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Anthropology Archaeology Astronomy and Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Business and Finance Cellular and Developmental Biology and Genetics Chemistry Communications, Journalism, Editing, and Publishing Computer Sciences and Technology Economics Educational, Scientific, Cultural, and Philanthropic Administration (Nongovernmental) Engineering and Technology Geology and Mineralogy Geophysics, Geography, and Other Earth Sciences History Law and Jurisprudence Literary Scholarship and Criticism and Language Literature (Creative Writing) Mathematics and Statistics Medicine and Health Microbiology and Immunology Natural History and Ecology; Evolutionary and Population Biology Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Performing Arts and Music–Criticism and Practice Philosophy Physics Physiology and Pharmacology Plant Sciences Political Science/International Relations Psychology/Education Public Affairs, Administration, and Policy (Governmental and Intergovernmental) Sociology/Demography Theology and Ministerial Practice Visual Arts, Art History, and Architecture Zoology Anthropology Davis, Allison (William Geertz, Clifford James Latour, Bruno Allison) Gellner, Ernest Andre Leach, Edmund Ronald Adams, Robert Descola, Philippe Gluckman, Max (Herman Leakey, Mary Douglas McCormick DeVore, Irven (Boyd Max) Nicol Adler-Lomnitz, Larissa Irven) Goddard, Pliny Earle Leakey, Richard Erskine Appadurai, Arjun Dillehay, Tom D. Goodenough, Ward Hunt Frere Bailey, Frederick George Dixon, Roland Burrage Goody, John Rankine Lee, Richard Borshay Barth, Fredrik Dodge, Ernest Stanley Grayson, Donald K. LeVine, Robert Alan Bateson, Gregory Donnan, Christopher B. Greenberg, Joseph Harold Levi-Strauss, Claude Beall, Cynthia M. Douglas, Mary Margaret Greenhouse, Carol J. Levy, Robert Isaac Benedict, Ruth Fulton Du Bois, Cora Alice Grove, David C. Levy, Thomas Evan Berlin, Overton Brent Dumont, Louis Charles Gumperz, John J. Lewis, Oscar Blumenbach, Johann Jean Guyer, Jane I. Li, Ling Friedrich Dundes, Alan Hammel, Eugene Alfred Linton, Ralph Boas, Franz Durand, Jorge Hannerz, Ulf Lock, Margaret Bowditch, Ingersoll Duranti, Alessandro Harvey, David Lounsbury, Floyd Glenn Braidwood, Robert John Dyson, Jr., Robert Harris Haury, Emil Walter Lovejoy, C. Owen Brettell, Caroline B. Earle, Timothy Hawkes, Kristen Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Brew, John Otis Eckert, Penelope Dorothy Helm, June Marcus, Joyce Brigham, William Tufts Edgerton, Robert B. Herzfeld, Michael Margolis, Maxine L. Brooks, Alison Spence Eggan, Fred Russell Hill, Jane H. Maudslay, Alfred Percival Brown, James Allison Eiseley, Loren Corey Holmes, William Henry Maybury-Lewis, David Byers, Douglas Swain Ellison, Peter T. Hooton, Earnest Albert Henry Peter Cabot, William Brooks Erlandson, Jon McVey Howell, Francis Clark McAllester, David Park Campbell, Clarence Evans-Pritchard, Edward Howells, William White Mead, Margaret Gordon Evan Hrdlicka, Ales Milton, Katharine Carneiro, Robert L. Fallers, Lloyd Ashton Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer Mintz, Sidney Wilfred Carr, Lucien Farabee, William Curtis Hurtado, Ana Magdalena Moore, Sally Falk Chang, Kwang-chih Farmer, Paul Edward Hymes, Dell Hathaway Morgan, Lewis Henry Clark, John Desmond (J. Fash, Jr., William L. Irvine, Judith Temkin Morris, Craig Desmond) Feld, Steven Jablonski, Nina G. Moseley, Michael Edward Clifford, James Fernandez, James W. Johnson, Frederick Murdock, George Peter Cohn, Bernard Samuel Firth, Raymond William Kenoyer, J. Mark Nader, Laura Colson, Elizabeth Florence Ford, Richard Irving Kertzer, David I. Nicolaisen, Agnes Ida Comaroff, Jean Fortes, Meyer Kirch, Patrick Vinton Benedicte Comaroff, John Lionel Foster, Jr., George Klein, Richard George Ochs, Elinor Ruth Conklin, Harold Colyer McClelland Kluckhohn, Clyde Kay Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko Coon, Carleton Stevens Fowler, Catherine S. Maben Oliver, Douglas Llewellyn Cordell, Linda S. Freyre, Gilberto de Mello Konner, Melvin J. Ortner, Sherry Beth DaMatta, Roberto Augusto Friedl, Ernestine Kottak, Conrad Phillip O’Shea, John Michael D’Andrade, Roy G. Friedrich, Paul Kroeber, Alfred Louis Peacock III, James Lowe Das, Veena Gal, Susan Lamberg-Karlovsky, Pelzel, John Campbell Garn, Stanley Marion Clifford Charles Pickering, Charles

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Pilbeam, David Roger Verdery, Katherine Caso y Andrade, Alfonso Perrot, Jean Joseph Piperno, Dolores Rita Maureen Chase, George Henry Francois Plog, Stephen Vogt, Jr., Evon Zartman Clark, John Grahame Piggott, Stuart Powell, John Wesley Wagley, Charles Walter Douglas Plog, Stephen Putnam, Frederic Ward Walker, Alan Cyril Clarke, Joseph Thacher Pollock, Harry Evelyn Dorr Rainey, Froelich Gladstone Wallace, Anthony Francis Cooke, Richard G. Porada, Edith Rappaport, Roy Abraham Clarke Curtius, Ernst Rawson, Jessica Redfield, Robert Warner, William Lloyd Deagan, Kathleen A. Redmond, Elsa M. Redmond, Elsa M. Washburn, Sherwood di Cesnola, Luigi Palma Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Reichel-Dolmatoff, Larned Dillehay, Tom D. Richardson, Emeline Hill Gerardo Watson, James Lee Dinsmoor, William Bell Richardson, Rufus Byam Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Watson, Rubie S. Dorpfeld, Wilhelm Robert, Louis Richards, Audrey Isabel Wertsch, James V. Earle, Timothy Robinson, David Moore Roberts, John Milton Whiting, Beatrice Blyth Evans, John Rose, C. Brian Romney, Antone Kimball Whiting, John Wesley Flannery, Kent Vaughn Rostovtzeff, Michael Roosevelt, Anna Curtenius Mayhew Glueck, Nelson Ivanovitch Rosaldo, Jr., Renato Wissler, Clark Goldman, Hetty Sabloff, Jeremy Arac Ignacio Wolf, Eric Robert Hanfmann, George Maxim Serradifalco, Domenico Lo Rouse, Irving Woolard, Kathryn Ann Anossov Faso Pietrasanta, Duca di Sahlins, Marshall David Worthman, Carol M. Harrison, Evelyn Byrd Shear, Theodore Leslie Sapir, Edward Wrangham, Richard W. Haynes, Henry Williamson Sjoqvist, Erik Schneider, David Murray Wulsin, Frederick Roelker Hencken, Hugh O’Neill Stanish, Charles Seler, Eduard Yalman, Nur Osman Hill, Bert Hodge Stein, Aurel Shapiro, Harry Lionel Zeder, Melinda A. Hoppin, Joseph Clark Thompson, Homer Shapiro, Judith R. Karkanas, Panagiotis Armstrong Sharer, Robert James Back to Subject Index Kenoyer, J. Mark Toynbee, Jocelyn Mary Shweder, Richard Allan Kidder, Alfred Vincent Catherine Singer, Milton Borah Archaeology Kramer, Samuel Noah von Falkenhausen, Lothar Smith, Bruce David Lechtman, Heather Nan Warren, Peter M. Spencer, Charles S. Albright, William Foxwell Lemerle, Paul Emile Watson, Patty Jo Sperber, Dan Ballard, Robert D. Lepsius, Karl Richard Weinberg, Saul S. Spier, Leslie Bard, Kathryn A. MacNeish, Richard Willey, Gordon Randolph Spinden, Herbert Joseph Bass, George F. Stockton Back to Subject Index Spiro, Melford Elliot Beazley, John Davidson Maspero, Gaston Camille Srinivas, Mysore Bernal, Ignacio Charles Narasimhachar Betancourt, Philip P. McCormick, Michael Stanish, Charles Bieber, Margarete Mellink, Machteld Johanna Steinmetz, Sebald Rudolf Bietak, Manfred Meltzer, David J. Stocking, Jr., George Ward Bittel, Kurt Milanich, Jerald T. Strathern, Marilyn Blegen, Carl William Movius, Jr., Hallam Strier, Karen B. Bowditch, Charles Leonard Tambiah, Stanley Jeyarajah Pickering Mylonas, George Tozzer, Alfred Marston Brown, James Allison Emmanuel Traxler, Loa Paulette Caskey, John Langdon Nilsson, Martin Persson Turner, Victor Witter O’Shea, John Michael

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Astronomy and Bond, J. Richard (John Córdova, France A. Gold, Thomas Richard) Dalgarno, Alexander Goldberg, Leo Astrophysics Bond, William Cranch Damoiseau (Baron de), Goldreich, Peter Martin Abbot, Charles Greeley Borucki, William J. Marie Charles Theodore Gould, Jr., Benjamin Adams, John Couch Boss, Alan Paul Darwin, George Howard Apthorp Adams, Walter Sydney Boss, Lewis Davidson, George Greenstein, Jesse Leonard Agassiz, George Russell Bowditch, Nathaniel Davis, Marc Gunn, James Edward Airy, George Biddell Bowen, Ira Sprague Delambre, Jean Baptiste Gurnett, Donald A. Alcock, Charles R. Bracewell, Ronald Joseph Gylden, Johan August Alexander, Stephen Newbold Delaunay, Charles Eugene Hugo Aller, Lawrence Hugh Brinkley, John Dollen, Johann Heinrich Hagen, John Peter Ambartsumian, Viktor Brouwer, Dirk Wilhelm Hale, George Ellery Amazaspovich Brownlee, Donald E. Drake, Frank Donald Hall, Asaph Angel, James Roger Prior Burbidge, Eleanor Draper, Henry Hamilton, William Rowan Arago, Dominique Margaret Drell, Persis Sydney Hansen, Peter Andreas Francois Jean Burbidge, Geoffrey R. Dressler, Alan Michael Hansteen, Christopher Argelander, Friedrich Burckhardt, Johann Karl Duncan, John Charles Harrison, Fiona Anne Wilhelm August Burg, Johann Tobias Eddington, Arthur Stanley Haynes, Martha Patricia Arnett, David (William Burke, Bernard Flood Edmands, John Rayner Heckman, Timothy M. David) Burnham, Sherburne Emanuel, Kerry A. Heeschen, David Sutphin Auwers, Arthur Julius Wesley Encke, Johann Franz Heiles, Carl Eugene George Friedrich von Burrows, Adam Seth Evans, Jr., John Herbig, George Howard Babcock, Horace Welcome Butler, R. Paul Wainwright Hernquist, Lars Backlund, Jons Oskar Cacciatore, Niccolo Ewen, Harold Irving Herschel, John Frederick Backus, George Edward Cameron, Alastair Graham Faber, Sandra Moore William Bahcall, John Norris Walter Faye, Herve Auguste Herschel, William Bahcall, Neta Assaf Campbell, William Wallace Etienne Albans (Frederick William) Bailey, Solon Irving Canizares, Claude Roger Field, George Brooks Hertzsprung, Ejnar Baily, Francis Canup, Robin M. Filippenko, Alexei V. Hewish, Antony Baker, James Gilbert Carlstrom, John E. Fischer, Debra Ann Hewitt, Jacqueline Baldwin, Ralph Belknap Cassini, Jean Dominique, Fowler, William Alfred Hildebrand, Roger Henry Barnard, Edward Emerson Comte de Fox, Philip Hill, George William Bartlett, William Holmes Caswell, Alexis Freedman, Wendy Laurel Hogan, Craig James Chambers Chandler, Jr., Seth Carlo Frieman, Joshua A. Holden, Edward Singleton Becklin, Eric E. Chandrasekhar, Frost, Edwin Brant Hopkins, Albert Beckwith, Steven Van Subrahmanyan Garnett, John Hornsby, Thomas Walter Charbonneau, David Gebbie, Katharine Blodgett Hoyle, Fred Bennett, Charles L. Clark, Alvan Gehrels, Neil Hu, Wayne Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Clark, Alvan Graham Geller, Margaret Joan Hubbard, Joseph Stillman Biddle, Owen Clark, George Bassett Ghez, Andrea M. Huchra, John Peter Blaauw, Adriaan Clayton, Donald Delbert Giacconi, Riccardo Huggins, William Blandford, Roger David Clemence, Gerald Maurice Gill, David Jeaurat, Edme Sebastien Bok, Bart Jan Code, Arthur Dodd Gilliss, James Melville Jewitt, David C. Bolton, John Gatenby Cohen, Marshall H. Gingerich, Owen Jay Johnson, Manuel John Bond, George Phillips Comstock, George Cary Glatzmaier, Gary A. Johnson, Torrence V.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Jones, Harold Spencer Lindenau, Bernhard Norman, Michael Lester Roberts, Walter Orr Kahn, Steven Michael August, Freiherr von Oke, John Beverley Rogers, William Augustus Kamionkowski, Marc Lockyer, Joseph Norman Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Rosner, Robert Kaspi, Victoria M. Loeb, Abraham Matthias Rubin, Vera Cooper Kauffmann, Guinevere Loomis, Elias Oort, Jan Hendrik Ruderman, Malvin Avram Alice Mei-ing Lovell, Bernard (Alfred Opik, Ernst Julius Russell, Henry Norris Keeler, James Edward Charles Bernard) Osterbrock, Donald E. Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris Kellermann, Kenneth Low, Frank J. Ostriker, Jeremiah Paul Ryle, Martin Irwin Lowell, Percival Page, Jr., Lyman Alexander Sadoulet, Bernard Kennicutt, Jr., Robert Lubbock (Baronet), John Paine, Robert Treat (1803- Safford, Truman Henry Charles William 1885) Sagan, Carl Edward King, Edward Skinner Luyten, Willem Jacob Parker, Eugene Newman Saha, Meghnad King, Ivan Robert Lynden-Bell, Donald Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Salpeter, Edwin Ernest Kirshner, Robert P. Marcy, Geoffrey W. Helena Sandage, Allan Rex Kolb, Edward W. Maskelyne, Nevil Peebles, P. James E. Sargent, Anneila Isabel Kouveliotou, Chryssa Mather, John Cromwell (Phillip James E.) Sargent, Wallace Leslie Kraft, Robert Paul Mayall, Nicholas Ulrich Pekeris, Chaim Leib William Krook, Max Mayor, Michel Gustave Penzias, Arno Allan Sawyer, Edwin Forrest Kuiper, Gerard Peter McKee, Christopher F. Perlmutter, Saul Schechter, Paul L. Kulkarni, Shrinivas Meinel, Aden Baker Peters, Christian August Schlesinger, Frank Ramchandra Menzel, Donald Howard Friedrich Schmidt, Johann Friedrich Lalande, Joseph-Jerome le Merrill, Paul Willard Peters, Christian Heinrich Julius Francais Mészáros, Péter István Friedrich Schmidt, Maarten Lamb, Frederick Keithley Metcalf, Joel Hastings Pickering, Edward Charles Schonfeld, Eduard Lamb, Jr., Donald Quincy Michelson, Peter F. Pickering, William Schramm, David Norman Lampland, Carl Otto Miller, John Anthony Hayward Schubert, Friedrich Lange, Andrew Evan Miller, Joseph Standard Pickering, William Henry Theodor Langley, Samuel Pierpont Milne, Edward Arthur Plana (Barone), Giovanni Schumacher, Heinrich Laplace, Pierre Simon, Minnaert, Marcel Gilles Antonio Amedeo Christian Marquis de Jozef Plantamour, Emile Schwarzschild, Martin Latham, David Winslow Mitchel, Ormsby Plaskett, Harry Hemley Sciama, Dennis William Layzer, David Raymond McKnight Poirier, Jean-Paul Searle, Arthur Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Mitchell, Maria Pond, John Searle, George Mary Joseph Mitchell, Samuel Alfred Poor, Charles Lane Shapiro, Irwin Ira Lee, Typhoon Mitchell, William (1791- Press, William Henry Shapley, Harlow Leighton, Robert Benjamin 1869) Pritchett, Henry Smith Shayn (Shajn), Grigory Lightman, Alan Paige Moran, James Michael Readhead, Anthony Abramovitch Liller, William Morgan, William Wilson Christopher Sanford Shectman, Stephen A. Lilley, Arthur Edward Moulton, Forest Ray Rees, Martin John Shklovsky, Josif Lin, Douglas N. C. Munch, Guido Rieke, George H. Samuilovich Lin, Robert Peichung Murray, Bruce Churchill Rieke, Marcia J. Shoemaker, Carolyn Lindblad, Bertil Nassau, Jason John Riess, Adam G. Spellman Linde, Andrei Neugebauer, Gerry Ritchie, Jr., John Shu, Frank H. Dmitriyevich Newcomb, Simon Rittenhouse, David Silk, Joseph I. Ney, Edward Purdy Roberts, Morton S. Sitter, Willem de

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Slipher, Vesto Melvin Weymann, Ray John Fergusson, Sterling Price Rossby, Carl-Gustaf Arvid Slocum, Frederick Whipple, Fred Lawrence Ferrel, William Rossby, Hans Thomas Smarr, Larry L. Whitford, Albert Edward Fye, Paul McDonald Rotch, Abbott Lawrence Smyth, William Henry Whitney, Charles Allen Hall, Jonathan Patten Salmon, Richard Lawrence Spergel, David Nathaniel Wild, John Paul Hemmer, Johann Jacob Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Spitzer, Jr., Lyman Williams, Robert E. Houghton, Henry Garrett Shaw, William Napier Squyres, Steven W. Willson, Robert Wheeler Imbrie, John Smagorinsky, Joseph Staggs, Suzanne T. Wilson, Robert Woodrow Ingersoll, Andrew Perry Solomon, Susan Stansbury, Daniel Winlock, Joseph Isaacs, John Dove Starr, Victor Paul Stebbins, Joel Wisdom, Jack Leach Iselin II, Columbus Stern, Melvin Ernest Sterne, Theodore Eugene Wolfe, Arthur Michael O’Donnell Stocker, Thomas F. Stetson, Harlan True Woltjer, Lodewijk Junge, Christian Eduard Stommel, Henry Melson Stockwell, John Nelson Woosley, Stanford E. Friedrich Suomi, Verner Edward Strittmatter, Peter Albert Wright, Edward L. Kalnay, Eugenia Swallow, John Crossley Stromgren, Bengt Georg Yendell, Paul Sebastian Keeling, Charles David Talley, Lynne Daniel Young, Charles Augustus Kondratyev, Kirill Thiemens, Mark H. Struve, Friedrich Georg Yung, Yuk Ling Yakovlevich Toole, John Merrill Wilhelm Zach, Franz Xaver, Landsberg, Helmut Erich von Arx, William Stelling Struve, Otto Freiherr Lindzen, Richard von Hann, Julius Struve, Otto Wilhelm von Siegmund Ferdinand Sunyaev, Rashid Alievich Back to Subject Index Loomis, Elias Wallace, John Michael Swings, Polidore F. F. Lorenz, Edward Norton Ward, Robert DeCourcy Szalay, Alexander Sandor Atmospheric Malone, Thomas Francis Washington, Warren Taylor, Jr., Joseph Hooton Mauersberger, Konrad Morton Teukolsky, Saul A. Sciences and McAdie, Alexander George Wexler, Harry Tremaine, Scott Duncan Oceanography McElroy, Michael Brendan White, Robert Mayer Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold McEwen, George Francis Wild, Heinrich Truran, Jr., James Abbe, Cleveland Miles, Edward L. Willett, Hurd Curtis Wellington Austin, James Murdoch Mollo-Christensen, Erik Wunsch, Carl Isaac Turner, Michael Stanley Bigelow, Henry Bryant Leonard Yung, Yuk Ling Tyson, J. Anthony Bjerknes, Jacob Aall Monin, Andrei Sergeevich Back to Subject Index Urry, C. Megan Bonnevie Murray, John van de Hulst, Hendrik Bjerknes, Vilhelm Frimann Namias, Jerome Christoffel Koren Pedlosky, Joseph van Dishoeck, Ewine Fleur Brooks, Charles Franklin Philander, S. George H. Vogel, Hermann Carl Cane, Mark Alan (Samuel George Harker) Walker, Sears Cook Charney, Jule Gregory Phillips, Norman Alton Ward, William R. Cicerone, Ralph John Pillsbury, John Elliott Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm Clayton, Henry Helm Plantamour, Emile Watson, Fletcher Guard Crutzen, Paul Josef Prather, Kimberly A. Watson, James Craig Davis, Russ Erik Ramanathan, Wendell, Oliver Clinton Davis, Walter Gould Veerabhadran West, Benjamin (1730- Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm Redfield, William C. 1813) Fassig, Oliver Lanard Rhines, Peter B. Westphal, James Adolph Robinson, Allan Richard

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Biochemistry and Berger, Shelley L. Chakraborty, Arup K. Curran, Tom Bergstrom, Sune (Karl Chamberlin, Michael John Dahlberg, James E. Molecular Biology Sune Detlof) Chambon, Pierre Dai, Hongjie Abeles, Robert Heinz Bjorkman, Pamela J. Chance, Britton Daley, George Q. Abelson, John Norman Blackburn, Elizabeth Helen Chargaff, Erwin Daly, Joseph Michael Abraham, Edward Penley Bloch, Konrad Emil Chittenden, Russell Henry Davidson, Norman Ralph Adams, Elijah Block, Steven M. Christensen, Halvor Niels Davie, Earl Warren Adler, Julius Bloom, Kerry Steven Ciechanover, Aaron Judah Davies, David R. Agard, David A. Blout, Elkan Rogers Clapham, David E. Davis, Mark M. Alberts, Bruce Michael Blumenthal, Thomas Clarke, Hans Thacher Dawid, Igor Bert Ambros, Victor Boeke, Jef D. Claude, Albert de Duve, Christian Rene Ames, Bruce Nathan Borst, Piet Cleland, William Wallace De Robertis, Edward Ames, Giovanna Ferro- Botchan, Michael R. Cleveland, Don W. Michael Luzzi Bovie, William T. Clevers, Johannes Carolus DeGrado, William F. Anfinsen, Christian Boyd, William Clouser Cline, Thomas Warren Delbruck, Max Ludwig Boehmer Boyer, Herbert Wayne Clore, G. Marius Henning Arnold, Frances Hamilton Boyer, Paul Delos Cohen, Carolyn DeLuca, Hector Floyd Arnon, Ruth Braunstein, Aleksandr Cohen, Fred E. DeRisi, Joseph L. Aronson, Peter S. Evseyevich Cohen, Georges N. DeRosier, David John Artavanis-Tsakonas, Brenner, Sydney Cohen, Seymour Stanley Deshaies, Raymond J. Spyros Brink, Jr., Frank Cohen, Stanley Dickerson, Richard Earl Axel, Richard Britten, Roy John Cohn, Mildred [elected as Dill, Kenneth A. Babior, Bernard Macy Brown, Gene Monte Mildred Cohn Dixit, Vishva Baker, David Brown, Michael Stuart Primakoff] Dixon, Jack Edward Baker, Tania Ann Brunori, Maurizio Cohn, Edwin Joseph Dobson, Christopher M. Baldwin, Robert Lesh Buchanan, Bob Branch Cohn, Melvin Doe, Chris Q. Ball, Eric Glendinning Buchanan, John Machlin Cohn, Waldo E. Doisy, Edward Adelbert Banerjee, Utpal Burger, Max Marcell Cole, Kenneth Stewart Doolittle, Russell F. Barker, Horace Albert Burris, Robert Harza Collins, Francis Sellers Dorfman, Ralph Isadore Barres, Ben A. Bustamante, Carlos J. Collip, James Bertram Doty, Paul Mead Bass, Brenda L. Butler, Warren Lee Conaway, Joan W. Doudna Cate, Jennifer A. Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Cairns, Bradley R. Conaway, Ronald C. Dreyfuss, Gideon Baumeister, Wolfgang P. Cane, David E. Coon, Minor Jesser du Vigneaud, Vincent Bax, Adriaan Cantoni, Giulio Leonardo Cori, Carl Ferdinand Eaton, William A. Beachy, Philip Cantor, Charles Robert Cori, Gerty Theresa Ebashi, Setsuro Beadle, George Wells Carbon, John Anthony Court, Donald Lee Ebright, Richard H. Bean, Charles Palmer Carlson, John R. Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. Edelman, Gerald Maurice Bear, Richard Scott Carroll, Dana Craig, Elizabeth Anne Edelman, Isidore Samuel Beinert, Helmut Carter, Herbert Edmund Craig, Nancy L. Edmonds, Mary Patricia Bell, Alexis T. Caruthers, Marvin Harry Cravatt III, Benjamin F. Edsall, John Tileston Benson, Andrew Alm Caspar, Donald Louis Crick, Francis Harry Eisenberg, David Samuel Berg, Howard Curtis Dvorak Compton Eisenman, George Berg, Jeremy M. Cate, Jamie H.D. Croce, Carlo M. Elgin, Sarah Carlisle Berg, Paul Cech, Thomas Robert Crothers, Donald Morris Roberts Berger, James M. Chagas, Carlos Cuatrecasas, Pedro Martin Elledge, Stephen

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Elson, Elliot Lawrence Glaeser, Robert M. Hastings, Albert Baird Ingram, Vernon Martin Elvehjem, Conrad Arnold Glazer, Alexander Namiot Hastings, John Woodland Inouye, Masayori Engel, Lewis Libman Glomset, John A. Haurowitz, Felix Michael Itano, Harvey Akio Engelhardt, Vladimir Goeddel, David Hawley, R. Scott Jacks, Tyler E. Aleksandrovich VanNorman Hayaishi, Osamu Jan, Lily Y. Engelman, Donald Max Goff, Stephen Payne Heidelberger, Michael Jan, Yuh Nung Englander, Solomon Gold, Lawrence Marshall Heldin, Carl-Henrik Jencks, William Platt Walter Goldsmith, Timothy Helinski, Donald Raymond Jensen, Lyle Howard Erikson, Raymond Leo Henshaw Henderson, Lawrence Johnston, Mark Ernster, Lars Goldwasser, Eugene Joseph Jones, Mary Ellen Evans, Ronald M. Goodenough, Ursula W. Hendrickson, Wayne A. Joshua-Tor, Leemor Fasman, Gerald David Gorski, Jack Heppel, Leon Alma Joyce, Gerald Francis Fedoroff, Nina V. Gottesman, Maxwell E. Hershko, Avram Kaback, Howard Ronald Feinberg, Andrew Paul Gottesman, Michael Marc Herskowitz, Ira Kadonaga, James T. Felsenfeld, Gary Gottesman, Susan Hess, George Paul Kaiser, Armin Dale Fernandez-Moran, Gottschling, Daniel E. Hieter, Philip Andrew Kaiser, Emil Thomas Humberto Gourse, Richard L. Hill, Robert Kalckar, Herman Moritz Ferro-Novick, Susan Granick, Sam Hill, Robert Lee Kamen, Martin David Fersht, Alan Roy Green, David Ezra Hinnebusch, Alan G. Kaplan, Nathan Oram Fiers, Walter Charles Greider, Carol W. Hoagland, Mahlon Bush Karlin, Arthur Cornelius Griffith, Jack D. Hochstrasser, Mark W. Karnovsky, Manfred Leslie Fischer, Edmond Henri Gros, François Hockett, Robert Casad Katchalski, Ephraim [see Fiske, Cyrus Hartwell Grossman, Alan D. Hogness, David Swenson also Katzir, Ephraim] Folch-Pi, Jordi Grunberg-Manago, Hollaender, Alexander Katchalsky (Katzir- Folin, Otto Knut Olof Marianne Holley, Robert William Katchalsky), Aharon Fox, Maurice Sanford Guidotti, Guido Honig, Barry Hirsh Kaufman, Seymour Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz Gunsalus, Irwin Clyde Hood, Leroy Edward Kaushansky, Kenneth Ludwig Gustafsson, Jan-Ake Hopfield, John Joseph Keasling, Jay D. Frank, Joachim Guthrie, Christine Horecker, Bernard Keilin, David Fraser, Scott E. Ha, Taekjip Leonard Kelly, Jr., Thomas J. Frey, Perry Allen Haber, Daniel Arie Horwitz, Susan Band Kendall, Edward Calvin Fridovich, Irwin Hajjar, David P. Hotchkiss, Rollin Douglas Kendrew, John Cowdery Frieden, Carl Hall, Benjamin D. Hubbard, Ruth Kennedy, Eugene Patrick Friedkin, Morris Enton Hall, Cecil Edwin Hubbell, Wayne Lester Kenyon, Cynthia J. Friedman, Jeffrey M. Hammes, Gordon G. Huennekens, Frank Khorana, Har Gobind Fruton, Joseph Stewart Hanahan, Douglas Matthew Kim, Peter S. Garbers, David Lorn Hanawalt, Philip C. Hughes, Jr., Walter Lee Kim, Stuart K. Geiduschek, E. Peter Handler, Philip Hunt, Donald Frederick Kim, Sung-Hou (Ernest Peter) Harington, Charles Robert Hunt, Richard Timothy Kingston, Robert E. Gelbart, William Michael Harrington, William Fields Hunter, Tony (Anthony Kirschner, Marc Wallace Gellert, Martin Frank Harrison, Stephen Coplan Rex) Kleckner, Nancy Elizabeth Gibson, Quentin Howieson Hartline, Haldan Keffer Hurwitz, Jerard Klee, Claude Elise Blanc Gierasch, Lila M. Haselkorn, Robert Hutchison III, Clyde A. Klinman, Judith Pollock Gilbert, Lawrence Irwin Haskins, Caryl Parker Huxley, Hugh Esmor Klotz, Irving Myron Gilbert, Walter Hassid, William Zev Ingber, Donald E. Klug, Aaron

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Kobilka, Brian K. Lowey, Susan Newport, John W. Phillips, Robert B. Kolodner, Richard D. Luger, Karolin Niemann, Carl George Pickart, Cecile M. Koonin, Eugene V. Lynen, Feodor Felix Nirenberg, Marshall Platt, John Rader Kornberg, Arthur Konrad Warren Ploegh, Hidde L. Kornberg, Hans Leo Macallum, Archibald Nishimura, Susumu Popjak, George Joseph Kornberg, Roger David Byron Nishizuka, Yasutomi Porter, Rodney Robert Koshland, Jr., Daniel E. Maniatis, Thomas Peter Nisonoff, Alfred Potter, Van Rensselaer Kowalczykowski, Stephen C. Manley, James L. Nogales, Eva Prives, Carol L. Krebs, Edwin Gerhard Maquat, Lynne E. Noller, Harry F. Ptashne, Mark Steven Krebs, Hans Adolf Margoliash, Emanuel Nomura, Masayasu Puck, Theodore Thomas Kuriyan, John Marians, Kenneth J. Northrop, John Howard Putnam, Frank William Kuroda, Mitzi Irene Marletta, Michael A. Nossal, Nancy Goldman Pyle, Anna Marie Lake, James A. Marqusee, Susan Nudler, Evgeny A. Racker, Efraim Lamb, Robert Andrew Marshall, Alan George Numa, Shosaku Radman, Miroslav Lambowitz, Alan Marc Mattaj, Iain William Nurse, Paul Maxime RajBhandary, Uttam Lal Lander, Eric S. Matthews, Brian Wesley Ochoa, Severo Ramachandran, Landy, Arthur Matthews, Rowena Green O’Farrell, Patrick H. Gopalasamudram Lardy, Henry Arnold McClain, William H. Okunuki, Kazuo Narayana Lehman, Israel Robert (I. McElroy, William David Olivera, Baldomero M. Randall, Linda Lea Robert) McKnight, Steven Lanier Olson, Eric Newell Rando, Robert Richard Lehninger, Albert Lester Meister, Alton Olson, Maynard V. Rapoport, Tom A. Leloir, Luis Federico Melton, Douglas A. O’Malley, Bert William Ratliff, Floyd Lerman, Leonard Solomon Merchant, Sabeeha Oncley, John Lawrence Ratner, Sarah Lerner, Richard Alan Meselson, Matthew Stanley Onuchic, Jose Nelson Record, M. Thomas Lester, Henry Allen Meyer, Karl Orgel, Leslie E. Redfield, Alfred Guillou Levine, Lawrence Miller, Jeffrey H. Osborn, Mary Jane Merten Reed, Lester James Levinson, Arthur D. Mirsky, Alfred Ezra Otto, Sarah P. Reich, Edward Levinthal, Cyrus Mitchell, Peter Dennis Pabo, Carl O. Reichard, Peter Adolf Levitt, Michael Mizuuchi, Kiyoshi Page, David Conrad Reinberg, Danny F. Liao, Shutsung Modrich, Paul Lawrence Palmer, Jeffrey Donald Rich, Alexander Lifton, Richard P. Monod, Jacques Lucien Palmiter, Richard Deforest Richards, Frederic Lima, Christopher D. Moore, Peter Bartlett Pappenheimer, Jr., Alwin Middlebrook Lindquist, Susan Lee Moras, Dino Max Richards, JoAnne Stewart Linn, Stuart Michael Morimoto, Richard I. Pardee, Arthur Beck Richardson, Charles Lipman, David J. Mueller, Paul Hubert Parker, Roy R. Clifton Lipmann, Fritz Albert Munro, Hamish Nisbet Pastan, Ira Harry Richardson, Jane S. Lis, John T. Mutt, Viktor Patel, Dinshaw J. Rittenberg, David Loeb, Lawrence A. Nachmansohn, David Pavletich, Nikola Panayot Robbins, Phillips Wesley Long, Cyril Norman Hugh Nakanishi, Shigetada Penhoet, Edward E. Roberts, Eugene Long, Sharon Rugel Nash, Howard Allen Perlmutter, Roger Matthew Roberts, Jeffrey Warren Loofbourow, John Robert Neher, Erwin Perutz, Max Ferdinand Roberts, Richard John Lorand, Laszlo Nesbitt, David John Peters, Rudolph Albert Rodbell, Martin Losick, Richard Marc Neuberger, Albert Petsko, Gregory Anthony Roeder, Robert Gayle Low, Barbara Wharton Neufeld, Elizabeth Fondal Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Roelofs, Wendell Lee [Mrs. Metchie Budka] Neurath, Hans Phillips, David Chilton Rose, Irwin Allan

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Roseman, Saul Singer, Maxine Frank Tait, James Francis Wald, George Rosenblith, Walter Alter Singer, Seymour Jonathan Tanford, Charles Walker, Graham Charles Rosenfeld, Michael Sinsheimer, Robert Louis Tatum, Edward Lawrie Walsh, Christopher Geoffrey Skalka, Anna Marie Taylor, Edwin William Thomas Rossmann, Michael Skou, Jens Christian Taylor, Susan Serota Wang, James Chuo George Smith, Emil L. Temin, Howard Martin Wang, Jean Yin Jen Rothman, James Edward Snell, Esmond Emerson Theorell, Hugo (Axel Hugo Wang, Jui Hsin Rothman-Denes, Lucia B. Sober, Herbert Alexander Theodor) Waterston, Robert Hugh Rothstein, Rodney J. Solomon, Arthur Kaskel Thomas, Jr., Charles Allen Watson, James Dewey Roussel, Martine F. Sonenberg, Nahum Thorner, Jeremy W. Waugh, David Floyd Rubenstein, John L. R. Southern, Edwin Mellor Tilghman, Shirley Marie Weber, Annemarie Ruderman, Joan V. Spudich, James Anthony Caldwell Weber, Gregorio Russell, David W. Spudich, John Lee Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Weinberg, Robert Allan Rutter, William J. Stadtman, Earl Reece Kaurin Weiss, Samuel Bernard Salas (Salas Falgueras), Stadtman, Thressa Tjian, Robert Weissmann, Charles Margarita Campbell Tomizawa, Jun-ichi Wells, James A. Sancar, Aziz Stein, William Howard Tomkins, Gordon Mayer Westphal, Otto Hermann Sanes, Joshua Richard Steiner, Donald Frederick Tonegawa, Susumu Eduard Sanger, Frederick Steitz, Joan Argetsinger Udenfriend, Sidney White, Abraham Sauer, Robert Thomas Steitz, Thomas Arthur Uhlenbeck, Olke Cornelis Wickens, Marvin Pete Schachman, Howard Stent, Gunther Siegmund Ullrich, Axel Wickner, Reed Brendon Kapnek Sternberg, Paul W. Umbarger, Harold Edwin Wickner, Sue Hengren Schatz, Gottfried Stetten, Jr., DeWitt Umezawa, Hamao Wickner, William Tobey Scheller, Richard H. Stillman, Bruce William Ussing, Hans Henrikson Wieschaus, Eric F. Schellman, John Anthony Stoker, Michael George Utter, Merton Franklin Wigler, Michael H. Schimke, Robert Tod Parke Vagelos, Pindaros Roy Wiley, Don Craig Schimmel, Paul Reinhard Storb, Ursula Beate Vale, Wylie Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Schmidt, Gerhard Storz, Gisela T. Vallee, Bert Lester Frederick Schulman, Brenda A. Strominger, Jack Leonard van Deenen, Laurens L. M. Williams, Jr., Robley Cook Seeman, Nadrian C. Stroud, Robert M. van Holde, Kensal Edward Williams-Ashman, Selker, Eric Ursell Struhl, Kevin Van Slyke, Donald Dexter Howard Guy Setlow, Richard Burton Stryer, Lubert Vande Woude, George F. Williamson, James R. Shapiro, Lucille Studier, F. William Varmus, Harold Eliot Wilson, Allan Charles Sharp, Phillip Allen (Frederick William) Varshavsky, Alexander Wilson, Ian Andrew Shatkin, Aaron Jeffrey Sturtevant, Julian Munson Jacob Wittmann, Heinz-Gunter Shemin, David Sumner, James Batcheller Vaughan, Martha Wolfenden, Richard Vance Shi, Yigong Sundquist, Wesley I. Venter, J. Craig (John Wood III, William Barry Shokat, Kevan M. Sutherland, Earl Wilbur Craig) Wood, Harland Goff Shooter, Eric Manvers Szabo, Attila Verma, Inder M. Woolley, Dilworth Wayne Shuman, Stewart Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert von Vickery, Hubert Bradford Workman, Jerry L. Shuvalov, Vladimir A. Nagyrapolt Villee, Jr., Claude Alvin Wright, Peter Edwin Sigler, Paul Benjamin Szent-Gyorgyi, Andrew Vinograd, Jerome Rubin Wu, Carl Simon, Melvin I. Gabriel Vogt, Peter K. Wuthrich, Kurt Simons, Kai Lennart Szilard, Leo von Hippel, Peter Hans Wyckoff, Ralph Walter Simpson, Larry Tabor, Herbert Wagner, Gerhard Graystone

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman Bartlett, Francis Bryan, John Henry Crown, Lester Yamamoto, Keith Robert Bechtel, Riley Peart Bryson, John E. Cullman, Lewis B. Yancopoulos, George D. Beckman, Arnold Orville Buffett, Warren Edward Culver, David M. Yang, Wei Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Burgin, Clarence Rodgers Dachs, Alan Mark Yaniv, Moshe Beranek, Leo Leroy Burke, James Edward Dalton, Marshall Bertrand Yanofsky, Charles Berman, Mandell (Bill) Burns, Ursula M. Dalton, Tristram Yokoyama, Shigeyuki Leslie Byers, Brook H. Daniel, D. Ronald Yonath, Ada Bernard, Lewis W. Cabot, George d’Arbeloff, Alexander V. Zamecnik, Paul Charles Beutner, Austin M. Cabot, Godfrey Lowell David, Donald Kirk Zhuang, Xiaowei Bezos, Jeffrey Preston Cabot, Louis Wellington Davis, Archibald Zipursky, Stephen Bigelow, Erastus Brigham Cabot, Paul Codman Kimbrough Lawrence Biggs, John Herron Cabot, Philip Day, Robert Addison Bilsland (Lord), Alexander Cabot, Thomas Dudley de Rothschild, David Back to Subject Index Steven Cape, Ronald Elliot Deane, Charles Binder, Gordon M. Carter, Marshall N. Dell, Michael Saul Business and Bing, Peter Stephen Cary, Frank Taylor Dennison, Henry Sturgis Birkelund, John Peter Cary, Thomas Greaves Dexter, Samuel (1726- Finance Black, Samuel Bruce Case, Jean N. 1810) Block, James A. Cash, Jr., James Ireland Dibner, Bern Abbot, Edwin Hale Bloomberg, Michael R. Cavanagh, Richard E. Dillon, C. Douglas Adams, Charles Francis Bodman, Samuel Wright Chambers, Anne Cox (Clarence Douglas) (1835-1915) Bogle, John Clifton Chambers, John T. Dilworth, Joseph Adams, Charles Francis Boiteux, Marcel Paul Chan, Gerald L. Richardson (1866-1954) Bok, Joan Toland Chan, Ronnie C. Dixwell, George Basil Adams, Charles Francis Bolton, Patrick Chapman, Richard Palmer Doerr, John (1910-1999) Bowditch, Jonathan Chenault, Kenneth Irvine Donham, Wallace Brett Adams, Thomas Boylston Ingersoll Clark, Paul Foster Donnelley, Gaylord (1910-1997) Brace, Lloyd DeWitt Clayton, William Lockhart Doriot, Georges Frederic Agassiz, George Russell Bradshaw, Thornton Claytor, Jr., William Dreyfoos, Jr., Alexander Aig-Imoukhuede, Frederick Graham W. Aigboje I. Brady, Nicholas Frederick Cobb, John Candler Drucker, Peter Ferdinand Allen, Paul Gardner Brattle, Thomas Cockrell, Ernest H. Dubinsky, David Allen, Robert Eugene Bren, Donald Cogan, Jr., John Francis Eaton, Cyrus Stephen Anderson, O. Kelley Brewster, William Souther Coleman, Lewis W. Edgerly, William Skelton (Oscar Kelley) Brin, Sergey Collado, Emilio Gabriel Edwards, David Frank Appleton, Nathan Broad, Eli Connors, John M. Edwards, Timothy Appleton, Nathaniel Bronfman, Sr., Edgar M. Conrades, George Henry Eliot, Samuel (1739-1820) Arnhold, Henry H. Brooke, Peter A. Coonley, Howard Elliott, Byron Kauffman Atkinson, Edward Brooks, Edward Pennell Copeland, Melvin Thomas Ellis, George Hathaway Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis Brown, Charles Lee Cordiner, Ralph Jarron Erburu, Robert F. Augustine, Norman Ralph Brown, John Seely Corrigan, E. Gerald Erickson, Joseph Austin Balch, Francis Noyes Brown, Theodore Henry (Edward Gerald) Erving, George Barger, J. Perry Browne (Lord Browne of Cowen, Scott Stephen Feeney, Charles Francis Barnard, Chester Irving Madingley), John Cranch, Richard Ferguson, Jr., Roger W. Barnevik, Percy Nils (Edmund John Phillip) Crown, James S. Ferri, Paul J.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Finn, David Guild, Benjamin Jones, Matt Bushnell Lewent, Judy C. Fish, Lawrence K. Gupta, Rajat Kumar Kahle, Brewster Lincoln, Frederic Walker Fisher, Avery Robert Haas, Robert D. Kaiser, Edgar Fosburgh Linde, Edward H. Fisher, Richard Welton Hall, Jonathan Patten Kaufman, Henry Livermore, George Flanders, Ralph Edward Hambrecht, William R. Kavli, Fred Lorsch, Jay William Flom, Joseph Harold Harman, Sidney Kearns, David Todd Lowell, Augustus Folsom, Marion Bayard Harriman, Henry Kekst, Gershon Lowell, Francis Cabot Forbes, William Cameron Ingraham Keller, Carl Tilden (1803-1874) Ford, Horace Sayford Harris, Irving Brooks Kelly, Edmund Francis Lowell, John Amory Foster, Richard Norman Hart, Francis Russell Kelly, Mervin Joe Lowell, Ralph Franke, Richard James Hatch, Francis Whiting Kemper, David Woods Lynch, Peter S. Frazier, Kenneth C. Hazard, Rowland Gibson Kendall, Henry Plimpton Mallinckrodt, Jr., Edward French, Edward Sanborn Heineman, Sr., Ben Walter Keough, Donald Raymond Mandel, Morton L. Fuller, Carlton Perry Hellman, F. Warren Kidder, Henry Purkitt Marshall (Lord Marshall of Fuller, Kathryn Scott (Frederick Warren) Kidder, Nathaniel Thayer Knightsbridge), Colin Galvin, Robert W. Henderson, Ernest Kim, Peter S. Martin, Jr., William Gardner, Jr., George Henderson, Robert P. Kimmel, Sidney McChesney Peabody Hiatt, Arnold Selig Kluge, John Werner McCune, Jr., William James Gates, William Henry Higgins, Robert F. Knight, Charles Fred McDonnell, John F. (Bill) Higginson, Henry Lee Knight, Philip H. McGovern, Patrick J. Gelb, Arthur Hobson, Mellody L. Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome McNerney, Jr., W. James Gellert, Michael Erwin Hodgkinson, Harold Koller, Daphne Mead, Dana G. George, Edward Daniel Kovner, Bruce Mettler, Ruben Frederick Gerstner, Jr., Louis Vincent Hoffman, Paul Gray Kraft, Robert K. Meyer, Jack R. Geschke, Charles M. Hogg, Christopher Kravis, Marie-Josee Meyerson, Morton H. Gibbons, Robert S. Anthony Kresa, Kent Millard, Robert Brian Gilbert, Carl Joyce Holliday, Jr., Charles O. Kuehler, Jack D. Miller, Arjay Goldberg, Avram Jacob Hostetter, Jr., Amos B. Lamont, Thomas William Miller, Joseph Irwin Golden, Clinton Strong Houghton, Amory Lane, Gardiner Martin Miller, William I. Goldstein, Arthur L. Houghton, Jr., Amory Larsen, Ralph Stanley Minehan, Cathy E. Goldston, Eli Houser, Theodore Virgil Laubach, Gerald David Mitchell, William (1791- Gordon, Bernard M. Hubbard, Jr., William Neill Lauder, Leonard Alan 1869) Grant, Hugh Hunnewell, Horatio Hollis Lawrence, Abbott Mogae, Festus G. Grantham, R. Jeremy Hutchins, Glenn H. Lazarus, Maurice Moore, Ann S. Grass, Albert Melvin Iger, Robert A. Lee, David L. Morita, Akio Grass, Ellen Robinson Immelt, Jeffrey R. Lee, George Gardner Morss, Everett Graves, Sr., Earl Gilbert Ingersoll, Robert Stephen Lee, John Clarke Morton, R. Alastair Gray, Francis Calley (1890- Jackson, Jr., Charles Lee, Seng Tee (Robert Alastair) 1976) Jassy, Andrew R. Leeds, Morris Evans Munnell, Alicia H. Gray, Horace (1800-1873) Jefferson, Edward Graham Leghorn, Richard Sully Murdock, Harold Gray, William Jenrette, Richard Leibowitz, Martin L. Neubauer, Joseph Greenberg, Sanford D. Jensen, Michael Cole Leighton, Frank Thomson Nicholas, Peter M. Griffin, William Lester Johnson 3d, Edward (Tom) Nichols, Guy W. Hadley (W. L. Hadley) Crosby Leventhal, Norman B. Nilekani, Rohini Grove, Andrew S. Johnson, James A. Levinson, Arthur D. Nooyi, Indra

