Uglynest Caterpillar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Pest Profile Photo credit: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org (Larvae) & Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein, TortAI: Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org (Adult) Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License Common Name: Ugly nest caterpillar or Uglynest caterpillar Scientific Name: Archips cerasivorana Order and Family: Lepidoptera; Tortricidae Size and Appearance: Length (mm) Appearance Egg Deposited in masses on stems near the ground of host trees. Larva/Nymph Greenish-yellow in color Have a shiny dark brown to black head < 23 mm Have a thoracic shield Lacks anal fork Adult Dull orange in color Forewings are speckled and spotted with dark, Wingspan: 18-25 mm reddish-brown markings Hindwings are yellow with some orange shading Pupa (if applicable) Pupation occurs within the nest Type of feeder (Chewing, sucking, etc.): The larvae have chewing mouthparts while adults have siphoning mouthparts. Host plant/s: Choke cherry, hawthorn, rose, wild black cherry, and other hardwoods Description of Damage (larvae and adults): The larval stage is the only stage that causes damage. The ugly nest caterpillar is a type of webworm that builds a nest with other ugly nest caterpillars by tying leaves and branches together with its webbing. Larvae feed as a group and will enlarge the nest if necessary. The nest contains feces and bits of leaves. There is no permanent damage done. However, the nests reduce the aesthetic value of the tree. References: Cranshaw, W. (2004). Garden insects of North America: The ultimate guide to backyard bugs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. McLeod, R., Dombroski, J., & Kynd, F. (2006, May 21). Species Archips cerasivorana - Ugly-nest Caterpillar Moth - Hodges#3661. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from http://bugguide.net/node/view/53311 Uglynest Caterpillar. (n.d.). Pests of Trees and Shrubs. Retrieved February 3, 2016, from http://cues.cfans.umn.edu/old/Web/215UglynestCaterpillar.pdf Ugly nest caterpillar. (n.d.). Retrieved February 03, 2016, from http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/science-and- innovation/agricultural-practices/agroforestry/diseases-and-pests/ugly-nest- caterpillar/?id=1367500328568 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

June 2016 1 THINGS to DO / THINGS to THINK ABOUT THIS MONTH
Spring/early summer is here and the 2016 growing season is well underway. The predictable unpredictability of the weather has brought the typical challenges that we face on an annual basis. Hopefully the majority of you are untouched or unaffected by the quirky weather that has been observed. Hopefully you’ve gotten some of the rain that has fallen across the Prairies. To combat or counteract the unpredictability of the weather, welcome to another ever-so-predictable edition of Hort Snacks. The content isn’t always predictable, but the arrival of it is. In this edition, you’ll notice a theme. And that theme is largely creepy/crawly. The season of insect wildlife is upon us, and to prepare you (and perhaps some of your customers) for identifying and dealing with some of those pests, you’ll find some caterpillar-related resources. That doesn’t mean that there aren’t more things out there, but this is a start. Otherwise, please take a moment to look at the various bits and pieces that might be of interest to you. Regardless, we wish you all the best for your growing season. Stay in touch. Rob Spencer/Dustin Morton, Commercial Horticulture Specialists Alberta Ag-Info Centre Alberta Agriculture and Forestry 310-FARM (3276) In this edition of Hort Snacks . Featured Surveys ………1 . Things to Do / Things to Think About ………2 . Interesting News/Articles to Read ………2 FEATURED SURVEYS . DED Awareness Week Reminder ………2 . Upcoming Conferences/Workshops ………3 . Input being sought with regards to Future Government Hort Snacks in the Field - Veg & Fruit Field Days ………3 .
