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Escola De Aperfeiçoamento De Oficiais Cap Inf Evandro ESCOLA DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE OFICIAIS CAP INF EVANDRO DA SILVA VIANA A DEFESA DE STALINGRADO DURANTE A II GUERRA MUNDIAL: UM ESTUDO DE CASO Rio de Janeiro 2019 1 ESCOLA DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE OFICIAIS CAP INF EVANDRO DA SILVA VIANA A DEFESA DE STALINGRADO DURANTE A II GUERRA MUNDIAL: UM ESTUDO DE CASO Trabalho acadêmico apresentado à Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais, como requisito para a especialização em Ciências Militares com ênfase Operações Defensivas. Rio de Janeiro 2019 2 MINISTÉRIO DA DEFESA EXÉRCITO BRASILEIRO DECEx – DESMil ESCOLA DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE OFICIAIS (EsAO/1919) ______________________________________________ DIVISÃO DE ENSINO / SEÇÃO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Autor: Cap Inf EVANDRO DA SILVA VIANA Título: A DEFESA DE STALINGRADO DURANTE A II GUERRA MUNDIAL: UM ESTUDO DE CASO Trabalho acadêmico apresentado à Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais, como requisito para a especialização em Ciências Militares com ênfase Operações Defensivas, pós graduação universitária lato sensu. APROVADO EM _______/_______/_______ CONCEITO:__________________________ BANCA EXAMINADORA Membro Menção Atribuída JOBEL SANSEVERINO JUNIOR - Maj Cmt Curso e Presidente da Comissão ROSEMBERG PEREIRA DIAS JUNIOR - Cap 1º Membro e Orientador ARTHUR NUNES E SILVA - Cap 2º Membro EVANDRO DA SILVA VIANA – Cap Aluno 3 A DEFESA DE STALINGRADO DURANTE A II GUERRA MUNDIAL: UM ESTUDO DE CASO Evandro da Silva Viana* Rosemberg Pereira Dias Junior** RESUMO Este estudo sobre a Batalha de Stalingrado mostra o empenho dos Soviéticos para defender esta cidade cujo nome homenageava seu líder supremo: Stalin. Sua principal característica é a não valorização das perdas de civis e militares. Os Soviéticos não mediram esforços para rechaçar as tropas de Hitler de seu território, e conseguiram que esta fosse uma Batalha decisiva para o início da derrocada Alemã. O presente artigo visa concluir quanto a relevância do estudo desse capítulo da história militar mundial para os conflitos na atualidade, se os mesmos encontram- se defasados e fora do contexto do combate urbano em vigor, além de ressaltar a importância do estudo de casos históricos de conflitos militares como forma de compreender e preparar-se para os conflitos da atualidade e do futuro. Palavras-chave: II Guerra Mundial; Stalingrado; Operações Defensivas; Combate Urbano; Barbarossa; Urano; União Soviética; Alemanha; Nazismo. ABSTRACT This study about the Battle of Stalingrad shows the Soviet effort to defend this city that the name honored its supreme leader: Stalin. Its main feature is the non- appreciation of civilian and military losses. The Soviets fought to drive Hitler's troops out of their territory, and managed to make this a decisive battle for the beginning of the German defeat. This article aims to predict the relevance of this study to the current chapter of world military history, if its outdated of the context of urban combat. This study aims to show the importance of military history to understand and prepare for today's and future conflicts. Keywords: World War II; Stalingrad; Defensive operations; Urban combat; Barbarossa; Uranus; Soviet Union; Germany; Nazism. _______________________________ *Capitão da arma de Infantaria. Bacharel em Ciências Militares pela Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) em 2009. **Capitão da arma de Infantaria. Bacharel em Ciências Militares pela Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) em 2008. Pós Graduado em Operações Militares pela Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais (EsAO) em 2018. 4 1 INTRODUÇÃO Na segunda metade do ano de 1939 ocorreu o segundo grande conflito militar, chamado de Segunda Guerra Mundial. As grandes potências econômicas organizaram-se em duas alianças militares oponentes, denominadas Aliados e Eixo. Os envolvidos dedicaram grande parte de sua capacidade econômica para tentar lograr êxito nesse conflito, que envolveu mais de 100 milhões de militares e teve um dano colateral enorme aos civis, devido a práticas com o Holocausto e o emprego da bomba atômica por parte dos Estados Unidos da América. Isso ocasionou mais de 60 milhões de mortes, sendo considerado o conflito mais letal da história da humanidade. (SOMMERVILLE, 2008) Em setembro de 1939, a Alemanha atacou a Polônia. (EVANS, 2008) Em resposta a esse ato, logo em seguida, Reino Unido e França declararam guerra à Alemanha, porém não prestaram, de imediato, qualquer tipo de apoio bélico em prol da soberania Polaca (KEEGAN, 1997), determinando, somente, um bloqueio naval e econômico à Alemanha. (ROSKILL, 1974). Ainda no mês de setembro a União Soviética também invadiu a Polônia, sendo esse território divido com a Alemanha. (ZALOGA