has its own uniquely mysterious provenance and was simply a Christian reserved for ‘devil-worshipers’ and story, and its origins and authorship have forgery authored in the sixteenth or 2 Keith !omas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth– and Seventeenth–Century England (London: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1973), 27. 3 See for example Wouter Hanegraa$, Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 77–152. Hanegraa$ notes that one of many ways the anti-apologists removed Catholicism from rational discourse in the modern era was by connecting it with its pagan, “superstitious” roots. 4 A thorough discussion on Ars Notoria can be found in Julien Véronèse (trans. Claire Fanger), “Magic, !eurgy and Spirituality in the Medieval Ritual of the Ars Notoria,” in Claire Fanger (ed.) Invoking Angels: !eurgic Ideas and Practices, !irteenth to Sixteenth Centuries (University Park: !e Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012), 37–78 5 Georg Dehn (ed.), !e Book of Abramelin: A New Translation, by Abraham von Worms, translated from German by Steven Guth (Lake Worth: Ibis Press, 2006), xxiii. 6 From the English translation from French in 1898 by Samuel Mathers and published by John M. Watkins, London. Issue 2 – June 2020 15 seventeenth centuries.7 However, Georg period, and may have been none other Dawn. Although never o&cially placed Dehn has recently noted that in his long than the Jewish intellectual of this within its curriculum of teaching, the quest in verifying the supposed period, Rabbi Jacob ben Moses ha Levi Abramelin work became an important historical person attributed to the work’s Möllin, also known as the MaHaRIL concept within the Golden Dawn. !ere authorship, ‘Abraham of Worms,’ that (c. 1365–1427).9 will be more on this later, however we will there is reason to believe that such an !e manuscript itself was #rst #rst need to describe in further detail the individual existed. Around the time the made popular by Samuel ‘MacGregor’ fascinating subject in the work regarding text was written, ‘Europe was ravaged by Mathers, when in 1898 he translated it into the Holy Guardian Angel. the Great Plague, which was blamed on English from an anonymous French the Jews. !e parents of Abraham were version he found in the Bibliothèque de !e Sacred Magic of Boleskine continues among the few who survived the plague l’Arsenal in Paris.10 !e Sacred Magic of in the next edition of ‘Boleskine – and the subsequent pogrom against the Abra-melin the Mage was one of many !e Journal of the Boleskine House Jews.’8 Dehn has argued with fairly esoteric texts that Mathers would translate Foundation’, which will be out in convincing evidence that Abraham of and place into the repository of literature December 2020.