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Novogratz, Jacqueline Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules Shinn, George Latimer Vaughan, Charles O’Donnell, Peter Rogers, Jr., John Shipley, Walter Vincent Vaughan, Sr., Samuel Olds, Irving Sands Washington Siebel, Thomas M. Vaughan, William Olsen, Kenneth Harry Rogers, Theodore C. Simons, James Harris Wadsworth, Eliot Olson, Ronald L. Rohatyn, Felix George Simonyi, Charles Wallach, Kenneth L. Omidyar, Pierre Roosa, Robert Vincent Sloan, George Arthur Wang, An O’Neill, Paul Henry Ropes, Joseph Samuel Sloan, Jr., Alfred Pritchard Warnock, John E. Orr, Susan Packard Rose, Daniel Smith, Raymond W. Watson, Jr., Thomas John Packard, David Rose, Elihu Smith, Richard Alan Webster, William Page, Larry Rose, Marshall Soros, George Weill, Sanford I. Palmisano, Samuel J. Rosenberg, Richard M. Spangler, Jr., C. D. Weinberg, John Livingston Parsons, Richard Rosenblum, Mendel (Clemmie Dixon) Weinberg, Jr., Sidney Peabody, Francis Rosenfeld, Gerald Spaulding, Huntley Nowell James (Jim) Pearce, Edward Rosenwald, Jr., E. John Spector, Alfred Z. Weinstein, David Penhoet, Edward E. Ross, Arthur Spencer, Edson White Welch, Jr., John Francis Peretsman, Nancy Beth Ross, Ian Munro Speyer, Jerry I. Wells, William Perkin, Richard Scott Rothenberg, James F. Stamp, Josiah Charles Welters, Anthony Peterson, Peter G. Rothschild, Loren R. Stata, Raymond Stuart Wexner, Leslie H. Pforzheimer III, Carl H. Rothschild, N. C. Jacob Steinert, Alan White, Erskine Norman Phillips, Thomas Leonard Rowe, John W. Stephenson, Randall L. White, Miles D. Pirie, Robert Rowe, John Wallis Steyer, Thomas F. Whitehead, John Poorvu, William James Rubenstein, David M. Stone, James M. Cunningham Pounds, William Frank Rubin, Robert E. Stone, Jr., Robert Gregg Whitman, Margaret C. Pozen, Robert Charles Ruml, Beardsley Stonebraker, Michael Wiener, Malcolm H. Preston, Lewis Thompson Russell, Thomas Storer, Ebenezer Williams, Ronald A. Pritzker, Penny S. Ryan, Patrick G. Swett, Samuel Williams, Samuel (1760- Pritzker, Thomas J. Sagan, Paul Sylla, Richard E. 1841) Putnam, George (1926-) Sandler, Herbert M. Tanenbaum, Morris Wilson, Carroll Louis Quelch, John A. Sant, Roger W. Tang, Oscar Wilson, Charles Edward Rabb, Irving William Savitz, Maxine L. Tata, Ratan N. Wilson, Joseph Chamberlain Rabb, Sidney Rabinowitz Scardino, Marjorie M. Tatlock, Anne M. Winthrop, Thomas Lindall Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Schacht, Henry Brewer Teele, Stanley Ferdinand Wolfensohn, James David Constantine Samuel Schell, Erwin Haskell Termeer, Henri A. Wriston, Walter Bigelow Rajan, Raghuram G. Schlaifer, Robert Osher Thayer, Nathaniel Young, John Alan Rand, William McNear Schmidt, Eric Thomas, Charles Allen Young, Owen D. Randall, Clarence Belden Schrempp, Juergen E. Thornton, John L. Zaffaroni, Alejandro Cesar Reed, John Shepard Segel, Arthur I. Tilden, Joseph Zraket, Charles Anthony Reilly, William K. Selekman, Benjamin Tisch, James S. Zuckerman, Paul Sebastian Reuther, Walter Philip Morris Tisch, Laurence Alan Ripley, Alfred Lawrence Sever, William Tisch, Preston Robert Back to Subject Index Robinson, Jr., Dwight Shanker, Albert Tracy, Nathaniel

Parker Shapiro, Robert Bernard Ubiñas, Luis A. Rock, Arthur Shaw, David E. Ueberroth, Peter Victor Rockefeller, Jr., David Shaw, Henry Southworth Vasella, Daniel Roe, Mark J. Sherwin, Martin Jay Vaughan, Benjamin

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Cellular and Bronner, Marianne Fields, Stanley Heuser, John E. Brown, Donald David Fink, Gerald R. Hilleman, Maurice Ralph Developmental Brugge, Joan S. Fire, Andrew Z. Hobbs, Helen Haskell Biology and Bucher, Nancy Leslie Forget, Bernard G. Hoffmann, Ary A. Rutherfurd Francke, Uta Hogan, Brigid L. M. Genetics Bunting-Smith, Mary Fuchs, Elaine V. Holter, Heinz Ingraham Full, Robert J. Hopkins, Nancy Adhya, Sankar Burridge, Keith W.T. Fuller, Margaret Tatnall Horowitz, Norman Harold Allis, C. David Cantley, Lewis Clayton Gall, Joseph Grafton Horvitz, H. Robert Altman, Sidney Capecchi, Mario R. Garcia-Bellido, Antonio (Howard Robert) Altshuler, David Matthew Carlson, Marian B. Garen, Alan Howley, Peter Maxwell Amon, Angelika Caspersson, Torbjorn Gehring, Walter Jacob Hughes-Schrader, Sally Anderson, David J. Oskar Ginty, David D. Hynes, Richard Olding Anderson, Everett Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca Glass, Hiram Bentley Inoue, Shinya Anderson, Kathryn Chalfie, Martin Goldberg, Alfred Lewis Jacob, François Virginia Chilton, Mary-Dell Goldstein, Lawrence Jacobsen, Steven E. Andrews, Nancy C. Matchett Steven Jaenisch, Rudolf Ashburner, Michael Clark, Andrew G. Goodenough, Ursula W. Jasin, Maria Ausubel, Frederick M. Cohen, Stanley Norman Gottesman, Michael Marc Jones, Peter A. Banerjee, Utpal Cooper, Kenneth Willard Green, Howard Jost, Alfred Daniel Bartel, Bonnie Cotran, Ramzi Suliman Greenough, William Joyner, Alexandra Leigh Beckerle, Mary Catherine Croce, Carlo M. Tallant Kafatos, Fotis Constantine Beckwith, Jonathan Roger Darnell, Jr., James Edwin Greenwald, Iva S. Kaufman, Thomas C. Beerman, Wolfgang De Camilli, Pietro V. Grewal, Shiv I. S. Kazazian, Jr., Haig H. Wilhelm Walter de Lange, Titia Gross, Jerome Keating, Mark Taylor Belfort, Marlene Demerec, Milislav Gross, Paul Randolph Keeney, Scott N. Benirschke, Kurt DePinho, Ronald A. Groudine, Mark Kemphues, Kenneth J. Bennett, G. Vann Doermann, August Henry Grunstein, Michael Kennedy, Mary Bernadette Berger, Shelley L. Dove, William F. Gruss, Peter Kihara, Hitoshi Berridge, Michael John Drubin, David Gil Guarente, Leonard P. Kimble, Judith Elisabeth Beutler, Bruce A. Dubinin, Nikolay Gurdon, John Bertrand Kimmel, Charles Billingham, Rupert Everett Petrovich Haber, James E. King, Mary-Claire Bissell, Mina J. Duboule, Denis Hadorn, Ernst Kingsley, David Mark Blobel, Gunter Klaus- Dunn, Leslie Clarence Hall, Jeffrey C. Klausner, Richard D. Joachim Dutcher, Susan K. Harlan, Jack Rodney Klein, George Bloom, Kerry Steven Eagle, Harry Harland, Richard M. Kornberg, Thomas B. Bodmer, Walter Fred Ecker, Joseph R. Harlow, Jr., Edward Koshland, Douglas Elliott Bonini, Nancy Edgar, Robert Stuart Everett Krainer, Adrian R. Bonner, John Tyler Eisenman, Robert N. Harris, Henry Krasnow, Mark Alan Borisy, Gary G. Elowitz, Michael B. Hartl, Daniel Lee Krumlauf, Robert Eugene Botstein, David Emlen, Douglas J. Hartl, Franz-Ulrich Kunkel, Louis M. Boyse, Edward Arthur Emr, Scott D. Hartwell, Leland Harrison Kunkel, Thomas A. Breakefield, Xandra Owens Ephrussi, Boris Hawley, R. Scott Lane, Malcolm Daniel Brink, Royal Alexander Esposito, Rochelle Easton Hay, Elizabeth Dexter Langley, Charles Hunt Brinster, Ralph Lawrence Farquhar, Marilyn Gist Henkin, Tina M. Le Douarin, Nicole Marthe

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Leder, Philip Nelson, Jr., Oliver Evans Rosbash, Michael Spradling, Allan Charles Lederberg, Joshua Nelson, W. James Ross, Russell Springer, Timothy Alan Lehmann, Ruth Nevins, Joseph R. Rossant, Janet Srivastava, Deepak Levine, Michael Steven Niehrs, Christof Rowley, Janet Davison Stahl, Franklin William Lewis, Edward B. Novick, Peter J. Rubin, Gerald Mayer Stern, Claudio Daniel Ley, Timothy James Nowell, Peter C. Rubin, Harry Stern, Curt Lindsley, Jr., Dan Leslie Nusse, Roeland Ruddle, Francis Hugh Stern, Herbert Little, Clarence Cook Nusslein-Volhard, Rudensky, Alexander Stoeckenius, Walther Lodish, Harvey F. Christiane Ruoslahti, Erkki Strome, Susan Lowe, Scott William O’Brien, Stephen James Russell, Elizabeth Buckley Struhl, Gary Lupski, James R. O’Farrell, Patrick H. Shull Sturtevant, Alfred Henry Lyon, Mary Frances Ohno, Susumu Ruvkun, Gary B. Sueoka, Noboru Mackay, Trudy Frances Ohta, Tomoko Sabatini, David Domingo Swaminathan, Monkombu Charlene Oppenheimer, Jane Marion Sager, Ruth Sambasivan Magnuson, Terry R. Orci, Lelio Salmon, Edward D. Swift, Hewson Hoyt Mahowald, Anthony Peter Oren, Moshe Sánchez Alvarado, Szostak, Jack W. Mandel, Gail Orr, H. Allen Alejandro Tabin, Clifford J. Markert, Clement O’Shea, Erin K. Sato, Gordon Hisashi Takeichi, Masatoshi Lawrence Oster, George F. Scharff, Matthew Daniel Thorner, Jeremy W. Martin, Gail Roberta Owen, Ray David Schatz, David Gilliam Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco Massague, Joan Page, David Conrad Schekman, Randy Wayne Pasquale Mazia, Daniel Palade, George Emil Schell, Jozef Stephaan Truman, James William McClintock, Barbara Parada, Luis Fernando Schmid, Sandra L. Tsien, Roger Yonchien McConnell, Susan K. Pardue, Mary Lou Schneiderman, Howard Vale, Ronald D. McCormick, Frank P. Pawson, Anthony James Allen Villeneuve, Anne M. McGinnis, William J. Penman, Sheldon Schull, William Jackson Vousden, Karen H. McIntosh, J. Richard Perelson, Alan S. Schupbach, Gertrud M. Waddington, Conrad Hal McLaren, Anne Perrimon, Norbert Scott, Matthew P. Waelsch, Salome McMahon, Andrew P. Petes, Thomas D. Selander, Robert Keith Gluecksohn Mellman, Ira Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Seydoux, Geraldine Wahl, Geoffrey Myles Mello, Craig Cameron Piwnica-Worms, Helen M. Shenk, Thomas E. Wallace, Bruce Messing, Joachim Plomin, Robert Sherr, Charles J. Wallace, Douglas C. Meyer, Barbara Jean Pollard, Thomas Dean Shi, Yang Walter, Peter Miller, Elizabeth Cavert Pontecorvo, Guido P. A. Siekevitz, Philip Warren, Stephen T. Miller, James Alexander Porter, Keith Roberts Silhavy, Thomas J. Weintraub, Harold Martin Mintz, Beatrice Prescott, David Marshall Silver, Pamela A. Weiss, Paul Alfred Mitchison, Timothy J. Pringle, John William Singer, Robert H. Wells, James A. Monroy, Alberto Sutton Slonimski, Piotr Werb, Zena Moscona, A. A. (Aron Pritchard, Jonathan K. Smithies, Oliver Wessler, Susan R. Arthur) Raff, Martin Snell, George Davis Willier, Benjamin Harrison Muller, Hermann Joseph Rajewsky, Klaus Snyder, Michael Wilson, Edmund Beecher Murray, Andrew W. Ratcliffe, Peter J. Solter, Davor Wilson, Thomas Hastings Nabel, Elizabeth G. Reznikoff, William S. Sonneborn, Tracy Morton Winston, Fred M. Nanney, David Ledbetter Rine, Jasper Spector, David L. Witkin, Evelyn Maisel Nasmyth, Kim Roman, Herschel Lewis Spiegelman, Bruce Michael Workman, Jerry L.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Wright, Sewall Barton, Derek Harold Breslow, Ronald Charles Coggeshall, George Yanofsky, Martin F. Richard David Whitely Yuan, Junying Barton, Jacqueline K. Brewer, Leo Cohen, Saul Gerald Zinder, Norton David Basolo, Fred Brönsted, Johannes Cole, Robert Hugh Zwilling, Edgar Battersby, Alan Rushton Nicolaus Collins, Samuel Cornette Bawendi, Moungi Gabriel Brookhart, Maurice S. Collman, James Paddock Back to Subject Index Baxter, Gregory Paul Brown, Harrison Scott Colombo, Umberto Beak, Peter Andrew Brown, Herbert Charles Comey, Arthur Messinger Beattie, James Alexander Brown, Theodore Conant, James Bryant Chemistry Beckman, Arnold Orville Lawrence Cooke, Josiah Parsons Abruña, Héctor Daniel Beebe, Ralph Alonzo Bruice, Thomas Charles Cooks, Robert Graham Adams, Roger Bell, Alexis T. Brus, Louis Eugene Coolidge, Albert Sprague Aizenberg, Joanna Bell, Ronald Percy Buchi, George Hermann Cope, Arthur Clay Alberty, Robert Arnold Benedict, Manson Buchwald, Stephen Leffler Corey, Elias James Albrecht, Andreas Benkovic, Stephen James Buckingham, Amyand Cornforth, John Warcup Christopher Bercaw, John E. David Coryell, Charles DuBois Alder, Berni Julian Berg, Jeremy M. Bunnett, Joseph Frederick Cotton, Frank Albert Alivisatos, A. Paul Bergman, Robert George Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Coulson, Charles Alfred Amdur, Isadore Berne, Bruce J. Eberhard Cowan, George Arthur Anders, Edward Bernstein, Richard Barry Burrows, Cynthia J. Crabtree, Robert Howard Andersen, Hans Christian Berry, Richard Stephen Cabot, Samuel (1850-1906) Crafts, James Mason Anderson, James Gilbert Bersohn, Richard Calvin, Melvin Craig, Lyman Creighton Anson, Fred Colvig Berson, Jerome Abraham Cane, David E. Cram, Donald James Apeloig, Yitzhak Berthelot, Marcelin (Pierre Carreira, Erick M. Crawford, Jr., Bryce Low Arigoni, Duilio Eugene Marcelin) Carrington, Alan Crim, F. Fleming Arnold, James Richard Berthollet, Claude Louis, Carter, Emily Ann Cross, Paul Clifford Arnold, Samuel Tomlinson Comte Casey, Charles Philip Cummins, Christopher C. Avery, Charles Bertozzi, Carolyn R. Castleman, Jr., Albert Curl, Robert F. Avouris, Phaedon Berzelius, Jons Jacob Welford Dahl, Lawrence Frederick Badger, Richard McLean Biemann, Klaus Ceyer, Sylvia Teresse Aida Dailey, Benjamin Peter Baeyer, Adolf Johann Bigeleisen, Jacob Chamot, Emile Monnin Dainton, Frederick Sydney Friedrich Wilhelm von Blagden, Charles Chan, Sunney I. Dalton, John Baird, Barbara A. Blake, John Harrison Chandler, David Dana, Samuel Luther Baker, William Oliver Blanchard, Arthur Chang, Christopher J. Daniels, Farrington Baldeschwieler, John Alphonzo Chatt, Joseph Danishefsky, Samuel J. Dickson Boger, Dale L. Cheetham, Anthony K. Darensbourg, Marcetta Baldwin, Jack Edward Bogert, Marston Taylor Chevreul, Michel Eugene York Bancroft, Wilder Dwight Boltwood, Bertram Borden Chisholm, Malcolm Dauben, William Garfield Baran, Phil S. Booker, Squire J. Harold Davidson, Ernest Roy Barbara, Paul Frank Booth, Harold Simmons Clardy, Jon Christel Davis, Tenney Lombard Bard, Allen Joseph Bowring, Samuel A. Clark, Thomas Edwards Davy, Humphry Bartlett, Neil Boxer, Steven George Clary, David Charles de Hevesy, George Charles Bartlett, Paul A. Brauman, John I. Clayton, Robert Norman Denmark, Scott E. Bartlett, Paul Doughty Bray, William Crowell Closs, Gerhard Ludwig DePuy, Charles H. Coates, Geoffrey W. Dervan, Peter Brendan

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 DeSimone, Joseph Mark Fisher, Michael Ellis Gomer, Robert Heyrovsky, Jaroslav Deutch, John Mark Fixman, Marshall Gooch, Frank Austin Hill, Henry Barker Dewar, Michael James Fleming, Graham Richard Good, Mary Lowe Hilvert, Donald Steuart Flory, Paul John Gordon, Roy Gerald Hinshelwood, Cyril Dexter, Aaron Flygare, Willis H. Gorham, John Norman Dexter, William Prescott Flynn, George William Graham, Thomas Hirschfelder, Joseph Diederich, François N. Forbes, George Shannon Gray, Harry Barkus Oakland DiSalvo, Jr., Francis Joseph Fox, Marye Anne Greene II, Frederick Davis Hirschmann, Ralph Franz Djerassi, Carl Francisco, Joseph S. Greenewalt, Crawford Hochstrasser, Robin Main Doering, William von Franklin, Edward Curtis Hallock Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Eggers Fraser-Reid, Bertram O. Grey, Clare P. Crowfoot Dougherty, Dennis A. Frechet, Jean M. J. Griffin, Robert Guy Hoffman, Brian M. Draper, John William Freed, Jack Herschel Groves III, John Taylor Hoffman, Darleane Drickamer, Harry George Freed, Karl Frederick Grubbs, Robert H. Christian Drown, Thomas Messinger Frenkel, Daniel Gruebele, Martin Hoffmann, Roald Dumas, Jean Baptiste Freund, Hans-Joachim Grunwald, Ernest Max Hofmann, August Wilhelm Andre Fried, Josef Gutowsky, Herbert Sander Holm, Richard Hadley Dumesic, James Anthony Friedlander, Gerhart Haber, Fritz Hornig, Donald Frederick Dunitz, Jack David Friesner, Richard A. Hackerman, Norman Horsford, Eben Norton Dye, James Louis Frumkin, Alexander Hahn, Otto Houk, Kendall Newcomb Edwards, Peter P. Naumovich Hall, Frederick Houston, Paul Lyon Eigen, Manfred Fu, Gregory Chung-Wei Halpern, Jack Howe, Henry Marion Eisenberg, Richard Fukui, Kenichi Hamilton, Andrew D. Hsieh-Wilson, Linda C. Eliel, Ernest Ludwig Fuoss, Raymond Matthew Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon Huisgen, Rolf Ellman, Jonathan A. Garland, Carl Wesley Hammond, George Simms Huizenga, John Robert El-Sayed, Mostafa Amr Gassman, Paul George Hannay, Norman Bruce Hume, David Newton Ernst, Richard R. Gates, Marshall DeMotte Hare, Robert Hunt, Thomas Sterry Ertl, Gerhard Ludwig Gay, Martin Harker, David Huntington, Oliver Eschenmoser, Albert Jakob Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis Harris, Charles Bonner Whipple Esselen, Gustavus John Gelbart, William Michael Harris, Louis Huntress, Ernest Hamlin Evans, David Albert Gellman, Samuel H. Hartwig, John F. Hush, Noel S. Evans, William Lloyd Genth, Frederick Augustus Hawthorne, Marion Hutchison, Jr., Clyde Allen Eyring, Henry Gerber, R. Benny Frederick Hynes, James Thomas Faraday, Michael Ghiorso, Albert Hayes, Augustus Allen Ibers, James Arthur Fay, Henry Giauque, William Francis Head-Gordon, Martin P. Imperiali, Barbara Fayer, Michael D. Gibbs, Wolcott (Oliver Heathcock, Clayton Ingold, Christopher Kelk Fenn, John Bennett Wolcott) Howell Irvine, Jr., John Withers Feringa, Bernard Lucas Giese, Bernd Heidt, Lawrence Joseph Jackson, Charles Loring (Ben Lucas) Gillespie, Louis John Heilbronner, Edgar Jacobsen, Eric N. Ferry, John Douglass Goddard III, William A. Heller, Adam Jennings, Walter Louis Field, Robert Warren Goldanskii, Vitalii Heller, Eric Johnson Johnson, Mark A. Fieser, Louis Frederick Iosifovich Hendricks, Sterling Brown Johnson, Samuel William Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J. Goldberg, Karen I. Herschbach, Dudley Johnson, William Summer Fischer, Emil Golden, Sidney Robert Johnston, Harold Sledge Fischer, Ernst Otto Goldschmidt, Victor Herzberg, Gerhard Jonas, Jiri

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert Lea, Mathew Carey Mayer, Joseph Edward Murray, Royce Wilton Jones, Grinnell Lee, Yuan Tseh McCammon, J. Andrew Nakamura, Eiichi Jorgensen, William L. Lehn, Jean-Marie Pierre McClure, Donald Stuart Nakanishi, Koji Jorgenson, James W. Leonard, Nelson Jordan McConnell, Harden Nash, Leonard Kollender Jortner, Joshua Leone, Stephen R. Marsden Nef, John Ulric (1862- Joullie, Madeleine M. Lester, Marsha I. McDermott, Ann Elizabeth 1915) Julian, Percy Lavon Letsinger, Robert Lewis McLafferty, Fred Warren Negishi, Ei-ichi Kahne, Daniel Levine, Raphael David McMahon, Howard Nelson, Keith Adam Karle, Isabella Lugoski Levy, Donald Harris Oldford Nesbitt, David John Karplus, Martin Lewis (Lord), Jack Mees, Charles Edward Nesmeyanov, Alexander Kasha, Michael Lewis, Gilbert Newton Kenneth Nikolaevich Katz, Thomas Joseph Lewis, Warren Kendall Meinwald, Jerrold Neumark, Daniel M. Katzenellenbogen, John Libby, Willard Frank Mendeleeff (Mendeleyev), Newell, Lyman Churchill Albert Lieber, Charles M. Dmitri Ivanowitsh Newton, Marshall D. Kauzmann, Walter Joseph Liebig, Justus Freiherr von Merrick, John Mudge Nichols, William Ripley Kegeles, Gerson Linderstrom-Lang, Kaj Meyer, Thomas J. Nicolaou, Kyriacos Costa Kekulé von Stradonitz, Ulrik Meyer, Victor (KC) Friedrich August Lineberger, William Carl Michael, Arthur Nitzan, Abraham Kelly, Jeffery W. Lingane, James Joseph Michl, Josef Nocera, Daniel George Keyes, Frederick George Linschitz, Henry Milas, Nicholas Athanasius Norris, James Flack Khosla, Chaitan Lippard, Stephen James Miller, Scott J. Norris, Jr., James Rufus Kiessling, Laura Lee Lipscomb, Jr., William Miller, William Hughes Norton, John Pitkin Kimball, George Elbert Nunn Mirkin, Chad A. Norton, Lewis Mills King, David A. Little, Arthur Dehon Mislow, Kurt Martin Noyes, Arthur Amos King, Gilbert William Lodge, Timothy P. Mitscherlich, Eilhard Noyes, Jr., William Albert Kinnicutt, Leonard Parker Long, Franklin Asbury Mizushima, Sanichiro Noyes, Richard Macy Kinsey, James Lloyd Longuet-Higgins, Hugh Moerner, William Esco Noyes, William Albert Kirkwood, John Gamble Christopher Moffitt, William Edward Noyori, Ryoji Kirwan, Richard Lord, Richard Collins Moore, C. Bradley Nuzzo, Ralph George Kishi, Yoshito Mabery, Charles Frederic Moore, Forris Jewett Oka, Takeshi Kistiakowsky, George MacInnes, Duncan Arthur Moore, George Dunning Olah, George Andrew Bogdan MacMillan, David W.C. Moore, Jeffrey Scott Onsager, Lars Klafter, Joseph Mallet, John William Moore, Stanford Oppenheim, Irwin Klein, Michael Lawrence Mallouk, Thomas Morley, Edward Williams Ordway, John Morse Klemperer, William Aloys Marcus, Rudolph Arthur Morse, Harmon Northrop Osborne, Thomas Burr Knowles, Jeremy Randall Marignac, Jean Charles Morton, Avery Adrian Ostwald, Wilhelm Kohler, Elmer Peter Galissard de Moyes, Henry (Friedrich Wilhelm) Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits Mark, Herman Francis Mueller, Edward Ourisson, Guy Kraus, Charles August Mark, Kenneth Lamartine Muetterties, Earl Leonard Overbeek, Jan Theodore Kubiak, Clifford P. Marks, Tobin Jay Mukamel, Shaul Gerard Kuhn, Werner Marshall, Alan George Müllen, Klaus A. Overman, Larry Eugene Lamb, Arthur Becket Martell, Arthur Earl Mulliken, Robert Oxtoby, David W. Langmuir, Irving Martinez, Todd Joseph Sanderson Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Laudise, Robert Alfred Marvel, Carl Shipp Mulliken, Samuel Parsons Parkes, Samuel Le Chatelier, Henri Louis Masamune, Satoru Munroe, Charles Edward

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Parmenter, Charles Richmond, Geraldine L. Sheehan, John Clark Svedberg, Theodor Stedman Roberts, John Dombrowski Sherrill, Miles Standish Swager, Timothy Manning Parr, Robert Ghormley Robinson, Robert Shirley, David Arthur Swain, Charles Gardner Parrinello, Michele Rochow, Eugene George Shoemaker, David Powell Swift, Ernest Haywood Parshall, George William Rogers, Howard Gardner Shull, Harrison Talbot, Henry Paul Patterson, Robert Maskell Rogers, John Ashley Sidgwick, Nevil Vincent Tarbell, Dean Stanley Pauling, Linus Carl Rogers, Lockhart Burgess Silbey, Robert J. Taube, Henry Perkin, Jr., William Henry Rosanoff, Martin Andre Silliman, Benjamin Taylor, Hugh Stott Perlman, Isadore Roscoe, Henry Enfield Silliman, Jr., Benjamin Thomas, John Meurig Pettit, Rowland Rose, Heinrich Silverman, Richard Bruce Thompson, Maurice deKay Phillips, William Dale Rosenzweig, Amy C. Simmons, Jr., Howard Thomsen, Hans Peter Pickett, Lucy Weston Ross, John Ensign Jorgen Julius Pimentel, George Claude Rossini, Frederick Dominic Sinanoglu, Oktay Tilley, T. Don Pines, Alexander Rossky, Peter Jacob Sinfelt, John Henry Tinoco, Ignacio Pitzer, Kenneth Sanborn Rouxel, Jean Marcel Skinner, James Lauriston Tirrell, David Anthony Polanyi, John Charles Rowe, Allan Winter Slichter, William Pence Tirrell, Matthew Polanyi, Michael Rowland, Frank Sherwood Smalley, Richard Errett Tishler, Max Pople, John Anthony Rowlinson, John Shipley Smith III, Amos Brittain Todd, Alexander Robertus Porter (Lord Porter of Ruzicka, Leopold Stephen Smith, Alexander Tolman, Richard Chace Luddenham), George Sanford, Melanie S. Smith, Henry Monmouth Troe, Jurgen (Hans Jurgen) Poulter, Charles Dale Sanger, Charles Robert Smith, John Lawrence Trost, Barry Martin Prelog, Vladimir Sargeson, Alan McLeod Smith, Leighton Bruerton Truhlar, Donald G. Priestley, Joseph Saunders, Martin Solomon, Edward Ira Tully, John Charles Prigogine, Ilya Saykally, Richard James Somorjai, Gabor Arpad Turkevich, Anthony Purves, Clifford Burrough Scatchard, George Sörensen, Soren Peter Leonid Quack, Martin Schaefer III, Henry Lauritz Turnbull, David Rabinovitch, Benton Frederick Sorm, Frantisek Turro, Nicholas John Seymour Schatz, George Chappell Stang, Peter John Tycko, Robert Rabinowitch, Eugene Schepartz, Alanna Stein, Richard Stephen Underwood, Jr., Henry Rammelsberg, Karl Scheraga, Harold Abraham Stephenson, Clark Weeden Friedrich Schleyer, Paul von Ragué Conkling Urbain, Georges Rao, Chintamani Nagesa Schreiber, Stuart Lee Stevens, Raymond Sawtell Urey, Harold Clayton Ramachandra Schrock, Richard Royce Stevenson, Earl Place Vaida, Veronica Ratner, Mark A. Schultz, Peter G. Stieglitz, Julius Oscar Valentine, Joan Selverstone Ravenel, Saint Julien Schumb, Walter Cecil Still, Jr., W. Clark (William van der Donk, Wilfred A. Raymond, Kenneth Schwarz, Helmut F. Clark) Van Duyne, Richard Norman Schwarzenbach, Gerold Stockmayer, Walter Hugo Palmer Rebek, Jr., Julius Karl Stoddart, J. Fraser van Tamelen, Eugene Earl Rees, Douglas C. Schwenk, Erwin Storer, Francis Humphreys van’t Hoff, Jacobus Regnault, Henri Victor Seaborg, Glenn Theodore Stork, Gilbert Henricus Reichstein, Tadeus Seeman, Nadrian C. Streitwieser, Jr., Andrew Vernon, Arthur Andrew Remsen, Ira Seyferth, Dietmar Stubbe, Joanne Walker, William Hultz Rice, Stuart Alan Sharples, Stephen Paschall Stucky, Galen D. Wall, Frederick Theodore Richards, Theodore Sharpless, Karl Barry Suess, Hans Eduard Walling, Cheves T. William Shechtman, Dan Sutin, Norman Walt, David R.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Warner, Isiah M. Woodward, Robert Burns Bradley, David G. Groopman, Jerome Warren, Cyrus Moors Wooley, Karen L. Broder, David Salzer Gubins, Samuel Wasielewski, Michael R. Worrall, David Elbridge Brokaw, Tom (Thomas Guillermoprieto, Alma Wasserman, Harry Hershal Wrighton, Mark Stephen John) Gunn, Jr., Hartford Nelson Waugh, John Stewart Wudl, Fred Brooks, David B. Hale, Nathan Webster, John White Wurtz, Charles Adolphe Brooks, Paul Hochschild, Adam Webster, Redford Xie, Xiaoliang Sunney Brown, Sevellon Ledyard Hoffman, Paul W. Weeks, John David Yamamoto, Hisashi Bryson, Louise Henry House, Karen Elliott Weiser, Harry Boyer Yang, Peidong Cahners, Norman Lee Howe, Mark Antony De Weiss, Paul Storch Yost, Don Christopher Canham, Erwin Dain Wolfe Weissberger, Arnold Merlin Lee Carroll, James Ifill, Gwen Weissman, Samuel Isaac Young, Ralph Carroll, John Sawyer Ivins, Molly (Mary Tyler) Weizmann, Chaim Chillingworth Chancellor, John William Jamieson, Kathleen Hall Wender, Paul Anthony Zare, Richard Neil Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Johnson, Jr., Wyatt West, Cutler DeLong Zewail, Ahmed Hassan Cooney, Joan Ganz Thomas Westheimer, Frank Henry Zhuang, Xiaowei Couch, William Terry Jones, Alex S. White, Jr., Henry S. Zimm, Bruno Hasbrouck Cowan, Geoffrey Kalb, Marvin Whitesides, George Zwanzig, Robert Walter Crider, John Henshaw Kann, Peter R. McClelland Cronkite, Walter Kling, William Hugh Whitmore, Frank Clifford Back to Subject Index Crouch, Stanley Knopf, Alfred Abraham Whitney, Willis Rodney Davis, Saville Rogers Kovach, Bill Wiberg, Kenneth Berle Communications, Dennis, Jr., Everette E. Kramer, Jane Widom, Benjamin Dionne, Jr., E. J. (Eugene J.) Kristof, Nicholas D. Wieland, Heinrich Otto Journalism, Donhoff, Marion Grafin Kristol, Irving Wieland, Theodor Editing, and Donovan, Hedley Williams Lamb, Brian Hermann Felix Easterbrook, Gregg E. Lamm, Donald Stephen Wilke, Gunther Publishing Elliott, Osborn Lane, Allen Wilkinson, Geoffrey Fanning, Katherine Larsen, Roy Edward Williams, Robert Seaton Abbott, Jonathan C. Woodruff Lee, Sidney Willstatter, Richard Abramson, Jill Flanagan, Dennis Lehrer, James Charles Wilson, Jr., Edgar Bright Amanpour, Christiane M. Frankel, Max Lemann, Nicholas B. Wilson, Mathew Kent Amicis, Edmondo de Friedman, Thomas Loren Lesser, Wendy Wing, Charles Hallett Angell, Roger Fuller, Jack William Lewis, Anthony Winstein, Saul Annenberg, Walter Hubert Galassi, Jonathan White Lipinski, Ann Marie Witkop, Bernhard Attenborough, David Gallup, George Horace Lippmann, Walter Wohler, Friedrich Frederick Gardner, Martin Luzac, Jean Wolczanski, Peter Thomas Baker, Russell Wayne Garfield, Eugene Lyons, Louis Martin Wolfenden, John Hulton Baquet, Dean Paul Ghiglione, Loren Frank Macdonald, Dwight Wolfrom, Melville Baron, Martin D. Giles, Robert Hardman MacNeil, Robert Lawrence Barth, Alan Godkin, Edwin Lawrence Breckinridge Ware Wollaston, William Hyde Bartlett, John Goodman, Amy MacNelly, Jeffrey Kenneth Wolynes, Peter Guy Batten, James Knox Graham, Donald Maddox, John Wong, Chi-Huey Bell, Elliott Vallance Graham, Katharine Manning, Robert Joseph Wood, Edward Stickney Bingham, Barry Greenhouse, Linda Joyce Mayer, Jane M. Woodman, Alpheus Grant Block, Herbert Lawrence Griffiths, Paul Anthony McKibben, Bill

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 McPhee, John Angus Trillin, Calvin Brooks, Rodney Gear, C. William (Charles Menand, Louis Trudeau, Garry B. Brown, John Seely William) Morley, John Unwin, Stanley Bryant, Randal E. Geschke, Charles M. Moyers, Bill D. Weeks, Jr., Edward Cerf, Vinton Gray Ghemawat, Sanjay Murrow, Edward Roscoe Augustus Chayes, Jennifer Tour Goldsmith, Andrea J. Navasky, Victor Saul Whelpley, James Chazelle, Bernard Goldwasser, Shafi O’Brien, Robert Lincoln Davenport Cheatham, Thomas Golomb, Solomon Wolf Osher, Barbro Sachs White, Theodore Harold Edward Golub, Gene Howard Overholser, Geneva Wiggins, James Russell Chen, Steve S. Graham, Susan Lois Page, Walter Hines Wilford, Jr., John Noble Clark, David D. Gray, James Nicholas Pearlstine, Norman Wilson III, Ernest J. Clark, James H. Greif, Irene Piel, Gerard Wilson, Thomas James Clarke, Edmund Melson Grosz, Barbara Jean Poggioli, Sylvia Winship, Laurence Leathe Cocke, John Guttag, John V. Price, Lucien Wood, James Codd, Edgar Frank Haas, Laura M. Quindlen, Anna Marie Woodruff, Judy Colwell, Robert P. Halpern, Joseph Y. Reich, Robert B. Cook, Stephen A. Hanrahan, Pat Reid, Helen Miles Rogers Back to Subject Index Corbato, Fernando Jose Harel, David Remnick, David Cover, Thomas M. Hartmanis, Juris Ridley (5th Viscount Computer Sciences Dally, William James Haussler, David Ridley), Matthew White Dantzig, George Bernard Herlihy, Maurice P. Risen, James E. and Technology Davis, Ruth Margaret Hillis, W. Daniel Rothstein, Edward De Micheli, Giovanni Hopcroft, John Edward Rovere, Richard Halworth Adleman, Leonard M. Dean, Jeffrey A. Hopper, Grace Brewster Safire, William L. Agarwal, Anant Dell, Michael Saul Murray Sagan, Paul Aho, Alfred V. DeWitt, David J. Horowitz, Mark A. Salisbury, Harrison Evans Aiken, Howard Hathaway Dill, David L. Horvitz, Eric Joel Scardino, Marjorie M. Allen, Frances Elizabeth Donofrio, Nicholas Irwin, Mary Jane Schorr, Daniel Louis Anderson, Thomas E. Michael Jacobs, Irwin Mark Schudson, Michael Arora, Sanjeev Dumais, Susan T. Jamieson, Leah H. Sedgwick, Ellery Babbage, Charles Dwork, Cynthia Jobs, Steven Paul Sevareid, Arnold Eric Backus, John Edelsbrunner, Herbert Jones, Anita Katherine Silvers, Robert Benjamin Bajcsy, Ruzena Eggers, Susan J. Jordan, Michael I. Spafford, Horatio Gates Balakrishnan, Hari Estrin, Deborah Joy, Bill Stamberg, Susan Levitt Baran, Paul Evans, David C. Kaashoek, M. Frans Stanton, Frank Bell, C. Gordon (Chester Fagin, Ronald Kahan, William Straus, Roger W. Gordon) Feigenbaum, Edward Kahn, Robert E. Sullivan, Jr., Walter Seager Berger, Bonnie Albert Kanade, Takeo Sulzberger, Arthur Hays Berger, Marsha J. Felten, Edward W. Kannan, Ravindran Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs Berners-Lee, Timothy J. Floyd, Robert W. Karlin, Anna R. Talbott III, Nelson Birnbaum, Joel S. Forrester, Jay Wright Karp, Richard Manning Strobridge Bloch, Erich Fuchs, Henry Katz, Randy H. Taylor, Charles Henry Blum, Manuel Galil, Zvi Kay, Alan Curtis Terragno, Rodolfo Héctor Brin, Sergey Garcia-Molina, Hector Kearns, Michael Tóibín, Colm Brooks, Jr., Frederick Gates, William Henry Kennedy, Kenneth W. Trahant, Mark Neil Phillips (Bill) Kirstein, Peter Thomas

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Klawe, Maria Pearl, Judea Wladawsky-Berger, Irving Bator, Francis Michael Kleinberg, Jon M. Rabin, Tal D. Wolf, Jack Keil Baumol, William Jack Kleinrock, Leonard Rashid, Richard F. Wulf, William Allan Becker, Gary Stanley Knuth, Donald Ervin Reddy, D. Raj Yao, Andrew Chi-Chih Bell, David Elliott Koller, Daphne Rexford, Jennifer Yelick, Katherine A. Benabou, Roland J.M. Kurzweil, Ray Rivest, Ronald Linn Bergson, Abram Lamport, Leslie B. Roberts, Lawrence Gilman Back to Subject Index Bernanke, Ben S. Lampson, Butler Wright Rokhlin, Vladimir Bernheim, B. Douglas Lazowska, Edward Delano Rosenblum, Mendel Berry, Steven T. Economics Leighton, Frank Thomson Rus, Daniela Bertrand, Marianne (Tom) Samueli, Henry Aaron, Henry Jacob Besley, Timothy J. Levin, Leonid A. Schmidt, Eric Abramovitz, Moses Bewley, Truman Fassett Lindberg, Donald A. B. Schneider, Fred B. Abreu, Dilip J. Bhagwati, Jagdish Lipton, Richard Jay Selinger, Patricia Griffiths Acemoglu, K. Daron Natwarlal Liskov, Barbara Huberman Shaw, David E. Ackley, Hugh Gardner Binmore, Kenneth George Lynch, Nancy Ann Shenker, Scott J. Adelman, Irma Glicman Bishop, Robert Lyle Malik, Jitendra Shor, Peter Williston Adelman, Morris Albert Bissell, Jr., Richard Mervin Massey, James Lee Sifakis, Joseph Aghion, Philippe Black, Duncan McCarthy, John Simonyi, Charles Akerlof, George Arthur Black, John Donald McKeown, Nicholas W. Sipser, Michael Alchian, Armen Albert Blanchard, Olivier McRobbie, Michael A. Smith, Burton Jordan Alesina, Alberto Blinder, Alan Stuart Mead, Carver Andress Spector, Alfred Z. Alexander, Sidney Stuart Bloom, David Elliot Metcalfe, Robert Spinrad, Robert J. Altonji, Joseph G. Bloom, Nicholas Melancton Sproull, Robert Fletcher Amemiya, Takeshi Blundell, Richard Meyer, Albert Ronald da Stallman, Richard Matthew Andrews, Donald Wilfrid Bolton, Patrick Silva Steele, Jr., Guy L. Kao Bonbright, James Micali, Silvio Stonebraker, Michael Angell, James Waterhouse Cummings Michie, Donald Sudan, Madhu Angrist, Joshua David Boulding, Kenneth Ewart Miller, William Frederick Sutherland, Ivan Edward Araujo, Aloisio Bresnahan, Timothy Minsky, Marvin Lee Tapia, Richard A. Arellano, Manuel Brimmer, Andrew Felton Mitchell, John C. Tardos, Eva Arrow, Kenneth Joseph Brock III, William Allen Mitchell, Tom M. Tarjan, Robert Endre Ashenfelter, Orley Clark Bronfenbrenner, Martin Mithal, Arvind [see also Thacker, Charles P. Athey, Susan C. Brown, Donald Jerome Arvind] Thompson, Kenneth Lane Atkinson, Anthony Barnes Brown, Douglass Vincent Moses, Joel Ullman, Jeffrey D. Auerbach, Alan Jeffrey Brown, Edgar Cary Nayar, Shree K. van Dam, Andries Autor, David H. Brown, James Douglas Newell, Allen Vardi, Moshe Y. Ayres, Ian Bruno, Michael Peter Newton, A. Richard Viterbi, Andrew J. Bach, George Leland Buchanan, James McGill Nie, Norman H. von Neumann, John Bagge, Gosta Adolfsson Bullock, Charles Jesse Norvig, Peter Warnock, John E. Baker, George Pierce Bulow, Jeremy Israel Oettinger, Anthony Gervin Widom, Jennifer (1903-1995) Burbank, Harold Hitchings Ozzie, Raymond E. Wigderson, Avi Baldwin, Robert Edward Burns, Arthur Frank Page, Larry Wilkes, Maurice Vincent Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak Caballero, Ricardo J. Papadimitriou, Christos Wing, Jeannette M. Barro, Robert Joseph Cairncross, Alexander Patterson, David Andrew Wirth, Niklaus Kirkland

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Calkins, Robert DeBlois Deaton, Angus Stewart Fama, Eugene F. Gordon, Roger H. Calvo, Guillermo A. Debreu, Gerard Farnam, Henry Walcott Gorman, William Moore Camerer, Colin F. Dekel, Eddie Fehr, Ernst (Terrence) Campbell, John Y. Demsetz, Harold Feldstein, Martin Stuart Grandmont, Jean-Michel Card, David E. Denison, Edward Fulton Fellner, William John Granger, Clive William Carey, Henry Charles Dewatripont, Mathias Fetter, Frank Albert John Carver, Thomas Nixon Dewey, Davis Rich Finkelstein, Amy Green, Jerry Richard Case, Anne C. Dewhurst, James Frederic Fischer, Stanley Greenstone, Michael Cass, David Dewing, Arthur Stone Fisher, Franklin Marvin Greif, Avner Cassel, Gustav (Karl Diamond, Douglas W. Fisher, Irving Griliches, Hirsh Zvi Gustav) Diamond, Peter Arthur Fogel, Robert William Grossman, Gene M. Castle, Emery Neal Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos Freeman, Harold Adolph Grossman, Sanford Jay Caves, Richard Earl Federico Freeman, Ralph Evans Groves, Jr., Theodore Chamberlain, Gary E. Diermeier, Daniel Freeman, Richard B. Francis Chamberlin, Edward Dixit, Avinash Kamalakar French, Kenneth R. Gruber, Jonathan Hastings Domar, Evsey David Frenkel, Jacob Aharon Guesnerie, Roger Sylvani Chenery, Hollis Burnley Donohue III, John J. Friedman, Benjamin M. Maxime Auguste Chernozhukov, Victor Dorfman, Robert Friedman, Milton Guyer, Jane I. Chetty, Raj Dornbusch, Rudiger Frisch, Ragnar Anton Kittil Haavelmo, Trygve Magnus Chevalier, Judith Douglas, Paul Howard Fryer, Jr., Roland G. Haberler, Gottfried Chipman, John Somerset Downs, Anthony Fuchs, Victor Robert Hadley, Arthur Twining Cipolla, Carlo Manlio Dreze, Jacques H. Fudenberg, Drew Hagen, Everett Einar Clark, John Bates Duffie, Darrell Furniss, Edgar Stephenson Hahn, Frank Horace Clark, John Maurice Duflo, Esther Galbraith, John Kenneth Haig, Robert Murray Clawson, Marion Dunbar, Charles Franklin Gale, David Hall, Robert Ernest Clay, Henry Dunlop, John Thomas Gay, Edwin Francis Halm, George Nikolaus Coale, Ansley Johnson Durlauf, Steven Neil Geanakoplos, John Hamilton, Earl Jefferson Coase, Ronald Harry Easterlin, Richard Ainley Gentzkow, Matthew Hansen, Lars Peter Coate, Stephen T. Eaton, Jonathan Georgescu-Roegen, Harberger, Arnold Carl Cooper, Richard Newell Eberly, Janice Caryl Nicholas Harris, Seymour Edwin Cosio Villegas, Daniel Ebersole, John Franklin Gerschenkron, Alexander Harsanyi, John Charles Crawford, John Grenfell Eckstein, Otto Pavlovich Hart, Oliver Simon D’Arcy Crawford, Vincent Paul Eichenbaum, Martin Gertler, Mark Hart, Sergiu Crowther, Geoffrey Stewart Gibbons, Robert S. Hausman, Daniel Murray Crum, William Leonard Eichengreen, Barry Ginzberg, Eli Hawtrey, Ralph George Cunningham, William Einaudi, Luigi Glaeser, Edward Ludwig Hayashi, Fumio James Einav, Liran Goldberg, Pinelopi K. Heady, Earl Orel Currie, Janet M. Eisner, Robert Goldberger, Arthur Stanley Heckman, James Joseph Cutler, David Ellis, Howard Sylvester Goldin, Claudia Dale Heller, Walter Wolfgang Daniels, Winthrop More Ellison, Glenn Goldman, Marshall Irwin Hellwig, Martin F. Danziger, Sheldon H. Engle, Robert Fry Goodrich, Carter Lyman Helpman, Elhanan Dasgupta, Partha Sarathi Enthoven, Alain Charles Gordon, Kermit Henderson, Vivian Wilson David, Paul Allan Epstein, Larry G. Gordon, Lincoln Hendry, David Forbes Davis, Lance Edwin Fabricant, Solomon Gordon, Robert Aaron Hicks, John Richard Day, Edmund Ezra Fairchild, Fred Rogers Gordon, Robert James Hildenbrand, Werner