e GERRARD, 1954) A França se prepara para Guerra estabelecendo uma linha fortificada conhecida como Linha Maginot, deixando a região das Ardenas sem posições de bloqueio. Essa decisão equivocada permitiu que a Alemanha invadisse a França e, contornando essa grande posição defensiva, avançar facilmente em território Francês. (KEEGAN, 1997). Ainda em setembro, foi assinado o Pacto Tripartite, que estabelecia uma aliança militar entre a Alemanha, Itália e Japão. (BILHARTZ, 1997) Em meados de 1941 a Alemanha invade a União Soviética (URSS) sem uma declaração formal de guerra, em uma Operação chamada Barbarossa. Com isso Hitler pretendia neutralizar a URSS militarmente e utilizar seus recursos agrícolas e reservas de petróleo para sustentar uma ofensiva aos países oponentes. (KERSHAW, 2007). Hitler também planejava o uso do trabalho escravo dos povos conquistados para suprir a demanda de mão de obra da indústria Alemã, conseguindo com isso uma melhor condição de fazer frente ao Império Britânico (HILDEBRAND, 1973). 5 Para a Barbarossa os alemães planejaram três frentes, a norte, ao centro e a sul. A frente norte tinha como objetivo conquistar Leningrado, ao centro Moscou e a sul controlar o Cáucaso, devido a suas jazidas de petróleo. (GLANTZ, 2012) Menos de um mês após o início da campanha começam a aparecer os primeiros problemas logísticos. O ritmo da progressão teve que ser diminuído, propiciando mais tempo e consequentemente uma melhor organização do terreno para a União Soviética. (KEEGAN, 1997). Mesmo com as dificuldades logísticas a Alemanha conquista rapidamente Leningrado na frente norte e enfrenta pouca resistência na frente central, cujo objetivo é Moscou. Porém, na frente sul, encontra-se com dificuldades. Hitler, contrariando assessoramento de seus Generais, decide realocar seus esforços na frente central para reforçar a frente sul. (KEEGAN, 1997). O Exército Soviético, conseguiu segurar a ofensiva em seu território principalmente por que a Alemanha estava começando a sentir os efeitos da carência de mão de obra e combustível. Hitler, consciente de seus problemas logísticos, lança uma ofensiva na frente sul chamada de Caso Azul. Essa ofensiva, seria, posteriormente, barrada na então cidade de Stalingrado, hoje chamada de Volvogrado. (TOO… 2000) A Batalha de Stalingrado teve como principal característica a não valorização das perdas de civis e militares, desde o início da ofensiva Alemã até o contra-ataque da URSS, que rechaçou as tropas de Hitler de seu território, sendo uma Batalha decisiva para o início da derrocada Alemã. (THE... 1941) 1.1 PROBLEMA Esse estudo busca fazer uma revisão da literatura, concentrando-se na concepção Soviética de defesa, e, a partir dessa explanação, responder a seguinte problemática: Os ensinamentos colhidos a partir da análise desse conflito podem ser aplicados na atualidade? O que pode ser feito no nível Operacional visando a defesa de localidade estudados em Stalingrado? 6 Tendo por base esses questionamentos, concluiremos quanto a relevância do estudo desse capítulo da história militar mundial para os conflitos na atualidade, ou se os mesmos encontram-se defasados e fora do contexto do combate urbano em vigor. 1.2 OBJETIVOS O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar as circunstâncias em que ocorreu a defesa da cidade de Stalingrado frente a ofensiva Alemã, com a finalidade de colher ensinamentos relevantes ao estudo de casos históricos e seus ensinamentos para deixados para o combate em ambiente urbano na atualidade. Para isso, foram elaborados os seguintes objetivos intermediários: a) Identificar o cenário da Batalha mais sangrenta da história da humanidade, nos níveis político, estratégico e operacional; e b) Identificar a aplicabilidade dos ensinamentos colhidos de acordo com a realidade da Força Terrestre na atualidade. 1.3 JUSTIFICATIVAS E CONTRIBUIÇÕES O combate urbano, também chamado de combate a localidade, é uma constante em todos conflitos bélicos da atualidade. Essa tendência aumentou exponencialmente após a II Guerra Mundial. Nesse artigo faremos um estudo sobre como a URSS, visivelmente em desvantagem em relação ao Exército Alemão, conseguiu defender com sucesso a cidade de Stalingrado, reorganizar-se, e retomar a ofensiva, cercando e capturando mais de 100 mil Alemães. O estudo desse caso histórico é de fundamental importância para do adestramento das tropas, tendo em vista que as técnicas de defesa são de caráter provisório e tem por finalidade permitir que a Força Terrestre ataque com maior eficiência. 2 METODOLOGIA Para consubstanciar uma solução para a problemática levantada, este estudo abrange uma ampla revisão da literatura, baseada em livros com a retórica soviética do conflito supracitado. O método para abordagem da pesquisa foi o qualitativo, pois visa fazer um 7 relatório documental de um caso histórico de Defesa em Localidade. A técnica empregada é o estudo
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