[Show full text]
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) and Evolutionary Correlates of Novel Secondary Sexual Structures
Zootaxa 3729 (1): 001–062 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3729.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CA0C1355-FF3E-4C67-8F48-544B2166AF2A ZOOTAXA 3729 Phylogeny of the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures JASON J. DOMBROSKIE1,2,3 & FELIX A. H. SPERLING2 1Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14853-2601. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E9 3Corresponding author Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by J. Brown: 2 Sept. 2013; published: 25 Oct. 2013 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 JASON J. DOMBROSKIE & FELIX A. H. SPERLING Phylogeny of the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures (Zootaxa 3729) 62 pp.; 30 cm. 25 Oct. 2013 ISBN 978-1-77557-288-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-289-3 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2013 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2013 Magnolia Press 2 · Zootaxa 3729 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press DOMBROSKIE & SPERLING Table of contents Abstract . 3 Material and methods . 6 Results . 18 Discussion . 23 Conclusions . 33 Acknowledgements . 33 Literature cited . 34 APPENDIX 1. 38 APPENDIX 2. 44 Additional References for Appendices 1 & 2 . 49 APPENDIX 3. 51 APPENDIX 4. 52 APPENDIX 5.
[Show full text]
Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs
INSECTS THAT FEED ON COLORADO TREES AND SHRUBS1 Whitney Cranshaw David Leatherman Boris Kondratieff Bulletin 506A TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFOLIATORS .................................................... 8 Leaf Feeding Caterpillars .............................................. 8 Cecropia Moth ................................................ 8 Polyphemus Moth ............................................. 9 Nevada Buck Moth ............................................. 9 Pandora Moth ............................................... 10 Io Moth .................................................... 10 Fall Webworm ............................................... 11 Tiger Moth ................................................. 12 American Dagger Moth ......................................... 13 Redhumped Caterpillar ......................................... 13 Achemon Sphinx ............................................. 14 Table 1. Common sphinx moths of Colorado .......................... 14 Douglas-fir Tussock Moth ....................................... 15 1. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension etnomologist and associate professor, entomology; David Leatherman, entomologist, Colorado State Forest Service; Boris Kondratieff, associate professor, entomology. 8/93. ©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 1994. For more information, contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
[Show full text]
And Lepidoptera Associated with Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae) in the Red River Valley of Eastern North Dakota
A FAUNAL SURVEY OF COLEOPTERA, HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA), AND LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA MARSHALL (OLEACEAE) IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By James Samuel Walker In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Entomology March 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School North DakotaTitle State University North DaGkroadtaua Stet Sacteho Uolniversity A FAUNAL SURVEYG rOFad COLEOPTERA,uate School HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA), AND LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH Title A FFRAXINUSAUNAL S UPENNSYLVANICARVEY OF COLEO MARSHALLPTERTAitl,e HEM (OLEACEAE)IPTERA (HET INER THEOPTE REDRA), AND LAE FPAIDUONPATLE RSUAR AVSESYO COIFA CTOEDLE WOIPTTHE RFRAA, XHIENMUISP PTENRNAS (YHLEVTAENRICOAP TMEARRAS),H AANLDL RIVER VALLEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA L(EOPLIDEAOCPTEEAREA) I ANS TSHOEC RIAETDE RDI VWEITRH V FARLALXEIYN UOSF P EEANSNTSEYRLNV ANNOICRAT HM DAARKSHOATALL (OLEACEAE) IN THE RED RIVER VAL LEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA ByB y By JAMESJAME SSAMUEL SAMUE LWALKER WALKER JAMES SAMUEL WALKER TheThe Su pSupervisoryervisory C oCommitteemmittee c ecertifiesrtifies t hthatat t hthisis ddisquisition isquisition complies complie swith wit hNorth Nor tDakotah Dako ta State State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of University’s regulations and meetMASTERs the acce pOFted SCIENCE standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: David A. Rider DCoa-CCo-Chairvhiadi rA.