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Hirschman, Albert Otto Krueger, Alan Manski, Charles Frederick Murnane, Richard J. Hirshleifer, Jack Krueger, Anne Osborn Markowitz, Harry M. Murphy, Kevin M. Hitch, Charles Johnston Krugman, Paul Robin Marschak, Jacob Musgrave, Richard Abel Holmstrom, Bengt Robert Kuh, Edwin Marshall, Alfred Myers, Charles Andrew Hortacsu, Ali Kuhn, Harold William Marshall, Leon Carroll Myerson, Roger B. Houthakker, Hendrik Kuznets, Simon Smith Mas-Colell, Andreu Myrdal, Karl Gunnar Samuel Laffont, Jean-Jacques Maskin, Eric Stark Neal, Alfred Clarence Hunt, Bishop Carleton Marcel Mason, Edward Nelson, Richard Robinson Hurwicz, Leonid Laibson, David I. Sagendorph Nerlove, Marc Leon Imbens, Guido W. Lake, Wilfred Stanley Masse, Pierre Newey, Whitney K. Isard, Walter Lampman, Robert James Matthews, Robert Charles Newhouse, Joseph Paul Jackson, Matthew O. Lancaster, Kelvin John Oliver Nickell, Stephen Johnson, David Gale Landsberg, Hans Herman McCrea, Roswell Cheney Nordhaus, William D. Johnson, Harry Gordon Laroque, Guy McFadden, Daniel Little North, Douglass Cecil Jones, Ronald Winthrop Lazear, Edward Paul McKenzie, Lionel Wilfred Nourse, Edwin Griswold Jorgenson, Dale Weldeau Leamer, Edward Emery McLaren, Walter Wallace Nurkse, Ragnar Joskow, Paul Lewis Ledyard, John Odell McNair, Malcolm Perrine Obstfeld, Maurice Jovanovic, Boyan Lee, Ronald Demos Meade, James Edward Ohkawa, Kazushi Judd, Kenneth L. Leontief, Wassily Melitz, Marc J. Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard Kahn, Alfred Edward Wassilyovitch Mellor, John Williams Oi, Walter Yasuo Kalai, Ehud Lerner, Abba Ptachya Meriam, Richard Stockton Okun, Arthur Melvin Kaldor (Lord), Nicholas Levin, Jonathan Merton, Robert Cox Olson, Jr., Mancur Lloyd Kantorovich, Leonid Levitt, Steven Metzler, Lloyd Appleton Pakes, Ariel Vitaljevich Lewis, Ben William Meyer, John Robert Palfrey, Thomas R. Katona, George Lewis, Harold Gregg Milgrom, Paul Robert Parker, William Nelson Katz, Lawrence Frances Lewis, William Arthur Miller, Merton Howard Patinkin, Don Kaysen, Carl Lindbeck, Assar Millikan, Max Franklin Paton, William Andrew Kemmerer, Edwin Walter Lintner, John Virgil Millis, Harry Alvin Paxson, Christina Hull Keynes, John Maynard List, John A. Mills, Frederick Cecil Pearce, David G. Kindleberger, Charles Poor Lo, Andrew W. Mincer, Jacob Pechman, Joseph Aaron King, Mervyn Loewenstein, George Mirrlees, James Alexander Perloff, Harvey Stephen Klein, Lawrence Robert Loury, Glenn C. Mitchell, Wesley Clair Persons, Warren Milton Klemperer, Paul David Lucas, Jr., Robert Emerson Modigliani, Franco Persson, Torsten Klenow, Peter J. Lundberg, Erik Filip Moffitt, Robert A. Pesendorfer, Wolfgang Kneese, Allen Victor MacAvoy, Paul Webster Mokyr, Joel Phelps, Edmund Strother Knight, Frank Hyneman Machina, Mark Joseph Monroe, Arthur Eli Phillips, Peter Charles Koopmans, Tjalling Machlup, Fritz Moore, John Hardman Bonest Charles Maclaurin, William Rupert Morgan, James Newton Piazzesi, Monika Kornai, Janos Maddison, Angus Morgenstern, Oskar Pigou, Arthur Cecil Kortum, Samuel S. Mailath, George J. Morishima, Michio Plott, Charles Raymond Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Malinvaud, Edmond Morris, Stephen Edward Polasky, A. Stephen Kravis, Irving Bernard Malmendier, Ulrike Mortensen, Dale T. Pollak, Robert A. Kremer, Michael Mankiw, N. Gregory Moulton, Harold Glenn Porter, Robert Hugh Kreps, David Marc Manne, Alan Sussman Mullainathan, Sendhil Postan, Michael Moissey Kreps, Juanita Morris Mansfield, Edwin Mundell, Robert Alexander Postlewaite, Andrew

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Poterba, James Michael Rubinstein, Ariel Smithies, Arthur Usher, Abbott Payson Powell, James L. Ruggles, Clyde Orval Snyder, Carl Uzawa, Hirofumi Pratt, John Winsor Ruttan, Vernon Wesley Sobel, Joel Varian, Hal Ronald Prebisch, Raul Saari, Donald Gene Sokoloff, Kenneth L. Vernon, Raymond Prescott, Edward C. Sachs, Jeffrey David Solow, Robert Merton Vickrey, William Spencer Quandt, Richard Emeric Saez, Emmanuel Sombart, Werner Viner, Jacob Rabin, Matthew Saltykov, Boris Sonnenschein, Hugo Vishny, Robert W. Radner, Roy Georgievich Freund Volcker, Paul A. Raiffa, Howard Samuelson, Larry Spence, Andrew Michael von Weizsacker (Freiherr), Rajan, Raghuram G. Samuelson, Paul Anthony Spengler, Joseph John Carl Christian Ramey, Valerie A. Sanders, Thomas Henry Sprague, Oliver Mitchell Walker, Francis Amasa Ray, Debraj Sargan, John Denis Wentworth Wallace, Neil Rees, Albert Everett Sargent, Thomas John Srinivasan, Thirukodikaval Ward (Lady Jackson), Reischauer, Robert D. Satterthwaite, Mark A. Nilakanta Barbara Reiter, Stanley Sauvy, Alfred Stein, Herbert Watson, Mark W. Reny, Philip J. Scarf, Herbert Eli Stein, Jeremy C. Weidenbaum, Murray L. Rey, Helene Schapiro, Morton Owen Stern, Nicholas H. Weitzman, Martin Reynolds, Lloyd George Scheinkman, Jose Stigler, George Joseph Levinger Ripley, William Zebina Alexandre Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene Welch, Finis R. Rist, Charles Schelling, Thomas Stock, James H. Wells, David Ames Rivlin, Alice Mitchell Crombie Stokey, Nancy L. Werning, Iván Robbins (Baron Robbins of Schmalensee, Richard Lee Stone, John Richard Whinston, Michael D. Clare Market), Lionel Schmeidler, David Nicholas White, Jr., Halbert Lynn Charles Scholes, Myron S. Summers, Lawrence H. Whitehead, Thomas North Roberts, D. John (Donald Schuh, George Edward Summers, Robert Whitman, Marina von John) Schultz, Theodore William Svensson, Lars E. O. Neumann Robertson, Dennis Holme Schultze, Charles Louis Tabellini, Guido Williams, John Henry Robinson, Joan Violet Schumpeter, Joseph Alois Taft, Philip Williamson, Oliver Eaton Maurice Schwartz, Anna J. Taft-Morris, Cynthia Willits, Joseph Henry Rogoff, Kenneth Saul Scitovsky, Tibor Taussig, Frank William Wilson, Robert Butler Romer, Christina D. Segal, Ilya R. Taylor, John Brian Wolinsky, Asher Romer, David Selten, Reinhard Temin, Peter Wolman, Leo Romer, Paul Michael Sen, Amartya Kumar Thaler, Richard H. Woodford, Michael Roorbach, George Byron Shapiro, Eli Theil, Henri Wright, Gavin Rosen, Sherwin Shaw, Edward Stone Thorp, Willard Long Yaari, Menachem Eliahu Rosenberg, Nathan Sheshinski, Eytan Thurow, Lester Carl Yellen, Janet Louise Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul Shiller, Robert James Tinbergen, Jan Yntema, Theodore Otte Narcyz Shimer, Robert J. Tirole, Jean Marcel Young, Allyn Abbott Rosenzweig, Mark Shleifer, Andrei Tobin, James Zeckhauser, Richard Jay Rosovsky, Henry Shoven, John B. Tosdal, Harry Rudolph Zellner, Arnold Ross, Stephen Alan Shubik, Martin Townsend, Robert Morris Zingales, Luigi G. Rostow, Walt Whitman Shultz, George Pratt Triffin, Robert Roth, Alvin Eliot Simon, Herbert Alexander Tucker, Donald Skeele Back to Subject Index Rothschild, Michael Sims, Christopher Albert Tullock, Gordon Rubinfeld, Daniel Lee Smith, Vernon Lomax Udry, Christopher R.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Educational, Barnard, James Munson Butterfield, Victor Lloyd Corson, Dale Raymond Bates, Joshua Cabot, Louis Cotsen, Lloyd Scientific, Cultural, Bawa, Kamaljit Singh Campbell, Colin Goetze Cousens, John Albert and Philanthropic Beatley, Bancroft Campbell, Mary Schmidt Cowen, Scott Stephen Belden, Charles Francis Cantor, Nancy E. Crawford, John Grenfell Administration Dorr Carnesale, Albert Crown, James S. (Nongovernmental) Benitez, Jaime Carter, Franklin Cummings, John Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Case, Harold Claude Cuno, James Abbot, Joseph Hale Bennet, Jr., Douglas Joseph Case, Jean N. Curran, James W. Abbott, Jonathan C. Berdahl, Robert M. Cash, Jr., James Ireland Dachs, Lauren B. Adams, Jasper Berlowitz, Leslie Cohen Casteen III, John T. Dale, Harvey P. Adams, Jr., Frederick Berman, Mandell (Bill) Chamberlain, Mellen Danforth, William Henry Baldwin Leslie Chapin, Schuyler Garrison Daniel, D. Ronald Ahearne, John Francis Berne, Robert Chatfield-Taylor, Adele Daniels, Ronald J. Alexander, John David Berresford, Susan Vail Cheetham, Anthony K. Davis, Karen Allen, Paul Gardner Beutner, Austin M. Chobanian, Aram V. Day, Jeremiah Allen, William Bissell, Claude Thomas Christ, Carol Tecla de Montebello, Philippe Allison, Jr., Graham T. Block, Gene D. Christ-Janer, Arland Lannes (Guy-Philippe Alter, Chester M. Bond, William Henry Frederick Lannes) Altman, Drew E. Bono [ see also Paul David Cigarroa, Francisco G. Dearborn, Benjamin Altshuler, David Matthew Hewson] Claflin, Jr., William Henry DeGioia, John J. Anastos, Rosemary Park Boren, David L. Clap, Elisha Desmond-Hellmann, Anderson, Lisa Botstein, Leon Clapp, Margaret Susan Andreae, Meinrat O. Bottomly, H. Kim Antoinette Diamond, Irene Andrews, William Turell Bowen, William Gordon Clark, William Smith Dickey, John Sloan Angell, James Burrill Boyd, Willard Lee Cleave, Mary Louise Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Angell, James Rowland Boyer, Ernest LeRoy Cockrell, Ernest H. Dirks, Nicholas B. Annan (Lord), Noel Gilroy Bren, Donald Cogswell, Joseph Green Dixwell, Epes Sargent Annenberg, Leonore Breslauer, George W. Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Djerejian, Edward P. Aoun, Joseph E. Brim, Jr., Orville Gilbert Cohon, Jared Leigh Dodds, Harold Willis Appleton, Jesse Brimmer, Martin Cole, Charles Woolsey Dolan, Jill Armstrong, Rodney Broad, Edythe L. Cole, Johnnetta Betsch Dollard, Charles Arnon, Ruth Brody, William Ralph Coleman, Mary Sue Downing, James R. Astor, Brooke Russell Bronk, Detlev Wulf Coles, James Stacy Drake, Michael Vincent Austin, Wanda M. Broun, Elizabeth Collar, William Coe Druick, Douglas Ausubel, Jesse Huntley Brown, John Carter Colwell, Rita R. Duderstadt, James Johnson Bacow, Lawrence S. Brown, Lawrence David Compton, Spencer Joshua Dunn, Mary Maples Bai, Chunli Brown, Samuel Gilman Alwyne, Marquis of Dwight, Timothy (1752- Baker, William Franklin Bryant, Douglas Wallace Northampton 1817) Baldwin, Roger Nash Bunch III, Lonnie G. Comstock, Ada Louise Dzau, Victor J. Ballard, Robert D. Burdell, Edwin Sharp [Mrs. Wallace Notestein] Eames, Wilberforce Barker, Joseph Warren Burhoe, Ralph Wendell Conarroe, Joel Osborne Edwards, Mickey H. Barnard, Frederick Burkhardt, Frederick Conway, Gordon Richard Edwards, Robert H. Augustus Porter Henry Conway, Jill Ker Eisenhower, Milton Stover Buttenwieser, Paul Arthur Córdova, France A. Eisgruber, Christopher L.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Eliot, Charles William Gerberding, William P. Heldin, Carl-Henrik Jose, de Silva-Bazan Eliot, Samuel Atkins Gilliland, Gary Heller, Elinor Raas Joachin (Marquis de Ell, Carl Stephens Gilman, Daniel Coit Hellman, Frances Santa Cruz) Erlandson, Jon McVey Glennan, Thomas Keith Herman, Richard H. Kaler, Eric William Evans, Eli Nachamson Goheen, Robert F. Hernandez, Antonia Katehi, Linda P.B. Evans, Luther Harris Golden, Sibyl R. Hesburgh, Theodore Katz, Stanley Nider Everett, William Goldmark, Jr., Peter Carl Martin Kavli, Fred Falco, Mathea Goldstein, Matthew Hewitt, Jacqueline Kean, Thomas H. Fanton, Jonathan F. Goodwin, Daniel Raynes Hewlett, Walter Berry Keasling, Jay D. Faulkner, Larry Ray Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Hewson, Paul David [see Keeney, Barnaby Conrad Faust, Clarence Henry Gould, Sr., Benjamin also Bono] Keller, Michael A. Feeney, Charles Francis Apthorp Hexter, Ralph J. Kellogg, Paul Fergusson, Frances Daly Graham, Frank Porter Heyman, Ira Michael Kelly, Regis B. Field, William Lusk Graham, Patricia Albjerg Heyns, Roger William Keohane, Nannerl Webster Granick, Steve Hirano Inouye, Irene A. Y. Overholser Fins, Joseph J. Grantham, R. Jeremy Hodges, Nathaniel Dana Kerr, Clark Fishkin, James Gray, Hanna Holborn Carlile Kessler, David Aaron Fleming, Robben Wright Greene, Jerome Davis Holland, Jerome Heartwell Khosla, Pradeep K. Folsom, Charles Greene, Roger Sherman Hollis ( aka Brand-Hollis), Killian, Jr., James Rhyne Forbes, Allyn Bailey Greenwood, M.R.C. Thomas Brand Kim, Jim Yong Francis, Frank Chalton Gregg, Alan Hopkins, Ernest Martin Kirby, William Francis, Norman C. Gregorian, Vartan Hopkins, Mark Kirk, Grayson Louis Freedman, James Oliver Griswold, Alfred Whitney Hopper, W. David Kirkland, John Thornton Frenk, Julio Gund, Agnes (William David) Kirwan II, William English Freund, Hans-Joachim Gundersheimer, Werner Horne, Marilyn Knapp, Steven Friday, William Clyde Leonard Horowitz, Frances Degen Knowles, Asa Smallidge Frohnmayer, David Braden Gupta, Rajat Kumar Howard, Duke of Norfolk Koblik, Steven S. Fuchs, W. Kent Haas, Robert D. Bernard Edward Kraft, Robert K. Fuess, Claude Moore Habib, Adam M. Howe II, Harold Kreidler, Robert Neil Fuller, Gerald G. Haddock, Charles Bricket Hrabowski III, Freeman Krens, Thomas Futter, Ellen Victoria Hajjar, David P. Alphonsa Kurin, Richard Gagosian, Robert Berj Hale, Samuel Humphrey, Heman Lane, William Coolidge Gaither, Jr., Horace Rowan Hamilton, Lee Herbert Ibargüen, Alberto Lansing, Sherry Lee Gallucci, Robert L. Hanlon, Philip J. Ikenberry, Stanley Oliver Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa J. Gamoran, Adam Haroche, Serge Indyk, Martin Sean LeClerc, Paul Gannett, Caleb Hatch, Nathan Orr Isaacson, Walter Lee, Ho-Wang Garber, Alan M. Hauser, Rita Eleanor Jackson, William Leebron, David W. Gardner, David Pierpont Heald, Henry Townley Alexander Lefavour, Henry Gardner, John William Healy, Timothy Stafford Jaim Etcheverry, Guillermo Legend, John Gates, Jr., Theaster Heard, Alexander (George Jefferson, Howard Bonar Leshner, Alan Irvin Gates, Melinda French Alexander) Jenkins, John I. Levi, Edward Hirsch Gates, Robert Michael Heckman, Timothy M. Jewett, Charles Coffin Levin, Richard Charles Gates, Sr., William H. Heckscher, August Johnson, Howard Wesley Levine, Arthur Elliott Gaudiani, Claire Lynn Heintz, Stephen B. Johnson, Paula A. Levy, Reynold Gebbie, Katharine Blodgett Heinz, Teresa F. Jones, Alex S. Lewis, Earl

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Linde, Edward H. Merrill, Jr., Charles Pardes, Herbert Ripley, Sidney Dillon Linde, Ronald Edward Park, William Edgar Rockefeller, Sharon Percy Lo, Andrew W. Metcalf, Keyes DeWitt Parrish, John A. Rogers, Jr., John Loh, Wallace D. Miles, Solomon Pearson Paxson, Christina Hull Washington Lord, Milton Edward Millard, Robert Brian Pearson, Eliphalet Rogers, Rutherford David Loring, Charles Greely Miller, Richard K. Peltason, Jack Walter Rogers, Theodore C. (1828-1902) Moe, Henry Allen Perkins, James Alfred Rose, Joanna Semel Lowell, Abbott Lawrence Moeser, James Pfeiffer, Heinrich Rosenberg, Pierre Max Lozano, Monica Cecilia Monro, John Usher Pifer, Alan Jay Parrish Rosenzweig, Robert Myron Lurie, Ann Moody, Samuel Pings, Cornelius John Rotch, Arthur Grinnell Lust, Reimar Mori, Wataru Piotrovskiy, Mikhail Rothman, Paul B. Lyman, Richard Wall Mote, Jr., C. Dan (Clayton Borisovich Rowe, John W. MacGregor, Neil Daniel) Polisi, Joseph William Rubenstein, David M. Madison, James Müllen, Klaus A. Poorvu, William James Rudenstine, Neil L. Magidor, Menachem Muller, Steven Porter, Noah Rupp, George Erik Mahoney, Margaret Ellerbe Munitz, Barry Price, Hugh B. Sachar, Abram Leon Malcom, Shirley Mahaley Murayama, Hitoshi Pritchett, Henry Smith Sainsbury (Lord Sainsbury Mandel, Morton L. Murphy, Franklin David Pritzker, Thomas J. of Turville), David John Marrett, Cora Bagley Napolitano, Janet A. Pulitzer, Emily Rauh Salomon, Richard Marsh, Daniel Lash Neaves, William Barlow Pusey, Nathan Marsh Salovey, Peter Martin, Carolyn A. Neilson, Eric G. Putnam, Herbert (George Saltonstall, William Martinez-Maldonado, Newton, Jr., James Quigg Herbert) Gurdon Manuel Niehrs, Christof Pynchon, Thomas Ruggles Samper, Cristián T. Marx, Anthony W. Nikias, Chrysostomos L. Raab, Jennifer J. Sample, Steven Browning Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Max Rabinowitch, Victor Sandler, Herbert M. Mather, Jean Paul Nurse, Paul Maxime Ramphele, Mamphela Sant, Roger W. Mays, Benjamin Elijah O’Donnell, Peter Aletta Sant, Victoria P. McBride, Katharine Okita, Saburo Randel, Don Michael Santirocco, Matthew S. Elizabeth O’Meara, Onorato Rankin, Mary Ann Sarabhai, Vikram Ambalal McCarter, Jr., John W. Timothy Ranney, George Sawyer, John Edward McCormack, Elizabeth J. Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Rapson, Richard W. Saxon, David Stephen McCormack, Jr., James Omidyar, Pierre Rawlings III, Hunter Schäfer, Peter McGill, William James Orr, Susan Packard Ripley Schapiro, Morton Owen McIntosh, Millicent Carey Osher, Barbro Sachs Read (Sister Joel Read), Schmidt, Jr., Benno McPherson, Mary Osher, Bernard Joel Charles Patterson Oxtoby, David W. Reif, L. Rafael Schoenfeld, Gerald McPherson, Michael S. Pace, Jr., Frank Reinharz, Jehuda Schupf, Sara Lee McRobbie, Michael A. Packard, Alpheus Spring Reischauer, Robert D. Scott, Donald Mead, Dana G. (1798-1884) Resnick, Lauren B. Sears, Barnas Meadows, Jr., Curtis W. Packard, David Woodley Rhodes, Frank Harold Seaver, Edwin Pliny Mellon, Paul Packard, Julie E. Trevor Seligman, Joel Mendelsohn, John Paine, Jr., Robert Treat Richardson, Louise M. Sepulveda, Jaime Mendenhall II, Thomas Paine, Susan Woods Richardson, William C. Serageldin, Ismail Corwin Pal, Yash Rimel, Rebecca W. Serota, Nicholas A. Palacios, Alfredo Lorenzo Rimel, Rebecca W. Sexton, John Edward

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Seymour, Charles Thomas, Franklin Wolstenholme, Gordon Baddour, Raymond Shackleton, Robert Augustine Ethelbert Ward Frederick Shapiro, Harold Tafler Thomas, Sarah Elizabeth Wood, James Nowell Bai, Chunli Shapiro, Judith R. Thomson, Keith S. Woolsey, Theodore Baird, Walter Scott Shattuck, Henry Lee Thwing, Charles Franklin Dwight Bajcsy, Ruzena Shattuck, John Tillinghast, Nicholas Wright, James Edward Baker, Benjamin Shaw, William Smith Tisch, Wilma Stein Wriston, Henry Merritt Baldwin, George Rumford Sherwin, Thomas Trachtenberg, Stephen Joel Wroth, Lawrence Baldwin, James Fowle Shi, Yang Train, Russell Errol Counselman Baldwin, Jr., Loammi Shih, Choon Fong Tyson, Laura D’Andrea Xie, Xide Baldwin, Loammi Shulman, Lee S. Ubiñas, Luis A. Yamada, Tadataka Balluffi, Robert Weierter Shuster, George Nauman Vest, Charles M. Young, Charles Edward Barnhart, Cynthia Sibley, John Langdon Volpe, Mark Young, Robert Barrow, Wilmer Lanier Simmons, Adele Smith Voss, John Yudof, Mark George Barrows, Harold Kilbrith Simmons, Ruth J. Vousden, Karen H. Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Baruch, Jordan Jay Sizer, Theodore Ryland Wagner, James Warren Zimmer, Robert J. Batchelder, John Skorton, David J. Walker, Darren Montgomery Slaughter, John Brooks Wallis, Wilson Allen Back to Subject Index Bates, Frank S. Smith, Charles Card Walsh, Diana Chapman Bazant, Zdenek P. Snyder, Joseph Julien Wanner, H. Eric Engineering and Bechtel, Jr., Stephen Snyderman, Ralph J. Waterbury, John Davison Spar, Debora L. Wayland, Francis Technology Behrend, Bernard Arthur Spaulding, Helen Bowdoin Weaver, Warren Belcher, Angela M. Speyer, Jerry I. Webber, Samuel Abbot, Henry Larcom Bell, Alexander Graham Sproull, Robert Lamb Weber, Arnold Robert Abernathy, Frederick Bell, C. Gordon (Chester Stamas, Stephen Weiss, Paul Storch Henry Gordon) Starr, S. Frederick (Stephen Wells, Herman B. Abriola, Linda Marie Belytschko, Ted Frederick) Wessell, Nils Yngve Abron, Lilia A. Bement, Jr., Arden Lee Stavridis, James Wexner, Leslie H. Achenbach, Jan Drewes Beranek, Leo Leroy Stearns, William Augustus Wharton, Jr., Clifton Acrivos, Andreas Berry, Charles Harold Sterling, John Ewart Reginald Adams, Comfort Avery Bessemer, Henry Wallace White, Andrew Dickson Adler, Richard Brooks Bever, Michael Berliner Stevenson, William Whitehill, Walter Muir Agrawal, Rakesh Bhatia, Sangeeta N. Edwards Wigglesworth, Edward Aldridge, Jr., Edward Bienenstock, Arthur I. Stewart, Donald Mitchell (1804-1876) (Pete) Cleveland Billington, David Perkins Stiles, Ezra Willard, Joseph Alexander, Ben Biot, Maurice Anthony Stonesifer, Patty (Patricia Williams, David Glyndwr Amundson, Neal Russell Bird, Robert Byron Q.) Tudor Anderson, John Leonard Birnbaum, Howard Kent Strider, Robert Edward Lee Williams, Eddie Nathan Aris, Rutherford Bisplinghoff, Raymond Sullivan, Louis Wade Williams, Ronald A. Arnold, Frances Hamilton Lewis Sullivan, Teresa A. Wilson, John Todd Ashby, Michael Farries Bixby, William Herbert Sutherland, Lucy Stuart Wilson, Owen Meredith Ashley, Holt Blackmond, Donna Gail Swensen, David Frederick Winthrop, James Astin, Allen Varley Blake, Francis Tate, Vernon Dale Wise, Phyllis M. Aubry, Nadine Bode, Hendrik Wade Taylor, Francis Henry Wolfle, Dael Lee Austin, Wanda M. Bomford, George

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Borden, Simeon Chipman, John Denn, Morton Mace Fitzgerald, Desmond Bose, Amar Gopal Cho, Alfred Yi Dewey, Bradley Flanagan, James Loton Boudart, Michel Chow, Ven Te Dhawan, Satish Flanigen, Edith Bowen, Harvey Kent Chowdhry, Uma Dietz, Albert George Edith Marie Bowles, Edward Lindley Chu, Lan Jen Henry Flemings, Merton Corson Bowles, Francis Tiffany Clarke, Edmund Melson Dillon, Theodore Harwood Fletcher, James Chipman Boyce, Mary Cunningham Clarke, Eliot Channing d’Ocagne, Maurice Floe, Carl Frederick Boyden, Uriah Atherton Clauser, Francis Hettinger Dodge, Barnett Fred Forney, Jr., G. David Brady, John F. Clauser, Milton Ure Doerr, John (George David) Brenner, Howard Clifford, Harry Ellsworth Dolby, Ray Milton Forsen, Harold K. Bridges, William Bruce Clifton, Rodney James Draper, Charles Stark Fourneyron, Benoit Brown, Gordon Stanley Clough, Gerald Wayne Drinker, Philip Francis, James Bicheno Brown, Robert Arthur Cochrane, Edward Lull Drucker, Daniel Charles Fredrickson, Glenn H. Brunel, Marc Isambard Cohen, Morris Dumesic, James Anthony Freeman, John Ripley (Sir) Cohen, Robert E. Dunn, Gano Sillick Freund, Lambert Ben Brush, Charles Francis Collins, James Joseph Durand, William Frederick Fritz, John Bryson, Jr., Arthur Earl Colombo, Giuseppe Duwez, Pol Edgard Fujimoto, James G. Buckley, Oliver Ellsworth Colwell, Robert P. Eastham, Melville Fuller, Gerald G. Budiansky, Bernard Comstock, Cyrus Ballou Economy, James Gallager, Robert G. Buhrman, Robert Alan Cook, Paul Maxwell Edelman, Elazer Reuven Garmire, Elsa Burgers, Johannes Corrsin, Stanley Edgar, Charles Leavitt Gast, Alice Petry Martinus Cottrell, Alan Howard Edgerton, Harold Eugene Gatos, Harry Constantine Burns, Ursula M. Craighill, William Price Elias, Peter Gaudin, Antoine Marc Burr, William Hubert Crandall, Stephen Harry Eliassen, Rolf Georgiou, George Bush, Vannevar Cross, Hardy Elliott, John Frank Germain, Paul Cabot, William Brooks Cullum, George Emelyanov, Vasily Germeshausen, Kenneth Cahn, John Werner Washington Semenovich Joseph Caldwell, Samuel Hawks Currie, Malcolm Roderick Emmons, Howard Wilson Gharib, Morteza Caligny, Anatole François Dahl, Norman Christian Engelbart, Douglas Carl Gibbons, James F. Hüe, Marquis de Dahl, Otto Gustav Eustis, Henry Lawrence Gilboy, Glennon Campbell, George Ashley Colbiornsen Evans, Anthony G. Gilliland, Edwin Richard Cannon, Jr., Robert Danckwerts, Peter Victor Everhart, Thomas Eugene Ginzton, Edward Leonard Hamilton Davenport, Jr., Wilbur Faber, Katherine Theresa Gleiter, Herbert Carlson, Chester Floyd Bayley Fabre, Jean Antoine Glenn, Jr., John H. Carrier, George Francis David, Jr., Edward Emil Fair, Gordon Maskew Glennan, Thomas Keith Carroll, Michael M. Davis, Arthur Powell Fairbairn, William Glotzer, Sharon C. Carter, Emily Ann Dawes, Chester Laurens Fano, Robert Mario Goethals, George Carty, John Joseph de Forest, Alfred Victor Fant, Gunnar Carl Michael Washington Casagrande, Arthur de Pablo, Juan José Farmer, Moses Gerrish Goldenweiser Chakraborty, Arup K. de Vitry d’Avaucourt, Fay, Frederic Harold (Goldenveizer), Alexey Chalmers, Bruce Raoul Joseph Marie Fay, James Alan Lvovitch Channing, William Francis Dean, Mark E. Ffowcs-Williams, John E. Goldmark, Peter Carl Chaplin, Winfield Scott Debenedetti, Pablo Gaston Fine, Morris Eugene Goldstein, Arthur L. Chenea, Paul Franklin Delafield, Richard Fisher, George Myles Goodman, Joseph W. Chien, Shu Den Hartog, Jacob Pieter Cordell Gordon, Bernard M.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Gould, Roy Walter Holonyak, Jr., Nick Kailath, Thomas Lightfoot, Jr., Edwin Granick, Steve Hooper, William Leslie Kaler, Eric William Niblock Grant, Nicholas John Horowitz, Mark A. Kantrowitz, Arthur Robert Linde, Ronald Gray, Paul Edward Hosmer, George Leonard Kaplan, Irving Linvill, John Grimes Green, Cecil Howard Hottel, Hoyt Clarke Katehi, Linda P.B. Livermore, William Roscoe Greenberg, Sanford D. Housner, George William Kaye, Joseph Lombardi, Luigi Guillemin, Ernst Adolph Hovgaard, William Keenan, Joseph Henry Low, George Michael Gunness, Robert Charles Howe, Clarence Decatur Kennelly, Arthur Edwin Lucky, Robert Wendell Gyftopoulos, Elias Howell, Kathleen C. Kerrebrock, Jack Leo Lumley, John Leask Panayiotis Hrones, John Anthony Kevrekidis, Yannis G. MacCready, Paul Beattie Haertlein, Albert Hu, Evelyn L. Khosla, Chaitan MacGregor, Charles Hague, James Duncan Hughes, Hector James King, Thomas Burness Winters Halas, Naomi J. Hughes, Thomas J.R. Kingery, William David Magnanti, Thomas Lee Hammond, John Hays Humphreys, Alexander Kleinschmidt, Robert Mahan, Dennis Hart Hammond, Paula T. Crombie Victor Main, Charles Thomas Hampton, Delon Humphreys, Andrew Koiter, Warner Tjardus Majumdar, Arun Hanratty, Thomas Joseph Atkinson Kondo, Kazuo Malik, Jitendra Hansen, Niels Hunsaker, Jerome Clarke Kovasznay, Leslie Stephen Mallouk, Thomas Harris, Stephen Ernst Hutchinson, John George Mann, Robert Wellesley Hatsopoulos, George Woodside Kramer, Edward J. Marks, Lionel Simeon Nicholas Hutton, Frederick Remsen Kresa, Kent Marshall, William Robert Haus, Hermann Anton Iglesia, Enrique Land, Edwin Herbert Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Haussler, David Ingber, Donald E. Landau, Ralph Mason, Edward Archibald Hawthorne, William Rede Ippen, Arthur Thomas Langer, Jr., Robert Samuel Mathews, Max Vernon Hayes, Wallace Dean Ippen, Erich Peter Lanza, Gaetano Maxworthy, Tony Hayward, James Ives, Frederic Eugene Latanision, Ronald Michael McAdams, William Henry Hazen, Harold Locke Jack, James Robertson Lauffenburger, Douglas A. McCarty, Perry Lee Hecker, Siegfried S. Jackson, Dugald Caleb Law, Chung K. McClintock, Frank Heilmeier, George Harry Jacobs, Paul E. Lawrence, Ralph Restieaux Ambrose Heller, Adam Jacquet, Pierre Armand Laws, Frank Arthur Meade, George Gordon Hellwarth, Robert Willis Jain, Rakesh K. Leal, L. Gary Meindl, James Donald Henck, John Benjamin Jamieson, Leah H. Leavitt, Erasmus Darwin Meissner, Herman Paul Hennessy, John Leroy Janet, Paul Andre-Marie Lee, Ann L. Merrill, Edward Wilson Hering, Rudolph Jennings, Paul Christian Lee, William Raymond Meyer, Adolph Hess, Karl Jensen, Klavs Flemming Lees, Lester Mickley, Harold Somers Hewlett, William Jewett, Frank Baldwin Leibovich, Sidney Miller, Charles Leslie Redington Joannopoulos, John D. Leonard, Naomi Ehrich Miller, Edward Furber Heywood, John Benjamin Joel, Jr., Amos Edward Lessells, John Moyes Miller, Richard K. Hibbard, Jr., Walter Rollo Joffre, Joseph Jacques Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, Millikan, Clark Blanchard Hirsch, Peter B. Cesaire Vicomte de Mills, Hiram Francis Hirth, John Price Johnson, Clarence Leonard Leussink, Hans Mindlin, Raymond David Hoff, Nicholas John Johnson, Lewis Jerome Lévy, Maurice Moin, Parviz Hofman, Heinrich Oscar Jones, Robert Thomas Lewis, Jennifer A. Moll, John L. Hollis, Ira Nelson Jones, Thomas P. Liepmann, Hans Wolfgang Moore, Gordon Earle Hollomon, John Herbert Joseph, Daniel Donald

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Moreland, Edward Perkins, Courtland Davis Rockwell, Alfred Perkins Smith, Henry I. Leyburn Perkins, Jacob Rodríguez-Iturbe, Smullin, Louis Dijour Morison, George Shattuck Perry, William James Ignacio J. Smyth, Henry Lloyd Morse, Samuel Finley Peters, Edward Dyer Rohsenow, Warren Max Socolow, Robert Harry Breese Peterson, Jr., Dean Rosakis, Ares J. Soderberg, C. Richard Muller-Breslau, Heinrich Freeman Rose, David John (Carl Richard) Franz Bernhard Petroski, Henry Rosenblueth, Emilio Spanos, Pol D. Murray, William Phillips, Julia Mae Roshko, Anatol Spencer, Anthony James MacGregor Pickard, Greenleaf Rouse, Hunter Merrill Narasimha, Roddam Whittier Ruckenstein, Eli Spencer, Percy LeBaron Narayanamurti, Venkatesh Pickering, William Rüdenberg, Reinhold Spofford, Charles Milton Nayar, Shree K. Hayward Ruggles, Stephen Preston Sprague, Robert Chapman Needleman, Alan Pierce, John Alvin Ruina, Jack Philip Squires, Arthur Morton Nerem, Robert Michael Pierce, John Robinson Russel, William Bailey Sreenivasan, Katepalli R. Newmark, Nathan Piore, Emanuel Ruben Russell, Andrew Howland Stata, Raymond Stuart Mortimore Pister, Karl Stark Russell, George Edmond Stearns, Frederic Pike Newton, John Plummer, James D. Sanders, Jr., John Lyell Steinmetz, Charles Proteus Nikias, Chrysostomos L. Pollock, Allan Sastry, Sosale Shankara Stephanopoulos, George Max Poncelet, Jean Victor (Shankar) Stephenson, Robert Nix, William Dale Poor, Harold Vincent Satterfield, Charles Nelson Sternberg, Eli Noble, Alfred Pope, Joseph Sauveur, Albert Stevens, John Frank Norton, Arthur Edwin Pope, Stephen B. Schowalter, William Stevens, Kenneth Noble Norton, John Torrey Prager, William Raymond Stever, Horton Guyford Noyce, Robert Norton Prausnitz, John Michael Schwamb, Peter Stodola, Aurel Boleslav Nurmikko, Arto Veikko Probst, Emil Scriven, L. E. (L. Edward) Stone, Howard A. Oden, John Tinsley Probstein, Ronald Filmore Seamans, Jr., Robert Stone, John Stone Olson, Gregory B. Proctor, Bernard Emerson Channing Storrow, Charles Storer Olvera de la Cruz, Monica Quake, Stephen R. Sears, William Rees Streetman, Ben Garland Orowan, Egon Quate, Calvin Forrest Sedov, Leonid Ivanovich Stupp, Samuel I. Ortiz, Michael Quinn, John Albert Seidman, David Nathaniel Sullivan, John Langdon Ostrach, Simon Ramo, Simon Seinfeld, John Hersh Suresh, Subra Ottino, Julio Mario Rankine, William John Sellers, William Sussman, Gerald Jay Panagiotopoulos, Macquorn Shank, Charles Vernon Swain, George Fillmore Athanassios Z. Rasmussen, Norman Carl Shannon, Claude Elwood Taylor, Charles Fayette Park, Charles Francis Read, Nathan Shapiro, Ascher Herman Taylor, Edward Story Parkin, Stuart Stephen Reif, L. Rafael Shaw, Milton Clayton Taylor, Frederick Winslow Papworth Renwick, James Shechtman, Dan Taylor, Kathleen Christine Parsons, William Barclay Rexford, Jennifer Sherwood, Thomas Kilgore Temple, John Hapgood Peabody, Cecil Hobart Reynolds, William Craig Shih, Choon Fong Terman, Frederick Pearse, Langdon Rice, James Robert Shuler, Michael Louis Emmons Peck, Ralph Brazelton Richards, Robert Hallowell Siegman, Anthony Edward Terzaghi, Karl Pederson, Donald Oscar Richards-Kortum, Simon, Leslie Earl Thayer, Sylvanus Pender, Harold Rebecca R. Sims, William Sowden Thomas, Edwin Lorimer Penner, Stanford Solomon Ritchie, Edward Samuel Slepian, David Thomas, Jr., Harold Allen Peppas, Nicholas A. Robinson, Denis Morrell Smith, Cyril Stanley Thomas, Leo John

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Thompson, Theos Jardin Wells, Arthur Edward Bateman, Alan Mara Dana, Edward Salisbury Thomson, Elihu Westergaard, Harald Bather, Francis Arthur Dana, James Dwight Tien, Chang Lin Malcolm Beers, Roland Frank Dawson, George Mercer Timonoff (Timonov), Weston, Robert Spurr Benioff, Victor Hugo Dawson, John William Vsevolod Evgenievich Wheeler, Mary Fanett Berner, Robert Arbuckle De la Beche, Henry Totten, Joseph Gilbert Whinnery, John Roy Beyrich, Heinrich Ernst Thomas Townsend, Albert Alan Whipple, George Chandler Billings, Marland Pratt de Verneuil, Philippe Treadwell, Daniel White, David Calvin Bowen, Norman Levi Edouard Poulletier Troost, Laurens Whitman, Walter Gordon Bowring, Samuel A. DeGolyer, Everette Lee Trowbridge, William Petit Whittle, Frank Brace, William Francis DePaolo, Donald James Trump, John George Widnall, Sheila Evans Bradley, Wilmot Hyde Des Cloizeaux, Alfred Truxal, John Groff Wiesner, Jerome Bert Branner, John Casper Louis Olivier Legrand Tsien, Hsue-Shen (Qian Wilbur, John Benson Broecker, Wallace Smith Desor, Edouard (Jean Xuesen) Wilhelm, Richard Herman Brogger, Waldemar Pierre Edouard) Tsui, Daniel C. Williams, Forman Arthur Christofer Dunbar, Carl Owen Uhlig, Herbert Henry Williams, Glenn Carber Brooke, Henry James Dunne, Thomas Unwin, William Winograd, Shmuel Bruce, Archibald Edwards, R. Lawrence Cawthorne Winsor, Frank Edward Brush, George Jarvis Elie de Beaumont, Jean Van Dyke, Milton Denman Winter, George Bryan, Kirk Baptiste Armand Louis Varaiya, Pravin P. Wong, Eugene Buch, Christian Leopold, Leonce Vest, Charles M. Wooldridge, Dean Everett Freiherr von Emerson, Benjamin Vicat, Louis Joseph Worcester, Joseph Ruggles Bucher, Walter Herman Kendall Villard, Jr., Oswald Wulff, John Buckland, William Emery, Kenneth Orris Garrison Yariv, Amnon Zalman Buddington, Arthur Emmons, Samuel Franklin von Hippel, Arthur Robert Ziv, Jacob Francis Engel, Albert Edward John von Karman, Theodore Zworykin, Vladimir Buerger, Martin Julian Epstein, Samuel von Mises, Richard Kosma Bullen, Keith Edward Ernst, Wallace Gary Voorhees, Peter W. Burchfiel, Burrell Clark Etter, Charles (Karl Wagner, Carl Wilhelm Back to Subject Index Byerly, Perry Antonovich) Wagner, James Warren Chamberlin, Thomas Eugster, Hans Peter Wagner, Karl Willy Geology and Chrowder Ewing, William Maurice Walker, Eric Arthur Clark, William Bullock Fairbairn, Harold Williams Walt, David R. Mineralogy Clarke, John Mason Farley, Kenneth A. Wang, Daniel I-Chyau Cleaveland, Parker Flint, Richard Foster Warner, Edward Pearson Adams, Frank Dawson Cleland, Herdman Ford, William Ebenezer Warner, Isiah M. Alger, Francis Fitzgerald Frondel, Clifford Watson, William Allen, Clarence Roderic Cloud, Jr., Preston Ercelle Garrels, Robert Minard Weber, Ernst Alvarez, Walter Collet, Leon William Geikie, Archibald Weber, Harold Christian Anderson, Charles Alfred Cooper, Gustav Arthur Gibbs, George Webster, Edwin Sibley Atwood, Wallace Walter Craig, Harmon Bushnell Gibbs, Gerald Verne Weertman, Johannes Bagnold, Ralph Alger Cramer, Charles Gibson, Russell Weertman, Julia Randall Barrande, Joachim Crosby, William Otis Gilbert, Grove Karl Wei, James Barrell, Joseph Crowell, John Chambers Gilluly, James Weinbaum, Sheldon Barrois, Charles Dalrymple, Gary Brent Godon, Silvain Weiss, Herbert George Barton, George Hunt Daly, Reginald Aldworth Goguel, Jean Marc

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Goldsmith, Julian Royce Knopf, Adolph Moore, Raymond Cecil Russell, Israel Cook Goldthwait, James Walter Kohlstedt, David L. Morris, Frederick Kuhne Sandwell, David T. Gould, Stephen Jay Krumbein, William Murchison, Roderick Sayles, Robert Wilcox Graton, Louis Caryl Christian Impey Schaller, Waldemar Gregory, Herbert Ernest Kuenen, Philip Henry Murray, Bruce Churchill Theodore Grossman, Lawrence Kummel, Bernhard Naumann, Karl Friedrich Schuchert, Charles Grove, Timothy L. Lane, Alfred Church Newberry, John Strong Scott, William Berryman Gutenberg, Beno Langmuir, Charles H. Newell, Norman Dennis Sedgwick, Adam Hall, James Langway, Jr., Chester Newhouse, Walter Harry Selwyn, Alfred Richard Hamilton, William (1730- Charles Niles, William Harmon Cecil 1803) Larsen, Jr., Esper Signius Nolan, Thomas Brennan Seybert, Adam Hart, Stanley Robert Lawson, Andrew Cowper Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik Shaler, Nathaniel Hayes, John Michael Lay, Thorne (Friherre) Southgate Head III, James William LeConte, Joseph Opdyke, Neil Donald Sharp, Robert Phillip Heim, Albert Leet, Lewis Don Ordonez, Ezequiel Shepard, Charles Upham Hermelin, Samuel Gustaf Leighton, Morris Morgan Ostrom, John Harold Shimer, Hervey Woodburn Hewett, Donnel Foster Leith, Charles Kenneth Palache, Charles Shoemaker, Eugene Merle Hilgard, Eugene Leopold, Luna Bergere Pecora, William Thomas Shrock, Robert Rakes Woldemar Lesley, J. Peter Penfield, Samuel Lewis Siever, Raymond Hitchcock, Edward Levorsen, Arville Irving Perry, John Bulkley Silver, Leon Theodore Hoffman, Paul Felix Lindgren, Waldemar Pettee, William Henry Simpson, George Gaylord Holland, Heinrich Dieter Logan (Sir), William Pettijohn, Francis John Smith, Joseph Victor Holmes, Arthur Edmond Pirsson, Louis Valentine Sorby, Henry Clifton Holmes, Francis Simmons Longwell, Chester Ray Powell, John Wesley Stanley, Steven Mitchell Horne, John Loomis, Frederic Brewster Pumpelly, Raphael Stearns, Charles Edward Hubbert, Marion King Lowenstam, Heinz Adolf Ramsay, Andrew Crombie Stetson, Henry Crosby Hurlbut, Jr., Cornelius Lyell, Charles Raup, David Malcolm Stock, Chester Searle Marcou, Jules Raymond, Percy Edward Stolper, Edward Manin Hurley, Patrick Mason Margerie, Emmanuel Revelle, Roger Randall Studer, Bernhard Jackson, Charles Thomas Marie Pierre Martin Dougan Swallow, George Clinton Jackson, Robert Tracy Jacquin de Rhodes, Frank Harold Taylor, Frank Bursley Jaggar, Jr., Thomas Mather, Kirtley Fletcher Trevor Taylor, Jr., Hugh Pettingill Augustus Mathews, Edward Bennett Rice, William North Teschemacher, James Johnson, Douglas Wilson McKinstry, Hugh Exton Richards, Paul G. Englebert Johnston, Jr., William McLaughlin, Donald Richthofen, Ferdinand Thompson, Jr., James Drumm Hamilton Paul Wilhelm, Freiherr Burleigh Kamb, W. Barclay (Walter McSween, Jr., Harry Y. von Tilley, Cecil Edgar Barclay) Mead, Warren Judson Rodgers, John (1914-2004) Trumpy, Rudolf Kasting, James Fraser Meek, Fielding Bradford Roepper, William Turekian, Karl Karekin Keith, Arthur (1864-1944) Menard, Henry William Theodore Upham, Warren Kemp, James Furman Merriam, John Campbell Rogers, Austin Flint Van Hise, Charles Richard Kieffer, Susan Werner Miller, William Hallowes Rogers, Henry Darwin Vaughan, Thomas King, Clarence Miller, William John Rogers, William Barton Wayland King, Philip Burke Molengraaff, Gustaaf Rubey, William Walden Verhoogen, John Kirschvink, Joseph L. Adolph Frederick Rudnick, Roberta L. Vogt, Johan Hermann Lie

