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News Release（研究成果情報） 氷 News Release（研究成果情報） H29.8.18 氷 見 市 学芸員の研究論文が農学で権威のある国際誌に掲載！ ～水田のプランクトンがイタセンパラを救う～ 概要 国の天然記念物で絶滅の危機に瀕している淡水魚イタセンパラは、水田から排水されるプラン クトンによって保護されていることが、氷見市教育委員会学芸員らの研究により解明されました。 氷見市教育委員会の西尾正輝主任学芸員の研究グループは、2010 年から 2012 年にかけて伝統 的な用排兼用（※1）河川である万尾川のイタセンパラの生息状況を調べたところ、イタセンパ ラの個体数は河川周辺の水田面積や草刈りによって決まることを見出しました。その理由として、 豊富な動物プランクトンを含む水が、水田から万尾川へ排水されること。地域住民による米害虫 対策の河岸の草刈りが、日当たりを作り出すこと。これらの 2 点によりイタセンパラの餌や生息 地が提供されていることが明らかになりました。 これらの成果をまとめた論文は、世界的に評価の高い国際誌「Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment」（※2）の電子版に 8 月 7 日（現地時間）に掲載されました。 図１．水田からの河川への動物プランクトン 図２．イタセンパラの生息に必要な環境条件 の供給がイタセンパラの生息に有効 今後への期待 今回の成果は、生物多様性が一体となった伝統的な農業システムの好事例として、 氷見市が目指す「世界農業遺産」への登録に大きく寄与するものと思われます。これ からの稲作は、生産者の高齢化や高収益作物への転作に伴い、厳しさを増していくと 思われます。人と自然に優しい伝統的な循環 型農業を維持するために、 スマートフォ ンで水田水管理コストを削減する最新の管理手法を用いるなど、伝統的農業システム と革新的管理手法を融合させることで、 今後もイタセンパラ生息河川周辺（万尾川） の「米作り」の継続を期待したい。 お問合せ先：ひみラボ水族館（電話）９１－２２４９ （メール）[email protected] 担当：氷見市教育委員会 教育総務課 西尾 正輝 補足説明 論文執筆者（筆頭著者）： 氷見市教育委員会 西 尾 正 輝 主任学芸員（37歳） 論文名：Paddy management for potential conservation of endangered Itasenpara bitterling via zooplankton abundance （動物プランクトンを介した絶滅危惧種イタセンパラの潜在的な保全のための水田管理） 著 者：西尾正輝（氷見市教育委員会）・江戸謙顕（文化庁）・山崎裕治（富山大学） 雑誌名：Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment（ ア グ リ カ ル チ ャ ー エ コ シ ス テ ム ズ エ ン バ イ ロ ン メ ン ト ） 本研究は、文化庁、富山県および河川財団の助成を受けて実施されました。 ※ 1 用 排 兼 用 ・ ・ ・ 用水路と排水路の機能をもつ 。ほ場整備の影響により、伝統的な「用 排 兼 用 」 は 減 少 し 、 大部分が用水路と排水路を分離させた「用排分離」となっている。 ※ 2 Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment・・・科学雑誌の重要度を示す指標インパクトファクターにおいて、農業学際分 野を扱う英雑誌56誌の中で1位（IF値 4.099）のトップジャーナルです。 図３．Agriculture, Ecosystems ＆ Environment の電子版（8 月 7 日に電子版に公開されました） 2012 年 2013 年 2014 年 2015 年 2016 年 図４．Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment は、農業学際分野５６誌の中で１位の インパクトファクター（４．０９９）を有するトップジャーナルです。 図５．イタセンパラと米づくりの関係（今回の発表内容は赤枠） Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 247 (2017) 166–171 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/agee Paddy management for potential conservation of endangered Itasenpara MARK bitterling via zooplankton abundance ⁎ Masaki Nishioa,c, , Kaneaki Edob, Yuji Yamazakic a Board of Education in Himi City, Himi, Toyama 935-8686, Japan b Agency for Cultural Affairs, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo 100-8959, Japan c Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In recent decades, the decline of biodiversity due to land-use changes in agricultural landscapes has become a Land use central issue in ecology. Paddy management practices support animal diversity in agricultural landscapes. Using Agricultural management an endangered fish (the Itasenpara bitterling) inhabiting rivers connected to paddy fields as its subject, this study fi Rice eld investigated two hypotheses: first, paddy field management affects the spatial distribution of Itasenpara bit- Hydrological connectivity terling in the adjacent river, and second, zooplankton and warm water supplied by paddy fields to the adjacent Floodplain species river are the primary factors influencing bitterling abundance. To model habitat suitability for the juvenile Zooplankton Itasenpara bitterling, rivers around paddy fields were examined using geographical information system tools and field survey methods in conjunction with a generalized linear model. The supply of zooplankton from paddy fields to the adjoining river positively contributed to juvenile Itasenpara bitterling abundance. This finding suggests that paddy management practices contribute to zooplankton abundance, and thus increase habitat suitability for juvenile Itasenpara bitterling. 1. Introduction wetlands, a term also recognized by at least 114 countries worldwide at the Convention of Parties in 2008 (http://www.ramsar.org/document/ The conservation of semi-natural ecosystems such as agro-ecosys- resolution-x31-enhancing-biodiversity-in-rice-paddies-as-wetland- tems is crucial to the ongoing maintenance of biodiversity (Tilman systems). According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the et al., 2001; Foley et al., 2005), especially because agricultural lands United Nations, paddy fields in Asia account for 90% of the world’s rice occupy approximately 40% of all terrestrial areas worldwide production. Floodplains are threatened ecosystems, as more than 90% (Ramankutty and Foley, 1999). Agro-ecosystems harbor unique biodi- of floodplains in North America and Europe have been modified for versity compared with natural ecosystems. However, semi-natural cultivation (Tockner and Stanford, 2002). Thus, global efforts have landscapes have experienced major land-use changes in recent decades, been made, especially in Asia, to restore the integrity of river flood- contributing to the loss of biodiversity, a central issue to biological plains (Zerbe and Thevs, 2011). Rice cultivation