[Show full text]
Feeding Rates of Warblers in Spring
Condor85:139-150 G The Cooper Omithologd Society 1983 FEEDING RATES OF WARBLERS IN SPRING JEAN W. GRABER AND RICHARD R. GRABER ABSTRACT.-Populations of migrant warblers were correlated with populations of lepidopterous larvae in spring in a heavily forested area of southern Illinois. The birds appeared to feed entirely on these larvae, mostly taken from oaks. Estimates of grosscalorie intake indicated a positive energy balance for warblers in an area with larval biomass of 0.70 g per m3, and a negative balance in an area with biomass of 0.02 g per m3. Warblers chose either the smaller size classes (under 15 mm) of larvae, or the smaller species (especially leafrollers) out of proportion to their availability, but the birds’ positive energy balance was de- pendent upon an irruption of geometrids. Lepidopterous larvae constituted 75- 98% of the available foliage invertebrates, and other groupswere insufficient alone to support migrant populations. Larvae were about 80% water, and warblers ingested 1.2-1.7 times their own weight in larvae per day in order to attain gross caloric intake of 14.8-19.0 kcal per bird-day. Warblers in an area with insufficient food resourcesingested 7.2 kcal/day, and their behavior was consistent with a goal of energy conservation. Among the problems faced by migrants after principal study to make the observations re- a flight is that of finding adequatefood supplies ported here. to continue the migration, particularly as the landing area may be completely unknown to STUDY AREAS the birds. In Illinois the only measurementsof Our study area with extensive forest habitat migrant populationsin forest habitat have been was in Shawnee National Forest in southern those of Twomey (1945) and Calef (1953) who Illinois (88”3O’W, 37”28’N): mature upland found four to eight times more birds in elm- oak-hickory, and upland forest edge in Pope maple forest at the peak of migration in May County (57.2% forested).
[Show full text]
EC86-1548 Common Insect Pests of Trees in the Great Plains
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension Extension 1986 EC86-1548 Common Insect Pests of Trees in the Great Plains Mary Ellen Dix USDA Forest Service Judith E. Pasek USDA Forest Service Mark O. Harrell University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Frederick P. Baxendale University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Curriculum and Instruction Commons Dix, Mary Ellen; Pasek, Judith E.; Harrell, Mark O.; and Baxendale, Frederick P., "EC86-1548 Common Insect Pests of Trees in the Great Plains" (1986). Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 2008. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/2008 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Extension at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Nebraska Cooperative Extension Service EC 86-1548 COMMON INSECT PESTS OF TREES IN THE GREAT PTAINS Great Plains Agricultural Council Publication No. 119 TECHNTCAL COORDINATORS Mary Ellen Dix, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Ex- periment Station, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583. Judith E. Pasek, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Ex- periment Station, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583. Mark O. Harrell, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583. Frederick P. Baxendale, Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lin- coln, Nebraska 68583. CONTRIBUTORS Entomologists on the Pest Management Task Force of the Great Plains Agricultural Council Forestry Committee contributed por- tions of the text for this publication.
[Show full text]
Impacts of Native and Non-Native Plants on Urban Insect Communities: Are Native Plants Better Than Non-Natives?
Impacts of Native and Non-native plants on Urban Insect Communities: Are Native Plants Better than Non-natives? by Carl Scott Clem A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama December 12, 2015 Key Words: native plants, non-native plants, caterpillars, natural enemies, associational interactions, congeneric plants Copyright 2015 by Carl Scott Clem Approved by David Held, Chair, Associate Professor: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Charles Ray, Research Fellow: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Debbie Folkerts, Assistant Professor: Department of Biological Sciences Robert Boyd, Professor: Department of Biological Sciences Abstract With continued suburban expansion in the southeastern United States, it is increasingly important to understand urbanization and its impacts on sustainability and natural ecosystems. Expansion of suburbia is often coupled with replacement of native plants by alien ornamental plants such as crepe myrtle, Bradford pear, and Japanese maple. Two projects were conducted for this thesis. The purpose of the first project (Chapter 2) was to conduct an analysis of existing larval Lepidoptera and Symphyta hostplant records in the southeastern United States, comparing their species richness on common native and alien woody plants. We found that, in most cases, native plants support more species of eruciform larvae compared to aliens. Alien congener plant species (those in the same genus as native species) supported more species of larvae than alien, non-congeners. Most of the larvae that feed on alien plants are generalist species. However, most of the specialist species feeding on alien plants use congeners of native plants, providing evidence of a spillover, or false spillover, effect.