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Walcott, Charles Doolittle Banerjee, Subir Kumar Green, Francis Mathews McNutt, Marcia K. Walker, David Bauer, Louis Agricola Griggs, David Tressel Melosh, H. Jay Warren, Charles Hyde Bebbington, Anthony J. Grossman, Lawrence Mitchell, Henry Wasserburg, Gerald Joseph Bercovici, David Guyot, Arnold Henry Morgan, W. Jason Waters, Aaron Clement Berry, Brian Joe Lobley Hager, Bradford H. Mosley-Thompson, Ellen Watson, E. Bruce (Edward Birch, Francis (Albert Hagerstrand, Torsten Stig Munk, Walter Heinrich Bruce) Francis) Haggett, Peter Nolet, Guust White, David Blanchard, Raoul Hanson, Susan Easton O’Connell, Richard John Whitlock, Herbert Percy Borchert, John Robert Harris, Chauncy Dennison Olson, Peter Lee Whitney, Josiah Dwight Boutelle, Charles Otis Harvey, David Owen, William Fitzwilliam Whittington, Harry Bowman, Isaiah Heiskanen, Weikko Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. Blackmore Bullard, Edward Crisp Aleksanteri Plank, Terry A. Willis, Bailey Burton, Alfred Edgar Hemley, Russell Press, Frank Williston, Samuel Wendell Butzer, Karl Wilhelm Hess, Harry Hammond Richter, Frank Morris Winslow, Arthur Carlson, Richard Walter Hide, Raymond Ritter, Carl Wolff, John Eliot Cashman, Katharine Hilgard, Julius Erasmus Roberts, Paul H. Wolman, Markley Gordon Venable Humboldt, Friedrich Romanowicz, Barbara A. (M. Gordon) Clark, William Arthur V. Heinrich Alexander, Rudnick, Roberta L. Wong, Wen-hao Cox, Allan Verne Freiherr von Sabine, Edward Wood, John Armstead Dahlen, Jr., Francis Huntington, Ellsworth Sack, Robert David Woodworth, Jay Backus Anthony Jacobsen, Stein Bjornar Schubert, Gerald Wright, Frederick Eugene Davidson, George Jeanloz, Raymond Silver, Paul G. Wyllie, Peter John Davis, Charles Henry Jeffreys, Harold Simpson, Joanne Yoder, Jr., Hatten Schuyler Davis, William Morris Jordan, Thomas Hillman Slichter, Louis Byrne Zen, E-an Day, Arthur Louis Kanamori, Hiroo Smyth, William Henry Zittel, Karl Alfred Ritter DeFries, Ruth S. Kasperson, Roger E. Socolow, Robert Harry von Denevan, William Kater, Henry Solomon, Sean Carl Maxfield Kates, Robert William Stefansson, Vilhjalmur Back to Subject Index Dietrich, William Eric Keilis-Borok, Vladimir Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik Duperrey, Louis Isidore Isaakovich Swift, William Henry Geophysics, Dziewonski, Adam Marian Kellogg, Louise Helen Sykes, Lynn Ray Eckart, Carl Henry Kennedy, George Clayton Tauxe, Lisa Geography, and Emory, William Helmsley Kent, Dennis V. Tuan, Yi-Fu Other Earth Eyries, Jean Baptiste Benoit Kivelson, Margaret Turcotte, Donald Lawson Forsyth, Donald W. Galland Turner II, Billie Lee Sciences Franklin, Janet Knopoff, Leon Uyeda, Seiya Fremont, John Charles Lal, Devendra Vaida, Veronica Abert, John James Fung, Inez Lambeck, Kurt van der Hilst, Robert Dirk Ahrens, Thomas Julian Gilbert, James Freeman MacDonald, Glen M. Vening Meinesz, Felix Aki, Keiiti Glatzmaier, Gary A. MacDonald, Gordon James Andries Allegre, Claude Jean Golledge, Reginald G. Fraser Veronis, George Alley, Richard B. Goodchild, Michael F. Macdonald, Kenneth C. Ward, David Anderson, Don Lynn Goody, Richard Mead Malhotra, Renu Washburn, Jr., Bradford Andreae, Meinrat O. Gottmann, Jean Iona Malkus, Willem Van (Henry Bradford) Bache, Alexander Dallas Graham, James Duncan Rensselaer Wetherill, George West

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Wheatley, Paul Bainton, Roland Herbert Braudel, Fernand Paul Chafe, William Henry White, Gilbert Fowler Baker, Keith Michael Brenner, Robert Paul Chakrabarty, Dipesh Whitehead, John A. Baldwin, John Wesley Brentano, Robert J. Chandler, Jr., Alfred Whiting, Henry Laurens Bancroft, George Bridenbaugh, Carl Dupont Whittlesey, Derwent Baron, Salo Wittmayer Briggs (Lord Briggs of Channing, Edward Perkins Stainthorpe Barshay, Andrew E. Lewes), Asa Charnwood (Baron), Wilkes, Charles Bartov, Omer Brigham, Clarence Godfrey Rathbone Wilson, John Tuzo Barzun, Jacques Saunders Benson Woodward, Robert Bassett, John Spencer Brinkley, Alan David Chartier, Roger Simpson Baxter III, James Phinney Brinkman, John Anthony Clagett, Marshall Wyrtki, Klaus Baxter, James Phinney Brinton, Clarence Crane Clark, Charles Manning Zachos, James C. Beard, Winifred Mary Broglie, (Charles) Jacques Hope Zuber, Maria T. Becker, Carl Lotus Victor Albert, Duc de Clark, George Norman Belknap, Jeremy Broughton, Thomas Clifford, James Back to Subject Index Belting, Hans Robert Shannon Clive, John Leonard Bemis, Samuel Flagg Brown, Frank Edward Coatsworth, John Henry History Bender, Thomas Brown, Peter Robert Cochran, Thomas Childs Berend, Ivan T. Lamont Cohen, I. Bernard Abbott, Wilbur Cortez Bergdoll, Barry Browne, Janet Elizabeth Cohen, Lizabeth Abrahamian, Ervand Berlin, Ira Browning, Christopher R. Cole, Arthur Harrison Adams, Brooks (Peter Berry, Mary Elizabeth Brucker, Gene Adam Colton, Joel Chardon Brooks) Berry, Sara Sweezy Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Conley, Tom C. Adams, George Burton Bickerman, Elias Joseph Buhler, Curt Ferdinand Connor, Walter Robert Adams, Henry Billington, James Hadley Bullock, Alan Louis Conquest, Robert (George Adams, John (1875-1964) Bisson, Thomas Noel Charles Robert Acworth) Ahlstrom, Sydney Eckman Black, Cyril Edwin Bunch III, Lonnie G. Cook, Michael Allan Albanese, Catherine L. Blackbourn, David Gordon Burns, Ken Coolidge, Archibald Cary Alder, Ken L. Blake, Robert Pierpont Butterfield, Herbert Cooper, Frederick Alexander, Paul Julius Blight, David William Butterfield, Lyman Henry Corner, George Allen, Danielle Bloch, Herbert Bynum, Caroline Walker Washington Altamira y Crevea, Rafael Blum, Jerome Caldwell, Robert Granville Cott, Nancy F. Anastos, Milton Vasil Blum, John Morton Cam, Helen Maud Courtenay, William J. Andrews, Charles McLean Boas (Hall), Marie Capponi, Gino Alessandro Craig, Gordon Alexander Appleby, Joyce Oldham Bodde, Derk Giuseppe Gaspardo Craven, Wesley Frank Appleby, Robert Scott Boone, Elizabeth Hill Marchese Cremin, Lawrence Arthur Appleton, William Sumner Boorstin, Daniel Joseph Carlyle, Thomas Cronon, William J. Arnold, Samuel Greene Bouwsma, William James Caro, Robert A. Crosby, Alfred Worcester Aubert, Marcel Bowdoin, James (1794- Carr, Edward Hallett Cumings, Bruce Ault, Warren Ortman 1833) Carr, Raymond (Albert Cunningham, Henry Axtell, James L. Bowersock, Glen Warren Raymond Maillard) Winchester Ayers, Edward Lynn Boyd, Julian Parks Catton, Charles Bruce Curti, Merle Eugene Badian, Ernst Boyer, Paul Samuel Cerisier, Antoine Marie Curtin, Philip DeArmond Bagnall, Roger Shaler Brady, Jr., Thomas A. Chabod, Federico Dagron, Gilbert Bailyn, Bernard Bragdon, Henry Wilkinson Chadwick, Owen (William Dallek, Robert Brandt, Allan M. Owen) d’Alverny, Marie-Thérèse

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 D’Arms, John Haughton Emerton, Ephraim Gardiner, Alan Henderson Grimm, Herman Friedrich Darnton, Robert Choate Engelstein, Laura Gardiner, Samuel Rawson [elected as Friedrich Daston, Lorraine Jenifer Engerman, Stanley Lewis Garin, Eugenio Hermann] Davis, Andrew McFarland Fairbank, John King Gay, Peter Jack Grmek, Mirko Drazen Davis, David Brion Fairbanks, Arthur Gelb, Ignace Jay Gross, Charles Davis, Natalie Zemon Farrand, Max Genovese, Eugene Grote, George Day, Clive Farriss, Nancy Marguerite Dominick Gruen, Erich S. de Gayangos, Pascual Faust, Drew Gilpin Gershoy, Leo Guerlac, Henry Edward de Grazia, Victoria Fay, Sidney Bradshaw Geyer, Michael E. Gurney, Ephraim de Santillana, Giorgio Diaz Fehrenbacher, Don Geyl, Pieter Catharinus Whitman De Voto, Bernard Edward Arie Gutman, Herbert George Augustine Feis, Herbert Gibson, Charles Habakkuk, Hrothgar John de Vries, Jan Feldman, Martha Giddings, Paula J. Hadlock, Wendell Degler, Carl Neumann Ferguson, William Scott Gilbert, Felix Stanwood Delitzsch, Friedrich Feuerwerker, Albert Gillispie, Charles Coulston Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd Deloria, Philip J. Finley, Moses Gilman, Sander L. Hall, John Whitney Demos, John Putnam Fischer, David Hackett Gilmore, Myron Piper Halperin-Donghi, Tulio Dennett, Tyler Wilbur Fisher, George Park Ginzburg, Carlo Hamashita, Takeshi Dibner, Bern Fisher, Herbert Albert Gluck, Carol Hammond, Mason Dike, Kenneth Onwuka Laurens Goetzmann, William H. Hammond, Nicholas Diman, Jeremiah Lewis Fitzpatrick, Sheila Mary Goldhill, Simon D. Geoffrey Lempriere Donald, David Herbert Fleischer, Cornell Hugh Goldstein, Jan E. Hancock, William Keith Doniger, Wendy Fleming, Donald Harhish Goodenough, Erwin Handlin, Oscar Douglas, Ann Foner, Eric Ramsdell Hanham, Harold John Douglas, Richard Mateer Ford, Franklin Lewis Goodwin, Doris Kearns Harbison, Elmore Harris Dower, John W. Ford, Worthington Gordon, Andrew David Haring, Clarence Henry Drake, Stillman (Bryant Chauncey Gordon, Cyrus Herzl Harootunian, Harry D. Stillman) Fowler, Henry Thatcher Gordon, Linda Harris, Neil Draper, Theodore Francke, Kuno Gordon-Reed, Annette Harris, William V. Dunham, Dows Franklin, John Hope Gottschalk, Louis Hart, Albert Bushnell Dunn, Richard Slator Fredrickson, George M. Reichenthal Haskins, Charles Homer Dupree, Anderson Hunter Fredriksen, Paula Grabar, Andre Hay, Denys Duus, Peter Freedman, Paul Harris Graebner, Norman Arthur Hazen, Charles Downer Dvornik, Francis Freeman, Douglas Southall Grafton, Anthony Hedges, James Blaine Ebrey, Patricia Buckley Freidel, Jr., Frank Burt Graham, Loren Raymond Heilbron, John Lewis Edes, Henry Herbert Friedlander, Saul Graham, William A. Herlihy, David Joseph Eisenstein, Elizabeth Frye, Richard Nelson Grandin, Greg Herr, Richard Lewisohn Fuller, Sarah A. Grant, Edward Hershatter, Gail Eliade, Mircea Fulton, John Farquhar Grant, Robert McQueen Hesse, Carla A. Eliot, Samuel (1821-1898) Furet, François Graubard, Stephen Hexter, Jack H. Elliott, John Huxtable Gabba, Emilio Richards Hiebert, Erwin Nick Eltis, David Gaddis, John Lewis Greene, Evarts Boutell Higginson, Thomas Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Greene, Jack P. Wentworth Embree, Ainslie Thomas Galison, Peter Louis Greene, Sandra E. Higham, John Emerson, Edward Waldo Garcia, Maria Cristina Hilberg, Raul

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Hill, Christopher (John Jordan, William Chester Laiou, Angeliki Evangelos MacDonald, William Edward Christopher) Judt, Tony Robert Lamoreaux, Naomi Raboy MacDonald, William Lloyd Himmelfarb, Gertrude Kammen, Michael Landes, David Saul Macedo, Joaquim Jose da Hine, Darlene Clark Gedaliah Lane, Frederic Chapin Costa de Hitchcock, Henry Russell Kantorowicz, Ernst Lang, Mabel Louise Mack Smith, Denis Ho, Ping-ti Hartwig Langer, William Leonard Macvane, Silas Marcus Hobsbawm, Eric John Kaplan, Alice Y. Lansing, Ambrose Maffei, Domenico Ernest Karpovich, Michael LaPiana, George Mahan, Alfred Thayer Hochschild, Adam Katz, Friedrich Laqueur, Thomas Maier, Charles Steven Hofstadter, Richard Katz, Jacob Latourette, Kenneth Scott Maier, Pauline Rubbelke Holborn, Hajo Keddie, Nikki R. Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel Malone, Dumas Holifield, E. Brooks Keightley, David N. Bernard Mandler, Peter Hollinger, David A. Keller, Evelyn Fox Lea, Henry Charles Mango, Cyril Alexander Holmes, Frederic Lawrence Keller, Morton Leake, Chauncey Depew Mann, Golo Holt, Thomas C. Kelley, Donald R. Lears, T.J. Jackson Mann, Susan L. Holton, Gerald James Kelley, Mary C. Leavitt, Judith Walzer Manuel, Frank Edward Homma, Nagayo Kelley, Robin D.G. Lecky, William Edward Marder, Arthur Jacob Horton, James Oliver Kelly, Thomas Forrest Hartpole Marsden, George M. Hoskins, Halford Lancaster Kennedy, David Michael Lehmann, Hartmut Martin, Dale Basil Hosmer, James Kendall Kennedy, Paul Michael Leland, Waldo Gifford Mattingly, Garrett Howard, Michael Eliot Kerber, Linda Kaufman Lepore, Jill May, Ernest Richard Howe, Daniel Walker Kessler-Harris, Alice Lerner, Gerda May, Henry Farnham Hoxie, Frederick E. Kevles, Daniel Jerome Leuchtenburg, William Mayer, Arno Joseph Huggins, Nathan Irvin Khalidi, Rashid Edward Maza, Sarah Crawford Hughes, Henry Stuart Khoury, Philip S. Levine, Lawrence William Mazlish, Bruce Hughes, Thomas Parke Kirby, William Lewis, Bernard Mazower, Mark A. Hull, Isabel Virginia Kirkland, Edward Chase Lewis, David Levering Mbembe, Joseph-Achille Hunt, Lynn Avery Kitson Clark, George Lewis, Earl McCormick, Michael Ikram, Salima Sydney Roberts Lindberg, David Charles McCullough, David Inalcik, Halil Kitzinger, Ernst Lingelbach, William Ezra McFeely, William S. Iriye, Akira Klarman, Michael J. Link, Arthur Stanley McIlwain, Charles Howard Isaacman, Allen F. Klein, Martin Jesse Litwack, Leon McNeill, John R. Jackson, Kenneth T. Kloppenberg, James Lockhart, James McNeill, William Hardy Jacob, Margaret Candee Kocka, Jurgen Loehr, Max Johannes McPherson, James M. James, Henry Krautheimer, Richard Joseph Meinecke, Friedrich Jameson, Michael Krieger, Leonard Loewe, Michael Meinig, Donald W. Hamilton Kuhn, Philip Alden Lopez, Robert Sabatino Mendelsohn, Everett Irwin Jansen, Marius Berthus Kuhn, Thomas Samuel Louis, William Roger Merivale, Charles Jay, Martin Evan Kuttner, Stephan George Lowell, Edward Jackson Merk, Frederick Jennings (Jenings), LaCapra, Dominick C. Luthy, Herbert Ernst Karl Merriman, Roger Bigelow Edmund Lach, Donald Frederick Lyon, Bryce Dale Metzger, Walter Paul Johnston, Alexander Ladner, Gerhart Mabogunje, Akin L. Middlekauff, Robert Jones, Christopher Prestige Maximilian Augustine MacCaffrey, Wallace Lawrence Jones, Jacqueline Bernard Burian Trevethic Mignet, François Auguste Jordan, Wilbur Kitchener LaFeber, Walter MacCormack, Sabine G. Marie Alexis

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Millar, Fergus Graham Oppenheimer, Jane Post, Gaines Schiavone, Aldo Burtholme Marion Potter, David Morris Schiebinger, Londa L. Miller, Mary Ellen Oreskes, Naomi Prescott, William Hickling Schimmel, Annemarie Milman, Henry Hart Ostrogorsky, Georgije Proctor, Robert N. Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Mitchell, Stewart Owen, David Edward Prothero, George Walter Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Momigliano, Arnaldo Owen, E. Roger Pyne, Stephen Joseph Meier Dante Pagels, Elaine Hiesey Rabinovich, Itamar Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly Mommsen, Theodor Painter, Nell Irvin Rakove, Jack N. Scholes, France Vinton Moody, Robert Earle Painter, Sidney Ranke, Leopold von (Franz Schorske, Carl Emil Morgan, Edmund Sears Palgrave, Francis Leopold von) Schwartz, Benjamin Morison, Elting Elmore Palmer, Robert Roswell Read, Conyers Isadore Morison, Samuel Eliot Paret, Peter Reddy, William M. Schwartz, Stuart B. Morris, Richard Brandon Park, Katharine Reischauer, Edwin Schweber, Silvan Samuel Mosse, George Lachmann Parker, N. Geoffrey Oldfather Scott, Anne Byrd Firor Motley, John Lothrop Parkman, Francis Reisner, George Andrew Scott, Joan Wallach Mottahedeh, Roy Parviz Parry, John Horace Renouvin, Pierre Eugene Scott, Rebecca J. Muir, Jr., Edward Wallace Patterson, James Tyler Georges Scudder, Horace Elisha Mundy, John Hine Pattison, Mark Reynolds, Christopher A. Sedgwick, Henry Dwight Murdoch, John Emery Paxton, Robert Owen Rhodes, James Ford Seeley, John Robert Najita, Tetsuo Payne, Stanley G. Riasanovsky, Nicholas Sells, Michael A. Namier, Lewis Bernstein Pedersen, Susan G. Valentine Setton, Kenneth Meyer Naquin, Susan Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan Rice, Jr., Eugene Franklin Sewell, Jr., William H. Nash, Gary Baring Perdue, Peter C. Riley, Stephen Thomas Shapin, Steven Neale, John Ernest Perez, Louis A. Ritvo, Harriet Sheehan, James John Needham, Joseph (Noel Perkins, Dexter Robinson, Paul Arnold Sherwin, Martin Jay Joseph Terence Perkins, Elliott Roche, Daniel Shipton, Clifford Kenyon Montgomery) Peterson, Merrill Daniel Rodgers, Daniel Shryock, Richard Harrison Nef, John Ulric (1899- Pevsner, Nikolaus Roelker, Nancy Lyman Shurtleff, Nathaniel 1988) Bernhard Leon Ropes, John Codman Bradstreet Neugebauer, Otto Eduard Pfeiffer, Robert Henry Rosenberg, Charles Ernest Sibley, John Langdon Nevins, Allan (Joseph Phillips, Philip Rosenkrantz, Barbara Sigerist, Henry Ernest Allan) Pierson, George Wilson Gutmann Silver, James Wesley Newsom, Carol Ann Pingree, David Edwin Rotberg, Robert Irwin Sivin, Nathan Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, Pinkney, David Henry Ruiz, Teofilo F. Skinner, Quentin Robert Freiherr von Piotrovskiy, Mikhail Ruiz, Vicki L. Duthie Niethammer, Lutz Borisovich Sabean, David Warren Slezkine, Yuri Nipperdey, Thomas H. Pipes, Richard Sabra, Abdelhamid Sloane, William Milligan Nirenberg, David Pirenne, Henri (Jean Henri Ibrahim Slotkin, Richard S. Norton, Mary Beth Otto Lucien Marie) Saller, Richard Paul Smith, Lacey Baldwin Numbers, Ronald Leslie Plumb, John Harold Salvemini, Gaetano Smith, Merritt Roe Nye, Mary Jo Pocock, John Greville Sarna, Jonathan Daniel Smith, Morton Oakley, Francis Agard Sarton, George Alfred Smith, Thomas Carlyle Christopher Pomeranz, Kenneth L. Leon Smith, William Stevenson O’Malley, John W. Porter, Roy Savage, James Somerville, Robert Eugene Onuf, Peter S. Porter, Theodore M. Schama, Simon Michael Southern, Richard William

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Sparks, Jared Treadgold, Donald Warren Wang, Gungwu Law and Spence, Jonathan Dermot Treggiari, Susan Mary Weber, David J. Spiegel, Gabrielle M. Trevelyan, George Weber, Eugen Joseph Jurisprudence Spitz, Lewis William Macaulay Webster, Charles Kingsley Stampp, Kenneth Milton Trevelyan, George Otto Wecter, Dixon Abella, Rosalie Silberman Stansky, Peter David Lyman Trevor-Roper, Hugh Wedgwood, Cicely Abraham, Kenneth S. Starr, Chester G. Redwald Veronica Abraham, Ronny Starr, S. Frederick (Stephen Trinkaus, Jr., Charles Wehler, Hans-Ulrich Abrahamson, Shirley Frederick) Edward Weinberg, Gerhard Schlanger Stephen, Leslie Truesdell III, Clifford Ludwig Abram, Morris Berthold Stephens, Henry Morse Ambrose Weinstein, Barbara Abrams, Floyd Stern, Fritz Richard Trumbull, James Weintraub, Karl Joachim Ackerman, Bruce Arnold Stern, Steve J. Hammond Westfall, Richard Samuel Adams, Arlin Marvin Sternhell, Zeev Tryon, Warren Stenson White, Jr., Lynn Townsend Adams, Thomas Boylston Stevens, Rosemary A. Tu, Wei-ming White, Richard (1772-1832) Stone, Lawrence Tuchman, Barbara Wiebe, Robert Huddleston Aldrich, Bailey Strayer, Joseph Reese Wertheim Williams, Philip Maynard Aleinikoff, Thomas Strouse, Jean Tuck, Richard Francis Wills, Garry Alexander Struik, Dirk Jan Turner, Frederick Jackson Wilson, Arthur Allen, Francis Alfred Stubbs, William Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher McCandless Allen, William Thomas Subrahmanyam, Sanjay Van Der Wee (Baron), Wilson, John Albert Amar, Akhil Reed Sugrue, Thomas J. Herman Frans Anna Winichakul, Thongchai Amato, Giuliano Sumner, John Osborne Van Tyne, Claude Halstead Winlock, Herbert Eustis Ames, James Barr Sylla, Richard E. Van Zanten, David Winship, George Parker Amsterdam, Anthony Guy Syme, Ronald Theodore Winsor, Justin Anderson, Dillon Tai, Hue-Tam Ho Vansina, Jan Maria-Jozef- Winter, Irene J. Anderson, George Weston Taylor, Alan John Percivale Emiel Wise, M. Norton (Matthew Anderson, Philip S. Taylor, Alan S. Venturi, Franco Norton) Anzilotti, Dionisio Taylor, Charles Holt Vermeule III, Cornelius Wittkower, Rudolf J. Areeda, Phillip Elias Taylor, Lily Ross Clarkson Wolfe, Bertram David Arnold, Morris Sheppard Temkin, Owsei Vermeule, Emily Wolff, Lawrence Atkin (Right Honorable Thackray, Arnold Wilfrid Dickinson Townsend Wolff, Robert Lee Lord), James Richard Thapar, Romila Vernant, Jean-Pierre Wood, Gordon Stewart Auerbach, Carl Abraham Thayer, William Roscoe Villari, Pasquale Woodward, Comer Vann Austin, James Trecothick Thiers, Louis Adolph von Grunebaum, Gustave Woolf, Harry Ayres, Ian Thomas, Keith Vivian Edmund Worster, Donald E. Badinter, Robert Thomas, Thomas Head von Holst, Hermann Wright, Arthur Frederick Baird, Douglas Gordon Thompson, Edward Eduard Wright, Gordon Justin Baker, J. H. (John Palmer von Staden, Heinrich Wrigley, Edward Anthony Hamilton) Thorkelin, Grimur Jonsson Vryonis, Jr., Speros Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim Baker, James A. Thrupp, Sylvia Lettice Wakeman, Jr., Frederic Zagorin, Perez Balch, Thomas Willing Tierney, Brian Evans Zahra, Tara E. Baldwin, Simeon Eben Torrey, Henry Warren Walbank, Frank William Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Balkin, Jack M. Toynbee, Arnold Joseph Walker, Mack Barak, Aharon Trachtenberg, Marvin Walker, Williston Back to Subject Index Bartlett, Willard

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Bates, Henry Moore Branch, Claude Raymond Clark, Robert Charles Davis, Kenneth Culp Bator, Paul Michael Breitel, Charles David Clifford, Charles Warren Dawes, Thomas (1757- Baxter, Richard Reeve Brennan, Jr., William Clifford, John Henry 1825) Bazelon, David Lionel Joseph Coblentz, William K. Dawson, John Philip Beale, Jr., Joseph Henry Brest, Paul A. Coffee, Jr., John Collins Days III, Drew Saunders Bebchuk, Lucian Arye Brewster, Jr., Kingman Coffin, Frank Morey Dean, Arthur Hobson Belin, Gaspard d’Andelot Breyer, Stephen Gerald Cohen, Jerome Alan DeCourcy, Charles Bell, Stoughton Briggs, Herbert Whittaker Coleman, Jr., William Ambrose Bemis, George Brilmayer, Roberta Lea Thaddeus del Vecchio, Giorgio Bennett, Edmund Hatch Brown, Ernest Joseph Collier, Abram Thurlow Dellinger, Walter E. Berg, Paal Olav Brown, Robert Minge Cooley, Thomas McIntyre Denny, Henry Gardner Berle, Jr., Adolf Augustus Brudney, Victor Coolidge, Charles Allerton Devlin (Baron), Patrick Berman, Harold J. Brunner, Heinrich (1894-1987) Arthur Bevis, Howard Landis Bryce, James Cooper, John Cobb Diamond, Shari Seidman Bhagwati, P. N. Buckland, William Cooter, Robert D. Dicey, Albert Venn (Prafullachandra Warwick Cornish, John M. Dickinson, John Natwarlal) Bundy, Harvey Hollister Cornish, Leslie Colby Dixon, Owen Bickel, Alexander Burr, Francis Hardon Cover, Robert Melvin Djuvara, Mircea Mordecai Buxbaum, Richard M. Cowen, Zelman Dodge, Frederic Biddle, Francis Beverley Cabot, Frederick Pickering Cox, Archibald Dodge, Robert Gray Bigelow, George Tyler Cabranes, Jose Alberto Cramton, Roger Conant Donohue III, John J. Bigelow, Harry Augustus Cabraser, Elizabeth J. Cranch, William Dorsen, Norman Bigelow, Melville Madison Cairns, Huntington Currie, David Park Drinan, S.J., Robert Bikle, Henry Wolf Calabresi, Guido Curtis, Benjamin Robbins Frederick Binney, Horace Cameron, Edwin Curtis, Charles Pelham Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen Bittker, Boris Irving Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan Cushing, Nathan Duguit, Leon Black, Barbara Aronstein Carrington, Paul DeWitt Cushing, William Dunbar, William Harrison Black, Bernard S. Carter, James Coolidge Cutler, Lloyd Norton Dworkin, Ronald Myles Black, Jr., Charles Lund Carter, Stephen Lisle Cutler, Robert Easterbrook, Frank Hoover Blake, George Cary, William Lucius Cutter, Richard Ammi Eaton, Frederick McCurdy Blasi, Vincent A. Casper, Gerhard Dahl, Frantz Edelman, Marian Wright Blum, Walter J. Cavers, David Farquhar Dale, Harvey P. Edley, Jr., Christopher F. Bluntschli, Johann Caspar Chafee, Jr., Zechariah Dam, Kenneth W. Edwards, Harry Thomas Bobbitt, Philip Chase Chamberlain, Joseph Damaska, Mirjan Radovan Ehrlich, Thomas Bok, Derek Curtis Perkins Dana, Francis Eisenberg, Melvin Aron Bollinger, Lee Carroll Chaskalson, Arthur Dana, Richard Henry Eisenberg, Theodore Bolster, Wilfred Chayes, Abram (1815-1882) Elias, Taslim Olawale Borchard, Edwin Chemerinsky, Erwin Dana, Richard Henry Eliot, Thomas Hopkinson Montefiore Chipman, Daniel (1851-1931) Ellickson, Robert Chester Bork, Robert Heron Choate, Joseph Hodges Dando, Shigemitsu Ely, John Hart Boudin, Michael Choate, Rufus Daniels, Ronald J. Epstein, Lee Bowie, Robert Richardson Choper, Jesse Herbert Daube, David Epstein, Richard A. Boyden, Roland William Christopher, Warren David, Rene Eskridge, Jr., William Bradbury, Theophilus Clark, Grenville Davis, Charles Thornton Nichol Bradley, Charles Smith Clark, Ramsey Davis, John

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Evershed (Baron), Francis Gilson, Ronald J. Hand, Learned (Billings Hudson, Manley Ottmer Raymond Ginsburg, Jane C. Learned) Hufstedler, Shirley Mount Fairman, Charles Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Handler, Joel F. Hughes, Charles Evans Fallon, Jr., Richard H. Ginsburg, Thomas B. Hanify, Edward Benno Hurst, James Willard Farber, Daniel A. Glendon, Mary Ann Hansmann, Henry Isaacs, Nathan Farley, John Wells Glueck, Sheldon Harlan, John Marshall Issacharoff, Samuel Feldman, Noah R. Goldberg, Arthur Joseph Harno, Albert James Jackson, Charles Field, Fred Tarbell Goldsmith III, Jack Harper, Conrad Kenneth Jackson, Vicki C. Field, Richard Hinckley Landman Hart, Herbert Lionel Jaffe, Louis Leventhal Finletter, Thomas Knight Goldstein, Abraham Adolphus James, Eldon Revare Fish, Frederick Perry Samuel Hastie, William Henry Jay, John Fisher, Roger Dummer Goldstein, Joseph Hawley, Joseph Jeffries, Jr., John Calvin Fiss, Owen Mitchell Goldstone, Richard J. Hayes, John Lord Jenney, Charles Francis Fletcher, George Philip Goodell, Jr., Abner Cheney Hazard, John Newbold Jessup, Philip Caryl Flom, Joseph Harold Goodhart, Arthur Lehman Hazard, Jr., Geoffrey Johnson, Elmer William Force, Manning Ferguson Goodrich, Herbert Funk Cornell Johnson, Melvin Maynard Fosdick, Raymond Blaine Gordley, James Russell Hearn, William Edward Jolls, Christine Franck, Thomas Martin Gower, Laurence Cecil Hector, Louis Julius Jones, Harry Willmer Frankfurter, Felix Bartlett Heineman, Jr., Benjamin Jordan, Jr., Vernon Eulion Fremont-Smith, Marion R. Graetz, Michael J. Walter Julliot de la Morandiere, Freund, Paul Abraham Grant, Robert Helmholz, Richard H. Leon Frickey, Philip Paul Gray, Horace (1828-1902) Hemenway, Alfred Kadish, Sanford Harold Fried, Charles Gray, John Chipman Henkin, Louis Kagan, Elena Friedman, Lawrence M. (1839-1915) Hensler, Deborah R. Kagan, Robert Allen Friedmann, Wolfgang Gray, Morris Hernandez, Antonia Kahan, Dan M. Gaston Green, Nicholas Saint-John Heyman, Ira Michael Kahan, Marcel Friendly, Henry Jacob Greenawalt, Kent (Robert Higginbotham, Jr., A. Leon Kalven, Jr., Harry Frier, Bruce Woodward Kent) (Aloysius Leon) Kamisar, Yale Fulbright, James William Greenbaum, Edward Higgins, Rosalyn Kaplan, Benjamin Fuld, Stanley Howells Samuel Hillard, George Stillman Kaplan, Helene Lois Fuller, Lon Luvois Greenberg, Jack M. Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood Kaplan, John Fuller, Melville Weston Greene, Wilfrid Arthur Hoar, Samuel Kaplan, Mark N. Furness, Horace Howard Grey, Thomas C. Holdsworth, William Kaplow, Louis Gage, Thomas Hovey Grimm, Dieter Searle Karlan, Pamela Susan Gaither, James Castle Grinnell, Frank Washburn Holmes, Nathaniel Karst, Kenneth Leslie Galanter, Marc S. Griswold, Erwin Nathaniel Holmes, Oliver Wendell Katz, Milton Gardner, Richard Newton Gunther, Gerald (1841-1935) Katzenbach, Nicholas Garland, David W. Haar, Charles Monroe Horowitz, Donald Leonard DeBelleville Garrison, Lloyd Kirkham Hall, John Loomer Horsky, Charles Antone Katzmann, Robert Allen Gates, Sr., William H. Hall, Livingston Horwitz, Morton J. Kay, Herma Hill Gellhorn, Walter Hall, Walter Perley Hovenkamp, Herbert Kaye, Judith Smith Geny, François Hamburger, Philip Howe, Mark De Wolfe Kearse, Amalya Lyle George, Ronald Marc Hammond, John Wilkes Howe, Samuel Keeton, Robert Ernest Gerken, Heather K. Hand, Augustus Noble Howe, William Wirt Kelman, Mark Gregory Gilmore, Grant Hudson, John Elbridge Kelsen, Hans

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Kenealy, William James Lord, Daniel McCloy, John Jay Neuman, Gerald L. Kennedy, Duncan McLean Loring, Charles Greely McConnell, Michael Noonan, Jr., John Thomas Kennedy, Randall L. (1794-1867) William O’Brian, John Lord Kessler, Friedrich Loring, William Caleb McDougal, Myres Smith O’Connor, Sandra Day Ketchum, Phillips Loss, Louis Medina, Harold Raymond Olson, Ronald L. Klarman, Michael J. Lowell, Francis Cabot Meltzer, Bernard David O’Regan, Catherine (Kate) Knight, Jack (1855-1911) Meltzer, Daniel J. M.E. Knowlton, Marcus Perrin Lowell, James Arnold Mentschikoff, Soia Paine, Elijah Koh, Harold Hongju Lowell, John (1743-1802) Meron, Theodor Paine, Henry Warren Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome Lowell, John (1769-1840) Merrill, Thomas Wendell Paine, Robert Treat (1803- Konvitz, Milton Ridbaz Lowell, John (1824-1897) Meserve, Richard Andrew 1885) Kornhauser, Lewis A. Lozano, Monica Cecilia Meserve, Robert William Parker, Herbert Kramer, Larry D. Luban, David J. Michelman, Frank Isaac Parker, Isaac Krane, Howard G. Lumbard, Jr., Joseph Mikva, Abner J. Parker, Joel Kronman, Anthony Edward Miller, Geoffrey P. Parker, Philip Stanley Townsend Lummus, Henry Tilton Millstein, Ira Martin Parkman, Jr., Henry Kurland, Philip B. Macaulay, Stewart Minot, George Richards Parsons, Theophilus (1750- Landes, William M. Macedo, Stephen Joseph (1758-1802) 1813) Landis, James McCauley MacKinnon, Catharine Minow, Martha Louise Parsons, Theophilus (1797- Langbein, John Harriss Alice Minow, Newton Norman 1882) Langdell, Christopher Macmillan (Right Mishkin, Paul J. Patterson, Robert Porter Columbus Honorable Lord), Hugh Mitchell, William (1832- Pepper, George Wharton Law, Sylvia Ann Pattison 1900) Perkins, Thomas Nelson Lawton, Frederick Macneil, Ian R. Mitchell, William DeWitt Perley, Ira Laycock, Douglas Macneil, Sayre Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Pestel, Frederik Willem Lee, William F. Magill, M. Elizabeth Anton Peters, Ellen Ash Lempert, Richard Owen Magruder, Calvert Mnookin, Robert Harris Phelps, Edward John Lessig, Lawrence Mahoney, Maureen E. Monaghan, Henry Paul Phillips, Carter G. Lester (Lord Lester of Mahoney, Paul G. Moore, John Bassett Phillips, Willard Herne Hill QC), Mahony, Thomas Harrison Morgan, Jr., Edmund Pickering, John (1737- Anthony P. Maine, Henry James Morris 1805) Leverett, George Vasmer Sumner Morris, John Humphrey Pickering, Octavius Levi, David Frank Maitland, Frederic William Carlile Pildes, Richard H. Levi, Edward Hirsch Makarewicz, Julius Morris, Norval Ramsden Pitofsky, Robert Levi, John G. (Juliusz/Juljusz) Morrison, Trevor Plimpton, Francis Taylor Levin, A. Leo Mandela, Nelson Morton, James Madison Pearson Levinson, Daryl Manning, Bayless Andrew Morton, Jr., James Pollak, Louis Heilprin Levinson, Sanford V. Manning, John Francis Madison Pollock, Frederick Levmore, Saul Marbury, William Luke Murphy, Walter Francis Posner, Eric Liebman, Lance Malcolm Marshall, John Nagel, Robert Forder Posner, Richard Allen Linde, Hans Arthur Marshall, Margaret Hilary Nathanson, Nathaniel Post, Robert Charles Linowitz, Sol Myron Mashaw, Jerry Louis Louis Pound, Roscoe Lipson, Leon Samuel Matthews, Nathan Neal, Phil Caldwell Powell, Jr., Lewis Franklin Lipton, Martin Maunier, Rene Neier, Aryeh Powell, Thomas Reed Lord, Arthur McCall, Samuel Walker Neuborne, Burt Prest, William Morton

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Priest, George L. Scalia, Antonin Stevens, John Paul Tyng, Dudley Atkins Putnam, Samuel Schachter, Oscar Stevenson, Bryan A. Unger, Roberto Qua, Stanley Elroy Schaefer, Walter Vincent Stewart, Richard Burleson Mangabeira Raab, Jennifer J. Schauer, Frederick Stimson, Frederic Jesup Van Alstyne, William W. Radin, Margaret Jane Franklin Stone, Geoffrey Richard Vermeule, Adrian Radzinowicz, Leon Scheiber, Harry N. Stone, Harlan Fiske Vining, Joseph (George Rakoff, Jed S. Scheppele, Kim Lane Storey, Moorfield Joseph) Ramo, Roberta Cooper Schill, Michael H. Story, Joseph von Mehren, Arthur Ranney, George Schuck, Peter H. Strauss, David A. Taylor Raz, Joseph Schwartz, Alan Strauss, Peter L. Vorenberg, James Reardon, Paul Cashman Schwarz, Jr., Frederick Stuntz, William J. Wait, William Cushing Redlich, Joseph A.O. (Fritz) Sullivan, Kathleen Marie Wald, Patricia McGowan Regan, Donald H. Sclopis di Salerano Sumner, Increase Waldron, Jeremy James Rehnquist, William Hubbs (Count), Paolo Federigo Sundberg, Jacob Wilhelm Wambaugh, Eugene Reid, John Phillip Scott, Austin Wakeman Fredrik Warren, Bentley Wirt Resnik, Judith Scott, Francis Reginald Sunstein, Cass R. Warren, Earl Revesz, Richard L. Scott, James Brown Surrey, Stanley Sterling Warren, Edward Henry Rheinstein, Max Scott, Robert E. Sutherland, Arthur Eugene Warren, Elizabeth Rhode, Deborah L. Seidman, Louis Michael Swan, Thomas Walter Warren, Joseph Richardson, Elliot Lee Selznick, Philip Taft, William Howard Warren, Winslow Riesenfeld, Stefan Albrecht Sewall, David Takayanagi, Kenzo Washburn, Emory Robbins, Edward Sewall, Samuel Tatel, David S. Waxman, Seth Paul Hutchinson Shapiro, Irving Saul Taylor, Telford Wechsler, Herbert Roberts, Jr., John Glover Shavell, Steven M. Thacher, Peter Oxenbridge Weiler, Joseph H. H. Roberts, Odin Shaw, Lemuel Thayer, Ezra Ripley Weinrib, Ernest Roe, Mark J. Sheldon, Henry Newton Thayer, James Bradley Weinstein, Jack Bertrand Romano, Roberta Shiffrin, Seana Valentine Thomas, Benjamin Weisbach, David A. Root, Elihu Siegel, Reva Beth Franklin Wellington, Harry Hillel Rose, Carol Marguerite Simpson, Alfred William Thomas, Joshua West, Robin L. Rosenberg, Maurice Brian Thorne, Samuel Edmund White, Daniel Appleton Rosenthal, Albert Joseph Simpson, Sidney Post Thurston, Edward White, G. Edward (George Rosenthal, Lee H. Slaughter, Anne-Marie Sampson Edward) Rostow, Eugene Victor Smith, Jeremiah Traynor, Michael (John White, James Boyd Rubin, Alvin Benjamin Smith, Jr., Jeremiah Michael) Whitman, Edmund Allen Rugg, Arthur Prentice Smith, Thomas Broun Traynor, Roger John Whitman, James Q. Russell of Killowen Snyder, Aaron Cecil Trebilcock, Michael Whittemore, Arthur (Baron), Charles Sohn, Louis Bruno Triantis, George G. Easterbrook Sacks, Albert Martin Sonsini, Lawrence W. Tribe, Laurence Henry Wickersham, George Samuelson, Pamela Souter, David Trumbull, John (1750- Woodward Sandalow, Terrance Sovern, Michael Ira 1831) Wilde, Samuel Sumner Sanderson, George Spalding, John Varnum Tunc, Andre Robert Wilkins, David Brian Augustus Sprague, John Tushnet, Mark Victor Wilkins, Raymond Sanger Sargeant, Nathaniel Peaslee Stammler, Rudolf Tweed, Harrison Wilkinson III, James Sax, Joseph Lawrence Stearns, Asahel Twining, William Harvie Sayre, Francis Bowes Stephen, James Fitzjames Lawrence

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Williams, Glanville Altieri, Charles Francis Binchy, Daniel Anthony Brower, Reuben Arthur Llewelyn Anderson, Stephen Robert Birkerts, Sven P. Brown, Carleton Williston, Samuel Anderson-Imbert, Enrique Birnbaum, Henrik Brown, Herbert Ross Wilson, George Grafton Andrew, Dudley Maximilian Bruneau, Jean Louis Winter, Jr., Ralph Karl Armstrong, Edward Cooke Bischoff, Bernhard Brunetiere, Ferdinand Wirtz, William Willard Armstrong, Isobel Mair Bishop, Morris Gilbert Bruns, Gerald L. Wisdom, John Minor Arnold, William Blackall, Eric Albert Buck, Carl Darling Witt, John Fabian Rosenzweig Blackmur, Richard Palmer Buckley, Jerome Hamilton Wood, Diane Pamela Aronoff, Mark Bloch, Bernard Buell, Lawrence Woodbury, Peter Asin y Palacios, Miguel Bloch, R. Howard Burchfield, Robert William Wright (Right Honorable Atkins, Stuart Pratt Bloom, Harold Burke, Kenneth Duva Lord), Robert Alderson Atkinson, Justin Brooks Bloomfield, Maurice Burkert, Walter Wright, Charles Alan Atkinson, William Parsons Bloomfield, Morton Burlingame, Eugene Wu, John Ching Hsiung Austerlitz, Robert Paul Wilfred Watson Wu, Tim Babbitt, Irving Blume, Bernhard Walter Bush, John Nash Douglas Wyzanski, Jr., Charles Bailey, David Roy Blumstein, Sheila Ellen Butcher, Samuel Henry Edward Shackleton Bocher, Ferdinand Butler, Marilyn Speers Yarmolinsky, Adam Baldensperger, Fernand Boeckh, August Bywater, Ingram Yeazell, Stephen Campbell (Philippe-Jules-Fernand) Boissier, Marie Louis Cabot, James Elliot Young, Benjamin Loring Barish, Jonas Alexander Gaston Cameron, Alan D. Zeisel, Hans Barkan, Leonard Bolinger, Dwight Cameron, Sharon Zimring, Franklin Ester Barolini, Teodolinda LeMerton Campbell, Jr., Oscar James Zittrain, Jonathan L. Baron, Hans Bonner, Campbell Capps, Edward Bate, Walter Jackson Bonner, Robert Johnson Cardona, George Back to Subject Index Bates, Arlo Boodberg, Peter Alexis Carre, Jean-Marie Bates, William Nickerson Booth, Wayne Clayson Cassidy, Frederic Gomes Literary Beck, Charles Bopp, Franz Castro, Americo Bedier, Joseph Borgese, Giuseppe Antonio Catalan, Diego Menendez- Scholarship and Beer, Gillian Patricia Borroff, Marie Pidal Criticism and Beeson, Charles Henry Bowers, Fredson Thayer Caws, Mary Ann Bekker, Immanuel (August Boyle, Leonard Eugene Cecil (Lord), David Language Immanuel) Branca, Vittore Felice Chalmers, Gordon Keith Benfey, Christopher Brandes, Georg Morris Chambers, L. Ross Aaron, Daniel Benichou, Paul Cohen Chandler, James Kenneth Aarsleff, Hans Bennett, Jack Arthur Braudy, Leo Chang, Kang-i Sun Abrams, Meyer Howard Walter Bree, Germaine Channing, Edward Tyrrel Ackroyd, Peter Benson, Larry Dean Bresnan, Joan W. Chao, Yuen Ren Adams, Ebenezer Bentley, Eric Briggs, LeBaron Russell Chapman, Henry Leland Adams, Robert Martin Bentley, Gerald Eades Brodhead, Richard H. Chartier, Roger Adorno, Rolena Bercovitch, Sacvan Brombert, Victor Henri Cherniss, Harold Fredrik Allen, Don Cameron Berger, Harry Bromwich, David Child, Francis James Allinson, Francis Greenleaf Bernstein, Charles Bronson, Bertrand Harris Chinard, Gilbert Alonso, Amado Bernstein, Michael Andre Brooks, Cleanth Chomsky, Avram Noam Alpers, Paul Joel Bersani, Leo Brooks, Peter Preston Chow, Rey Alter, Robert Bernard Bevington, David Brooks, Van Wyck Clark, Walter Eugene