has a substantial im- conservation in recent years (Krebs et al., 1999; Tilman et al., 2001; pact on the biodiversity of floodplains (Elphick and Oring, 1998; Benton et al., 2003; Billeter et al., 2008). Thus, in recent decades re- Armitage et al., 2003; Washitani, 2008) and Japan has a long history of search has increasingly recognized the value of traditional agricultural rice cultivation (more than 2500 years; Fujiwara, 1998). Paddy fields habitats (Tscharntke et al., 2005; Knop et al., 2006; Kleijn et al., 2011). managed through traditional agricultural systems (i.e., a dual-purpose As many endangered species inhabit traditionally managed agricultural channel, with paddy fields connected to the channel and ponds) have landscapes, integrative conservation efforts that balance biodiversity functioned as secondary floodplain habitats for endangered Cyprinidae with productive agricultural systems are especially important (Pimentel (Suzuki et al., 2008; Onikura et al., 2009). However, there has been no et al., 1992; Bengtsson et al., 2003; Tscharntke et al., 2005; Bennett report that such paddy fields affect the spatial distribution of fish in the et al., 2006). adjoining rivers. Paddies in particular provide habitats for numerous aquatic organ- The Itasenpara bitterling Acheilognathus longipinnis is a freshwater isms (Kobori and Primack, 2003; Washitani, 2008; Kadoya et al., 2009; fish that engages in an unusual spawning symbiosis with freshwater Kato et al., 2010). The Ramsar Convention has defined paddy fields as mussels in autumn. The hatched larvae live in the mussels for about ⁎ Corresponding author at: Board of Education in Himi City, Himi, Toyama 935-8686, Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Nishio). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.07.007 Received 4 October 2016; Received in revised form 4 July 2017; Accepted 5 July 2017 0167-8809/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. M. Nishio et al. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 247 (2017) 166–171 seven months, after which the juveniles swim up from the mussels in riverbed is comprised of sand with some mud and clay deposits, while June and mature in the following autumn (Kitamura et al., 2009; Nishio most of the riverbanks remain in their natural condition. Emergent et al., 2012, 2015). The Itasenpara bitterling is a typical plankton- plants, including the common reed Phragmites australis and Manchurian feeding cyprinid that is endemic to Japan. This species was designated wild rice, are abundant. Several bitterling species, including A. long- as a natural monument of Japan in 1974 and nationally recognized as ipinnis, the southern red tabira bitterling A. tabira jordani, the slender being scientifically important. Also, the species was listed as critically bitterling Tanakia lanceolata, and the Chinese rose bitterling Rhodeus endangered in the Red List of the Ministry of the Environment of Japan ocellatus ocellatus, inhabit the study site (Nishio et al., 2015). in 2014 and as vulnerable in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species in 2017. The natural 2.2. Survey site and field sampling habitat of the Itasenpara bitterling is floodplain water (Kitanishi et al., 2012, 2013; Nishio et al., 2015, 2017). However, these fish are cur- This study divided the river system into segments based on the rently distributed in only three regions of Japan (the Toyama, Osaka, following criteria: i) water gates prevent the migration of water and and Nobi plains) owing to the disappearance of floodplains (Nishio aquatic organisms (S3, S4, S6, S7, and S9); ii) the environment is sec- et al., 2012, 2015; Yamazaki et al., 2014). In the Toyama plain, these tioned by a water gate and the confluence of tributaries (S2, S5, and fish are currently only found in two small river systems (the Moo and S8); and iii) the confluence of the Moo and Hounoki rivers greatly alters Busshouji Rivers). Traditional agricultural systems (i.e., water control the environment (S1). In this study, these nine segments were con- via dual-purpose channels) have alternatively functioned as floodplain sidered independent of one another (Fig. 1). habitats via water level fluctuation for Itasenpara bitterling and fresh- To characterize the Itasenpara bitterling’s habitat within these water mussels as a spawning substratum in the Moo River (Nishio et al., segments of the Moo River system, this study divided a 50 m stretch of 2015, 2016, 2017), where ∼1000 Itasenpara juveniles were observed each segment into eight reaches at equal intervals. At every 5 m, sam- in a 300 m section from May to June 2007 (Himi City, 2008). On the pling spots were identified with suitable sites for two 0.5-by-0.5-m other hand, in the Busshouji River with newer agricultural
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