[Show full text]
Price-List 2020
Biochemtech SRL Price-list 2020 Pheromone lures (page 1-18) Ready to use pheromone set (page 19-22) Traps (page 23-24) House insect products (page 25) Price categories (page 26) PHEROMONE LURES Catalogue Pest by latin name Pest by common name number AAB0001 Acalymma trivittatum stern Spotted Cucumber Beetle AAB0002 Acalymma vittatum Striped Cucumber Beetle AAB0003 Acleris rhombana Fruit tree tortrix AAB0004 Acrobasis nuxvorella Pecan Nut Case Bearer AAB0005 Acrobasis vaccinii Cranberry fruitworm AAB0006 Acrolepiopsis assectella Leek Moth AAB0007 Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit Tortrix AAB0008 Agriotes lineatus Lined Click Beetle AAB0009 Agriotes obscurus Dusky Wireworm AAB0010 Agriotes sordidus Click beetle AAB0011 Agriotes species Click beetle AAB0012 Agriotes spp Agriotes wireworm AAB0013 Agriotes sputator Common click beetle AAB0014 Agriotes ustulatus Click beetle AAB0015 Agrotis andina Quinoa cutworm phone: +373-22-926135 web: biochemtech.eu m/phone: +373-68361010 address: Str. Mesterul Manole 12, MD 2052, Chisinau, Moldova m/phone: +373-79569298 e-mail: [email protected] Page 1 of 25 Biochemtech SRL AAB0016 Agrotis exclamationis Heart and dart moth AAB0017 Agrotis ipsilon Black Cutworm AAB0018 Agrotis orthogonia Pale Western Cutworm AAB0019 Agrotis segetum Turnip Moth AAB0020 Ambrosia Beetle AAB0021 Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm AAB0022 Anarsia lineatella Peach Twig Borer AAB0023 Anastrepha fraterculus South African Fruit Fly AAB0024 Anastrepha ludens Mexican Fruit Fly AAB0025 Anomala rufocuprea Soybean beetle AAB0026 Anoplophora
[Show full text]
Species on the Menu of a Generalist
Molecular Ecology (2009) 18, 2532–2542 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04184.x SpeciesBlackwell Publishing Ltd on the menu of a generalist predator, the eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis): using a molecular approach to detect arthropod prey ELIZABETH L. CLARE,* ERIN E. FRASER,† HEATHER E. BRAID*, M. BROCK FENTON† and PAUL D. N. HEBERT* *Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1, †Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7 Abstract One of the most difficult interactions to observe in nature is the relationship between a predator and its prey. When direct observations are impossible, we rely on morphological classification of prey remains, although this is particularly challenging among generalist predators whose faeces contain mixed and degraded prey fragments. In this investigation, we used a poly- merase chain reaction and sequence-based technique to identify prey fragments in the guano of the generalist insectivore, the eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), and evaluate several hypotheses about prey selection and prey defences. The interaction between bats and insects is of significant evolutionary interest because of the adaptive nature of insect hearing against echolocation. However, measuring the successes of predator tactics or particular prey defences is limited because we cannot normally identify these digested prey fragments beyond order or family. Using a molecular approach, we recovered sequences from 89% of the fragments tested, and through comparison to a reference database of sequences, we were able to identify 127 different species of prey. Our results indicate that despite the robust jaws of L. borealis, most prey taxa were softer-bodied Lepidoptera.