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Clausen, Wendell Vernon Dieckmann, Herbert Finley, Jr., John Huston Gonzalez Echevarria, Clover, Carol J. Diels, Hermann Alexander Fish, Stanley Eugene Roberto Coffman, George Raleigh Dihle, Albrecht Gottfried Fisher, Philip Goodwin, William Watson Cohen, Ralph Ferdinand Fitts, Dudley Grandgent, Charles Hall Cohn, Dorrit Dodds, Eric Robertson Fitzgerald, Robert Stuart Gray, Louis Herbert Colacurcio, Michael J. Donaldson, Ethelbert Fleming, John V. Greenberg, Moshe Compagnon, Antoine Talbot Foley, Helene Peet Greenblatt, Stephen Jay Marcel Donoghue, Denis Ford, George Harry Greene, Roland Conway, Robert Seymour Doran, Madeleine Kathryn Ford, Jeremiah Denis Greene, Thomas Copeland, Charles Dover, Kenneth James Mathias McLernon Townsend Dowty, David Roach Frank, Joseph Greene, William Chase Corngold, Stanley A. Doyle, Henry Grattan Frank, Tenney Greenfield, Jonas Carl Costello, Bonnie Drucker, Johanna Ruth Freccero, John Greenough, Chester Noyes Court de Gebelin, Antoine Dunn, Charles William Frisbie, Levi Greenough, James Cowgill, Warren Crawford Early, Gerald Lyn Fromkin, Victoria Bradstreet Crane, Ronald Salmon Edel, Joseph Leon Alexandra Grenoble, Lenore A. Crawford, James Pyle Edgerton, Franklin Frye, Herman Northrop Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Wickersham Ehrenpreis, Irvin Frye, Roland Mushat Grossman, Edith M. Crews, Frederick Campbell Elder, John Petersen Fumaroli, Marc Gubar, Susan D. Croll, Morris William Elisseeff, Serge Furness, Jr., Horace Guerard, Albert Joseph Cross, Jr., Frank Moore Elliott, Robert Carl Howard Guillen, Claudio Cross, Samuel Hazzard Ellmann, Richard David Furnivall, Frederick James Gulick, Charles Burton Culicover, Peter W. Else, Gerald Frank Gallagher, Catherine (M. Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich Culler, Arthur Dwight Emeneau, Murray Barnson Catherine) Gummere, Francis Barton Culler, Jonathan Dwight Empson, William Gamkrelidze, Thomas Gummere, Richard Mott Curran, Stuart Engell, James Valerianovich Guterbock, Hans Gustav Curtius, Georg Ernst, Carl William Gardner, Helen Louise Guy, Henri Cutler, Elbridge Jefferson Evans, D. Ellis Gates, Jr., Henry Louis Guy-Sheftall, Beverly Daleski, Hillel Matthew Evans, Gwynne Blakemore Geddes, Jr., James Haas, Mary Rosamond Damon, Samuel Foster Fagles, Robert Geldner, Karl Friedrich Hack, Roy Kenneth Damrosch, David Fanger, Donald Lee Gerzina, Gretchen Hadley, James Damrosch, Leo Farley, Frank Edgar Holbrook Haffenden, John Davie, Donald Alfred Fay, Charles Ernest Giamatti, Angelo Bartlett Hagstrum, Jean Howard Davis, Herbert John Feeney, Denis Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Hale, Kenneth Locke Dayan, Colin Felman, Shoshana Rosskeen Halle, Morris de Bary, William Theodore Felstiner, John Gilbert, Sandra M. Hamp, Eric Pratt de Man, Paul Adolph Felton, Cornelius Conway Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau Hanan, Patrick Dewes Michel Ferguson, Charles Albert Gilman, Sander L. Harbage, Alfred Bennett de Romilly, Jacqueline Ferguson, Frances Gilman, Stephen Hardison, Jr., Osborne Delbanco, Andrew Ferguson, Margaret W. Girard, Rene Noel Bennett Dembowski, Peter Florian Ferguson, Robert A. Goldhill, Simon D. Harmon, Austin Morris Demetz, Peter Fergusson, Francis Goldin, Judah Harris, Zellig Sabbettai Derrida, Jacques Ferry, Anne Goldman, Robert Phillip Harrison, Robert Pogue Diakonov (Diakonoff), Festugiere, Andre-Jean Goldsmith, John A. Harshav, Benjamin Igor Mikhailovich Fillmore, Charles John Gonda, Jan Hart, James David

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Hartman, Geoffrey H. Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, Kendrick, Asahel Clark Lehiste, Ilse Hatfield, Henry Caraway Freiherr von Keniston, Ralph Hayward Lejeune, Michel Haugen, Einar Ingvald Hunter, George Kennedy, George Lentricchia, Frank Richard Havelock, Eric Alfred Kirkpatrick Alexander Leslau, Wolf Havens, Raymond Dexter Hutcheon, Linda Ann Kenner, Hugh Levi, Sylvain Hawkins, Richmond Hynes, Samuel Kent, Roland Grubb Levin, Harry Tuchman Laurin Hyvernat, Eugene Xavier Kerby-Miller, Wilma Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer Hayles, N. Katherine Louis Henri Anderson Lewis, Tayler Hazard, Paul Ingalls, Daniel Henry Kermode, John Frank Lewis, Wilmarth Sheldon Heidel, William Arthur Holmes Kingsley, James Luce Li, Ling Heilbrun, Carolyn Gold Insler, Stanley Kirchhoff, Johann Wilhelm Lida, Raimundo [aka Cross, Amanda] Irwin, John T. Adolf Likhachev, Dmitrii Heim, Michael Henry Iser, Wolfgang Kittredge, George Lyman Sergeevich Heller, Erich Ivanov, Vyacheslav Klausner, Joseph Lindenberger, Herbert S. Helman, Edith Fishtine Vsevolodovich Knapp, Steven Linforth, Ivan Mortimer Henderson, Jeffrey Ivic, Pavle Knechtges, David R. Lipking, Lawrence Hendrickson, George Jackendoff, Ray Saul Knights, Lionel Charles Lloyd-Jones, Hugh (Peter Lincoln Jackson, Carl Newell Knox, Bernard McGregor Hugh Jefferd) Henrichs, Albert Jackson, Henry (1839- Walker Locke, William Nash Maximinus 1921) Koenen, Ludwig Long, Anthony Arthur Hexter, Ralph J. Jacobi, Hermann Georg Kolve, V. A. Lord, Albert Bates Hibbett, Howard Scott Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter Konstan, J. David Lounsbury, Thomas Hightower, James Robert Rudolph Kretschmer, Paul Raynesford Hills, Elijah Clarence Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm Krieger, Murray Lowe, Elias Avery Hirsch, Jr., Eric Donald Jakobson, Roman Kristeva, Julia Lowes, John Livingston Hirsch, Marianne Jameson, Fredric R. Kronenberger, Louis Lumiansky, Robert Mayer Hockett, Charles Francis Jamison, Stephanie W. Küpper, Joachim Lyon, David Gordon Hoenigswald, Henry Max Janko, Richard Charles Kurath, Hans MacCana, Proinsias Hofmann, Michael Murray Kuroda, Sige-Yuki Macdonell, Arthur Hohendahl, Peter Uwe Jasanoff, Jay H. Kurylowicz, Jerzy Anthony Hollander, Jr., Robert B. Jewett, James Richard Labov, William David Mack, Maynard Hollier, Denis Jones, Howard Mumford Ladefoged, Peter Nielsen Magoun, Jr., Francis Holman, Clarence Hugh Joseph, Brian Daniel Lamson, Roy Peabody Hopkins, Edward Jowett, Benjamin Lancaster, Henry Malkiel, Yakov Washburn Jusserand, Jean Adrien Carrington Manley, Lawrence G. Houghton, Walter Antoine Jules Lane, George Martin Marcus, Steven Edwards Kahane, Henry Lane, George Sherman Marichal, Juan Householder, Jr., Fred Kane, George Joseph Lang, Henry Roseman Martz, Louis Lohr Walter Kaplan, Alice Y. Langley, Ernest Felix Marx, Leo Howard, Albert Andrew Kaster, Robert A. Lanman, Charles Rockwell Mastronarde, Donald J. Howard, Leon Kazin, Alfred Lassen, Christian Matthews, Albert Howard, William Guild Keeley, Edmund Leroy Lattimore, Richmond Matthews, William Howe, Irving Keenan, Edward L. Alexander Richard Hughes, Merritt Yerkes Keene, Donald Lawrence Leavis, Frank Raymond May, Georges Claude Kelleher, John Vincent Lee, Hermione Mayrhofer, Manfred

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Mazon, Paul Mynors, Roger Aubrey Perlmutter, David M. Redford, Bruce Mazzotta, Giuseppe E. Baskerville Perloff, Marjorie Gabrielle Reiner, Erica McCarthy, John J. Nagy, Gregory Perrin, Bernadotte Rice, Keren D. McCawley, James David Napier, Arthur Sampson Peyre, Henri Maurice Rickford, John R. McClellan, Edwin Nash, Bennett Hubbard Phelps, William Lyon Ricks, Christopher Bruce McGann, Jerome John Navarro Tomas, Tomas Pickering, John (1777- Riffaterre, Michael Meillet, Antoine (Paul Neilson, William Allan 1846) Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm Jules Antoine) Newman, Barbara Jane Pierrehumbert, Janet Rizzi, Luigi Meltzer, Françoise Nichols, Stephen G. Breckenridge Roach, Joseph Menand, Louis Nicolson, Marjorie Hope Pike, Kenneth Lee Robinson, Fred Colson Mendelshon, Daniel Nitze, William Albert Poggioli, Renato Robinson, Fred Norris Mendelson, Edward North, Helen Florence Poirier, Richard Rollins, Hyder Edward Menendez Pidal, Ramon North, Michael A. Poirion, Daniel Root, Robert Kilburn Meritt, Benjamin Dean Norton, Elliot Pollock, Sheldon I. Rosenmeyer, Thomas Miles, Josephine Louise Noyes, George Rapall Pope, John Collins Gustav Miller, D. A. (1873-1952) Popkin, John Snelling Rosenthal, Franz Miller, Joseph Hillis Oertel, Hanns Posnock, Ross Roskies, David G. Miller, Perry Gilbert Eddy Oldfather, William Abbott Pottle, Frederick Albert Ryskamp, Charles Andrew Moore, Clifford Herschel Olney, James Poulet, Georges Sag, Ivan A. Moran, William Lambert Ong, Walter Jackson Praz, Mario Said, Edward William More, Paul Elmer Orgel, Stephen Kitay Prendergast, Christopher Salisbury, Edward Elbridge Moretti, Franco Osborn, James Marshall A. Sanders, Henry Arthur Morgan, Morris Hicky Ossola, Carlo M. Prescott, Henry Santirocco, Matthew S. Morot-Sir, Edouard Ostwald, Martin Washington Saussy, Caleb Powell Haun Barthelemy Otis, Brooks Price, Martin Scarry, Elaine Morpurgo Davies, Anna Owen, Stephen Pritchard, William H. Schevill, Rudolph Elbina Paducheva, Elena V. Pritsak, Omeljan Schneider, Heinrich Morrison, Theodore Page, Curtis Hidden Pullum, Geoffrey Keith Scholes, Robert Morson, Gary Saul Page, Denys Lionel Putnam, Michael Courtney Scholte, Jan Hendrik Most, Glenn W. Paris, Gaston Bruno Paulin Jenkins Schone, Albrecht Moulton, William Parker, Charles Pomeroy Quint, David Louis Schor, Naomi Gamwell Parry, Milman Quirk (Baron), Charles Schorer, Mark Muller, Herbert Joseph Partee, Barbara Hall Randolph Schuchard, W. Ronald Muller, Max (Friedrich Patch, Howard Rollin Rabate, Jean-Michel Schucking, Levin Ludwig Max) Patterson, Annabel M. Rahv, Philip Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky Munro, Hugh Andrew Paulson, Ronald Howard Ramanujan, A. K. (Attipat Segal, Charles Paul Johnstone Pavel, Thomas Krishnaswami) Seidensticker, Edward Murdock, Kenneth Ballard Pearce, Roy Harvey Ramazani, Jahan George Murray, Gilbert (George Pearsall, Derek Albert Rampersad, Arnold Sells, Michael A. Gilbert Aime) Pease, Arthur Stanley Rand, Edward Kennard Senelick, Laurence Philip Murray, James Augustus Peers, Edgar Allison Rawidowicz, Simon Sevcenko, Ihor Henry Percival, Walter Keith Rawlinson, Henry Sewall, Richard Benson Murrin, Michael Perez-Firmat, Gustavo Creswicke Sewall, Stephen Muscatine, Charles Francisco Rawson, Claude Julien Seymour, Thomas Day Perkins, David Dodd Ray, Gordon Norton Seznec, Jean-Joseph

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Shackleton, Robert Tatlock, John Strong Perry Wellek, Rene Literature Shapiro, James S. Taylor, Archer Wendell, Barrett Shattuck, Roger Whitney Thiersch, Friedrich Weston, George Benson (Creative Writing) Sheldon, Edward Stevens Wilhelm Whatmough, Joshua Shell, Marc Thiong’o, Ngugi wa Whicher, George Frisbie Abani, Christopher U. Sherburn, George Wiley Thomas, Frederick William White, Elwyn Brooks Abe, Kobo Shuger, Debora Kuller Thomson, William White, Hayden Abish, Walter Sieburth, Richard Thorpe, James White, Helen Constance Achebe, Chinua Silverman, Kenneth Ticknor, George White, John Williams Ackerman, Diane Eugene Tillotson, Geoffrey Whitman, Cedric Hubbell Ackroyd, Peter Silverstein, Michael Todorov, Tzvetan Whitney, William Dwight Adichie, Chimamanda Simpson, David E. Torrey, Charles Cutler Wilkins, Ernest Hatch Ngozi Simpson, Jr., Claude Toy, Crawford Howell Willard, Sidney Albee, Edward Franklin Mitchell Trachtenberg, Alan Wimsatt, Jr., William Alder, Ken L. Simpson, Lewis P. Trilling, Lionel Kurtz Alfred, William Singleton, Charles Tucker, Herbert F. Wineapple, Brenda Amichai, Yehuda Southward Tuve, Rosemond Witzel, Michael (E. J. Amis, Martin Sitney, P. Adams Twaddell, William Michael) Ammons, Archie Smith, Barbara Herrnstein Freeman Wolfson, Harry Austryn Randolph Smith, Hallett Darius Twersky, Isadore Wood, Michael Appelfeld, Aharon Smith, Henry Nash Ullman, Berthold Louis Woodring, Carl Ray Arnold, Matthew Smith, Horatio Elwin van Buitenen, Johannes Worcester, Joseph Ashbery, John Lawrence Smyth, Herbert Weir Adrian Bernard Emerson Asimov, Isaac Sokel, Walter Herbert Van Hook, La Rue Worrell, William Hoyt Atwood, Margaret Sollors, Werner Vendler, Helen Hennessy Wright, Charles Henry Auchincloss, Louis Stanton Solmsen, Friedrich Rudolf Vickers, Brian William Conrad Auster, Paul Heinrich Vietor, Karl Wright, John Henry Bacon, Leonard Sommerfelt, Alf Axelsson Voegelin, Charles Wright, Louis Booker Banks, Russell Sophocles, Evangelinus Frederick Wylie, Laurence William Banville, John Apostolides von Hallberg, Robert Yates, Frances Amelia Barnes, Julian P. Spacks, Patricia Meyer von Jagemann, Hans Carl Yeazell, Ruth Bernard Barth, John Simmons Starck, Taylor Gunther Young, Karl Beattie, Ann Starobinski, Jean Isaac Wachtel, Andrew Baruch Yu, Anthony C. Beckett, Samuel Steiner, George Waith, Eugene Mersereau Yu, Pauline Ruth Behrman, Samuel Stewart, Garrett Walpole, Ronald Noel Zeitlin, Froma I. Nathaniel Stewart, Zeph Ward, Aileen Zgusta, Ladislav Bellow, Saul Stillinger, Jack Clifford Warner, Michael D. Ziff, Larzer Benet, Stephen Vincent Stock, Brian Charles Wasserman, Earl Reeves Zink, Michel Berry, Wendell E. Alexander Watkins, Calvert Ward Ziolkowski, Jan M. Berryman, John Stokoe, William Clarence Watt, Ian Pierre Ziolkowski, Theodore Beston, Henry Striedter, Jurij Weber, Samuel Miles Joseph Bidart, Frank Sturtevant, Edgar Howard Webster, Noah Zwicky, Jr., Arnold Birkerts, Sven P. Summers, Joseph Holmes Weinberg, Bernard Melchior Bishop, Elizabeth Sundquist, Eric John Weinhold, Karl Bly, Robert E. Sweeney, John Lincoln Wellbery, David E. Back to Subject Index Boland, Eavan A.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Boll, Heinrich Theodor Dos Passos, John Guare, John Jen, Gish Bonnefoy, Yves Dove, Rita F. Guillen, Jorge Jin, Xuefei (Ha) Borges, Jorge Luis Drabble, Margaret Gunn, Thomson William Johnson, Charles Richard Brodsky, Joseph Dyer, Geoff Gurganus, Allan Johnson, Diane Lain Alexandrovich Eberhart, Richard Hadas, Rachel Jones, Edward P. Bryant, William Cullen Ghormley Chamberlayne Just, Ward Swift Busch, Frederick Matthew Edmonds, Walter Dumaux Hall, Donald Kaplan, Justin Byatt, Antonia Susan Eliot, Thomas Stearns Hamburger, Philip Paul Keillor, Garrison Calasso, Roberto Ellison, Ralph Waldo Hampl, Patricia Keneally, Thomas Michael Calisher, Hortense Emerson, Ralph Waldo Hardwick, Elizabeth Kennedy, John Pendleton Camus, Albert Erdrich, Louise Hardy, Thomas Kennedy, William Joseph Carey, Peter Erskine, John Hare, David Kincaid, Jamaica Carson, Anne Eugenides, Jeffrey Kent Harper, Michael S. Kingston, Maxine Hong Cather, Willa Everett, Percival Harrison, James T. Kinnell, Galway Chabon, Michael Fadiman, Anne Hass, Robert Kinsella, Thomas Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Ferry, David Russell Hawkes, John Kipling, Rudyard Cheever, John Fo, Dario Hayes, Terrance A. Koch, Kenneth Ciardi, John Anthony Foote, Horton Hazzard, Shirley Komunyakaa, Yusef Claudel, Paul Louis Forbes, Esther [Mrs. A.L. Heaney, Seamus Justin Krutch, Joseph Wood Charles Marie Hoskins] Hecht, Anthony Evan Kundera, Milan Clifton, Lucille Thelma Ford, Richard Hellman, Lillian Kushner, Tony Coetzee, John M. Forster, Edward Morgan Hempel, Amy La Farge, Oliver Hazard Coffin, Robert Peter Frayn, Michael Herbert, Zbigniew Perry Tristram Frisch, Max Rudolf Hersey, John Larkin, Philip Arthur Cohen, Leonard Norman Frost, Robert Lee Hijuelos, Oscar Laughlin, James Cole, Henri Fuentes, Carlos Hill, Geoffrey William Leger, Alexis Saint-Leger Coover, Robert Fugard, Athol Hillman, Brenda L. (Marie-Rene Auguste Cowley, Malcolm Gaddis, William Hillyer, Robert Silliman Alexis Saint-Leger) Creeley, Robert Galsworthy, John Hoagland, Edward [pseudonym Saint-John Cunningham, Michael Gass, William Howard Hollander, John Perse] Davenport, Guy Ginsberg, Allen Holmes, John Albert Lentricchia, Frank Richard Davis, Lydia Ginzburg, Natalia Holmes, Oliver Wendell Levine, Philip Davison, Peter Hubert Gluck, Louise Elisabeth (1809-1894) Linney, Romulus DeLillo, Don Goldman, Francisco Horgan, Paul George Longfellow, Henry Denk, Jeremy Goldsmith, Barbara Vincent O’Shaughnessy Wadsworth Di Piero, W. S. (William Goldstein, Rebecca Howard, Maureen Longley, Michael Simone) Gordimer, Nadine Howard, Richard Joseph Lopate, Phillip Dickey III, James Lafayette Gottlieb, Robert A. Howe, Susan Lowell, James Russell Didion, Joan Graham, Jorie Hughes, James Langston Lurie, Alison Dillard, Annie Grass, Gunter Huntington, Archer MacLeish, Archibald Doctorow, E. L. (Edgar Gray, Francine du Plessix Milton Mahfouz, Naguib Lawrence) Gregerson, Linda Ionesco, Eugene Mailer, Norman Dolan, Jill Griffiths, Paul Anthony Irving, John Winslow Malamud, Bernard Donoghue, Emma M. Grossman, Allen Richard Irving, Washington Mallon, Thomas Dorfman, Ariel Grossman, David Ishiguro, Kazuo Malraux, Andre

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Mann, Thomas Origo, Iris Margaret Segal, Lore Tóibín, Colm Matthiessen, Peter Cutting Shanley, John Patrick Tomlinson, Charles Mayer, Jane M. Oz, Amos Shapiro, Alan Torres Bodet, Jaime McBride, James Ozick, Cynthia Shapiro, Karl Jay Trethewey, Natasha D. McCarthy, Cormac Page, Thomas Nelson Shawn, Wallace Trevor, William McCarthy, Mary Paley, Grace Shepard, Sam Trilling, Diana Rubin McClatchy, J. D. Pamuk, Orhan Silko, Leslie Marmon Trumbull, John (1750- McCord, David Thompson Parsons, Thomas William Silone, Ignazio 1831) Watson Paz, Octavio Simic, Charles Tyler, Anne McEwan, Ian Russell Percy, Walker Simon, Claude Updike, John Hoyer McHugh, Heather Phillips, Carl Singer, Isaac Bashevis Valenzuela, Luisa McKibben, Bill Pier, Arthur Stanwood Slotkin, Richard S. Van Duyn Thurston, Mona McPherson, James Allen Pinkney, Jerry Smiley, Jane Graves Jane Merrill, James Ingram Pinsky, Robert Neal Snodgrass, W. D. (William Vargas Llosa, J. Mario Merwin, William Stanley Pinter, Harold Dewitt) Pedro Miller, Arthur Plumly, Stanley Snow, Charles Percy Vogel, Paula A. Millhauser, Steven Powers, J. F. (James Farl) Snyder, Gary Voigt, Ellen Bryant Milosz, Czeslaw Powers, Richard Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Vonnegut, Kurt Momaday, Navarre Scott Price, Reynolds Isaevich Waldrop, Rosmarie Moore, Lorrie (Marie Pritchett, Victor Sawdon Sontag, Susan Walker, Alice Tallulah Lorena) Prose, Francine Soyinka, Wole Kate Moore, Marianne Craig Proulx, E. Annie Spender, Stephen Harold Warren, Robert Penn Moravia, Alberto Quasimodo, Salvatore Spiegelman, Art Warren, Rosanna Morris, Wright Ransom, John Crowe St. John, David Welty, Eudora Morrison, Toni (Chloe Rich, Adrienne Stallings, Alicia Elsbeth Weschler, Lawrence Anthony) Robinson, Edwin Stedman, Edmund Michael Mukherjee, Bharati Arlington Clarence West, Rebecca [pseudonym Muldoon, Paul Robinson, Marilynne Stegner, Wallace Earle Cicily Fairfield Andrews] Munro, Alice Roth, Philip Stern, Gerald White, Edmund Murdoch, Jean Iris Sacks, Oliver Wolf Stern, Richard Gustave Whittemore (aka Reed Murray, Albert L. Sahgal, Nayantara Stewart, Susan Whittemore) II, Edward Naipaul, V. S. (Vidiadhar Salter, James Stone, Robert Anthony Reed Surajprasad) Salter, Mary Jo Stoppard, Tom Whittier, John Greenleaf Nash, Ogden (Frederick Sanders, Scott Russell Strand, Mark Wideman, John Edgar Ogden) Sante, Luc Marie Styron, Jr., William Clark Wiesel, Elie Nemerov, Howard Stanley Sarton, May Sze, Arthur C. Wilbur, Richard Purdy Neruda, Pablo Saunders, George William Szymborska, Wislawa Williams, C. K. (Charles Nishiwaki, Junzaburo Scammell, Michael Tate, Allen (John Orley Kenneth) Nottage, Lynn Schnackenberg, Gjertrud Allen) Williams, Tennessee Nunez, Sigrid Cecelia Taylor, Peter Matthew Wilson, August Oates, Joyce Carol Schwartz, Lynne Sharon Hillsman Wineapple, Brenda O’Brien, Tim Scott, Joanna Taylor, Peter Matthew Winters, Janet Lewis [aka Oe, Kenzaburo Seferiades, Giorgos Hillsman Janet Lewis] O’Faolain, Sean Stylianou [pseudonym Tennyson, Alfred Winters, Arthur Yvor Olds, Sharon George Seferis] Theroux, Paul Wister, Owen

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Wolfe, Tom Baraniuk, Richard G. Box, George Edward Coffin, John Huntington Wolff, Tobias Barenblatt, Grigory Pelham Crane Woodberry, George Isaakovich Brauer, Richard Dagobert Cohen, Paul Joseph Edward Barlow, Peter Breiman, Leo Coifman, Ronald Raphael Wright, C. D. Barnes, John Landes Brenner, Michael P. Colburn, Warren Wright, Jay Bartlett, William Holmes Brezis, Haïm Colding, Tobias Wright, Jr., Charles Penzel Chambers Brillinger, David Ross Cole, Julian David Young, Kevin L. Bartlett, William Pitt Brioschi, Francesco Colin de Verdiere, Yves Yourcenar, Marguerite Greenwood Broué, Michel Collins, Eduard Albert Zagajewski, Adam Bass, Hyman Browder, Felix Earl Christoph Ludwig (“Sir Batchelor, George Keith Browder, William Edward”) Back to Subject Index Beilinson, Alexander A. Brown, Ernest William Connes, Alain Bellman, Richard Ernest Brown, Jr., Edgar Henry Constantin, Peter S. Mathematics and Ben Arous, Gérard Brown, Lawrence David Conway, John Horton Bennett, Albert Arnold Bryant, Robert L. Coolidge, Julian Lowell Statistics Berestycki, Henri Buchsbaum, David Alvin Courtenay, Edward Henry Berger, Bonnie Burkholder, Donald Cox, David Roxbee Adams, Clarence Raymond Berger, Marsha J. Lyman Coxeter, Harold Scott Adams, John Couch Bergman, Stefan Byerly, William Elwood MacDonald Adler, Roy L. Berlekamp, Elwyn Caffarelli, Luis Angel Cramer, Harald Adrain, Robert Bers, Lipman Caflisch, Russel E. Crandall, Michael G. Aizenman, Michael Bertozzi, Andrea Louise Cajori, Florian Cremona, Luigi (Antonio Albert, Abraham Adrian Beurling, Arne Karl August Calderon, Alberto Pedro Luigi Gaudienzo Aldous, David Bhargava, Manjul Candès, Emmanuel J. Giuseppe) Anderson, Henry James Bickel, Peter John Carleson, Lennart Axel Crighton, David George Anderson, Theodore Billingsley, Patrick Paul Edvard Dafermos, Constantine Wilbur Bing, R. H. Cartan, Henri Paul Michael Andrews, George E. Birkhoff, Garrett Catlin, Marcus d’Alembert, Jean le Rond Anselin, Luc E. Birkhoff, George David Cauchy (Baron), Augustin Dantzig, George Bernard Archibald, Raymond Clare Birman, Joan S. Lyttle Louis Daubechies, Ingrid Chantal Arnold, Vladimir Igorevich Bishop, Errett A. Cayley, Arthur David, Guy R. P. Arthur, James Grieg Blackwell, David Harold Chang, Sun-Yung Alice Davies, Charles Artin, Emil Bliss, Gilbert Ames Chasles, Michel Davis, Stephen Howard Artin, Michael Bloch, Spencer Janney Chauvenet, William Day, Jeremiah Aschbacher, Michael Bocher, Maxime Cheeger, Jeff de Boor, Carl-Wilhelm George Bogolubov, Nikolai Chern, Shiing Shen Reinhold Askey, Richard Allen Nikolaevich Chernoff, Herman de la Vallee-Poussin, Atiyah, Michael Francis Bombieri, Enrico Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne Charles Jean Gustave Aumann, Robert John Borcherds, Richard Ewen Chorin, Alexandre Joel Nicolas Auslander, Maurice Borel, Armand Christ, F. Michael Dean, James Avery, Charles Boruch, Robert F. Christodoulou, Demetrios Deift, Percy A. Babai, László Bott, Raoul Church, Alonzo Deligne, Pierre Babbage, Charles Boutet de Monvel, Louis Cochran, William Dempster, Arthur P. Bahadur, Raghu Raj Bouton, Charles Leonard Gemmell Denjoy, Arnaud Baouendi, M. Salah Bowley, Arthur Lyon DeVore, Ronald A.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Diaconis, Persi Furstenberg, Hillel Hanlon, Philip J. Jones, Vaughan Frederick Dickson, Leonard Eugene Fuss, Nicolaus von Hansen, Morris Howard Randal Dijkstra, Edsger Wybe Gabai, David Hardy, Godfrey Harold Jordan, Michael I. Dobrushin, Roland Garabedian, Paul Roesel Harris, Joseph D. Kac, Mark Lvovich Garding, Lars Hart, Sergiu Kac, Victor Donoho, David L. Gauss, Carl Friedrich Heins, Maurice Haskell Kadane, Joseph B. Doob, Joseph Leo Gehring, Frederick Helgason, Sigurdur Kakutani, Shizuo Douglas, Jesse William Herman, Richard H. Kalman, Rudolf Emil Drinfeld, Vladimir Geiringer, Hilda Hermite, Charles Kaplansky, Irving Duffin, Richard James Gelfand, Israel Hill, Thomas Karlin, Samuel Durrett, Richard T. Moiseyevich Hille, Einar Kato, Kazuya Dvoretzky, Aryeh Gill, Charles Hironaka, Heisuke Katok, Anatole Dynkin, Eugene B. Gleason, Andrew Mattei Hirzebruch, Friedrich Katz, Nicholas M. Efron, Bradley Glimm, James Gilbert Ernst Peter Kazhdan, David Eilenberg, Samuel Godel, Kurt Friedrich Hitchcock, Frank Lauren Keldysh, Mstislav Eisenbud, David Goldfeld, Dorian Hochschild, Gerhard Paul Vsevoldovich Elliott, Ezekiel Brown Goldstein, Sydney Hochster, Melvin Keller, Herbert Bishop Engquist, Björn Goldstine, Herman Heine Hodge, William Vallance Keller, Joseph Bishop Erdos, Paul Golubitsky, Martin Douglas Kellogg, Oliver Dimon Eskin, Alex Gomory, Ralph Edward Hoeffding, Wassily Kemeny, John George Etingof, Pavel Good, Irving John Hoffman, Alan Jerome Kenig, Carlos E. Euler, Leonhard Gorenstein, Daniel Holmes, Philip John Kenyon, Richard W. Evans, Griffith Conrad Gottlieb, David Hopf, Heinz Kesten, Harry Evans, Lawrence Craig Graham, Fan Chung Hopkins, Michael J. Kiefer, Jack Carl Farrar, John Graham, Ronald Lewis Hormander, Lars Klainerman, Sergiu Federer, Herbert Graustein, William Caspar Hou, Thomas Yizhao Klawe, Maria Feferman, Solomon Green, Mark Lee Householder, Alston Scott Klee, Victor L. Fefferman, Charles Louis Greengard, Leslie Howard, Louis Norberg Kleene, Stephen Cole Fefferman, Robert A. Greenspan, Harvey Philip Howe, Roger Evans Klein, Christian Felix Feit, Walter Grenander, Ulf Hrushovski, Ehud Kleitman, Daniel J. Feller, William Griess, Jr., Robert L. Hsiang, Wu-chung Kodaira, Kunihiko Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Griffiths, Phillip Augustus Huber, Peter Jerome Kohn, Joseph John Fisher, Ronald Aymler Gromov, Mikhael Huntington, Edward Kohn, Robert V. Fleming, Wendell Helms Gross, Benedict Hyman Vermilye Kolchin, Ellis Robert Franklin, Fabian Gross, Leonard Hurewicz, Witold Kollar, Janos Franklin, Philip Grothendieck, Alexander Hutton, Charles Kolmogorov, Andrei Freedman, David Amiel Guckenheimer, John Iwaniec, Henryk Nikolayevich Freedman, Michael Hartley Guillemin, Victor William Iwasawa, Kenkichi Kopell, Nancy Jane Frenkel, Edward Hacon, Christopher D. Jackson, Dunham Kostant, Bertram Frenkel, Igor B. Hadamard, Jacques Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob Kottwitz, Robert E. Friedlander, Eric Mark Salomon Jacobson, Nathan Kra, Bryna R. Friedman, Avner Hall, Frederick Jacquet, Herve M. Krein, Mark Grigorievich Friedman, Jerome H. Hall, Jr., Marshall Jerison, David Kreiss, Heinz Otto Friedrichs, Kurt Otto Hamilton, Richard Johnstone, Iain M. Kruskal, Martin David Fulton, William Hamilton, William Rowan Jones, Peter Wilcox Kruskal, William Henry

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Krylov, Nicolai Manin, Yuri I. Mosteller, Frederick Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Vladimirovich Margulis, Grigorii (Charles Frederick) Jacques Kurtz, Thomas G. Alexandrovich Mostow, George Daniel Rabin, Michael Oser Ladyzhenskaya, Olga Marsden, Jerrold E. Mrowka, Tomasz Stanislaw Rabinowitz, Paul H. Alexandrovna Martin, Donald Anthony Mumford, David Bryant Raftery, Adrian E. Langer, Rudolph Ernest Martin, William Ted Nash, Jr., John Forbes Rao, Calyampudi Langlands, Robert Phelan Massey, William Nelson, Edward Radakrishna Lawler, Gregory Francis Schumacher Newman, Charles M. Rapoport, Anatol Lawson, Jr., H. Blaine Matsusaka, Teruhisa Newton, Hubert Anson Ratner, Marina Lax, Peter David Mazur, Barry Charles Neyman, Jerzy Raudenbush, Stephen W. Lazarsfeld, Robert K. McClintock, Emory Ngô, Bảo Châu Reissner, Eric (Max Erich) Le Cam, Lucien Marie McCullagh, Peter Nirenberg, Louis Ribet, Kenneth A. Legendre, Adrien Marie McDuff, Dusa (Margaret Nulty, Eugenius Richardson, Roland Lehmann, Erich Leo Dusa) Okounkov, Andrei George Dwight Lenstra, Jr., Hendrik McKean, Jr., Henry Pratt Oliver, James Edward Rivlin, Ronald Samuel Willem McLaughlin, David W. Ooguri, Hirosi Robbins, Herbert Ellis Leray, Jean McMullen, Curtis Tracy Ore, Oystein Robinson, Abraham Levi-Civita, Tullio Meier, Paul Ornstein, Donald Samuel Robinson, Julia Bowman Levinson, Norman Melrose, Richard Burt Osgood, William Fogg Rokhlin, Vladimir Lewy, Hans Meyer, Yves Francois Osher, Stanley J. Rosser, John Barkley Li, Peter Wai-Kwong Miles, John Wilder Ostrogradsky, Mikhail Rota, Gian-Carlo Liggett, Thomas M. Miller, George Abram Vasilievich (Michel) Roth, Klaus Friedrich Light, Richard Jay Milne, Edward Arthur Papanicolaou, George Rothschild, Linda Preiss Lighthill, Michael James Milnor, John Willard Pearce, Edward Rubin, Donald Bruce Lin, Chia-Chiao Minicozzi II, William P. Pearson, Karl Rudin, Mary Ellen Lin, Fang-Hua Mirzakhani, Maryam Peirce, Benjamin Ruelle, David Pierre Lions, Jacques Louis Moise, Edwin Evariste Peirce, Benjamin Osgood Runkle, John Daniel Liouville, Joseph Montgomery, Deane Peirce, James Mills Rutledge, George Lipka, Joseph Moore, Calvin Cooper Perelson, Alan S. Saari, Donald Gene Little, Roderick Joseph Moore, Clarence Lemuel Perlis, Alan Jay Saffman, Philip Geoffrey Alexander Elisha Peskin, Charles Samuel Salem, Raphael Loomis, Lynn Harold Moore, Derek William Peterson, Franklin Paul Saloff-Coste, Laurent Lubbock (Baronet), John Moore, Eliakim Hastings Phillips, Henry Bayard Sarnak, Peter Clive William Moore, Gregory Winthrop Phillips, Ralph Saul Schiffer, Menahem Max Lubotzky, Alexander Morawetz, Cathleen Synge Phong, Duong H. Schmid, Wilfried Ludwig, Donald Mori, Shigefumi Picard, Charles Emile Schmidt, Wolfgang M. Lusztig, George Morley, Frank Pike, Nicholas Schoen, Richard Melvin Mackey, George Whitelaw Morrey, Jr., Charles Pipher, Jill Schutzenberger, Marcel- MacLane, Saunders Bradfield Poincare, Jules Henri Paul MacPherson, Robert Morrison, David R. Poisson, Simeon Denis Schwartz, Jacob Theodore Duncan Morse, Marston (Harold Polya, George Scott, Dana Stewart Magidor, Menachem Marston) Poncelet, Jean Victor Seaver, Edwin Pliny Majda, Andrew J. Moser, Jurgen Kurt Poonen, Bjorn Mikhail Segal, Irving Ezra Malliavin, Paul Georges Moses, Lincoln Ellsworth Popa, Sorin T. Seidel, Paul A. Mandelbrot, Benoit Baruch Selberg, Atle

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Serganova, Vera Suslin, Andrei Wallach, Nolan R. Zygmund, Antoni Serre, Jean-Pierre Alexandrovich Walsh, Joseph Leonard Serrin, James Burton Sylvester, James Joseph Waterman, Michael Back to Subject Index Shafarevich, Igor R. Szego, Gabor Spencer Shahidi, Freydoon Taber, Henry Weierstrass, Karl Theodor Medicine and Shapley, Lloyd Stowell Tamarkin, Jacob David Wilhelm Shatah, Jalal Tao, Terence Weinberger, Hans Felix Health Shelah, Saharon Tapia, Richard A. Weinstein, Alan David Shepp, Lawrence Alan Tarjan, Robert Endre Weiss, Benjamin Abbas, Abul K. Sherwin, Thomas Tarski, Alfred Wermer, John Abbot, Samuel Leonard Shor, Peter Williston Tataru, Daniel Ioan Weyl, Hermann (Claus Abboud, François M. Siegel, Carl Ludwig Tate, Jr., John Torrence Hugo Hermann) Adams, Raymond DeLacy Siegmund, David Oliver Taub, Abraham Haskel Whitehead, Alfred North Adhya, Sankar Simon, Barry Taubes, Clifford Henry Whitehead, George Adler, Nancy E. Simon, Leon Melvyn Taylor, Jean Ellen William Aiken, Linda Harman Simons, James Harris Taylor, Michael E. Whitham, Gerald Al-Awqati, Qais Singer, Isadore Manuel Taylor, Richard Lawrence Beresford Albright, Fuller Sipser, Michael Temam, Roger M. Widder, David Vernon Alexander, Benjamin Siu, Yum-Tong Thom, Rene Frederic Widom, Harold Allbutt, Thomas Clifford Sjöstrand, Johannes N. Thompson, Elizabeth Wiener, Norbert Allen, Arthur Wilburn Skorokhod, Anatoli Alison Wigderson, Avi Allison, Nathaniel Vladimirovich Thompson, John Griggs Wiles, Andrew J. Alt, Frederick Wayne Slepian, David Thurston, William Paul Wilkinson, James Hardy Amory, Robert Smale, Stephen Tian, Gang Wilks, Samuel Stanley Andral, Gabriel Smyth, William Tits, Jacques Leon Williams, Ruth J. Appleton, Nathaniel Snyder, Virgil Toomre, Alar Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Walker Solovay, Robert Martin Tracy, Craig A. Wold, Herman Ole Aronson, Peter S. Spencer, Donald Clayton Truesdell III, Clifford Andraeas Aub, Joseph Charles Spencer, Thomas Ambrose Wolfowitz, Jacob Augustine, Donald Leslie Staffilani, Gigliola Tucker, Albert William Woodin, W. Hugh Ausiello, Dennis A. Stanley, Richard Peter Tukey, John Wilder Woods, Frederick Austen, Karl Frank Stark, Harold Mead Tyler, Harry Walter Shenstone Austen, W. Gerald Stein, Elias Menachem Uhlenbeck, Karen Keskulla Wright, Margaret Hagen (William Gerald) Sternberg, Schlomo Zvi Uhlmann, Gunther Yau, Horng-Tzer Avery, Mary Ellen Stigler, Stephen Mack Ulam, Stanislaw Marcin Yau, Shing-Tung Ayer, James Bourne Stoker, James Johnston Varadhan, Srinivasa Yosida, Kosaku Bainton, Dorothy Ford Stone, Marshall Harvey Rangaiyengar Young, Lai-Sang Balch, Franklin Greene Story, William Edward Veblen, Oswald Yu, Bin Bancroft, Edward Strang, William Gilbert Vergne, Michele Francoise Zariski, Oscar Barker, Benjamin Fordyce Strauss, Walter A. Vinberg, Ernest Borisovich Zelen, Marvin Barker, Clyde Frederick Strogatz, Steven H. Vishik, Mark I. Zelmanov, Efim Barlow, Thomas Strong, Theodore Vogan, David Alexander Zhang, Shou-Wu Barondess, Jeremiah Stroock, Daniel Wyler von Neumann, John Zimmer, Robert J. Abraham Struik, Dirk Jan Wachter, Kenneth Wilcox Zippin, Leo Barr, Joseph Seaton Sullivan, Dennis Parnell Wahba, Grace Zworski, Maciej Rafal Bartlett, Elisha

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Bartlett, Josiah Bradley, Stanley Edward Clark, Dean Alexander Deutsch, Helene Bauer, Walter Braunwald, Eugene Clark, William Irving Rosenbach Baumgartner, Leona Bremer, Frederic Gaston Clarke, Edward Hammond DeWitt, Benjamin Baylies, William Nicolas Clements, John Allen Dexter, Lewis Beecher, Henry Knowles Brenner, Barry Morton Cogan, David Glendenning Diamond, Louis Klein Beeson, Paul Bruce Brinkhous, Kenneth Merle Cole, Rufus Dingle, John Holmes Behring, Emil Adolph von Brodie, Benjamin Collins Coles, Robert (Martin Dirks, John Herbert Bell, Graeme I. Brosin, Henry Walter Robert) Dock, William Bell, Luther Vose Brown, Myles A. Coller, Barry Spencer Doering, Carl Rupp Benatar, Solomon R. Brues, Austin Moore Comer, James Pierpont Dole, Vincent Paul Bennett, Jean Brunton, Thomas Lauder Coolidge, Algernon Doll, Richard (William Bennett, Joe Claude Bunn, Howard Franklin Cooper, Max Dale Richard Shaboe) Bennett, Jr., Ivan Loveridge Burnett, Charles Hoyt Cope, Oliver Donahoe, Patricia Kilroy Benz, Jr., Edward John Burwell, Charles Sidney Corvol, Pierre Dorfman, Albert Berggren, Per-Olof Bush, Ian Elcock Cory, Suzanne Downing, James R. Berry, George Packer Butler, Allan Macy Cotting, Benjamin Eddy Dragstedt, Lester Reynold Beutler, Ernest Cabot, Arthur Tracy Cotzias, George Drake, Daniel Bibring, Grete Lehner Cabot, Richard Clarke Constantin Drake, Michael Vincent Bigelow, George Hoyt Cahill, Jr., George Francis Councilman, William Draper, Frank Winthrop Bigelow, Henry Jacob Campbell, Charles Macfie Thomas Drown, Solomon Billings, John Shaw Campbell, Kevin Peter Cournand, Andre Frederic Druker, Brian Jay Bing, Peter Stephen Carethers, John Michael Craik, Charles S. DuBois, Eugene Floyd Binger, Carl Alfred Carrel, Alexis Cushing, Harvey Williams Duke, Robin Chandler Lanning Carson, Dennis Anthony Cutler, Elliott Carr Duke-Elder, Stewart Biorck, Gunnar Carl Casadevall, Arturo DaCosta, Jacob Mendez (William Stewart) Wilhelm Castellani, Aldo Daley, George Q. Dunphy, John Englebert Blackfan, Kenneth Daniel Castle, William Bosworth Dameshek, William Durkee, Silas Blake, Clarence John Castleman, Benjamin Danforth, Samuel Earls, Felton James Blake, Francis Gilman Celli, Angelo Dang, Chi Van Ebaugh, Jr., Franklin Blalock, Alfred Cerami, Anthony Daughaday, William Gessford Bloomfield, Clara Derber Chalmers, Thomas Clark Hamilton Ebert, Robert Higgins Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen Channing, Walter David, John Rouben Edelman, Elazer Reuven Blumberg, Baruch Samuel Chapin, Charles Value Davidson, Beverly L. Edes, Robert Thaxter Blumer, George Chapman, Carleton Burke Davidson, Charles Edsall, David Linn Blumgart, Herrman Cheever, David Sprecher Edsall, Geoffrey Ludwig Cheever, David Williams Davis, Karen Eisenberg, Leon Bock, Arlie Vernon Chen, Lincoln Chih-ho Debas, Haile Tesfaye Ellis, Calvin Bond, Douglas Danford Chen, Zhu Debre, Robert Epstein, Charles Joseph Bowditch, Henry Ingersoll Childs, Barton DeLong, Mahlon Robert Epstein, Jonathan A. Bowlby, Edward John Chinnaiyan, Arul M. Denny-Brown, Derek Ewalt, Jack Richard Mostyn Chobanian, Aram V. Ernest Fagin, Claire Mintzer Bowman, William Choppin, Purnell Derby, George Falconer, William Braceland, Francis James Whittington Desmond-Hellmann, Fanconi, Guido Bradford, Edward Hickling Christian, Henry Asbury Susan Farber, Sidney Bradford, Gamaliel Churchill, Edward Delos Deterling, Jr., Ralph Alden Farmer, Paul Edward

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Farnsworth, Dana Lyda Gimbrone, Jr., Michael Hayward, George Jacobi, Abraham Fauci, Anthony Stephen Anthony Hench, Philip Showalter Jacobson, Leon Orris Faulkner, James Morison Ginsburg, David Henderson, Donald Ainslie Jain, Rakesh K. Feinberg, Andrew Paul Glaser, Robert Joy Hertig, Arthur Tremain Jameson, J. Larry (James Fernald, Walter Elmore Glass, Christopher K. Hiatt, Howard Haym Larry) Feron, Jean (John) Glimcher, Laurie Hollis Higginbotham, Eve J. Jamison, Kay Redfield Ferriero, Donna M. Glimcher, Melvin Jacob High, Katherine Ann Janeway, Charles Alderson Finch, Clement Alfred Goldstein, Joseph Leonard Himsworth, Harold Jarvis, Charles Fine, Jacob Goodale, Joseph Lincoln Percival Jarvis, Edward Fineberg, Harvey Vernon Gorgas, William Crawford Ho, David D. Jenner, Edward Finland, Maxwell Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Hobbs, Helen Haskell Johnson, Paula A. Fins, Joseph J. Greene, Harry Sylvestre Hodges, Richard Manning Jones, Chester Morse Fisher, Joshua Nutting Hogness, John Rusten Jones, Robert Fishman, Alfred Paul Greene, Warner Craig Holmes, Oliver Wendell Joslin, Elliott Proctor Fishman, Mark Charles Greenough, Robert Battey (1809-1894) June, Carl H. Fiske, Oliver Groopman, Jerome Holyoke, Edward Augustus Kan, Yuet Wai Fitz, Reginald Gross, Robert Edward Homans, John Kaplan, Henry Seymour Fitz, Reginald Heber Grossman, Morton Irvin Home (Baronet), Everard Karnovsky, Morris John FitzGerald, Garret Adare Gruman, Jessie Hooker, Sanford Burton Kass, Edward Harold Fitzpatrick, Thomas Grumbach, Melvin Hooper, Robert William Kassirer, Jerome Paul Bernard Malcolm Hopkins, Donald Roswell Kastan, Michael Barry Flexner, Simon Guttmacher, Alan Frank Horsley, Victor Alexander Katabira, Elly T. Florey, Howard Walter Haber, Daniel Arie Haden Kaushansky, Kenneth Folkman, Moses Judah Haber, Edgar Horwood, Murray Philip Keating, Mark Taylor Folsom, Charles Follen Haddow, Alexander Hosack, David Keefer, Chester Scott Foster, Daniel Willett Hale, Enoch Hosmer, Alfred Keen, William Williams Foster, Jr., Henry Wendell Halliburton, John Howard, John Clarke Kelley, William Nimmons Francis, Jr., Thomas Halsted, William Stewart Howe, Percy Rogers Kieff, Elliott Dan Fraumeni, Jr., Joseph Ham, Thomas Hale Hubbard, Jr., William Neill Kim, Jim Yong Francis Hamburg, David Alan Huber, Edward Godfrey King, Jr., Talmadge Everett Fredrickson, Donald Sharp Hammond, William Huggins, Charles Brenton Kipnis, David Morris Freedman, Daniel Xander Alexander Hume, Edgar Erskine Kirschstein, Ruth Lillian Frei III, Emil Harrison, John Hartwell Hunt, Ebenezer Klebanoff, Seymour Joseph Frenk, Julio Harrison, Ross Granville Hunter, Donald Kleinman, Arthur Michael Furth, Jacob Harrison, Tinsley Hunter, Thomas Harrison Kneeland, Jr., Samuel Gajdusek, Daniel Carleton Randolph Ingelfinger, Franz Joseph Knight, Frederick Irving Gale, Benjamin Harvey, Abner McGehee Ingraham, Franc Douglas Knowles, John Hilton Gamble, James Lawder Hauser, Stephen L. Isselbacher, Kurt Julius Knudson, Alfred George Garland, Joseph Havel, Richard Joseph Jacks, Tyler E. Koop, Charles Everett Geschwind, Norman Hay, Gustavus Jackson, Henry (1858- Kornfeld, Stuart Arthur Gesell, Arnold Lucius Haygarth, John 1940) Korsmeyer, Stanley J. Gibbon, Jr., John Heysham Hayman, Jr., Joseph Jackson, James Krane, Stephen Martin Gigli, Irma Marchant Jackson, John Barnard Krugman, Saul Gilliland, Gary Hays, Isaac Swett Kubie, Lawrence Gilman, Sid Hays, Isaac Minis Jackson, Jr., Henry Schlesinger

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Lacy, Paul Eston Lyman, George Hinckley Miyajima, Mikinosuke Paul, John Rodman Langmuir, Alexander MacDonald, Paul Cloren Moore, Carl Vernon Peabody, Francis Weld Duncan MacLennan, David H. Moore, Francis Daniels Peirson, Abel Lawrence Lawrence, William (1783- Magrath, George Burgess Morimoto, Richard I. Penfield, Wilder Graves 1867) Mahley, Robert W. Morison, Robert Swain Percival, Thomas Lazar, Mitchell Avery Majerus, Philip Warren Moritz, Alan Richards Perkins, Henry Coit Leadbetter, Wyland Majno, Guido Moss, William Lorenzo Petersdorf, Robert George Fenway Malamud, William Motulsky, Arno Gunther Pickering, George White Leaf, Alexander Mallory, Frank Burr Murray, Joseph E. Pierce, Chester Leavell, Hugh Rodman Mann, James Mussey, Reuben Dimond Middlebook Lee, Philip Randolph Marks, Paul Alan Nabel, Elizabeth G. Pinn, Vivian Winona Lee, Roger Irving Martin, Joseph Boyd Nadelson, Carol C. Plimpton, Calvin Hastings Lefkowitz, Robert Joseph May, James Vance Nathan, David Gordon Ploog, Detlev Walter Leiden, Jeffrey Marc Mayer, Jean Nathanson, Ira Theodore Plum, Fred Lejeune, Jerome Jean Louis Mayo, William James Needleman, Philip Politzer, Adam Marie McCormick, Frank P. Neer, Eva Julia Pool, James Lawrence Lenardo, Michael J. McDermott, Jr., William Neilson, Eric G. Pope, Alfred Lerner, Aaron Bunsen Vincent Nemer, Mona Popper, Hans Lettsom, John Coakley McDermott, Walsh Nesheim, Malden Charles Potts, Jr., John Thomas Levine, Rachmiel McDevitt, Hugh O’Neill Nestler, Eric J. Poussaint, Alvin Francis Levine, Samuel Albert McFarland, Ross New, Maria Iandolo Pratt, Joseph Hersey Lieberman, Judy Armstrong Nichols, Charles Lemuel Prescott, Oliver Lifton, Richard P. McIntosh, Rustin Nichols, Edward Hall Proger, Samuel Herschel Lifton, Robert Jay McKusick, Victor Almon Nowell, Peter C. Prusiner, Stanley Ben Lindberg, Donald A. B. McNeil, Barbara Joyce Nussbaum, Robert L. Ptacek, Louis J. Lindemann, Erich Means, James Howard Nussenzweig, Victor Putnam, Charles Gideon Lister, Joseph Meigs, Joe Vincent O’Leary, Dennis D.M. Putnam, Charles Pickering Littlefield, John Walley Mellinkoff, Sherman Olefsky, Jerrold M. Putnam, James Jackson Livingston, David Morse Mussoff Oliver, Benjamin Lynde Putnam, Tracy Jackson Locke, Edwin Allen Mello, Craig Cameron Oliver, Daniel Querido, Andries Locksley, Richard Michael Mendelsohn, John Olopade, Olufunmilayo I. Quinby, William Carter Loeb, Robert Frederick Menninger, William Claire Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Rabkin, Mitchell Thornton London, Irving Myer Merchant, Juanita L. Orkin, Stuart Holland Rackemann, Francis Minot Longcope, Warfield Merrill, John Putnam Orne, Joseph Rammelkamp, Charles Theobald Merritt, Hiram Houston Osborn, June Elaine Henry Loscalzo, Joseph Miller, Charles Phillip Osgood, Robert Bayley Rand, Isaac Louis, Pierre Charles Miner, Leroy Matthew Osler, William Ranney, Helen Margaret Alexandre Simpson Page, Irvine Heinly Rapaport, Samuel I. Lovett, Robert Williamson Minot, Francis Paine, William Rapoport, Judith Livant Lowe, Scott William Minot, George Richards Palmer, Walter Walker Ravdin, Isidor Schwaner Lown, Bernard (1885-1950) Papayannopoulou, Thalia Ravetch, Jeffrey Victor Ludmerer, Kenneth Marc Mitchell, Silas Weir Park, Edwards Albert Ray, Isaac Lund, Fred Bates Mitchill, Samuel Latham Parkman, Samuel Rayer, Pierre Francois Lupski, James R. Mitelman, Felix Parrish, John A. Olive Luzzatto, Lucio Mixter, Samuel Jason Parsons, Theodore

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Recklinghausen, Friedrich Salk, Jonas Edward Smith, Jr., Lloyd Thomas, Lewis Daniel von Samuelsson, Bengt Hollingsworth Thorn, George Widmer Redlich, Fredrick Carl Ingemar Smith, Richard Mason Thorner, Michael Oliver Reichlin, Seymour Satcher, David Smith, Theobald Tosteson, Daniel Charles Relman, Arnold Seymour Sawyer, Micajah Snyder, Benson Rowell Treadwell, John Dexter Reynolds, Edward Sawyers, Charles Lazelle Snyder, John Crayton Tufts, Cotton Reynolds, John Phillips Scadden, David T. Snyder, Solomon Halbert Turner, Clair Elsmere Rhoads, Jonathan Evans Scheibel, Arnold Bernard Sognnaes, Reidar Fauske Tyler, John Eugene Richards, Dickinson Scheinberg, Israel Herbert Sonenberg, Nahum Tyzzer, Ernest Edward Woodruff Schlissel, Mark S. Sosman, Merrill Clary Unanue, Emil Raphael Richardson, William Schmid, Rudi (Rudolf) Spooner, William Unger, Roger Harold Lambert Schroeder, Steven A. Stamatoyannopoulos, Upham, Jabez Baxter Richmond, Julius Schwartz, William George Valentin, Louis Benjamin Benjamin Stanbury, John Bruton Valentine, William Robbins, Frederick Sedgwick, William Stanton, Alfred Hodgin Newton Chapman Thompson Stare, Fredrick John Vergnies, Francis Robins, Lee Nelken Seegmiller, Jarvis Edwin Starzl, Thomas Earl Verhoeff, Frederick Roby, Joseph Seidman, Christine Steinberg, Daniel Herman Rock, John Charles Seidman, Jonathan Stephenson, Franklin Viets, Henry Rouse Rodgers, Griffin Platt Seldin, Donald Wayne Bache Virchow, Rudolph Rogers, David Elliott Seligman, Arnold Max Stiles, Charles Wardell Vogelstein, Bert Rokitansky, Karl Freiherr Sellards, Andrew Watson Stille, Alfred von Müller, Friedrich von Shannon, James Augustine Stokes, Jonathan Wadsworth, Oliver Romano, John Shapiro, Larry Jay Storer, Horatio Robinson Fairfield Rosen, Bruce R. Shattuck, Frederick Stossel, Thomas Peter Walcott, Henry Pickering Rosen, Fred Saul Cheever Strong, Richard Pearson Waldenstrom, Jan Gosta Rosenau, Milton Joseph Shattuck, George Cheever Sullivan, Louis Wade Waldmann, Thomas Rosenberg, Leon Emanuel Shattuck, George Cheyne Sweet, William Herbert Alexander Rosenfield, Allan G. (1783-1854) Sweetser, William Walker, Arthur Earl Rosenheim, Max Leonard Shattuck, George Cheyne Swett, John Barnard Wang, Jean Yin Jen Ross, Joseph Foster (1813-1893) Talbot, Fritz Bradley Ware, Charles Eliot Roth, Jesse Shepherd, Francis John Talbot, Nathan Bill Ware, John Rothman, Paul B. Sheppard, Dean Talmage, David Wilson Warren, John (1753-1815) Rowe, John Wallis Sherr, Charles J. Tanner, James Mourilyan Warren, John (1874-1928) Rubenstein, Arthur Harold Sherrington, Charles Scott Taussig, Helen Brooke Warren, John Collins Ruggles, Arthur Hiler Shilling, Charles Wesley Taylor, Edward Wyllys (1778-1856) Rusch, Harold Paul Shine, Kenneth I. ter Meulen, Volker Warren, John Collins Rush, Benjamin Shope, Richard Edwin Terenius, Lars Yngve (1842-1927) Russell, Frederick Fuller Shurtleff, Nathaniel Terry, Robert Davis Warren, Jonathan Mason Russell, Paul Snowden Bradstreet Thacher, James Warren, Shields Rutstein, David Davis Siegelbaum, Steven A. Thannhauser, Siegfried Warren, Stephen T. Rutter, Michael Llewellyn Silverman, Richard Bruce Josef Washington, A. Eugene Ryan, Kenneth John Simmons, James Stevens Thayer, William Sydney Waterhouse, Benjamin Sabin, Albert Bruce Skorton, David J. Theiler, Arnold Watt, Fiona Mary Sacks, Oliver Wolf Smith, Clement Andrew Thier, Samuel Osiah Wearn, Joseph Treloar

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Weatherall, David John Zucker-Franklin, Dorothea Dixon, Frank James Koretzky, Gary A. Weibel, Ewald Rudolf Dubos, Rene Jules Koshland, Marian Elliott Weinstein, I. Bernard Back to Subject Index Dulbecco, Renato Kunkel, Henry George Weinstein, Louis Dworkin, Martin Lanier, Lewis Lee Weiss, Arthur Microbiology and Eaton, Jr., Monroe Davis Leonard, Warren J. Weiss, Soma Eisen, Herman Nathaniel Levy, Jay A. Weissleder, Ralph Immunology Enders, John Franklin Lichten, Michael J. Welch, William Henry Enquist, Lynn William Littman, Dan R. Welsh, Michael James Abbas, Abul K. Ephrussi-Taylor, Harriett Louvard, Daniel F. Welsh, Thomas Adelberg, Edward Allen Elizabeth Luria, Salvador Edward West, John Burnard Allison, James P. Ernst, Harold Clarence Lwoff, Andre Michel White, James Clarke Amos, Harold Falkow, Stanley Maaloe, Ole Urban (1833-1916) Arber, Werner Fauci, Anthony Stephen Mackaness, George White, James Clarke Arvin, Ann Margaret Fearon, Douglas T. Bellamy (1895-1981) Avery, Oswald Theodore Fields, Bernard Nathan MacLeod, Colin Munro White, Paul Dudley Azam, Farooq Ganem, Donald Emil Magasanik, Boris White, Raymond Leslie Baltimore, David Gest, Howard Mak, Tak Wah Wilkins, Robert Wallace Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Good, Robert Alan Marrack, Philippa Willard, Huntington Belding, David Lawrence Gordon, Jeffrey Ivan Charlotte Faxon Benacerraf, Baruj Gorini, Luigi Costantino Mathis, Diane J. Williams, Charles Herbert Berk, Arnold J. Greenberg, Everett Peter McCarty, Maclyn Williams, David R. Beutler, Bruce A. Gross, Carol A. McFall-Ngai, Margaret J. Williams, Francis Henry Bishop, John Michael Hahn, Beatrice H. Melchers, Georg Friedrich Williams, Henry Willard Blaser, Martin J. Halvorson, Harlyn Odell (Fritz) Williams, Lewis T. (Rusty) Bloom, Barry R. Haynes, Barton Ford Metchnikoff, Elias Wilson, Jean Donald Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen Henkin, Tina M. Meyer, Karl Friedrich Wistar, Caspar Bonner, David Mahlon Hershey, Alfred Day Milstein, Cesar Wolbach, Simeon Burt Bottomly, H. Kim Hirst, George Keble Mitchison, Nicholas Wolff, Sheldon Malcolm Burnet, Frank Macfarlane Hoffmann, Jules Alphonse Avrion Wolstenholme, Gordon Cairns, Hugh John Forster Horsfall, Jr., Frank Lappin Moon, Randall T. Ethelbert Ward Calame, Kathryn Lee Humphrey, John Herbert Mueller, John Howard Wood, George Bacon Campbell, Allan Ishizaka, Kimishige Muller-Eberhard, Hans Wood, Horatio Charles McCulloch Jannasch, Holger Joachim Wood, Jr., William Barry Cantor, Harvey Windekilde Nabel, Gary Jan Wright, James Homer Chase, Merrill Wallace Jerne, Niels Kaj Nathan, Carl F. Wyman, Morrill Cheever, Francis Sargent Johnson, Alexander Dixon Nathans, Daniel Wyman, Rufus Collier, Robert John (R. Johnson, Louise N. Neidhardt, Frederick Carl Wyngaarden, James Barnes John) Kabat, Elvin Abraham Nikaido, Hiroshi Yakovlev, Paul Ivan Colowick, Sidney Paul Kellenberger, Eduard Nossal, Gustav Joseph Yamada, Tadataka Colwell, Rita R. Keynan, Alexander Victor Young, Anne Buckingham Coons, Albert Hewett Kirkegaard, Karla Nussenzweig, Michel Zervas, Nicholas Corey, Lawrence Kluyver, Alfred Jan Claudio Themistocles Cresswell, Peter Koch, Robert (Heinrich Nussenzweig, Ruth Zoll, Paul Maurice Dausset, Jean Hermann Robert) Sonntag Zon, Leonard Ira Davis, Bernard David Koprowski, Hilary Old, Lloyd John

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Oudin, Jacques Henri Leon Natural History Ceballos González, Friis, Else Marie Marie Joseph Gerardo J. Frisch, Rose E. Palese, Peter and Ecology; Chapin III, F. Stuart Fuhrman, Jed A. Park, James Theodore Evolutionary and Charlesworth, Brian Futuyma, Douglas Joel Pasteur, Louis Charnov, Eric L. Gadagkar, Raghavendra Paul, William Erwin Population Biology Cheney, Dorothy L. Gavrilets, Sergey Prescott, Samuel Cate Chisholm, Sallie Watson Gingerich, Philip D. Prudden, Theophil Alberts, Susan C. Clack, Jennifer Alice Godfray, H. Charles J. Mitchell Allard, Robert Wayne Clark, Henry James Gojobori, Takashi Rao, Anjana Altmann, Jeanne Clark, James Samuel Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Rappuoli, Rino Altmann, Stuart Allen Clarke, Bryan Campbell Goodall (van Lawick- Roizman, Bernard Anderson, Wyatt W. Clegg, Michael Tran Goodall), Valerie Jane Russell, David W. Antonovics, Janis Cohen, Joel Ephraim Goodman, Morris Schreiber, Robert David Arnold, Stevan James Cole, Jonathan J. Gorham, Eville Scolnick, Edward Mark Atchley, William Reid Cole, Thomas Grandin, M. Temple Sela, Michael Attenborough, David Coley, Phyllis D. Grant, Barbara Rosemary Smith, Hamilton Othanel Frederick Colwell, Robert K. Grant, Peter Raymond Spear, Patricia G. Avise, John Charles Connell, Joseph Hurd Greene, Benjamin Daniel Spiegelman, Sol Ayala, Francisco Jose Coyne, Jerry Allen Greene, Harry Walter Stanier, Roger Yate Banks (Baronet), Joseph Crane, Peter Robert Grenfell, Bryan Thomas Stanley, Wendell Meredith Barrett, Spencer Charles Crow, James Franklin Haig, David Tenbroeck, Carl Hilton Daily, Gretchen Cara Hairston, Nelson George ter Meulen, Volker Bawa, Kamaljit Singh Darwin, Charles Robert Hall, Brian Keith Thompson, Craig B. Bazzaz, Fakhri A. Davis, Margaret Bryan Hanski, Ilkka Aulis Uhr, Jonathan William Behrensmeyer, Anna de Waal, Frans B.M. Hardin, Garrett James van Niel, Cornelis Katherine DeFries, Ruth S. Hastings, Alan M. Bernardus Bell, Graham A. C. del Pino Veintimilla, Heinrich, Bernd Vincent, (Jean) Hyacinthe Bennett, Albert F. Eugenia Maria Hilborn, Ray William Vitetta, Ellen Shapiro Bierbaum, Rosina M. DeLong, Edward Francis Hinde, Robert Aubrey Waksman, Byron Halsted Blackwell, Meredith May Dirzo, Rodolfo Hobbie, John Eyres Waksman, Selman Bormann, Frederick Donoghue, Michael John Hobbie, Sarah E. Abraham Herbert Eberhard, William G. Hoekstra, Hopi E. Walker, Bruce D. Bossert, William Hines Edwards, Scott Vernon Holekamp, Kay E. Weissman, Irving Lerner Bouve, Thomas Tracy Ehrlich, Anne Howland Holt, Robert Dan Weller, Thomas Huckle Brown, James Hemphill Ehrlich, Paul Ralph Hubbell, Stephen P. White, Benjamin Bull, James Jeffrey Emlen, Douglas J. Hudson, Richard Ralph Wigzell, Hans Lennart Bush, Guy L. Emlen, Stephen T. Huey, Raymond B. Rudolf Cairns, Jr., John Endler, John A. Ives, Anthony Ragnar Witte, Owen N. Carpenter, Stephen Russell Falkowski, Paul G. Iwasa, Yoh Wolfe, Ralph Stoner Carroll, Sean B. Feldman, Marcus William Jablonski, David Yokoyama, Wayne M. Carson, Hampton Felsenstein, Joseph Jackson, Jeremy Bradford Zinkernagel, Rolf Martin Lawrence Field, Christopher Bower Cook Zinsser, Hans Case, Ted J. Fitch, Walter Monroe James, Frances C. Caswell, Hal Frank, Steven A. Janzen, Daniel Hunt Back to Subject Index Franklin, Jerry Forest Jenkins, Jr., Farish Alston

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Kareiva, Peter Michael Moran, Nancy A. Schemske, Douglas W. Valentine, James William Karl, David Michael Moritz, Craig Schlesinger, William H. Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Kawanabe, Hiroya Murdoch, William W. Schluter, Dolph Vitousek, Peter Morrison Ketterson, Ellen D. Neel, James Van Gundia Schmitt, Johanna M. Vorontsov, Nikolay Kidwell, Margaret Gale Nei, Masatoshi Schoener, Thomas William Nikolayevich Kidwell, Susan Marie Niklas, Karl J. Schopf, J. William (James Wade, Michael J. Kimura, Motoo Novacek, Michael John William) Wagner, Günter Paul Kingsolver, Joel Grant Nuttall, Thomas Schulze, Ernst-Detlef Wainwright, Peter C. Kirkpatrick, Mark Odum, Eugene Pleasants Seeley, Thomas Dyer Wake, David Burton Knowlton, Nancy Orr, H. Allen Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Wake, Marvalee Hendricks Koehl, Mimi A. R. Paabo, Svante Seyfarth, Robert Martin Wall, Diana Harrison Koonin, Eugene V. Pacala, Stephen W. Shigesada, Nanako Ward, Bess R. Kreitman, Martin E. Pace, Jr., Norman Richard Shubin, Neil H. Werren, John Haynes Lake, James A. Packard, Julie E. Silk, Joan B. West-Eberhard, Mary Jane Lande, Russell Packer, Craig Simberloff, Daniel Westoby, Mark Lasseter, John Page, Jr., Robert Eugene Solomon Wetzel, Robert George Lawton, John H. Paine, Robert T. Slatkin, Montgomery Wheatland, Henry Lenski, Richard Eimer Partridge, Linda Slatyer, Ralph Owen White, Timothy Douglas Leopold, Aldo Starker Patrick, Ruth Slobodkin, Lawrence Basil Whitlock, Michael C. Leopold, Estella Bergere Pianka, Eric R. Smith, Frederick Edward Whittaker, Robert Harding Lerner, I. Michael (Isadore Pickett, Steward T. A. Sogin, Mitchell Lloyd Williams, George Michael) Pielou, Evelyn Chrystalla Sokal, Robert Reuven Christopher Levin, Bruce R. Pimm, Stuart Leonard Sokolov, Vladimir Wingfield, John C. Levin, Simon Asher Power, Mary Eleanor Yevgenyevich Woese, Carl R. Levins, Richard Price, Trevor Douglas Solbrig, Otto Thomas Woodwell, George Masters Lewontin, Richard Charles Pritchard, Jonathan K. Soltis, Douglas E. Yablokov, Alexey Li, Wen-Hsiung Provine, William B. Soltis, Pamela S. Vladimirovich Likens, Gene Elden Pusey, Anne Soule, Michael Ellman Yanofsky, Martin F. Losos, Jonathan B. Queller, David C. Southwood, Thomas Zuk, Marlene Lubchenco, Jane Raff, Rudolf A. Richard Edmund Ludwig, Donald Reich, Peter B. Stanton, Maureen L. Back to Subject Index Lynch, Michael Reznick, David N. Steele, John Hyslop Margulis, Lynn Ricklefs, Robert Eric Strassmann, Joan E. Markl, Hubert S. Rieseberg, Loren H. Strauss, Sharon Y. Matson, Pamela Anne Robinson, Gene Ezia Takahata, Naoyuki May, Robert McCredie Rohlf, F. James (Frank Templeton, Alan Robert Maynard-Smith, John James) Terborgh, John Whittle McCarthy, James Joseph Roughgarden, Joan Thompson, John N. McKenna, Malcolm Elizabeth Thorne, David Wynne Carnegie Ryan, Michael Joseph Tilman, George David McPeek, Mark Alan Ryther, John Hood Timofeeff-Ressovsky, Medina, Ernesto Antonio Sala, Osvaldo E. Nikolai Vladimirovich Melillo, Jerry M. Sanchez, Pedro A. Travis, Joseph Mittermeier, Russell A. Sarukhan Kermez, Jose Trivers, Robert L. Mooney, Harold Alfred Schaal, Barbara Anna Turelli, Michael

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Neurosciences, Carlson, John R. Fulton, John Farquhar Hyman, Steven Edward Caron, Marc G. Furshpan, Edwin Jean Ip, Nancy Y. Cognitive Sciences, Cepko, Constance Louise Fuster, Joaquin M. Iversen, Leslie Lars and Behavioral Changeux, Jean-Pierre Gabrieli, John Jacoby, Larry L. Churchland, Patricia Smith Gage, Fred H. Jameson [elected as Biology Cicourel, Aaron Victor Galambos, Robert Hurvich], Dorothea Cobb, Stanley Gazzaniga, Michael Jan, Lily Y. Abbott, Laurence F. Constantine-Paton, Saunders Jan, Yuh Nung Adelson, Edward H. Martha Georgopoulos, Apostolos P. Jessell, Thomas M. Adrian, Edgar Douglas Cooper, Leon Neil Gerard, Ralph Waldo Julius, David Agranoff, Bernard William Corey, David Paul Gigerenzer, Gerd Kaas, Jon Akil, Huda Cowan, William Maxwell Gilbert, Charles D. Kandel, Eric Richard Albright, Thomas D. Coyle, Joseph Thomas Ginty, David D. Kanwisher, Nancy Aldrich, Richard Warren Craik, Fergus I.M. Goldberg, Michael Ellis Karten, Harvey Jules Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo Crews, David Pafford Goldman-Rakic, Patricia Kelley, Darcy B. Andersen, Richard A. Dallos, Peter John Shoer Kelly, Regis B. Andreasen, Nancy C. Damasio, Antonio R. Goldstein, Kurt Kety, Seymour Solomon Angelaki, Dora E. Damasio, Hanna Goldstone, Robert L. Keverne, Eric Barrington Arechiga, Hugo Davis, Hallowell Goodman, Corey Scott Kiang, Nelson Yuan-Sheng Bargmann, Cornelia Dell, Gary S. Gorski, Roger Anthony Klatzky, Roberta L. Isabella DeLong, Mahlon Robert Granit, Ragnar Arthur Kleinfeld, David Barondes, Samuel Herbert Desimone, Robert Graybiel, Ann M. Knight, Robert T. Basbaum, Allan Dethier, Vincent Gaston Greenberg, Michael Eldon Knudsen, Eric Ingvald Baylor, Denis Aristide Dickinson, Michael Greengard, Paul Koch, Christof Bean, Bruce Palmer Hughes Greenough, William Kolodkin, Alex L. Bear, Mark Firman Donoghue, John P. Tallant Konishi, Masakazu Benzer, Seymour Doupe, Allison J. Grillner, Sten Erik Konorski, Jerzy Berthoz, Alain Dowling, John Elliott Gross, Charles Gordon Kravitz, Edward Arthur Bizzi, Emilio Dulac, Catherine Hagiwara, Susumu Krumhansl, Carol L. Blake, Randolph Eichenbaum, Howard Hall, Zach Winter Kuffler, Stephen William Bloom, Floyd Elliott Elkes, Joel Heinemann, Stephen Fox Kuhl, Patricia K. Bock, June Kathryn Elman, Jeffrey L. Henneman, Elwood Kuno, Motoy Boyden, Edward S. Enroth-Cugell, Christina Hikosaka, Okihide Landis, Story Cleland Brainard, Michael S. Evarts, Edward Vaughan Hildebrand, John Grant Landmesser, Lynn Therese Brazier, Mary Agnes Farah, Martha Julia Hillyard, Steven Allen LeDoux, Joseph E. Burniston Fernald, Russell Dawson Hinton, Geoffrey E. Lee, Virginia Man-Yee Breakefield, Xandra Owens Ferriero, Donna M. Hockfield, Susan Leeman, Susan Epstein Bronk, Detlev Wulf Ferster, David Leigh Hokfelt, Tomas Gustav Lester, Henry Allen Brown, Emery Neal Fessard, Alfred Eugene Magnus Lettvin, Jerome Ysroael Buck, Linda Brown Fettiplace, Robert Hood, Donald C. Levi-Montalcini, Rita Bullock, Theodore Holmes Fields, Howard Lincoln Hoy, Ronald Raymond Lisberger, Stephen G. Busemeyer, Jerome R. Finkelstein, Alan Hubel, David Hunter Livingston, Robert Burr Buttenwieser, Paul Arthur Fischbach, Gerald David Hudspeth, Albert James Livingstone, Margaret S. Callaway, Edward Matthew Flash, Tamar Huganir, Richard Lewis Llinas, Rodolfo Riascos Carew, Thomas James Freund, Tamas F. Hunt, Carlton Cuyler Loewi, Otto

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Logan, Gordon D. Pinker, Steven A. Swanson, Larry William Performing Arts Logothetis, Nikos K. Poggio, Tomaso A. Szentagothai, Janos Luo, Liqun Posner, Jerome Beebe Takahashi, Joseph S. and Music – Luria, Alexander Purves, Dale Tank, David W. Criticism and Romanovich Quarton, Gardner Cowles Tessier-Lavigne, Marc Maffei, Lamberto Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. Trevor Practice Magoun, Horace Winchell Raichle, Marcus E. Truman, James William Mahley, Robert W. Rakic, Pasko Turrigiano, Gina G. Adams, John (1947-) Malenka, Robert Charles Rall, Wilfrid Ugurbil, Kamil Alda, Alan Mandel, Gail Ratcliff, Roger Ullman, Shimon Alexander, Jane Marder, Eve Raviola, Elio Secondo Ungerleider, Leslie G. Allen, Woody Marler, Peter Robert Reichardt, Louis French Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Almodóvar, Pedro Martin, Kelsey C. Reichardt, Werner Ernst Vincent, Jean-Didier Alsop, Marin Maunsell, John Henry Rescorla, Robert A. Wall, Patrick David Altman, Robert Richard Rioch, David McKenzie Wandell, Brian A. Anderson, Marian Elina- Mayberg, Helen S. Rizzolatti, Giacomo Weber, Elke U. Blanche McConnell, Susan K. Romo, Ranulfo Wehner, Rudiger Arroyo, Martina McCormick, David A. Rosenblueth, Arturo Westbrook, Gary L. Austin, William Weaver McCulloch, Warren Stearns Wexler, Nancy Sabin Ax, Emanuel Sturgis Rushton, William Albert Wiesel, Torsten Nils Babbitt, Milton Byron McEwen, Bruce Sherman Hugh Wilson, Donald Melvin Baker, George Pierce Menaker, Michael Sabatini, Bernardo Luis Wilson, Matthew A. (1866-1935) Miledi, Ricardo Sanes, Joshua Richard Wilson, Rachel I. Barber, Samuel Miller, Earl K. Schiller, Peter H. Wise, Phyllis M. Barenboim, Daniel Milner, Brenda Atkinson Schneider, Dietrich Worden, Frederic Garfield Barron, Kenny Langford Herman Paul Wurtz, Robert Henry Baryshnikov, Mikhail Mishkin, Mortimer Sehgal, Amita Yates, J. Frank Bausch, Pina Monahan, John T. Sejnowski, Terrence Joseph Yau, King-Wai Bent, Margaret Hilda Morris, Richard G. M. Shatz, Carla Jo Young, Larry James Berger, Arthur Victor Mountcastle, Vernon Shepherd, Gordon Murray Zuker, Charles S. Berger, Karol Benjamin Sidman, Richard Leon Bergman, Ingmar Movshon, J. Anthony Siegelbaum, Steven A. Back to Subject Index Berio, Luciano Nathans, Jeremy Silver, Rae Berliner, Paul Franklin Nauta, Walle Jetze Harinx Solomon, Harry Caesar Bernstein, Jane A. Neville, Helen J. Southard, Elmer Ernest Bernstein, Leonard Newsome III, William T. Sperling, George Biggs, Edward George Nicoll, Roger Andrew Spitzer, Nicholas Canaday Power Nosofsky, Robert M. Squire, Larry Ryan Bilson, Malcolm Offit, Paul A. Stearns, Albert Warren Bishop, Andre Oldendorf, William Henry Stevens, Charles F. Blackwood, Michael Parada, Luis Fernando Strick, Peter L. Bohlman, Philip V. Pellegrino, James W. Stryker, Michael P. Bono [ see also Paul David Petrides, Michael Südhof, Thomas Christian Hewson] Pfaff, Donald Wells Suga, Nobuo Boulanger, Nadia Juliette Phelps, Elizabeth Anya Sur, Mriganka Boulez, Pierre

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Brendel, Alfred Davison, Archibald Goldovsky, Boris Keller, Harrison Brinkmann, Reinhold Thompson Goodrich, Wallace (John Kelly, Thomas Forrest Britten, Edward Benjamin Day-Lewis, Daniel Wallace) Kennedy, Kathleen Brook, Peter Stephen Paul de Mille, Agnes George Gossett, Philip Edward Kerman, Joseph Wilfred Brown, Howard Mayer De Niro, Robert Goto, Midori King, B. B. Brown, Trisha de Valois, Ninette Graham, Martha Austin Kinkeldey, Otto Brubeck, Dave Dench, Judith Grotowski, Jerzy Kirchner, Leon Brustein, Robert Sanford Denk, Jeremy Grout, Donald Jay Kirkpatrick, Ralph Bunuel, Luis DePreist, James Anderson Guinness, Alec Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Burgin, Richard Dewhurst, Colleen Gunning, Thomas Barbara Burnett, Carol Doguereau, Paul Rene Haar, James Edward Koussevitzky, Serge Cage, John Domingo, Placido Hagen, Uta Thyra Alexandrovich Caldwell, Sarah Dreyer, Carl Theodor Hampson, Thomas Kramer, Richard A. Carpenter, John Alden Dylan, Bob Hampton, Henry Eugene Kurosawa, Akira Carter, Jr., Elliott Cook Eastwood, Clinton Hancock, Herbert (Herbie) Lang, Paul Henry Casals, Pablo (Pau Carlos Ellington, Edward Jeffrey Laredo, Jaime Salvador Defillo de) Kennedy (Duke) Hanson, Howard LaRue, Jan Casella, Alfredo Engel, Carl Harbison, John Leacock, Richard Chadwick, George Erskine, John Harran, Don Lee, Ang Whitefield Falletta, JoAnn Harris, Ellen T. Lee, Spike Chavez, Carlos Falls, Robert Arthur Harris, Emmylou Legend, John Chen Yi, Fassler, Margot E. Hart, Kitty Carlisle Lehner, Eugene Child, Julia Feldman, Martha Hayes, Roland Leigh, Mike Chowning, John MacLeod Fellini, Federico Heartz, Daniel Leonard Leinsdorf, Erich Clifton, Chalmers Dancy Field, Sally M. Heilman, William Clifford Lesser, Laurence Clurman, Harold Edgar Finney, Ross Lee Hewson, Paul David [see Lesure, Francois Cohen, Leonard Norman Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich also Bono] Levin, Robert D. Cone, Edward Toner Fleisher, Leon Hill, Edward Burlingame Levine, James Converse, Frederick Fleming, Renée Hindemith, Paul Lewin, David Benjamin Shepherd Foote, Arthur William Hoffman, Dustin Lewis, Elma Ina Coolidge, Elizabeth Penn Forbes, Elliot Holliger, Heinz Robert Lewis, Leo Rich Sprague Forman, Milos Hood, Mantle Ligeti, Gyorgy Sandor Copland, Aaron Forte, Allen Horne, Marilyn Lithgow, John A. Coppola, Francis Ford Foss, Lukas Houghton, Charles Norris Lockwood, Lewis Henry Crawford, Richard Arthur Franklin, Benjamin Huston, Anjelica Loeffler, Charles Martin Croce, Arlene Louise Fuller, Sarah A. Imbrie, Andrew Welsh Tornov Crouch, Stanley Galati, Frank Joseph Israel, Robert Lowinsky, Edward Elias Crumb, George Henry Garafola, Lynn Jamison, Judith Lucas, Jr., George W. Cunningham, Merce Gardner, Robert Jarrett, Keith Ma, Yo-Yo D’Accone, Frank Anthony Grosvenor Jolas, Betsy McDonald Malick, Terrence d’Amboise, Jacques Geiringer, Karl Johannes Jones, Bill T. Mann, Robert Nathaniel Davidovsky, Mario Gielgud, Arthur John Jones, James Earl Marcus, Greil Davidson, Gordon Gilbert, Alan Jones, Jr., Quincy D. Marsalis, Wynton Davies, Dennis Russell Ginastera, Alberto Evaristo Jowitt, Deborah Martin, Steve Glass, Philip Kashkashian, Kim Martino, Donald James

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Mason, Daniel Gregory Pinkham, Jr., Daniel Seeger, Anthony Thomas, Augusta Read Mathiesen, Thomas James Rogers Seeger, Charles Louis Thompson, Randall Maysles, Albert Harry Pirrotta, Nino (Antonino) Sellars, Peter Thomson, Virgil Garnett McCartney, Paul Piston, Jr., Walter Hamor Senelick, Laurence Philip Tick, Judith McKellen, Ian M. Poitier, Sidney Serkin, Rudolf Tilson Thomas, Michael Mekas, Jonas Polisi, Joseph William Sessions, Roger Tippett, Michael Kemp Mendel, Arthur Porter, Andrew Huntington Tomlinson, Gary Mennin, Peter Anthony Powers, Harold Stone Shapey, Ralph Tower, Joan Peabody Menotti, Gian Carlo Pressler, Menahem Max Shelemay, Kay Kaufman Treitler, Leo Menuhin, Yehudi Jacob Shorter, Wayne Uchida, Mitsuko Merritt, A. Tillman Previn, André George Sibelius, Jean Julius Ulanova, Galina (Arthur Tillman) Price, Leontyne Christian Sergeyevna Messiaen, Olivier Rabaud, Henri Benjamin Sierra, Roberto Upshaw, Dawn Meyer, Leonard B. Rainer, Yvonne Sills, Beverly Vaughan Williams, Ralph Milhaud, Darius Ran, Shulamit Silverstein, Joseph Harry Villella, Edward Miller, Jonathan Wolfe Ratner, Leonard G. Simon, Paul von Stade, Frederica Milnes, Sherrill Reese, Gustave Simonds, Bruce Wajda, Andrzej Mirren, Helen Reich, Steve Sisman, Elaine Ward, John Milton Moeser, James Renoir, Jean Slatkin, Leonard Edward Washington, Denzel Monk, Meredith Reynolds, Christopher A. Slim, Harry Colin Waterston, Samuel A. Morris, Errol Mark Richards, Lloyd George Slobin, Mark S. Watts, Andre Morris, Mark Rigg, Diana Smith, David Stanley Webster, James Munch, Charles Rilling, Helmuth Solomon, Maynard E. Wheeldon, Christopher Muti, Riccardo Roach, Joseph Somfai, Laszlo Williams, John Mutter, Anna Sophie Robbins, Jerome Sondheim, Stephen Joshua Wilson, Robert Nettl, Bruno Robertson, Anne Walters Spalding, Walter Raymond Wolff, Christian Newcomb, Anthony Robertson, David Springsteen, Bruce Wolff, Christoph Johannes Nichols, Mike Rochberg, George Frederick Joseph Wong Kar Wai, Nikolais, Alwin Theodore Rollins, Theodore (Sonny) Stanley, Ralph Edmund Woodworth, George Norman, Jessye Walter Starker, Janos Wallace O’Connor, Tere R. Rorem, Ned Steinhardt, Arnold Wright, Craig M. Oistrakh, David Rosand, Ellen Stern, Isaac Wuorinen, Charles Peter Fyodorovich Rosen, Charles Stockhausen, Karlheinz Wyner, Yehudi Olivier, Laurence Kerr Ross, Alex Stoltzman, Richard Leslie Yu, Long Oppens, Ursula Rostropovitch, Mstislav Stravinsky, Igor Zaslaw, Neal Owens, Jessie Ann Leopoldowich Fyodorovich Zimmerman, Mary Alice Ozawa, Seiji Rothstein, Edward Streep, Meryl (Mary Zukofsky, Paul Pacino, Alfredo J. Saariaho, Kaija A. Louise) Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe Paine, John Knowles Salonen, Esa-Pekka Strehler, Giorgio Palisca, Claude Victor Sayles, John Thomas Strunk, Oliver (William Back to Subject Index Papp, Joseph Schreiber, Liev Oliver) Perle, George Schuller, Gunther Stucky, Steven Perlman, Itzhak Alexander Szell, George Petrassi, Goffredo Schuman, William Howard Terry, Charles Sanford Scorsese, Martin Tharp, Twyla

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Philosophy Broad, Charlie Dunbar Emerson, Ralph Waldo Hampshire, Stuart Newton Broadie, Sarah Waterlow Feigl, Herbert Hardacre, Helen Adams, Ernest Wilcox Bronowski, Jacob Feinberg, Joel Hare, Richard Mervyn Adams, Marilyn McCord Broome, John Field, Hartry Hamlin Harman, Gilbert Helms Adams, Robert Merrihew Brunschwig, Jacques Findlay, John Niemeyer Hartshorne, Charles Albanese, Catherine L. Burge, Charles Tyler Fine, Arthur Haslanger, Sally Albert, David Z. Burgess, John P. Fine, Kit Hausman, Daniel Murray Albritton, Rogers Garland Burnyeat, Myles Frederic Firth, Roderick Hedge, Levi Alston, William Payne Carnap, Rudolf Fiske, John Hellman, Geoffrey Paul Ameriks, Karl P. Cartwright, Nancy Delaney Fitch, Frederic Brenton Hempel, Carl Gustav Anderson, Elizabeth S. Castaneda, Hector-Neri Fodor, Jerry Alan Henrich, Dieter Annas, Julia Elizabeth Cavell, Stanley Louis Fogelin, Robert John Herman, Barbara Anscombe, Gertrude Chalmers, David John Follesdal, Dagfinn Kaare Hickok, Laurens Perseus Elizabeth Margaret Chisholm, Roderick Foot, Philippa Ruth Higginbotham, James Appiah, Kwame Anthony Milton Frankel, Charles Hill, Jr., Thomas English Armstrong, David Malet Cobb, Jr., John B. Frankena, William Klaas Hintikka, Jaakko J. Ayer, Alfred Jules Code, Alan D. Frankfurt, Harry Gordon Hocking, William Ernest Baier, Kurt Condorcet, Marie Jean Frede, Dorothea Aline Hook, Sidney Barnes, Jonathan Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Frede, Michael Hu, Shih Barwise, Kenneth Jon Marquis de Freeman, Samuel R. Hull, David Lee Beck, Lewis White Cooper, John Madison Friedman, Michael Husserl, Edmund Gustav Belnap, Nuel Copenhaver, Brian P. Gadamer, Hans-Georg Albrecht Benacerraf, Paul Joseph Coulson, Charles Alfred Gamwell, Franklin I. Irwin, Terence Henry Salomon Cousin, Victor Garber, Daniel E. Jaggar, Alison M. Bennett, Jonathan Francis Croce, Benedetto Garrett, Don James, William (1842- Berger, Harry Curley, Edwin Munson Geach, Peter Thomas 1910) Bergson, Henri Louis Danto, Arthur Coleman Gewirth, Alan Jaspers, Karl Theodor Berlin, Isaiah Darwall, Stephen L. Gibbard, Allan F. Jeffrey, Richard Carl Betz, Hans Dieter Davidson, Donald Herbert Gilbert, Margaret P. Jonas, Hans Bixler, Julius Seelye Demos, Raphael Gilson, Etienne-Henry Kagan, Shelly Black, Max Dennett, Daniel Clement Goldman, Alvin Ira Kahn, Charles H. Blackburn, Simon d’Entreves, Alexander Goodman, Nelson (Henry Kamm, Frances Myrna Blanshard, Brand Passerin Nelson) Kamp, Johan Anthony Block, Ned Donagan, Alan Harry Greene, Theodore Meyer Willem Boas, George Dreben, Burton Spencer Gregory, Tullio Kaplan, David Benjamin Bobbio, Norberto Dretske, Fred (Frederick Grene, Marjorie Glicksman Keller, Evelyn Fox Boghossian, Paul Artin Irwin) Grice, H. Paul (Herbert Kenny, Anthony John Boolos, George Stephen Dreyfus, Hubert L. Paul) Patrick Bowen, Francis Ducasse, Curt John Grunbaum, Adolf Kim, Jaegwon Braithwaite, Richard Bevan Dummett, Michael Gupta, Anil K. Kitcher, Philip S. Brandom, Robert Boyce Anthony Eardley Guyer, Paul D. Klibansky, Raymond Brandt, Richard Booker Dunn, Jon Michael Habermas, Jurgen Kolakowski, Leszek Bratman, Michael E. Dupre, Louis Hacking, Ian Korsgaard, Christine Brightman, Edgar Sheffield Earman, John S. Hamilton, William (1788- Marion Edman, Irwin 1856) Koyre, Alexandre

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Kraut, Richard Northrop, Filmer Stuart Royce, Josiah Taylor, Charles Margrave Kripke, Saul Aaron Cuckow Ryle, Gilbert Thomson, Judith Jarvis Kristeller, Paul Oskar Nozick, Robert Salmon, Wesley Charles Todorov, Tzvetan Kyburg, Jr., Henry Ely Nussbaum, Martha Craven Sartre, Jean-Paul Toulmin, Stephen Edelston Langer, Susanne Knauth O’Neill, Onora Sylvia Scanlon, Jr., Thomas Trendelenburg, Friedrich Langton, Rae Owen, Gwilym Ellis Lane Michael Adolf Larmore, Charles Palmer, George Herbert Scheffler, Israel van Benthem, Johan Lear, Jonathan Parfit, Derek Antony Scheffler, Samuel van Fraassen, Bas C. Lehrer, Keith Edward Parker, DeWitt Henry Schiffer, Stephen van Inwagen, Peter Levi, Isaac Parsons, Charles Dacre Schneewind, Jerome Velleman, J. David Lewis, Clarence Irving Parsons, Terence Dwight Borges Vlastos, Gregory Lewis, David Kellogg Passmore, John Arthur Schneider, Herbert von Weizsacker (Freiherr), Lindbeck, George A. Peacocke, Christopher Wallace Carl Friedrich Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Arthur Bruce Scholem, Gershom Von Wright, Georg Henrik Richard Pears, David Francis Gerhard Vuillemin, Jules Longino, Helen E. Peirce, Charles Santiago Schweitzer, Albert Walker, James Longuenesse, Beatrice Sanders Searle, John Rogers Walton, Kendall Lewis Lowith, Karl Pepper, Stephen Coburn Sedley, David Neil Wang, Hao MacFarlane, John Perry, John R. Seidenfeld, Teddy I. Watson, Gary L. MacIntyre, Alasdair Perry, Ralph Barton Sellars, Wilfrid Stalker Weil, Eric Chalmers Pettit, Philip Noel Shimony, Abner Eliezer West, Cornel Maddy, Penelope Jo Pippin, Robert B. Shoemaker, Sydney Whately, Richard Malament, David Baruch Plantinga, Alvin Carl Sharpless Whewell, William Malcolm, Norman Adrian Polanyi, Michael Sidgwick, Henry White, Morton Gabriel Mandelbaum, Maurice Popkin, Richard Henry Sieg, Wilfried Whitehead, Alfred North Mansel, Henry Longueville Popper, Karl Raimund Sklar, Lawrence Wiggins, David Marcus, Ruth Barcan Pratt, James Bissett Skyrms, Brian Wild, John Daniel Mates, Benson Priestley Smith, Michael Andrew Williams, Bernard Arthur Maudlin, Tim W.E. Beardsley, Monroe Curtis Soames, Scott Owen McCosh, James Putnam, Hilary Whitehall Sober, Elliott Williams, Michael J. McDowell, John Henry Quine, Willard Van Sorabji, Richard Rustom Williamson, Timothy McGee, Vann Orman Kharsedji Wilson, Margaret Dauler McKeon, Richard Peter Quinn, Philip L. Sosa, Ernest Wilson, Mark L. McMullin, Ernan Vincent Railton, Peter Albert Stace, Walter Terence Wolf, Susan Rose Mill, John Stuart Randall, Jr., John Herman Stalnaker, Robert Culp Wollheim, Richard Arthur Millikan, Ruth Garrett Rawls, John Stein, Howard Wolterstorff, Nicholas Mills, Charles W. Recanati, François Stevenson, Charles Leslie Wood, Allen William Mints, Grigori Reichenbach, Hans Stewart, Dugald Woods, James Haughton Morris, Charles William Remusat, Charles Francois Stich, Stephen Peter Woodward, James F. Mothersill, Mary Marie, Comte de Strawson, Peter Frederick Wright, Chauncey Murphy, Arthur Edward Rescher, Nicholas Striker, Gisela Wright, Crispin James Garth Nagel, Ernest Ricoeur, Paul Stroud, Barry Wyschogrod, Edith Nagel, Thomas Romero, Francisco Stump, Eleonore Yablo, Stephen Nehamas, Alexander Rorty, Richard McKay Suppes, Patrick Normore, Calvin Ross, William David Tait, William Walker Back to Subject Index