[Show full text]
Bioblitz 2021- Wehrnaturecenter
Species Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 American Crow x x x American Goldfinchx x x American Robin x x x Baltimore Oriole x x x Barred Owl x Barn Swallow x x x Black-capped chickadee x x Blue Grey Gnatcatcherx x Blue Jay x x x Brown-headed Cowbird x Canada Goose x Cedar Waxwing x x x Chimney Swift x x x Common Grackle x x Common Yellowthroat x x Downy Woodpecker x Eastern Bluebird x Eastern Kingbird x Eastern Towhee x Eastern Wood-Peweex x x European Starling x Field Sparrow x Gray Catbird x x Great Blue Heron x x Great Crested Flycatcherx x Green Heron x Grey Catbird x x x Hairy Woodpecker x x House Finch x House Wren x x Indigo Bunting x x x Kildeer x Larus Sp. x Mallard x x Mourning Dove x x Northern Cardinal x x Northern Flicker x x x Northern Rough Winged Swallow x Orchard Oriole x phoebe x Red Bellied Woodpeckerx x x Red Tailed Hawk x x Red-eyed vireo x x Red-winged blackbirdx x x Rose Breasted Grossbeak x x Ruby Throated Hummingbird x Song Sparrow x x Tree swallow x x x Turkey Vulture x Warbling Vireo x x White-breasted Nuthatch x x Wild Turkey x Wood Duck x Wood Thrush f x x Woodcock x Yellow Warbler x Ring illed Gull x Scarlet Tanager x Coopers Hawk x Belted Kingfisher x Rock Dove Common Name Scientific Name Family Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus Cyprinidae (Leuciscidae) Bluntnose Minnow Pimephales notatus Cyprinidae (Leuciscidae) Golden Shiner Notemigonus chrysoleucas Cyprinidae (Leuciscidae) White Sucker Catostomus commersonii Catostomidae Yellow Bullhead Ameiurus natalis Ictaluridae Black Bullhead Ameiurus melas Ictaluridae
[Show full text]
Download the Three Year Summary Report
FLORAL AND FAUNAL RESEARCH ON UTILITY RIGHTS-OF-WAY AT STATE GAME LANDS 33 AND GREEN LANE RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION AREAS 2015-2018 https://sites.psu.edu/transmissionlineecology/ RESEARCH TEAM MEMBERS: Carolyn Mahan, Lead Investigator, Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, PA (Email: [email protected]). Brad Ross, Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, PA Hannah Stout, Independent Researcher, 137 Bathgate Dr., State College, PA. Dana Roberts, Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA. Laura Russo, Biology Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA and Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Cover Photographs include images of integrated vegetation management along the right-of-way at State Game Lands 33, identification and preparation of pollinators at Penn State’s Frost Entomological Museum, and examples of target floral and faunal taxa researched during the project. Photographs were taken by project members during the summers of 2016 and 2017. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 3 A. Integrated vegetation management on rights-of-way ………………………. 3 B. Wildlife response and current research …………………………………….. 3 C. Legacy vegetation treatments ………………………………………………. 4 D. Current vegetation treatment terminology and approaches ……………….... 4 E. Outreach ……………………………………………………………………. 5 F. Figures and Tables …………………………………………………………. 6 II. VEGETATION 9 A. Methods …………………………………………………………………… 9 B. Results …………………………………………………………………….. 10 C. Discussion …………………………………………………………………. 14 D. Tables ……………………………………………………………………… 15 III. BREEDING BIRDS 22 A. Methods …………………………………………………………………… 22 B. Results …………………………………………………………………….. 23 C. Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 25 D. Tables and Figures ………………………………………………………… 29 IV. POLLINATORS 44 A. Project goals and objectives for 2017 …………………………………….. 44 B. Methods …………………………………………………………………… 44 C. Results for SGL 33 from 2017 ……………………………………………. 48 D. Results for SGL 33 - 2016 versus 2017 …………………………………… 51 E.
[Show full text]
The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System Project
Final Technical Report Award: DE-FG02-06ER64232 Recipient: The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System Project title: Impact of elevated CO2 and O3 on insect-mediated ecosystem processes in a northern deciduous forest Project PI: Richard L. Lindroth Date: Nov. 20, 2011 Project dates: July 1, 2006 – June 30, 2009, with no-cost extension through December 2010 Distribution limitation notices None Executive summary Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and O3 are altering the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Herbivorous insects are the major consumers in temperate deciduous forests, with the capacity to dramatically alter tree growth (via outbreaks), forest community composition and ecosystem dynamics (e.g., nutrient cycling). Until recently, however, experimental quantification of the impacts of CO2 and O3 on canopy herbivore communities and rates of defoliation and nutrient flux has not been addressed. This research, conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) facility in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., evaluated the independent and interactive effects of CO2 and O3 on 1) the abundance and diversity of forest canopy insect communities, and 2) rates of insect herbivory and transfer of material (leaf greenfall and insect frass) from the canopy to the forest floor. Results of studies of individual insects revealed that elevated CO2 and O3 influence the performance of individual species of damaging insect pests, but the magnitude of impact is influenced by both insect species and their host tree species. Censuses of canopy insects showed that some species were positively affected, some negatively affected, and some not affected by elevated CO2 and O3.
[Show full text]