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Physics Banks, Thomas Brattain, Walter Houser Chaudhari, Praveen Bardeen, John Bray, Philip James Chew, Geoffrey Foucar Abbot, Joseph Hale Bardeen, William Allan Brechignac, Catherine Chodorow, Marvin Abbott, Laurence F. Bargmann, Valentine Breit, Gregory Christy, Robert Frederick Abelson, Philip Hauge Barish, Barry C. Brenner, Michael P. Chu, Paul Ching-Wu Abragam, Anatole Barnett, Samuel Jackson Brewster, David (Ching-Wu Paul) Abrahams, Elihu Barrett, Alan Hildreth Brezin, Edouard Chu, Steven Abrikosov, Alexei Barschall, Henry Herman Bridge, Herbert Sage Clark, George Whipple Alexeyevich Barus, Carl Bridgman, Percy Williams Clarke, John (1943-) Adair, Robert Kemp Bates, David Robert Briggs, Lyman James Clausius, Rudolph Julius Adelberger, Eric George Baym, Gordon Alan Brinkman, William Frank Emmanuel Adler, Stephen Louis Beams, Jesse Wakefield Brockhouse, Bertram Cockcroft, John Douglas Aharony, Amnon Beasley, Malcolm Roy Neville Cohen, Marvin Lou Ahlers, Guenter Bell, John Stewart Brode, Robert Bigham Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude Aigrain, Pierre Raoul Bell, Louis Broglie, Louis Victor Pierre Nessim Albrecht, Andreas J. Benedek, George Bernard Raymond de Coleman, Sidney Richard Alfven, Hannes Olof Gosta Berkner, Lloyd Viel Bromley, David Allan Colgate, Stirling Allis, William Phelps Berko, Stephan Brooks, Harvey Auchincloss Alpher, Ralph Asher Bethe, Hans Albrecht Brown, Gerald Edward Commins, Eugene David Altshuler, Boris Bhabha, Homi Jehangir Brown, Harold Compton, Arthur Holly Alvarez, Luis Walter Billings, Bruce Hadley Brown, Joseph Compton, Karl Taylor Amaldi, Edoardo Biot, Jean Baptiste Brown, Sanborn Conner Comstock, Daniel Frost Ames, Joseph Sweetman Birgeneau, Robert Joseph Brueckner, Keith Allan Condon, Edward Uhler Ames, Jr., Adelbert Bitter, Francis Buchsbaum, Solomon Jan Conwell, Esther Marly Anderson, Carl David Bjorken, James Daniel Bucksbaum, Philip Coolidge, William David Anderson, Herbert Blackett (Lord), Patrick Howard Cooper, Leon Neil Lawrence Maynard Stuart Buechner, William Weber Coppersmith, Susan N. Anderson, Philip Warren Bleakney, Walker Bumstead, Henry Andrews Coppi, Bruno Andrei, Eva Y. Bleaney, Brebis Busse, Friedrich Hermann Cormack, Allan MacLeod Anslow, Gladys Amelia Bloch, Felix Bustamante, Carlos J. Cornell, Eric Allin Appelquist, Thomas W. Bloembergen, Nicolaas Cabibbo, Nicola Cornu, Marie Alfred Appleton, Edward Victor Blume, Martin Cady, Walter Guyton Crabtree, George William Arima, Akito Boebinger, Gregory S. Callan, Curtis G. Crane, Horace Richard Arkani-Hamed, Nima Bohr, Aage Niels Campbell, Leslie Lyle Crawford, Franzo Hazlett Armstrong, John Allan Bohr, Niels Henrik David Capasso, Federico Crew, Henry Arrhenius, Svante August Bolt, Richard Henry Casimir, Hendrik Brugt Crewe, Albert Victor Artsimovich, Lev Boltzmann, Ludwig Gerhard Cronin, James Watson Andreevich Born, Max Cauchy (Baron), Augustin Cross, Charles Robert Austin, Robert Hamilton Bowen, Edward George Louis Cummins, Herman Auston, David Henry Bowers, Raymond Ceperley, David M. Zachary Awschalom, David D. Bragg, William Lawrence Chaffee, Emory Leon Dai, Hongjie Bacher, Robert Fox Braginsky, Vladimir Chaikin, Paul M. Damour, Thibault Bainbridge, Kenneth Borisovich Chamberlain, Owen Darrow, Karl Kelchner Tompkins Branscomb, Lewis Chan, Moses H. W. Dashen, Roger Frederick McAdory Charpie, Robert Alan Davis, Harvey Nathaniel

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Davis, Jr., Raymond Emery, Victor J. Gaffield, Thomas Haeberli, Willy Davisson, Clinton Joseph Esaki, Leo Gaillard, Mary Katharine Hahn, Erwin Louis Daw, Murray S. Evans, Robley Dunglison Garwin, Richard Lawrence Haldane, F. Duncan M. Dawson, John M. Ewald, Paul Peter Gates, Jr., Sylvester James (Frederick Duncan de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles Ewell, Arthur Woolsey Geballe, Theodore Henry Michael) de La Rive, Auguste Arthur Faddeev, Ludwig D. Geiss, Johannes Hall, Edwin Herbert de Shalit, Amos Fairbank, William Martin Gell-Mann, Murray Halperin, Bertrand Israel Debye, Peter Joseph Falcone, Roger W. Georgi, Howard Hänsch, Theodor William Fano, Ugo Getting, Ivan Alexander Wolfgang Dehmelt, Hans Georg Faraday, Michael Giaever, Ivar Hansteen, Christopher Demos, Peter Theodore Farnsworth, Harry Edward Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Happer, William Derr, Louis Feher, George Gibbs, Josiah Willard Harari, Haim Deser, Stanley Feigenbaum, Mitchell Jay Ginzburg, Vitaly Hardy, Arthur Cobb Deutsch, Martin Feld, Bernard Taub Lazarevich Haroche, Serge Devoret, Michel Henri Feldman, Gary J. Girvin, Steven M. Harrison, George Russell DeWitt, Bryce S. Feshbach, Herman Glaser, Donald Arthur Hartle, James Burkett Dicke, Robert Henry Fisher, Daniel S. Glashow, Sheldon Lee Harvey, George Graham Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Fisher, Matthew P. A. Glauber, Roy Jay Harvey, Jeffrey A. Dimopoulos, Savas Fisk, James Brown Goldberger, Marvin Hau, Lene Vestergaard Dine, Michael Fisk, Zachary Leonard Hawking, Stephen William Dirac, Paul Adrien Fitch, Val Logsdon Goldenfeld, Nigel David Haworth, Leland John Maurice Fleischer, Robert Louis Goldhaber, Gerson Haxton, Wick C. Dolbear, Amos Emerson Fleury, Paul Aimé Goldhaber, Maurice Hayes, Hammond Vinton Donnelly, Russell James Fortson, Edward Norval Goldstone, Jeffrey Heaviside, Oliver Dorfan, Jonathan Manne Fowler, Alan Bicksler Gollub, Jerry Paul Heisenberg, Werner Karl Drell, Persis Sydney Fradkin, Eduardo Hector Gonzalez, Gabriela Hellman, Frances Drell, Sidney David Franck, James Goodwin, Harry Manley Henley, Ernest Mark Dresselhaus, Mildred Frank, Nathaniel Herman Gordon, William Edwin Henry, Joseph Spiewak Frank, Philipp G. Gor’kov, Lev Petrovich Herman, Robert Drever, Ronald William Franklin, William Gorter, Cornelis Jacobus Herring, William Conyers Prest Suddards Gottfried, Kurt Herzfeld, Karl Ferdinand Drisko, William Johnson Frauenfelder, Hans Emil Goudsmit, Samuel Heymans, Paul Alphonse Dryden, Hugh Latimer Freedman, Daniel Z. Abraham Hickman, Roger Wayne Duane, William Freedman, Stuart Jay Greene, Laura H. Hill, Albert Gordon DuBridge, Lee Alvin Friedan, Daniel Harry Greytak, Thomas J. Ho, Tin-Lun Duff, Alexander Wilmer Friedel, Jacques Gribov, Vladimir Hodges, Nathaniel Dana Dynes, Robert Carr Friedman, Francis Lee Naumovich Carlile Dyson, Freeman John Friedman, Herbert Grodzins, Lee Hofstadter, Robert Dzyaloshinskii, Igor Friedman, Jerome Isaac Gross, David Jonathan Hohenberg, Pierre Claude Eastman, Dean Eric Frisch, David Henry Gruner, Sol Michael Holman, Silas Whitcomb Edlen, Bengt Frosch, Robert Alan Gunn, John Battiscombe Holstein, Theodore David Edwards, Helen Thom Fubini, Sergio Piero Gursey, Feza Holton, Gerald James Ehrenreich, Henry Furry, Wendell Hinkle Guth, Alan Harvey Horowitz, Gary T. Einstein, Albert Furth, Harold Paul Gutzwiller, Martin Charles Houston, William Elsasser, Walter Maurice Gabor, Dennis Ha, Taekjip Vermillion

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Huang, Kerson Kerman, Arthur Kent Lee, Benjamin Whisoh Mayer, Alfred Marshall Hubbard, John Charles Kerst, Donald William Lee, David Morris McEuen, Paul L. Hughes, Vernon Willard Ketterle, Wolfgang Lee, Patrick A. McKeehan, Louis Williams Hulet, Randall Gardner Kim, Young-Kee Lee, Tsung-Dao McMillan, Edwin Mattison Hull, Gordon Ferrie Kimball, Alonzo Smith Lefavour, Henry McMillan, William Humphreys, William King, Ronold Wyeth Leggett, Anthony James Laughlin Jackson Percival Leighton, Robert Benjamin Meitner, Lise Hunt, Edward Bissell Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Lepage, G. Peter Melloni, Macedonio Hunt, Frederick Vinton Kittel, Charles Levine, Herbert Mendenhall, Charles Huse, David Kivelson, Steven Allan Libchaber, Albert Joseph Elwood Hutchins, Charles Clifford Klebanov, Igor R. Lieb, Elliott Hershel Mendenhall, Thomas Inghram, Mark Gordon Klein, Miles Vincent Linde, Andrei Corwin Ioffe (Joffe), Abram Kleppner, Daniel Dmitriyevich Menon, Mambillikalathil Fedorovich Knight, Walter David Lindsay, Robert Bruce Govind Kumar Ives, James Edmund Knipp, Julian Knause Litster, James David Mermin, Nathaniel David Jacak, Barbara V. Kohlrausch, Friedrich Liu, Andrea J. Merritt, Ernest George Jackiw, Roman Wladimir Wilhelm Georg Livingston, Milton Stanley Meserve, Richard Andrew Jackson, John David Kohn, Walter Longmire, Conrad Lee Metropolis, Nicholas Jackson, Shirley Ann Kompfner, Rudolf Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Constantine Jacques, William White Koonin, Steven Elliot Louie, Steven Gwon Sheng Michelson, Albert Jaffe, Arthur Michael Kosterlitz, J. Michael Lovering, Joseph Abraham Jaffe, Robert Loren Kraushaar, William Lester Low, Francis Eugene Michelson, Peter F. Jain, Jainendra Kumar Kroll, Norman Myles Lubensky, Tom C. Miller, Dayton Clarence Jarzynski, Christopher Kubo, Ryogo Luttinger, Joaquin Mazdak Millikan, Robert Andrews Javan, Ali Kurti, Nicholas Lyman, Theodore (1874- Millionshchikov, Mikhail Jeffries, Carson Dunning Kusch, Polykarp 1954) Dmitrievich Jin, Deborah S. Lamb, Jr., Willis Eugene MacDonald, Allan Hugh Mimno, Harry Rowe Joannopoulos, John D. Landau, Lev Davidovich Maclaurin, Richard Misner, Charles W. Johnson, Kenneth Alan Landauer, Rolf William Cockburn Moniz, Ernest J. Jones, R. Clark (Robert Lane, Neal Francis Mahan, Gerald Dennis Montroll, Elliott Waters Clark) Langer, James Stephen Maldacena, Juan Martín Moore, Gregory Winthrop Josephson, Brian David Langmuir, Irving Mandel, Leonard Morrison, David R. Joule, James Prescott Larmor, Joseph Mandelstam, Stanley Morrison, Philip Kadanoff, Leo Philip Larmore, Lewis Marchetti, M. Cristina Morse, Harry Wheeler Kapitsa, Petr Leonidovich Laue, Max Theodor Felix Margenau, Henry Morse, Philip McCord Kapitulnik, Aharon von Marshak, Robert Eugene Morse, Robert Warren Kaplan, David B. Laughlin, Robert B. Martin, Paul Cecil Moshinsky, Marcos Kardar, Mehran Lauritsen, Thomas Massey, Walter Eugene Mossbauer, Rudolf Ludwig Kastner, Marc Aaron Lawrence, Ernest Orlando Matthias, Bernd Teo Mott, Nevill Francis Keck, James Collyer Lax, Benjamin Mavalvala, Nergis Mottelson, Ben Roy Kelly, Harry Charles Lax, Melvin Max, Claire Ellen Mueller, Alfred H. Kemble, Edwin Crawford Le Corbeiller, Philippe Maxwell, James Clerk Mueller, Hans Kendall, Henry Way Emmanuel Mayer (Goeppert-Mayer), Muller, Richard A. Kennel, Charles Frederick LeConte, John Maria Gertrude Mulliken, Robert Kent, Norton Adams Lederman, Leon Max Goeppert Sanderson

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Murayama, Hitoshi Parkin, Stuart Stephen Rabi, Isidor Isaac Schmitt, Roland Walter Murnane, Margaret Mary Papworth Racah, Giulio Schoelkopf, Robert J. Murray, Cherry A. Paschen, Friedrich (Louis Ramond, Pierre Schrieffer, John Robert Nagel, Sidney Robert Carl Heinrich Friedrich) Ramsey, Norman Foster Schroeder, Manfred Robert Nambu, Yoichiro Patel, (Chandra) Kumar Randall, Lisa Schroedinger, Erwin Narayanamurti, Venkatesh Naranbhai Read, Nicholas Schwarz, John Henry Neal, Homer Alfred Paul, Wolfgang Reines, Frederick Schweber, Silvan Samuel Neel, Louis Eugene Felix Pauli, Wolfgang Ernst Reppy, John D. Schwinger, Julian Seymour Ne’eman, Yuval Peccei, Roberto D. Reynolds, John Hamilton Schwitters, Roy Frederick Nelson, Ann E. Peierls, Rudolf Ernst Richards, Paul Linford Scully, Marlan O. Nelson, David Robert Pendry, John Brian Richardson, Robert Segre, Emilio Gino Nichols, Edward Perl, Martin Lewis Coleman Seiberg, Nathan Leamington Perlmutter, Saul Richter, Burton Seitz, Frederick Nichols, Ernest Fox Peskin, Michael E. Richtmyer, Floyd Karker Serber, Robert Nier, Alfred Otto Carl Pethick, Christopher John Righi, Augusto Shankar, Ramamurti Nierenberg, William Pettengill, Gordon Robertson, Howard Percy Shen, Yuen-Ron Aaron Hemenway Robertson, R.G. Hamish Shen, Zhixun Norton, Charles Ladd Phillips, William Daniel Rood, Ogden Nicholas Shenker, Stephen H. Norton, William Augustus Picasso, Emilio Rosenbaum, Thomas F. Shirane, Gen Nottingham, Wayne Pierce, George Washington Rosenbluth, Marshall Shochet, Melvyn Jay Buckles Pinczuk, Aron Nicholas Shockley, William Nozieres, Philippe Pierre Pines, David Rossi, Bruno Benedetto Bradford Nurmikko, Arto Veikko Pipkin, Francis Marion Rotblat, Joseph Shoenberg, David O’Brien, Brian Pippard, Alfred Brian Rowland, Henry Augustus Shull, Clifford Glenwood Oda, Minoru Planck, Max Karl Ernst Rubakov, Valery A. Siegbahn, Kai Manne Oddone, Piermaria J. Ludwig Rubbia, Carlo Borge Oersted (Orsted), Hans Plummer, Earl Ward Rutherford, Ernest Siegbahn, Karl Manne Christian Poggendorff, Johann Sabine, Wallace Clement Georg Oldenberg, Otto Christian Sachs, Robert Green Simmons, Michelle Ong, Nai-Phuan Polchinski, Joseph G. Sagdeev, Roald Yvonne Onuchic, Jose Nelson Politzer, Hugh David Zinnurovich Simon, Franz Eugen Ooguri, Hirosi Polyakov, Alexander M. Sakharov, Andrei (Francis) Oppenheimer, J. Robert Pound, Robert Vivian Dmitriyevich Simpson, John Alexander (Julius Robert) Prandtl, Ludwig Sala, Oscar Sinai, Yakov Grigoryevich Orlov, Yuri Fyodorovich Prescott, Charles Young Salam, Abdus Slater, John Clarke Osborne, Louis Shreve Preston, William Munro Samios, Nicholas Peter Slichter, Charles Pence Osheroff, Douglas Dean Primakoff, Henry Sarabhai, Vikram Ambalal Smith, Robert Allan Overhage, Carl F. J. Pritchard, David E. Sarachik, Myriam Paula Smoluchowski, Roman Overhauser, Albert Warner Prokhorov, Alexander Morgenstein Smyth, Henry DeWolf Page, Charles Grafton Mikhailovitch Saunders, Frederick Albert Sommerfeld, Arnold Page, Leigh Pupin, Michael Idvorsky Scalapino, Douglas James Johannes Wilhelm Pais, Abraham Purcell, Edward Mills Schawlow, Arthur Leonard Sompolinsky, Haim Pake, George Edward Quake, Stephen R. Scherrer, Paul Hermann Son, Dam Thanh Panofsky, Wolfgang Kurt Quinn, Helen R. Schiff, Leonard Isaac Sorokin, Peter Pitirimovich Hermann Rabe, Karin M. Schiffer, John P. Steinberger, Jack

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Stewart, Balfour Tousey, Richard Wheatstone, Charles Zel’dovich, Yakov Stewart, George Walter Townes, Charles Hard Wheeler, John Archibald Borisovich Stockbarger, Donald Treiman, Sam Bard White, Steven R. Zeleny, John Charles Trilling, George Henry Whiting, Harold Zettl, Alex K. Stoicheff, Boris Peter Trowbridge, John Wick, Gian Carlo Zhang, Shoucheng Stokes, George Gabriel Tuve, Merle Antony Wieman, Carl E. Zumino, Bruno Stormer, Horst Ludwig Uhlenbeck, George Eugene Wightman, Arthur Strong Zweig, George Strandberg, Malcolm Unruh, William G. Wigner, Eugene Paul Woodrow Pershing Vafa, Cumrun Wiik, Bjorn H. Back to Subject Index Stratton, Julius Adams Vallarta, Manuel Sandoval Wilczek, Frank Stratton, Samuel Wesley Van Allen, James Alfred Wilkins, John Warren Physiology and Strauch, Karl Van de Graaff, Robert Wilkinson, David Todd Street, Jabez Curry Jemison Will, Clifford M. Pharmacology Strominger, Andrew Van der Meer, Simon Williams, Ellen Dudley Strong, John Donovan Van Harlingen, Dale J. Williams, Robert Walter Adey, William Ross Strutt, John William Van Hove, Leon Charles Willis, William J. Adolph, Edward Frederick (Lord Rayleigh) Prudent Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Agre, Peter Courtland Suhl, Harry Van Vleck, John Wilson, Kenneth Geddes Armstrong, Clay Margrave Suits, Chauncey Guy Hasbrouck Wilson, Richard Astwood, Edwin Bennett Susskind, Leonard Villars, Felix Marc Wilson, Robert Rathbun Axelrod, Julius Sutherland, Gordon Brims Hermann Wineland, David Jeffery Bacon, John (1817-1881) Black McIvor Vineyard, George Winstein, Bruce Darrell Barcroft, Joseph Swinney, Harry Leonard Hoagland Wise, Mark Brian Bard, Philip ‘t Hooft, Gerard Virasoro, Miguel Angel Witherell, Michael Barger, Abraham Clifford Tamm, Igor Evgenievich von Helmholtz, Hermann Witten, Edward Barron, Donald Henry Tank, David W. Ludwig Ferdinand Witten, Thomas Adams Beidler, Lloyd M. Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram von Weizsacker (Freiherr), Wolff, Peter Adalbert Benedict, Francis Gano Taylor, Richard E. Carl Friedrich Wood, Robert Williams Berliner, Robert William Telegdi, Valentine Louis Wald, Robert Manuel Wu, Chien-Shiung Bern, Howard Alan Teller, Edward Walther, Herbert Wu, Sau Lan Yu Berne, Robert Matthew Thaddeus, Patrick Warren, Bertram Eugene Wu, Tai Tsun Bernhard, Carl Gustaf Thompson (Count Webb, Julian Hale Yablonovitch, Eli Best, Charles Herbert Rumford), Benjamin Webb, Richard Alan Yang, Chen Ning Blau, Helen Margaret Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Webb, Watt W. Yazdani, Ali Bourne, Henry Reid William Weber, Wilhelm Edward York, Herbert Frank Bovet, Daniel Thomson, George Paget Webster, Arthur Gordon Young, A. Peter Bowditch, Henry Pickering Thomson, Joseph John Webster, David Locke Young, Thomas Brobeck, John Raymond Thorne, Kip Stephen Weinberg, Alvin Martin Yukawa, Hideki Brookhart, John Mills Thouless, David James Weinberg, Steven Zacharias, Jerrold Reinach Brown-Sequard, Charles Tigner, Maury Weiss, Rainer Zachariasen, William Edouard Ting, Samuel Chao Chung Weisskopf, Victor Houlder (Fredrik Bueding, Ernest Tinkham, Michael Frederick William Houlder) Bunker, John Wymond Tisza, Laszlo Weitz, David A. Zamolodchikov, Alexander Miller Tomonaga, Sin-itiro Wentzcovitch, Renata B. Burg, Maurice Benjamin Toulouse, Gerard M.M. Zee, Anthony Campbell, Kevin Peter

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Cannon, Walter Bradford Hechter, Oscar Milton Luft, Rolf Schmidt-Nielsen, Bodil Carlson, Loren Daniel Heiligenberg, Walter Lyman, Charles Peirson Mimi Carpenter, Thorne Martin Friedrich MacNider, William de Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut Catterall, William A. Hermann, Ludimar Berniere Scholander, Per Fredrik Chang, Min-Chueh Hill, Archibald Vivian Marks, Andrew Robert Thorkelsson Cohen, Fred E. Hille, Bertil Martin, Ernest Gale Schwann, Theodor Comroe, Jr., Julius Hiram Hitchings, George Herbert Martin, Henry Newell Ambrose Hubert Coughlin, Shaun Robert Hoagland, Hudson Martini, Luciano Schwartz, Neena Betty Courrier, Robert Marie Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd McCann, Samuel Scrimshaw, Nevin Stewart Jules Constant Hoffman, Joseph Frederick McDonald Short, Roger Valentine Dale, Henry Hallett Hoskins, Roy Graham Means, Anthony Ross Silverstein, Samuel Charles Dalton, Jr., John Call Hough, Theodore Mendel, Lafayette Benedict Simon, M. Celeste Denton, Derek Ashworth Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Mommaerts, Wilfried Sizer, Irwin Whiting Diamond, Jared Mason Howell, William Henry Francis Henry Maria Smith, Homer William Dill, David Bruce Huber, Franz Moon, Randall T. Sokoloff, Louis Donders, Franz Cornelis Hunt, Reid Moruzzi, Giuseppe Solandt, Omond McKillop (Franciscus Cornelis) Huxley, Andrew Fielding Munson, Paul Lewis Sollmann, Torald Drinker, Cecil Kent Ignarro, Louis Joseph Murad, Ferid Hermann Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Imura, Hiroo Muralt, Alexander Ludwig Steinbach, Henry Burr Heinrich Ingle, Dwight Joyce von Stiles, Percy Goldthwait Eccles, John Carew Jellinek, Elvin Morton Oates, Jr., John Alexander Talalay, Paul Einthoven, Willem Jensen, Elwood Vernon Pappenheimer, John Tenney, Stephen Marsh Elion, Gertrude Belle Kahn, Carl Ronald Richard Teorell, Torsten (Erik Erspamer, Vittorio Katz, Bernard Perl, Edward Roy Torsten Augustinus) Fenn, Wallace Osgood Katzenellenbogen, Benita Pitts, Robert Franklin Tomita, Tsuneo Flier, Jeffrey Scott Schulman Porter, William Townsend Tosteson, Daniel Charles Forbes, Alexander Keynes, Richard Darwin Pratt, Frederick Haven Tsien, Richard Winyu Foster, Michael Knobil, Ernst Prosser, Clifford Ladd Valentin, Gabriel Gustav Fulton, George Pearman Krayer, Otto Hermann Rahn, Hermann Vane, John Robert Furchgott, Robert Francis Krogh, August (Schack Rall, Joseph Edward Varki, Ajit P. Gasser, Herbert Spencer August Steenberg) Rapport, David Visscher, Maurice Bolks Giebisch, Gerhard Hans Kronecker, Hugo Richards, Alfred Newton Vogt, Marthe Louise Gill, Gordon Nelson Kuhne, Willy (Wilhelm Roberts, Anita Bauer von Euler, Ulf Svante Gilman, Alfred Friedrich) Roeder, Kenneth David von Helmholtz, Hermann Gilman, Alfred Goodman Landis, Eugene Markley Rosenthal, Sanford Morris Ludwig Ferdinand Glynn, Ian Michael Lapicque, Louis Edouard Rossier, Bernard Weber, Hans Hermann Goldberg, Irving Hyman Leake, Chauncey Depew Runnstrom, John Axel Julius Wilhelm Goldstein, Avram Leinwand, Leslie Anne Mauritz Westheimer, Gerald Gottschalk, Carl William Li, Choh Hao Sakmann, Bert Wyman, Leland Clifton Gregory, Roderic Alfred Loeb, Jacques Salter, William Thomas Guillemin, Roger Charles Loew, Earl Randall Schally, Andrew Victor Back to Subject Index Louis Lorente de No, Rafael Scharrer, Berta Vogel Hardy, James Daniel Lowry, Oliver Howe Schlessinger, Joseph Harris, Geoffrey Wingfield Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Schmidt, Carl Frederic Harvey, Edmund Newton Wilhelm

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Plant Sciences Braun, Alexander Carl Emerson, Rollins Adams Horsfall, James Gordon Heinrich Endlicher, Stephan Howard, Richard Alden Abrams, LeRoy Braun, Armin Charles Ladislaus Jack, John George Agardh, Jacob Georg John Engelmann, George Jacobsen, Steven E. Alexopoulos, Constantine Briggs, Winslow Russell Engler, Adolph Gustav Jagendorf, Andre Tridon John Briquet, John Isaac Heinrich James, Thomas Potts Ames, Oakes Britton, Nathaniel Lord Esau, Katherine Jeffrey, Edward Charles Anderson, Edgar Shannon Brown, Robert Evans, Alexander William Jepson, Willis Linn Arnon, Daniel Israel Burrill, Thomas Jonathan Evert, Ray Franklin Johnston, Ivan Murray Arthur, Joseph Charles Campbell, Douglas Farlow, William Gilson Jones, Donald Forsha Ashby (Baron), Eric Houghton Faull, Joseph Horace Jussieu, Adrien Henry Ashton, Peter Shaw Candolle, Alphonse Louis Faxon, Charles Edward Laurent de Axelrod, Daniel Isaac Pierre de Fernald, Merritt Lyndon Kelman, Arthur Bailey, Irving Widmer Castle, Edward Sears Fisher, Richard Thornton Knoll, Andrew Herbert Bailey, Jacob Whitman Chandler, Jr., Robert Flint Florin, Rudolf (Carl Kok, Bessel Bailey, Liberty Hyde Chapman, Alvan Rudolf) Kramer, Paul Jackson Baker, Herbert George Wentworth Foster, Adriance Sherwood Kursanov, Andrei Lvovich Baldwin, Henry Ives Cheadle, Vernon Irvin French, Charles Stacy Kustu, Sydney Govons Barghoorn, Jr., Elso Chory, Joanne Frey-Wyssling, Albert Lamb, Ivan Mackenzie (I. Sterrenberg Clarke, Adrienne Elizabeth Friedrich Mackenzie) Barrett, Spencer Charles Clausen, Jens Christian Fries, Elias Magnus Lambert, Fred Dayton Hilton Clayton, Roderick Keener Galston, Arthur William Lang, Anton Barton, Benjamin Smith Cleland, Ralph Erskine Ganong, William Francis Lange, Otto Ludwig Beevers, Harry Clinton, George Perkins Gast, Paul Rupert Lesquereux, Leo Bentham, George Collins, Frank Shipley Gibbs, Martin Lindley, John Bergen, Joseph Young Constance, Lincoln Giles, Norman Henry Lipman, Jacob Goodale Bergius, Petter Jonas Coulter, John Merle Goddard, David Rockwell Livingston, Burton Edward Berry, Edward Wilber Cummings, Ralph Waldo Godwin, Harry Lloyd, David Graham Bigelow, Jacob Curtis, Moses Ashley Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Lundegardh, Henrik Billings, William Dwight Davenport, George Edward Goodale, George Lincoln Gunnar Bjorkman, Olle Erik Davis, Bradley Moore Goodwin, Richard Hale Lyman, George Richard Blakeslee, Albert Francis Decaisne, Joseph Grant, Verne Edwin Maheshwari, Panchanan Blinks, Lawrence Rogers Dewey, Chester Gray, Asa Mangelsdorf, Paul Bogorad, Lawrence Diels, Ludwig Hall, Harvey Monroe Christoph Bold, Harold Charles Diener, Theodor Otto Harper, John Lander Mann, Horace (1844-1868) Bonner, James Frederick Dodge, Bernard Ogilvie Harper, Robert Almer Manton, Irene Boott, Francis Eames, Arthur Johnson Harrar, Jacob George Martius, Karl Friedrich Borlaug, Norman Ernest East, Edward Murray Heer, Oswald Phillip von Bornet, Jean Baptiste Eaton, Daniel Cady Heslop-Harrison, John Maximowicz Edouard Ehrendorfer, Friedrich Hitchcock, Albert Spear (Maksimovic), Carl Borthwick, Harry Alfred Eichler, August Wilhelm Hoagland, Dennis Robert Johann Bower, Frederick Orpen Elliott, Stephen Hofmeister, Wilhelm Maxon, William Ralph Boysen-Jensen, Peter Emerson, George Barrell Friedrich Benedict Merrill, Elmer Drew Branton, Daniel Joseph Emerson, Ralph Hooker, Joseph Dalton Messing, Joachim Emerson, Robert Hooker, William Jackson Meyerowitz, Elliot M.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Miyabe, Kingo Schultes, Richard Evans Verdoorn, Frans Political Science / Mohl, Hugo von Sears, Ernest Robert von Sachs, Julius Mrak, Emil Marcel Sears, Paul Bigelow Vries, Hugo de International Mueller (Baron), Setchell, William Albert Waggoner, Paul Edward Relations Ferdinand von Seward, Albert Charles Wagner, Jr., Warren Naegeli, Carl Wilhelm von Seymour, Arthur Bliss Herbert Achen, Christopher Henry Newcomb, Eldon Henry Short, Charles Wilkins Wardlaw, Claude Wilson Adams, Ruth Salzman Oakes, William Siegelman, Harold William Warming, Johannes Aldrich, John Ogren, William Lewis Simpson, Beryl Brintnall Eugenius Bulow Allen, Danielle Olney, Stephen Thayer Sinnott, Edmund Ware Watson, Sereno Almond, Gabriel Abraham Ostenfeld, Carl Hansen Skoog, Folke Karl Weatherby, Charles Alfred Alt, James Edward Osterhout, Winthrop John Smith, Albert Charles Went, Frits Warmolt Altshuler, Alan Anthony Vanleuven Smith, Erwin Frink Wessler, Susan R. Anderson, Benedict R. Parodi, Lorenzo Raimundo Smith, Gilbert Morgan Weston, Jr., William Henry O’Gorman Peirce, George James Smith, John Donnell Wetmore, Ralph Hartley Ansolabehere, Stephen D. Pfeffer, Wilhelm Friedrich Smith, William Wright Wettstein, Richard Apter, David Ernest Philipp Solms-Laubach, Hermann White, Philip Rodney Arendt, Hannah Piper, Charles Vancouver Graf zu White, William Lawrence Arnold, R. Douglas Porsild, Alf Erling Spoehr, Herman Augustus Willey, Henry Aron, Raymond Claude Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey Sprague, Charles James Wilson, Ernest Henry Ferdinand Raper, John Robert Srb, Adrian Morris Wortman, Sterling (Leo Austen-Smith, David Raper, Kenneth Bryan Stadler, Lewis John Sterling) Axelrod, Robert M. Raup, Hugh Miller Stakman, Elvin Charles Yeager, Albert Franklin Bailey, Stephen Kemp Raven, Peter Hamilton Stebbins, Sr., George Zelitch, Israel Ball, Mary Margaret Rehder, Alfred Ledyard Zimmermann, Martin Banfield, Edward Christie Rendle, Alfred Barton Steere, William Campbell Huldrych Barker, Ernest Renner, Otto Steward, Frederick Barker, Lucius Back to Subject Index Rhoades, Marcus Morton Campion Barry, Brian Michael Riddle, Lincoln Ware Strasburger, Eduard Adolf Bartels, Larry Martin Risser, Paul Gillan Sturgis, William Codman Bates, Robert Hinrichs Robbins, William Jacob Sullivant, William Starling Bator, Francis Michael Robertson, Rutherford Swain, Tony Baumgartner, Frank R. Ness Swanson, Carl Pontius Beck, Nathaniel Robinson, Benjamin Swartz, Olof Peter Beer, Samuel Hutchison Lincoln Taylor, William Randolph Beitz, Charles R. Rollins, Reed Clark Thaxter, Roland Bendor, Jonathan Russell, John Lewis Thimann, Kenneth Vivian Benhabib, Seyla Sahni, Birbal Tippo, Oswald Berger, Suzanne Saporta, Louis Charles Torrey, John Bernstein, Marver Hillel Joseph Gaston, Marquis Torrey, John Gordon Bialer, Seweryn de Trelease, William Bienen, Henry Samuel Sargent, Charles Sprague Tuckerman, Edward Binder, Leonard Sax, Karl Urban, Ignatz Binder, Sarah A. Schiff, Jerome Arnold Varner, Joseph Elmer Blakeslee, George Hubbard Schmitt, Johanna M. Vasey, George

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Blank, Rebecca Cox, Gary Walter Gerber, Elisabeth R. Iyengar, Shanto Blondel, Jean Fernand Crane, Robert Treat Gilens, Martin Jackman, Simon David Pierre Cranston, Maurice Gilpin, Robert George Jackson, John E. Boix, Carles William Goguel, François Jacobson, Gary C. Bosworth, Stephen W. Cushman, Robert Eugene Ferdinand Jacobson, Harold Karan Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M. Daalder, Hans Goodnow, Frank Johnson Jennings, M. Kent Bracher, Karl Dietrich Dahl, Robert Alan Goodrich, Leland Matthew Jervis, Robert Brady, David W. Dawson, Michael C. Gourevitch, Peter Alexis Johnson, Chalmers Ashby Brady, Henry E. Derthick, Martha Ann Gowa, Joanne S. Jones, Charles Oscar Brodie, Bernard Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang Green, Donald Philip Kahin, George McTurnan Brody, Richard Alan Diermeier, Daniel Greenstein, Fred Irwin Kalyvas, Stathis N. Brogan, Denis William Downs, George W. Grofman, Bernard Kateb, George Anthony Brown, Archibald Haworth Doyle, Michael William Norman Katz, Jonathan N. (Archie) Druckman, James N. Gross, Leo Katzenstein, Peter Joachim Brzezinski, Zbigniew Dunn, John Montfort Grzymala-Busse, Anna Katznelson, Ira Buchan, Alastair Francis Duverger, Maurice Gutmann, Amy Kaufman, Herbert Bueno de Mesquita, Easton, David Haas, Ernst Bernard Kelley, Jr., Stanley Bruce J. Eckstein, Harry Habib, Adam M. Keohane, Robert Owen Bunce, Valerie Jane Eldersveld, Samuel James Haines, Charles Grove Key, Jr., Valdimer Orlando Bundy, McGeorge Elliott III, William Yandell Hamilton, Charles Vernon Khalidi, Walid Ahmad Burnham, Walter Dean Ellwood, David Tabor Hansen, John Mark Kilson, Martin Burns, James MacGregor Elshtain, Jean Bethke Hardin, Russell Kinder, Donald R. Burns, Nancy Elster, Jon Hartz, Louis King, Anthony Butler, David Edgeworth Emerson, Rupert Hassner, Pierre King, Desmond Cain, Bruce Edward Epstein, Lee Heclo, Hugh (Henry King, Gary Cameron, Charles M. Epstein, Leon David Hugh) Kingdon, John Wells Campbell, Andrea Louise Erikson, Robert S. Hensler, Deborah R. Kissinger, Henry Alfred Canes-Wrone, Brandice Eulau, Heinz Herring, Pendleton Kitschelt, Herbert P. Carey, John M. Fainsod, Merle (Edward Pendleton) Knight, Jack Carmines, Edward G. Fearon, James D. Hochschild, Jennifer Lucy Kramer, Gerald Holmes Carnesale, Albert Feddersen, Timothy J. Hoffmann, Stanley Harry Kramnick, Isaac Carr, Robert Kenneth Fenno, Jr., Richard Francis Holcombe, Arthur Krasner, Stephen D. Carter, Ashton Baldwin Ferejohn, John Arthur Norman Krehbiel, Keith Carter, Gwendolen Fesler, James William Holden, Jr., Matthew Laitin, David Dennis Margaret Finnemore, Martha Holmes, Stephen Taylor Lake, David A. Castaneda, Jorge G. Fiorina, Morris Paul Huber, John D. Lambie, Morris Bryan Cherington, Charles Fox, William Thornton Huckfeldt, Robert Lane, Robert Edwards Richards Rickert Huntington, Samuel LaPalombara, Joseph Cohen, Joshua Freeman, John R. Phillips Lasswell, Harold Dwight Cole, Robert Taylor Friedrich, Carl Joachim Hutchings, Vincent Latham, Earl Ganson Coleman, James Smoot Galston, William Arthur Lamont Laver, Michael John Collier, David Gaus, John Merriman Ikenberry, G. John Leebron, David W. Collier, Ruth Berins George, Alexander Inglehart, Ronald F. Legvold, Robert Henry Colton, Timothy J. Lawrence Isaacs, Harold Robert Levi, Margaret Converse, Philip Ernest Gerber, Alan S. Iversen, Torben Lieber, Francis

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Lijphart, Arend Mutz, Diana Carole Robinson, James A. Sinclair, Barbara Lindblom, Charles Edward Neumann, Sigmund Roemer, John E. Skolnikoff, Eugene Lipset, Seymour Martin Neustadt, Richard Elliott Rogowski, Ronald Lynn Bertram Lodge, Milton Nie, Norman H. Rohde, David W. Skowronek, Stephen Loewenberg, Gerhard Niemi, Richard G. Romer, Thomas Smith, Alastair Lowenthal, Richard Nye, Jr., Joseph Samuel Rose, Richard Smith, Rogers M. Lowi, Theodore Jay Oakeshott, Michael Joseph Rosenblum, Nancy Lipton Sniderman, Paul M. Lupia, Arthur O’Donnell, Guillermo Rosenbluth, Frances Snyder, Jack L. Macedo, Stephen Joseph Alberto McCall Snyder, Jr., James M. MacFarquhar, Roderick Offe, Claus Rosenstone, Steven J. Sorauf, Frank J. Lemonde Ordeshook, Peter Carl Rosenthal, Howard Lewis Spar, Debora L. MacIver, Robert Morrison Ornstein, Norman Jay Rossiter, Clinton Lawrence Stasavage, David MacMahon, Arthur Ostrom, Elinor Rowe, Leo Stanton Stavridis, James Whittier Overacker, Louise Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Stein, Janice Gross MacRae, Jr., Duncan Padelford, Norman Judson Ruggie, John Gerard Steinbruner, John David Mainwaring, Scott P. Page, Benjamin Ingrim Russett, Bruce Martin Stepan, Alfred C. Mann, Thomas Edward Page, Scott E. Sagan, Scott D. Stewart III, Charles Haines Mansbridge, Jane Jebb Palfrey, Thomas R. Samuels, Richard J. Stewart, Robert Burgess Maravall, José María Pateman, Carole Sandel, Michael J. Stimson, James A. Maruyama, Masao Perham, Margery Freda Sapiro, Virginia Stoke, Harold Walter Mason, Alpheus Thomas Perry, Elizabeth J. Sartori, Giovanni Stokes, Donald Elkinton Matthews, Donald Rowe Peterson, Paul Elliott Saxonhouse, Arlene Stokes, Susan Carol Mayhew, David Raymond Pierson, Paul Warmbrunn Strauss, Leo McCarty, Nolan Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel Sayre, Wallace Stanley Sullivan, John L. McClain, Paula D. Polsby, Nelson Woolf Scalapino, Robert Anthony Sumner, William Graham McCloskey, Robert Green Pool, Ithiel de Sola Schapiro, Leonard Bertram Sundquist, James Lloyd McClosky, Herbert Poole, Keith T. Scharpf, Fritz W. Tarrow, Sidney G. McCubbins, Mathew D. Posen, Barry R. Schattschneider, Elmer Tetlock, Philip E. McDermott, Rose M. Powell, Jr., G. Bingham Eric Thelen, Kathleen McKelvey, Richard (George Bingham) Schickler, Eric Thompson, Dennis Frank Drummond Powell, Robert L. Schlozman, Kay Lehman Thompson, Kenneth Mearsheimer, John Joseph Prewitt, Kenneth Schofield, Norman J. Winfred Merriam, Charles Edward Price, Jr., Don Krasher Scott, James C. Truman, David Bicknell Mettler, Suzanne B. Pritchett, Charles Herman Sears, David O’Keefe Tsebelis, George Miller, Steven E. Przeworski, Adam Segal, Jeffrey A. Tucker, Robert Charles Miller, Warren Edward Putnam, Robert David Segura, Gary Michael Tucker, Robert Warren Milner, Helen V. Pye, Lucian Wilmot Shalala, Donna Edna Tufte, Edward Rolf Mirkine-Guetzevitch, Boris Quandt, William B. Shapiro, Ian Ulam, Adam Bruno Moe, Terry M. Rae, Douglas Whiting Shapiro, Martin Mathew Ullman, Richard Henry Morgenthau, Hans Ranney, Joseph Austin Shattuck, John Verba, Sidney Joachim Rathjens, George William Shepsle, Kenneth A. Wallerstein, Michael Morrow, James D. Richardson, Louise M. Shklar, Judith Nisse Jonathan Mosely, Philip Edward Riker, William Harrison Shulman, Marshall Darrow Walt, Stephen M. Mueller, John Ernest Rivers, Douglas Sikkink, Kathryn A. Waltz, Kenneth Neal Munro, William Bennett Roberts, Edward Adam Simmons, Beth Ann Walzer, Michael Laban

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Wambaugh, Sarah Psychology / Bradburn, Norman DeLoache, Judy S. Wantchékon, Leonard Marshall Dews, Peter Booth Ward, Robert Edward Education Brewer, Marilynn B. Diamond, Shari Seidman Waterbury, John Bronfenbrenner, Urie Diener, Edward Francis Watkins, Frederick Abelson, Robert Paul Bronner, Augusta Fox Dodge, Raymond Mundell Adler, Nancy E. [Mrs. William Healy] Dollard, John Weiner, Myron Ainsworth, Mary Brown, Roger William Doob, Leonard William Weingast, Barry R. Dinsmore Salter Bruce, Henry Addington Duncan, Greg J. Weir, Margaret Allport, Gordon Willard Bayley Dweck, Carol S. White, Leonard Dupee Anderson, John Robert Bruner, Jerome Seymour Eagly, Alice Hendrickson Whittington, Keith E. Angell, James Rowland Bryson, Lyman Lloyd Eberhardt, Jennifer L. Wild, Jr., Payson Sibley Arnheim, Rudolf Busemeyer, Jerome R. Ellsworth, Phoebe Wildavsky, Aaron Bernard Aronson, Elliot Cacioppo, John Terrance Clemencia Wilensky, Harold L. Asch, Solomon Elliot Campbell, Albert Angus Elman, Jeffrey L. Willoughby, Westel Aslin, Richard N. Campbell, Donald Thomas Erikson, Erik Homburger Woodbury Atkinson, John William Carey, Susan E. Estes, William Kaye Willoughby, William Atkinson, Richard Carmichael, Leonard Fazio, Russell H. Franklin Chatham Cartwright, Dorwin Philip Festinger, Leon Wilson, James Quinn Baddeley, Alan David Cattell, James McKeen Fiske, Susan T. Wolfinger, Raymond Baillargeon, Renée Chi, Michelene T.H. Flavell, John Hurley Edwin Baird, John Wallace Cicchetti, Dante Fox, Nathan A. Wolin, Sheldon Sanford Ball, Deborah Loewenberg Clark, Herbert Horace Frank, Lawrence Kelso Wood, Elisabeth Jean Baltes, Paul B. Clark, Kenneth Bancroft Freud, Anna Wood, Robert Coldwell Banaji, Mahzarin Rustam Clark, Margaret S. Frijda, Nico Wright, Benjamin Fletcher Bandura, Albert Clore, Gerald L. Fussler, Herman Howe Wright, Quincy Bargh, John Andrew Cohen, David K. Gallistel, Charles R. Yankelovich, Daniel Bartlett, Frederic Charles Cole, Michael Gamoran, Adam Yeomans, Henry Aaron Bartoshuk, Linda May Converse, Philip Ernest Gardner, Howard Earl Young, M. Crawford Bauer, Raymond Coombs, Clyde Hamilton Garmezy, Norman (Merwin Crawford) Augustine Cooper, Lynn A. Gelman, Rochel Zaller, John Raymond Baumeister, Roy F. Craik, Fergus I.M. Gelman, Susan A. Zimmern, Alfred Eckhard Beach, Frank Ambrose Cronbach, Lee Joseph Gentner, Dedre Beck, Aaron T. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly Gibson, Eleanor Jack Back to Subject Index Beebe-Center, John Gilbert Curle, Adam (Charles Gibson, James Jerome Berkowitz, Leonard Thomas William Adam) Gigerenzer, Gerd Berscheid, Ellen S. Damon, William V. B. Gilbert, Daniel Todd Bettelheim, Bruno Darley, John M. Gilovich, Thomas D. Bevan, William Darling-Hammond, Linda Gleitman, Lila R. Bjork, Robert Allen Davidson, Richard J. Goldin-Meadow, Susan J. Blough, Donald Sommers Davis, Allison (William Goldstone, Robert L. Bock, June Kathryn Allison) Gomez, Louis M. Boring, Edwin Garrigues Dawes, Robyn Mason Gopnik, Alison Bower, Gordon Howard Dearborn, Walter Fenno Gordon, Edmund W. Bowerman, Melissa Foster Delabarre, Edmund Burke Graham, Clarence Henry Dell, Gary S.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Graham, Norma Van Kadane, Joseph B. Mandler, George Newport, Elissa L. Surdam Kagan, Jerome Mandler, Jean Matter Nisbett, Richard Eugene Green, David Marvin Kahn, Robert Louis March, James Gardner Norman, Donald Arthur Greenfield, Patricia Marks Kahneman, Daniel Markman, Ellen M. Nosofsky, Robert M. Greenwald, Anthony G. Katz, Daniel Markus, Hazel Rose O’Connor, Johnson Grossman, Pamela Keen, Rachel Marquis, Donald George Olds, James Gunnar, Megan R. Kelley, Harold Harding May, Mark Arthur Osgood, Charles Egerton Guthrie, Jr., Edwin Ray Kelley, Truman Lee Mayo, Elton (George Pellegrino, James W. Hakuta, Kenji Keniston, Kenneth Elton) Petrides, Michael Hall, Granville Stanley Kenny, David A. McCartney, Kathleen Petty, Richard Edward Harlow, Harry Frederick Keppel, Francis McClelland, David Pfaffmann, Carl Harris, Paul L. Kessen, William Clarence Piaget, Jean Hastie, Reid Kinder, Donald R. McClintock, Martha K. Pieron, Henri Hastorf, Albert Herman Kitayama, Shinobu McDougall, William Posner, Michael I. Healy, William Klatzky, Roberta L. McGaugh, James Lafayette Potter, Mary C. Hebb, Donald Olding Kluver, Heinrich McGregor, Douglas Pratt, Carroll Cornelius Hedges, Larry V. Koffka, Kurt Murray Pribram, Karl Harry Heider, Fritz Köhler, Wolfgang McGuire, William J. Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. Held, Richard Marx Kosslyn, Stephen Michael McLaughlin, Milbrey W. Rapoport, Anatol Herrnstein, Richard Julius Krauss, Robert M. McPherson, Michael S. Ratcliff, Roger Hetherington, Eileen Krosnick, Jon Alexander Mead, Leonard Chapin Raudenbush, Stephen W. Mavis Krumhansl, Carol L. Medin, Douglas L. Reardon, Sean F. Higgins, E. Tory Lampert, M. Magdalene Meehl, Paul Everett Rescorla, Robert A. Hilgard, Ernest Ropiequet Landau, Barbara Mehler, Jacques Resnick, Lauren B. Hochberg, Julian Lashley, Karl Spencer Meltzoff, Andrew N. Richter, Curt Paul Hofstadter, Douglas R. Lawrence-Lightfoot, Sara Milgram, Stanley Riecken, Henry William Holmes, Henry Wyman LeDoux, Joseph E. Miller, George Armitage Riggs, Lorrin Andrews Holzman, Philip Seidman Lee, Carol D. Miller, Neal Elgar Rodin, Judith Seitz House, James Stephen Lehrman, Daniel Sanford Mischel, Walter Roe, Anne Hovland, Carl Iver Lepper, Mark Roger Monahan, John T. Roediger III, Henry L. Hull, Clark Leonard Leslie, Alan Miller Müller, Georg Elias Rogers, Carl Ransom Hunter, Walter Samuel Liberman, Alvin Meyer Munsterberg, Hugo Rosenthal, Robert Hurvich, Leo Maurice Licklider, Joseph Carl Murnane, Richard J. Ross, Lee David Husén, Torsten Robnett Murphy, Gardner Rothbart, Mary Klevjord Huttenlocher, Janellen Likert, Rensis Murray, Henry Alexander Rozin, Paul Inhelder, Barbel Elisabeth Lindsley, Donald Benjamin Nakayama, Ken Rubenstein, John L. R. Jackson, James Sidney Lindzey, Gardner Neff, William Duwayne Rumelhart, David E. Jacoby, Larry L. Loewenstein, George Neisser, Ulric Saffran, Jenny Jahoda, Marie Loftus, Elizabeth F. Nelson III, Charles Salovey, Peter Jamison, Kay Redfield Logan, Gordon D. Alexander Scarr, Sandra Wood Janet, Pierre Marie Felix Luce, R. Duncan (Robert Neugarten, Bernice Levin Schachter, Stanley Janis, Irving Lester Duncan) Neville, Helen J. Schacter, Daniel Lawrence Jones, Edward Ellsworth Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Newcomb, Theodore Mead Scherer, Klaus R. Jones, Lyle Vincent Maccoby, Eleanor Newcombe, Nora S. Schlosberg, Harold Julesz, Bela Emmons Newman, Edwin Broomell

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Schneirla, Theodore Thomson, Godfrey Hilton Public Affairs, Belaunde y Diez Canceco, Christian Thorndike, Edward Lee Victor Andres Schwarz, Norbert Thurstone, Louis Leon Administration, Bennet, Jr., Douglas Joseph Sears, Robert Richardson Tolman, Edward Chace and Policy Bertini, Catherine Ann Shafir, Eldar Tomasello, Michael Bierbaum, Rosina M. Shepard, Roger Newland Treisman, Anne (Governmental and Bigelow, Timothy Shiffrin, Richard Martin Trope, Yaacov Intergovernmental) Bloomberg, Michael R. Shulman, Lee S. Trow, Martin Bohlen, Charles Eustis Shweder, Richard Allan Tulving, Endel Abraham, Ronny Boruch, Robert F. Sidanius, James H. Tversky, Amos Abramowitz, Morton I. Bosworth, Stephen W. Simon, Herbert Alexander Tversky, Barbara G. Acheson, Dean Boutwell, George Sewall Skinner, Burrhus Frederic Tyler, Ralph Winfred Gooderham Bowdoin, James (1726- Slobin, Dan I. Ulich, Robert Adachi, Mineichiro 1790) Slovic, Paul von Bekesy, Georg Adams, Charles Francis Bowdoin III, James Smith, Edward Eugene von Hofsten, Claes (1807-1886) Bowles, Chester Bliss Smith, Linda B. Wandell, Brian A. Adams, John Quincy Brademas, John Smith, Marshall Savidge Watson, John Broadus Adams, Samuel Bradley, Bill Smith, Payson Waxman, Sandra Robin Aga Khan, Sadruddin Bredesen, Philip N. Smuts, Barbara Boardman Weber, Elke U. (Prince) Brissot de Warville, Snow, Catherine Elizabeth Wegner, Daniel Merton Albright, Madeleine Korbel Jacques Pierre Sokolov, Eugene Wellman, Henry M. Aldridge, Jr., Edward Broglie, (Charles) Jacques Nikolaievich Wells, Frederic Lyman (Pete) Cleveland Victor Albert, Duc de Solomon, Richard Lester Werker, Janet Feldman Aleinikoff, Thomas Brooke, Edward William Spaulding, Francis Trow Werner, Heinz Alexander Brooks, Harvey Spelke, Elizabeth Shilin Wertsch, James V. Allison, Jr., Graham T. Brown, Harold Spence, Janet Taylor Wever, Ernest Glen Almada, Jose de Brown, Lester R. Sperber, Dan White, Robert Winthrop Almodovar del Rio, Pedro Brüning, Heinrich Sperry, Roger Wolcott Whiting, John Wesley Francisco Jimenez de Bunche, Ralph Johnson Steele, Claude Mason Mayhew Gongora y Lujan, Duque Bundles, A’Lelia Steinberg, Laurence David Wilson, Howard Eugene de Bundy, William Putnam Stellar, Eliot Wilson, Timothy D. Amato, Giuliano Bunker, Ellsworth Sternberg, Robert Jeffrey Woodward, Amanda L. Ames, Fisher Bunsen, Christian Carl Stevens, Stanley Smith Woodworth, Robert Andrews, Stephen Pearl Josias, Freiherr von Stevenson, Harold William Sessions Angell, Marcia Burns, R. Nicholas Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. Yankelovich, Daniel Annan, Kofi A. Burns, William J. Swets, John Arthur Yates, J. Frank Axworthy, Lloyd Cabot, John Moors Tanenhaus, Michael K. Yerkes, Robert Mearns Bacon, John (1738-1820) Calderon de la Barca, Tatel, David S. Zajonc, Robert Boleslaw Badinter, Robert Angel Taylor, Shelley Elizabeth Zigler, Edward Frank Bailey, Elizabeth Ellery Cameron, Edwin Terman, Lewis Madison Zimbardo, Philip G. Baker, James A. Cardoso, Fernando Tetlock, Philip E. Zinchenko, Vladimir Balfour, Arthur James Henrique Teuber, Hans-Lukas Petrovich Barbe-Marbois, François Carrington (Right Thibaut, John Walter Marquis Honorable Lord), Peter Thompson, Richard Back to Subject Index Bardach, Eugene Alexander Rupert Frederick Barnea, Nahum

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Carter, Jr., James Earl Drew, Edward Bangs Gray, John Chipman Wilhelm Karl Adolph, (Jimmy) Dumas, Charles William (1793-1881) Freiherr von Casteen III, John T. Frederick Green, Theodore Francis Hutchison, Kay Bailey Castiglioni, Luigi Eban, Abba Greenstein, Robert M. Indyk, Martin Sean Castle, Jr., William Eberly, Janice Caryl Grew, Joseph Clark Istrabadi, Feisal Amin Richards Edwards, Mickey H. Gross, Terry Rasoul Cavanagh, Richard E. Eikenberry, Karl W. Groves, Robert M. Ito, Joichi Chaskalson, Arthur Ellsworth, Oliver Guizot, François Pierre Jackson, Jonathan Chastellux, François Jean, Erving, William Guillaume Jefferson, Thomas Marquis de Evans, Daniel Jackson Gullion, Edmund Asbury Jega, Attahiru M. Christopher, Warren Evatt, Herbert Vere Hacker, Jacob S. Jenkins, Roy Harris Churchill, Winston Everett, Alexander Hill Haldane (Viscount Johnson, Joseph Esrey Clark, Joseph Sill Everett, Edward Haldane of Cloan), Kean, Thomas H. Claudel, Paul Louis Falco, Mathea Richard Burdon Keeny, Jr., Spurgeon Charles Marie Felten, Edward W. Hallstein, Walter Milton Clay, Lucius Dubignon Ferre, Luis Alberto Hamilton, Alexander Kennan, George Frost Clifford, Clark McAdams Ferriero, David S. Hamilton, Lee Herbert Kennedy, Edward Moore Clinton, DeWitt Flanders, Ralph Edward Hammarskjold, Dag Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Clinton, Hillary Rodham Fleishman, Joel Lawrence Hjalmar Agne Carl Kennedy, John Pendleton Clinton, William Jefferson Foch, Ferdinand Hancock, John Kilham, Daniel Clough, Gerald Wayne Forbes, John Murray Harriman, William Averell King, Jr., Martin Luther Cobb, David Franklin, Benjamin Harris, Patricia Roberts King, Rufus Cookson, Clive M. Fremont, John Charles Hassel, Johann Georg Knox, Henry Correa de Serra, Jose Fri, Robert W. Heinrich Kunin, Madeleine May Francisco Ganguly, Sumit Kumar Havel, Vaclav Laber, Jeri Lidsky Cowan, Geoffrey Gardner, Henry Hazard, Ebenezer Lafayette, Marie Joseph Cushing, Caleb Gates, Robert Michael Heineman, Jr., Benjamin Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Cushing, Thomas Gavin, James Maurice Walter du Motier, Marquis de Daddario, Emilio Quincy Gelb, Leslie Howard Herter, Christian Lane, Neal Francis Danielson, Timothy Gerry, Elbridge Archibald Lansdowne (2nd Earl of De Gijselaar (Gyselaer), Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Higginson, Thomas Shelburne), William Cornelis Gilbert, Davies Wentworth Petty-Fitzmaurice, de la Luzerne, Anne Cesar Gladstone, William Ewart Hoar, George Frisbie Marquis of de l’Etombe (L’Etombe), Glenn, Jr., John H. Hobhouse, Benjamin Leach, James Albert Smith Joseph Philippe Golden, William Theodore Holbrooke, Richard Lee, Arthur Dearborn, Henry Goodpaster, Andrew Charles Albert Leonard, Warren J. Alexander Scammel Jackson Holdren, John Paul Levitt, Jr., Arthur Delano, Frederic Adrian Gore, Christopher Howard, John Lie, Trygve Halvdan Dexter, Samuel (1761- Gore, Jr., Albert A. Hummer-Tuttle, Maria D. Lilienthal, David Eli 1816) Granchain (Liberge de Humphrey, Hubert Lincoln, Benjamin Dillon, C. Douglas Granchain), Guillaume Horatio Lincoln, Levi (1749-1820) (Clarence Douglas) Jacques Constant de Humphreys, David Lincoln, Levi (1782-1868) Djerejian, Edward P. Liberge de, Comte de Hupsch (Hupsch- Linowitz, Sol Myron Dorsey, Cheryl L. Gray, Francis Calley (1790- Lontzen), Johann Livingston, William Drayton, William 1856) Lleras Camargo, Alberto

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Lloyd, James Patten, Christopher Sargent, Winthrop von Wallenstein (Baron), Lodge, Henry Cabot Francis Saris, Patti B. Julius Logue, Edward Joseph Pearson, Lester Bowles Savitz, Maxine L. Warren, James Long, John Davis Perry, William James Schmidt, Helmut Washington, George Lougheed, E. Peter (Edgar Peters, Andrew James Sedgwick, Theodore Washington, Warren Peter) Peterson, Peter G. Shalala, Donna Edna Morton Luers, William Henry Phillips, Christopher Shaw, Samuel Waterman, Alan Tower Lugar, Richard Green Hallowell Simms, Margaret C. Waters, Alice Malik, Charles Habib Phillips, John Simon, Jules Francois Waxman, Seth Paul Mandela, Nelson Phillips, Samuel Simpson, Joanne Weare, Meshech Mann, Horace (1796-1859) Phillips, William Sinclair (Baronet), John Weaver, Robert Clifton Marjolin, Robert Ernest Pickering, John (1740- Slaughter, Matthew J. Webster, Daniel Marsh, George Perkins 1811) Smith, Margaret Chase Weidenbaum, Murray L. Massey, Vincent (Charles Pickering, Timothy Soedjatmoko, Welles, Sumner (Benjamin Vincent) Pickman, Benjamin Spaak, Paul-Henri Sumner) McHenry, Donald F. Poincare, Raymond Sparhawk, John Wells, Nathaniel McNamara, Robert Strange Poinsett, Joel Roberts Stevenson, Adlai Ewing Williams (Baroness Miles, Edward L. Polasky, A. Stephen Strobel, Edward Henry Williams of Crosby), Mills, Ogden Livingston Powell, Colin Luther Strong, Caleb Shirley Vivien Teresa Minehan, Cathy E. Prescott, William Struve, Peter Bernhardov Brittain Mitchell, George John Prodi, Romano (Pyotr Berngardovich) Wilson, Woodrow Mitchill, Samuel Latham Quincy, Edmund Sullivan, James Winthrop, Robert Charles Mogae, Festus G. Quincy, Josiah Sullivan, Kathryn D. Wirth, Timothy Endicott Moniz, Ernest J. Rabinovich, Itamar Sullivan, Richard Wolfe, Tom Monnet, Jean Omer Marie Raines, Franklin Delano Sullivan, William York, Herbert Frank Moreno, Manuel Rakoff, Jed S. Sumner, Charles Young, Andrew Jackson Morgan, M. Granger Ravitch, Diane Silvers Talbott III, Nelson Zittrain, Jonathan L. Morris, Charles Reading, Marquess of, Strobridge Moynihan, Daniel Patrick Rufus Daniel Isaac Talcott, George Back to Subject Index Muskie, Edmund Sixtus Reed, John Tenney, Samuel Nehru, Jawaharlal Reich, Robert B. Thant, U Neier, Aryeh Reilly, William K. Thiers, Louis Adolph Neureiter, Norman P. Reuss, Henry Schoellkopf Thomson, John Adam Nitze, Paul Henry Rice, Condoleezza Torres Bodet, Jaime Nunn, Sam (Samuel Rodgers, John (1812-1882) Treadwell, John Augustus Nunn, Jr.) Rosenberg, Tina Trevelyan, George Otto Oliver, Andrew Ruckelshaus, William Trumbull, Jonathan (1710- Ornstein, Norman Jay Doyle 1785) Osgood, Samuel Rudman, Warren Bruce Trumbull, Jonathan (1740- Otis, Harrison Gray Salame, Ghassan 1809) Paine, Robert Treat (1731- Saltonstall, Leverett (1783- Tyler, William Royall 1814) 1845) Tyson, Neil deGrasse Partridge, George Saltonstall, Leverett (1892- Vance, Cyrus Roberts Parzinger, Hermann 1979) Volcker, Paul A. Paterson, William Sarbanes, Paul Spyros

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Sociology / Cromwell, Adelaide M. Hauser, Philip Morris Nisbet, Robert Alexander [elected as A. C. Hill; Hauser, Robert Mason Notestein, Frank Wallace Demography listed as A. C. Gulliver, Hawley, Amos Henry Nowak, Stefan Abbott, Andrew 1973-1993 ] Hechter, Michael Norman O’Dea, Thomas Francis Alba, Richard D. Crozier, Michel Hirschman, Charles Ogburn, William Fielding Bales, Robert Freed Dahrendorf, Ralf Gustav Homans, George Caspar Palloni, Alberto Baltzell, E. Digby (Edward Danziger, Sheldon H. Hout, Michael Park, Robert Ezra Digby) Davis, Kingsley Hughes, Everett Parsons, Talcott Bearman, Peter Shawn DiMaggio, Paul Cherrington Patterson, Orlando Becker, Howard S. Dore, Ronald Philip Hyman, Herbert Hiram Perez-Diaz, Victor Bell, Daniel Duncan, Otis Dudley Inkeles, Alex Portes, Alejandro Bellah, Robert Neelly Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah Janowitz, Morris Preston, Samuel Hulse Ben-David, Joseph Elder, Jr., Glen Holl Jencks, Christopher Reiss, Jr., Albert John Bendix, Reinhard Esping-Andersen, Gøsta Katz, Elihu Reskin, Barbara Berelson, Bernard Reuben Evans, Peter Brandt Keyfitz, Nathan Riesman, David Berger, Peter Ludwig Farley, Reynolds Kish, Leslie Riley, Matilda White Blake, Judith Kincade Featherman, David Lee Kohn, Melvin Lester Rocher, Guy Blalock, Jr., Hubert Morse Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Latour, Bruno Rokkan, Stein Blau, Peter Michael Fischer, Claude S. Laumann, Edward O. Rossi, Alice S. Bloom, David Elliot Fligstein, Neil D. Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix Rossi, Peter Henry Bobo, Lawrence D. Foner, Nancy Lee, Ronald Demos Rowntree, Benjamin Boudon, Raymond Ford, James Lenski, Jr., Gerhard Seebohm Bourdieu, Pierre Fox, Renee Claire Emmanuel Rumbaut, Rubén G. Bourricaud, François Freedman, Ronald Lepenies, Wolf Runciman (Runciman of Michel Furstenberg, Jr., Frank F. Lieberson, Stanley Doxford), Walter Brubaker, Rogers Gamson, William A. Likert, Rensis Garrison Bryk, Anthony S. Gans, Herbert Julius Lincoln, Charles Eric Ryder, Norman Burston Bumpass, Larry Lee Garland, David W. Linz, Juan Jose Sampson, Robert J. Burt, Ronald Stuart Germani, Gino Lipset, Seymour Martin Sauvy, Alfred Campbell, Albert Angus Giddens, Anthony Luker, Kristin Schudson, Michael Carney, Judith A. Gilbert, Margaret P. MacDonald, Glen M. Schuman, Howard Cherlin, Andrew J. Glass, David Victor Mann, Michael Selznick, Philip Christakis, Nicholas Glazer, Nathan Mare, Robert Denis Sennett, Richard Alexander Glueck, Eleanor Touroff Massey, Douglas Steven Sewell, William Hamilton Cicourel, Aaron Victor Goffman, Erving Manual Mayer, Karl Ulrich Sheldon, Eleanor Bernert Clark, Samuel Delbert Goldstein, Joshua R. Mayntz, Renate Shils, Edward Albert Clark, William Arthur V. Goode, William J. McAdam, Doug Skocpol, Theda Clausen, John Adam Goodman, Leo A. Mechanic, David Smelser, Neil Joseph Cole, Jonathan Richard Granovetter, Mark Menken, Jane Ava Sorokin, Pitirim Coleman, James Samuel Groves, Robert M. Merton, Robert King Aleksandrovich Collins, Randall Grusky, David B. Meyerson, Martin Speier, Hans Conley, Dalton Guttman, Louis Eliahu Moore, Wilbert Ellis Srinivas, Mysore Cook, Karen Schweers Hagan, John Lee Moskos, Charles C. Narasimhachar Cook, Thomas Dixon Halsey, Albert Henry Newcomb, Theodore Mead Stinchcombe, Arthur Coser, Lewis Alfred Hannan, Michael Thomas Newman, Katherine S. Leonard

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Stouffer, Samuel Andrew Theology and Chadwick, Henry Foakes-Jackson, Frederick Sumner, William Graham Channing, Henry John Swidler, Ann Ministerial Channing, William Ellery Fobes, Perez (Peres) Szczepanski, Jan Practice Chauncy, Charles Frame, James Everett Szelenyi, Ivan Childress, James Franklin Fredriksen, Paula Sztompka, Piotr Abbot, Ezra Childs, Brevard Springs Freeman, James Taeuber, Irene Barnes Adams, James Luther Clark, Elizabeth Ann Frothingham, Nathaniel Teggart, Frederick John Aga Khan IV, Karim Clarke, James Freeman Langdon Thomas, William Isaac Ahern, Michael Joseph Clarke, John (1755-1798) Frothingham, Paul Revere Tienda, Marta Allyn, John Cobb, Jr., John B. Gamwell, Franklin I. Tilly, Charles Altmann, Alexander Cooper, Samuel Gerrish, Brian Albert Touraine, Alain Louis Jules Appleby, Robert Scott Cox, Jr., Harvey Gallagher Gezork, Herbert Johannes Francois Arnold, Albert Nicholas Crothers, Samuel Gilkey, Langdon Trow, Martin Attridge, Harold W. McChord Glatzer, Nahum Norbert Turkle, Sherry Atwater, Noah Curran, Charles E. Goodwin, Ezra Shaw Turner, Ralph Herbert Bancroft, Aaron Cushing, Richard James Gordon, George Angier Udry, J. Richard Barnard, Thomas Cardinal Graham, William A. Vaupel, James W. Barr, James Cutler, Manasseh Greenwood, Francis Vogel, Ezra Feivel Barth, Karl D’Arcy, Martin Cyril William Pitt Walder, Andrew G. Bea, Augustinus Davies, William David Gustafson, James Moody Wallerstein, Immanuel Benz, Ernst Wilhelm De Normandie, James Gutierrez, Gustavo Waters, Mary C. Boehm-Tettelbach, Deane, Samuel Gyatso, Janet Weber, Alfred Monika Drown, Edward Staples Hackett, Horatio Balch Wesolowski, Wlodzimierz Booth, Edwin Prince Dun, Angus Hale, Edward Everett Jozef Boyarin, Daniel Dwight, Timothy (1828- Halivni ( aka Weiss- Western, Bruce Brazer, John 1916) Halivni), David Weiss Westoff, Charles Francis Brent, Charles Henry Eck, Diana Hall, Edward Henry White, Harrison Colyar Brooks, Phillips Eichhorn, Johann Hammond, Ray A. Whyte, William Foote Brown, Howard Nicholson Gottfried Harnack, Adolf von Williams, David R. Brown, Raymond Edward Eliot, Frederick May Harris, Thaddeus Mason Williams, Jr., Robin Buber, Martin Eliot, John Hatch, William Henry Murphy Buckminster, Joseph Ellis, George Edward Paine Wilson, William Julius Stevens Emerson, William (1769- Hauerwas, Stanley M. Wittrock, Bjorn Burkitt, Francis Crawford 1811) Hawley, John Stratton Wolfgang, Marvin Eugene Burrows, Millar Ernst, Carl William Haygood, Atticus Greene Wulsin, Frederick Roelker Buswell, Jr., Robert E. Everett, Charles Carroll Hedge, Frederic Henry Wuthnow, Robert Buttrick, George Arthur Everett, Oliver Hehir, J. Bryan Xie, Yu Cadbury, Henry Joel Faunce, William Herbert Heschel, Abraham Joshua Zald, Mayer Nathan Cahill, Lisa Sowle Perry Hill, Thomas Zeder, Melinda A. Calhoun, Robert Lowry Fenn, William Wallace Holifield, E. Brooks Zelizer, Viviana A. Carrasco, David Finkelstein, Louis Holladay, Carl R. Zimmerman, Carle Clark Cary, Samuel Fishbane, Michael Holley, Horace Zuckerman, Harriet Anne Casey, Robert Pierce Fitzpatrick, John Bernard Holmes, Abiel Cell, George Croft Florovsky, Georges Howard, Bezaleel Back to Subject Index Vasilievich Howard, Simeon

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Hyde, William DeWitt Muelder, Walter George Robert, Dana L. Ulrich, Eugene Jarvis, Samuel Farmar Murray, Edward Gerard Robinson, Edward (1794- Van der Kemp, Francis Jenkins, John I. Murray, John Courtney 1863) Adrian Jenks, William Nash, Norman Burdett Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman von Campenhausen, Hans Kieckhefer, Richard Nelson, John Robert Robinson, James Erich Freiherr Kirkland, Samuel Neuwirth, Angelika McConkey Ware, Henry Knudson, Albert Cornelius Newman, Barbara Jane Ropes, James Hardy Washburn, Henry Koester, Helmut Heinrich Nichols, Ichabod Ryan, James Hugh Bradford Karl Ernst Niebuhr, Helmut Richard Sanders, Ed Parish (E. P.) Waters, Thomas Franklin Konig, Franz Cardinal Niebuhr, Richard Reinhold Sanger, Zedekiah Watson, Richard Lafarge, John Nock, Arthur Darby Schäfer, Peter Weigel, Gustave Lake, Kirsopp Noll, Mark Allan Schopen, Gregory R. West, Samuel Lally, Francis Joseph Norton, Andrews Schussler Fiorenza, Wharton, Francis Langdon, Samuel Noyes, George Rapall Elisabeth Wigglesworth, Edward Lathrop (or Lothrop), John (1798-1868) Scott, Jr., Nathan (1732-1794) Lathrop, Joseph Oberman, Heiko Alexander Wilder, Amos Niven Lawrence, William (1850- Augustinus Sherrill, Henry Knox Wilken, Robert Louis 1941) O’Connell, William Henry Shulman, David D. Willard, Samuel Lieberman, Saul Ogden, Schubert Miles Smith, Jonathan Z. Williams, Abraham Little, Daniel Orsi, Robert A. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell Williams, George Lopez, Jr., Donald Sewell Outler, Albert Cook Sperry, Willard Learoyd Huntston Lothrop, Elijah Park, Charles Edwards Spiegel, Shalom Williams, Nehemiah Lyman, Joseph Parks, Leighton Spooner, John Jones Williams, Rowan Douglas MacKenzie, Eric Francis Pauck, Wilhelm Stafford, Russell Henry Williams, Samuel (1743- Maclaine, Archibald Payson, Phillips Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn 1817) Madison, James Peabody, Andrew Preston Stearns, Charles Wolfson, Elliot R. Martin, Dale Basil Peabody, Endicott Steinmetz, David Curtis Woods, Leonard Martineau, James Peabody, Ephraim Stendahl, Krister Wright, George Ernest Marty, Martin Emil Peabody, Francis Stout, Jeffrey Lee Wright, John Joseph Mather, Samuel Greenwood Stuart, Moses Young, Edward James McAuliffe, Jane Dammen Pierce, John Sullivan, Lawrence E. McCollester, Lee Sullivan Platner, John Winthrop Tappan, David Back to Subject Index McCormick, Richard Porter, Eliphalet Taves, Ann Arthur Porter, Jean Taylor, Jr., Charles Lincoln McGinn, Bernard John Potter, Alonzo Thacher, Peter McKeen, Joseph Price, Richard Thacher, Samuel Cooper Meeks, Wayne A. Prince, John Thacher, Thomas Mellen, Jr., John Proudfoot, Wayne Thayer, Joseph Henry Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. Putnam, George (1807- Thurman, Howard Metcalf, Joel Hastings 1878) Tillich, Paul Johannes Miller, Samuel Howard Quasten, Johannes Tisserant, Eugene Gabriel Mitchell, Margaret M. Raboteau, Albert Jordy Tov, Emanuel Moore, Edward Caldwell Rahner, Karl Townes, Emilie M. Moore, George Foot Rees, Abraham Tracy, David William Morse, Jedidiah Robbins, Chandler Tucker, William Jewett

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Visual Arts, Art Bochner, Mel Chastel, Andre Adrien Diebenkorn, Jr., Richard Boggs, Jean Sutherland Chatfield-Taylor, Adele Clifford History, and Bois, Yve-Alain Chiang, Yee Diller, Elizabeth Architecture Bond, Jr., J. Max Chillida, Eduardo Druick, Douglas Bonnat, Leon-Joseph- Christiansen, Keith Dwiggins, William Aalto, Alvar (Hugo Alvar Florentin Church, Frederic Edwin Addison Henrik) Bonnefoy, Yves Church, Thomas Dolliver Eames, Jr., Charles Ackerman, James Sloss Bontecou, Lee Clark, Alvan Edgell, George Harold Adams, Ansel Easton Boone, Elizabeth Hill Clark, Kenneth Mackenzie Eggleston, William Albers, Josef Borja-Villel, Manuel J. Clark, Timothy James Eisenman, Peter David Albright, Ivan LeLorraine Bosworth, William Welles Close, Chuck Eitner, Lorenz Edwin Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth Bourgeois, Louise Cobb, Henry Nichols Alfred Alexander, Christopher Braque, Georges Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Eliot II, Charles William Wolfgang John Bredekamp, Horst Collens, Charles Elsner, John (Jaś) Allston, Washington Breuer, Marcel Lajos Collins, Judith Marjorie Emerson, William (1873- Alpers, Svetlana Brilliant, Richard Conant, Kenneth John 1957) Anatsui, El Brown, John Nicholas Conkwright, Pleasant Ettinghausen, Richard Anderson, Lawrence Brown, Jonathan Jefferson Evans, Walker Bernhart Brown, Mather Connick, Charles Jay Feiffer, Jules Ralph Andre, Carl Brown, Trisha Constable, William George Filler, Martin Myles Argan, Giulio Carlo Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Coolidge, Charles Allerton Fischl, Eric Audubon, John James Buchloh, Benjamin H.D. (1858-1936) Forbes, Edward Waldo Avedon, Richard Bulfinch, Charles Coolidge, John Phillips Foster, Hal Avery, Milton Clark Bunshaft, Gordon Copley, John Singleton Foster, Norman Robert Baldessari, John Anthony Burchard, John Ely Correa, Charles Mark Frampton, Kenneth Bambach, Carmen C. Burchfield, Charles Cotter, Holland Frankenthaler, Helen Barnes, Edward Larrabee Ephraim Cox, Gardner Freed, James Ingo Barocchi, Paola Burden, Chris Cram, Ralph Adams Freedberg, David Adrian Barr, Jr., Alfred Hamilton Burns, Ken Cranch, John Freedberg, Sydney Joseph Barron, Stephanie Cabot, Edward Clarke Crawford, Thomas French, Daniel Chester Basaldella, Mirko Cahill, James Francis Cropper, Elizabeth Freud, Lucian Baskin, Leonard Cahn, Walter Crosby, Sumner McKnight Fried, Michael Baxandall, Michael Cairns, Huntington Crow, Thomas Eugene Friedlander, Lee Bayer, Herbert Calder, Alexander Cummins, Thomas B.F. Fuller, Richard Belluschi, Pietro Callahan, Harry Morey Cunningham, Imogen Buckminster Benson, Frank Weston Campbell, Robert Cuno, James Gabo, Naum Neemia Benson, John Howard Campbell, Thomas P. Dallin, Cyrus Edwin Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Berenson, Bernard Caro, Anthony Alfred Danuser, Hermann Gang, Jeanne K. Bergdoll, Barry Cartier-Bresson, Henri Dawes, Thomas (1731- Gates, Jr., Theaster Betancourt, Philip P. Caviness, Madeline 1809) Gehry, Frank Owen Bianconi, Lorenzo Harrison de Kooning, Willem Gerome, Jean Leon Gennaro Caws, Mary Ann DeCarlo, Giancarlo Giedion, Sigfried Bigelow, William Sturgis Celmins, Vija Dempsey, Charles Gilbert, Creighton Eddy Bloom, Hyman Chamberlain, John Angus d’Harnoncourt, Anne Gober, Robert Chamberlain, Samuel di Suvero, Mark Golub, Leon Albert

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Gombrich, Ernst Hans Hugo, Everett Harold Le Corbusier [pseudonym Miró, Joan Josef Huxtable, Ada Louise for Charles Edouard Mitchell, W. J. Thomas Goodrich, Lloyd Israel, Franklin David Jeanneret-Gris] Mitchell, William J. Gowing, Lawrence Burnett Ito, Toyo Lee, Rensselaer Wright Moneo Valles, Jose Rafael Grabar, Oleg Ivins, Jr., William Mills Lee, Sherman Emery Mongan, Agnes Graham, Dan H. Jaffe, Andrew Michael Legorreta Vilchis, Ricardo Moore, Charles Willard Graves, Nancy Stevenson James, William (1882- Lehmann, Phyllis Williams Moore, Henry Spencer Greenough, Horatio 1961) Lentz, Thomas W. Morey, Charles Rufus Greenough, Richard Janson, Horst Woldemar Levine, Jack Mori, Toshiko Saltonstall Jewell, William MacIntyre Levine, Neil Morley, Malcolm Gropius, Walter Adolf Johns, Jasper Lewis, George E. Morse, Samuel Finley Georg Johnson, Philip Cortelyou Licht, Fred S. Breese Guy, John Jonas, Joan Lichtenstein, Roy Fox Motherwell, Robert Hadzi, Dimitri Kahn, Louis Isadore Ligon, Glenn Mumford, Lewis Halprin, Lawrence Kallmann, Gerhard Lin, Maya Ying Munro, Thomas Hamburger, Jeffrey Michael Lindberg, Magnus Murray, Elizabeth Hamilton, Ann Katherine Kaufman, Boris Lipchitz, Jacques Nash, Ray Hamilton, George Heard Kaulbach, Wilhelm Liu, Kuo-sung Nason, Thomas Hammons, David Freiherr von Lodge, John Ellerton Willoughby Harper, Prudence Oliver Kelly, Ellsworth Lowry, Glenn David Nauman, Bruce Lee Harrison, Wallace Kemp, Martin John Loyrette, Henri Necipoglu, Gulru Kirkman Kentridge, William Lynch, Kevin Andrew Nervi, Pier Luigi Haskell, Francis James Kepes, Gyorgy Maginnis, Charles Donagh Nevelson, Louise Herbert Kere, Diebedo Francis Maki, Fumihiko Berliawsky Hayes, Bartlett Harding Kessler, Herbert Leon Mancusi-Ungaro, Carol Newhall, Beaumont Hayter, Stanley William Kiefer, Anselm Karl Albert Manship, Paul Howard Niemeyer, Oscar Soares Hearn, Maxwell K. Kitaj, R. B. (Ronald Manzu, Giacomo Filho Heintzelman, Arthur Brooks) Marden, Brice Nochlin, Linda William Koehler, Sylvester Rosa Marin, John Noguchi, Isamu Heizer, Michael Koerner, Joseph Leo Marin, Louis Aime Noland, Kenneth Clifton Held, Julius Samuel Koolhaas, Remment Marini, Marino Nordenfalk, Carl Adam Herbert, Robert Louis Koons, Jeff Marquand, Allan Johan Hibbard, Howard Krauss, Rosalind E. Marrow, James Henry Nordenson, Guy Jérôme Hines, Thomas Spight Kruger, Barbara Marshall, Kerry James Pierre Hockney, David Kubler, George Alexander Martin, Agnes Bernice Norton, Charles Eliot Hofer, Philip Kurtág, György Mather, Jr., Frank Jewett Okakura, Kakuzo Holl, Steven Myron Laloux, Victor Alexandre Mayne, Thom O’Keeffe, Georgia Totto Holmes, Edward Jackson Frederic McDonald, Audra A. Oldenburg, Claes Thure Holzer, Jenny Lambert, Phyllis McKinnell, Noel Michael Olin, Laurie Dewar Hopkinson, Charles Lavin, Irving Meier, Richard Alan Olitski, Jules Sydney Lawrence, Jacob Meiss, Millard Lazare Oliveira, Nathan J. Horn, Walter William Lawrence, Jr., James Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Olmsted, Frederick Law Hudnut, Joseph Lawrence, William Henry Milliken, William Ophuls, Marcel Hughes, Robert Studley Mathewson Overbeck, Johann Forrest Millon, Henry Armand Friedrich

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Panofsky, Erwin Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow Shearman, John Kinder Tapies, Antoni Parzinger, Hermann Rogers, Malcolm Austin Gowran Tarbell, Edmund Charles Payne, Alina Rorimer, James Joseph Shepley, Henry Richardson Thiebaud, Wayne Peabody, Robert Swain Rosand, David Sherman, Cindy Thompson, Benjamin Pearlstein, Philip Rose, C. Brian Shimizu, Yoshiaki Caspar Pei, Ieoh Ming Rosenberg, Harold Silverman, Debora Leah Tomita, Kojiro Penny, Nicholas Beaver Rosenberg, Jakob Simpson, Lorna Trachtenberg, Marvin Perahia, Murray Rosenblum, Robert Sitney, P. Adams Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold Perkins, Charles Callahan Rosenfield, John Max Siza (Siza Vieira), Alvaro Trumbull, John (1756- Pfaff, Judy Rosenquist, James Joaquim Melo 1843) Philpott, Anthony John Ross, Denman Waldo Slive, Seymour Tsien, Billie Piano, Renzo Rothko, Mark Sloan, John French Turrell, James Pignatti, Terisio Rowland, Ingrid D. Smith, Kiki Tuttle, Richard Pillsbury, Edmund P. Rowland, Jr., Benjamin Smyth, Craig Hugh Twombly, Cy Pinkney, Jerry Rubin, William Soper, Alexander Coburn Van Valkenburgh, Michael Plummer, Christopher O. Rudenstine, Angelica Sorkin, Michael R. Polke, Sigmar Zander Souto de Moura, Eduardo Van Zanten, David Polshek, James Stewart Rudolph, Paul Marvin Elisio Machado Theodore Pope-Hennessy, John Ruscha, Ed (Edward) Speicher, Eugene Edward Varnedoe, John Kirk Train Wyndham Ruskin, John Stebbins, Jr., Theodore Venturi, Robert Porter, Arthur Kingsley Ruzicka, Rudolph Ellis Vidler, Anthony Porter, Eliot Furness Ryman, Robert Tracy Steinberg, Leo Viola, Bill Post, Chandler Rathfon Ryskamp, Charles Andrew Steinberg, Saul Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene Poulet, Anne L. Saarinen, Eero Stern, Robert A.M. Emmanuel Powell III, Earl Alexander Sachs, Paul Joseph Stinehour, Roderick von Blanckenhagen, Peter Powers, Hiram Safdie, Moshe Douglas Heinrich Pratt, Bela Lyon Saint Gaudens, Augustus Stone, Edward Durell von Falkenhausen, Lothar Pulitzer, Emily Rauh Salgado, Sebastiao Ribeiro Story, William Wetmore von Simson, Otto George Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre Sargent, John Singer Stout, George Leslie Wagner, Martin Cecile Sauerlander, Willibald Paul Strand, Paul Walker, Charles Howard Rathbone, Perry Townsend Walter Stubbins, Jr., Hugh Asher Walker, Kara Rauschenberg, Robert Sawyer, Charles Henry Sturgis, Richard Clipston Walsh, Jr., John Rawn III, William Leete (1906-2005) Suckale, Robert Ware, William Robert Rawson, Jessica Schapiro, Meyer Sullivan, Michael Warner, Langdon Ray, Charles Richardson Scofidio, Ricardo (Donovan Michael) Warren, Herbert Langford Rich, Daniel Catton Scott Brown, Denise Summers, John David Weems, Carrie Mae Richardson, Henry Scully, Vincent J. Summerson, John Weitzmann, Kurt Hobson Segal, George Newenham West, Benjamin (1738- Richter, Gerhard Sekler, Eduard Franz Swarzenski, Hanns Peter 1820) Riley, Bridget Serota, Nicholas A. Theophil Weston, Karl Ephraim Ringgold, Faith Serra, Richard Sweeney, James Johnson Whittlesey, Julian Hill Rishel, Joseph J. Sert, Josep Luis Tafuri, Manfredo Williams, Tod Robinson, Edward (1858- Settis, Salvatore Tagliapietra, Lino Wilson, Robert 1931) Shahn, Benjamin Zwi Tamayo, Rufino Wind, Edgar Roche, Kevin Eamonn Tange, Kenzo

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Winthrop, Grenville Blake, Charles Henry Crozier, William John Fernald, Charles Henry Lindall Bodenstein, Dietrich Hans Cushman, Joseph Fewkes, Jesse Walter Wiseman, Frederick F. Alexander Augustine Fischer von Waldheim, Wood, Christopher S. Bodian, David Cuvier (Baron), Georges Gotthelf Friedrich Wu, Hung Boell, Edgar John Leopold Christian Flexner, Louis Barkhouse Wurster, William Wilson Bonaparte, Charles Lucien Frederic Dagobert Frisch, Karl Ritter von Wyeth, Andrew Newell Jules Laurence, Prince de Dall, William Healey Gardiner, Edward Xu, Jay Canino Daniel, John Franklin Gardiner Yamasaki, Minoru Boulenger, George Albert Darlington, Jr., Philip Gegenbaur, Carl Yu, Kongjian Boyden, Edward Allen Jackson Goode, George Brown Zumthor, Peter Brachet, Jean Louis Davenport, Charles Gould, Augustus Addison Auguste Benedict Greep, Roy Orval Back to Subject Index Bremer, John Lewis Dawson, Alden Benjamin Gregory, William King Brewer, Thomas Mayo de Lacaze-Duthiers, Felix Griffin, Donald Redfield Zoology Brewster, William Joseph Henri Grinnell, Joseph Briggs, Robert William de Pourtales, Louis Grobstein, Clifford Adams, Charles Baker Brooks, William Keith Francois Hagen, Hermann August Adkisson, Perry Lee Brues, Charles Thomas Dean, John Halasz, Bela Agassiz, Alexander Bryant, Henry Dempsey, Edward Wheeler Haldeman, Samuel Emmanuel Rodolph Buffon, Georges Louis Detwiler, Samuel Randall Stehman Agassiz, Jean Louis Leclerc, Comte de Dobzhansky, Theodosius Hamburger, Viktor Rodolph Bumpus, Hermon Carey Dollo, Louis Antoine Hamilton, William Donald Alexander, Robert McNeill Burgess, Edward Marie Joseph Hamlin, Charles Edward Allee, Warder Clyde Burnett, Waldo Irving Drew, Gilman Arthur Harris, Thaddeus William Allen, Glover Morrill Cabot, Samuel (1815-1885) Duboule, Denis Hasler, Arthur Davis Allen, Joel Asaph Callan, Harold Garnet Dwight, Thomas Henshaw, Samuel Arnold, Stevan James Carpenter, Frank Morton Ebert, James David Hilborn, Ray William Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis Carpenter, Russell Edds, Jr., Mac Vincent Hillis, David Mark Azam, Farooq LeGrand Edinger, Tilly (Johanna Hisaw, Frederick Lee Bachman, John Caspari, Ernst Wolfgang Gabrielle Ottelie) Hoadley, Leigh Baer, Karl Ernst von Castle, William Ernest Edwards, Scott Vernon Holbrook, John Edwards Baird, Spencer Fullerton Caullery, Maurice Jules Ehrenberg, Christian Hölldobler, Berthold Karl Banks, Nathan Gaston Corneille Gottfried Holmes, Samuel Jackson Barbour, Thomas Chadwick, Leigh Edward Eisner, Thomas Holtfreter, Johannes Bartholomew, George Clark, Benjamin Preston Elton, Charles Sutherland Friedrich Karl Adelbert Clarke, George Leonard Emlen, Stephen T. Howard, Leland Ossian Batchelder, Charles Foster Clarke, Samuel Fessenden Endler, John A. Humes, Arthur Grover Bates, Marston Cleveland, Lemuel Roscoe Evans, Herbert McLean Huntsman, Archibald Bennett, Henry Stanley Conklin, Edwin Grant Everett, John Wendell Gowanlock Berenbaum, May Roberta Conway, Gordon Richard Fall, Henry Clinton Hutchinson, George Bigelow, Robert Payne Copeland, Manton Faure-Fremiet, Emmanuel Evelyn Binney, Amos Corner, George Fawcett, Don Wayne Huxley, Julian Sorell Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig Washington Faxon, Walter Huxley, Thomas Henry Wilhelm Craig, Jr., George Brownlee Fell, Honor Bridget Hyatt, Alpheus Crompton, Alfred Walter Fell, Howard Barraclough Hyman, Libbie Henrietta

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017 Imms, Augustus Daniel Medawar, Peter Brian Ris, Hans Weinland, David Friedrich Jennings, Herbert Spencer Melander, Axel Leonard Ritchie, Jr., John Weis-Fogh, Torkel Johnson, Charles Willison Metcalf, Robert Lee Ritter, William Emerson Welsh, John Henry Jolly, Alison Bishop Metz, Charles William Romer, Alfred Sherwood Weysse, Arthur Wisswald Jordan, H. E. Karl Michener, Charles Duncan Rothschild, Miriam Louisa Wheeler, William Morton (Heinrich Ernst Karl) Miller, Jr., Gerrit Smith Rubinoff, Ira White, Michael James Keith, Arthur (1866-1955) Milne-Edwards, Henri Ruthven, Alexander Grant Denham Kellogg, Arthur Remington Minot, Charles Sedgwick Ryan, Francis Joseph Whitman, Charles Otis Kennedy, Donald Moore, Carl Richard Sawyer, Charles Henry Wigglesworth, Vincent Kidder, George Wallace Moore, John Alexander (1915-2006) Brian Kingsley, John Sterling Morgan, Thomas Hunt Schevill, William Edward Wilder, Harris Hawthorne Kirtland, Jared Potter Morse, Edward Sylvester Schmidt, Karl Patterson Williams, Carroll Milton Knipling, Edward Fred Morton, Samuel George Schmidt, Wilhelm Josef Williams, Ernest Edward Kofoid, Charles Atwood Muller, Johannes Peter Jacob Wilson, James Walter Kolliker, Rudolf Albert von Neal, Herbert Vincent Schmitt, Francis Otto Wilson, Jr., Edward Kovalevskij (Kovalevsky), Nicholas, John Spangler Schotte, Oscar Emil Osborne Alexander Onufrijevic Nottebohm, Fernando Schrader, Franz Wislocki, George Bernays Krebs, John Richard Nuttall, George Henry Scudder, Samuel Hubbard Woods, Frederick Adams Kuhn, Alfred Falkiner Sears, Mary Woodworth, William Landauer, Walter Orians, Gordon Howell Sedgwick, William McMichael Lankester, Edwin Ray Osborn, Henry Fairfield Thompson Wyman, Jeffries Leblond, Charles Philippe Owen, Richard Siebold, Carl Theodor Wyman, Jr., Jeffries LeConte, John Lawrence Packard, Alpheus Spring Ernst von Young, John Zachary Leidy, Joseph (1839-1905) Singer, Marcus Joseph Zuckerman, Solly Leuckart, Rudolph (Karl Palay, Sanford Louis Sjostrand, Fritiof Stig Georg Friedrich Parker, George Howard Smith, Ray Fred Back to Subject Index Rudolph) Patten, William Spemann, Hans Lewis, Frederic Thomas Patterson, Bryan Steenstrup, Johann Japetus Lillie, Frank Rattray Pearl, Raymond Smith Lillie, Ralph Stayner Peck, William Dandridge Storer, David Humphreys Lindauer, Martin Peters, James Lee Thayer, John Eliot Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias Phillips, John Charles Thompson, D’Arcy Lovejoy, Thomas Eugene Pilsbry, Henry Augustus Wentworth Loven, Sven Pincus, Gregory Goodwin Tiedemann, Friedrich Lull, Richard Swann Pittendrigh, Colin Tinbergen, Nikolaas Lutz, Brenton Reid Stephenson Tobias, Phillip V. Lyman, Theodore (1833- Plough, Harold Henry Twitty, Victor Chandler 1897) Rand, Herbert Wilbur Underwood, William MacArthur, Robert Helmer Redfield, Alfred Clarence Lyman Mall, Franklin Paine Regan, Charles Tate van Beneden, Pierre Joseph Mark, Edward Laurens Rensch, Bernard Carl Verrill, Addison Emery Marsh, Othniel Charles Emmanuel von Paijkull (Paykull), Mayr, Ernst Retzius, Magnus Gustaf Gustaf McCrady, John Riddiford, Lynn Moorhead Watson, David Meredith Mead, Albert Davis Riddle, Oscar Seares

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2017