The Newsletter of the NIH Alumni Associati on

Spring 1991 Vol. 3, No. 1 date Julius Axelrod: Portrait First Cancer Patients Get Of aLate Bloomer Gene Therapy By Rich McManus By Florence S. Antoine Fo1ty-one years ago, a man who A team of NIH scientists led by would later go on to win a Nobel prize immunotherapist and surgeon Dr. Steven arrived at NlH with relatively slim pros­ A. Rosenberg of NCI treated the first pects for achieving distinction. cancer patients in a human gene therapy Back then, lacking a Ph.D., he was a trial Jan. 29. longshot candidate for success. Today, Two patients received transfusions of he concedes resignedly, a man like him special cancer-killing cells removed from wouldn't have a prayer at NIH. their own rumors and a1111ed in the labo­ "There are no opportunities in science ratory with a gene capable of producing a for a late bloomer now," says Dr. Julius potent antitumor toxin, tumor necrosis Axelrod, a guest researcher at NIMH 's factor (TNF). Laboratory of Cell Biology and winner of "This trial will be the first to apply the 1970 Nobel Prize in physiology or gene therapy to cancer, which. in its medicine. many forms , affects millions of people,'' Dr. Bernadine P. Healy, formerly of Ohio's "There are a lot of people who mature Rosenberg said. Cleveland Clinic Foundation, has been named slowly, and they just don' t have a NIH's 13th director, a position open since The ca ncer-killing cells removed from chance," he observed. "You have ro have August 1989. the patient 's tumor are tumor-infiltrating a fast stan today-the best schools, the lymphocytes, or TILs, that have migrated best gmdes, the best fellowships-or you from other parts of the body co the cancer won't get into the system. I was a good Healy Confirmed As site. These cells invade the tumor and but not outstanding student. Opportuni­ Thirteenth NIH Director may have the ability to recognize and de­ ties came and I just made the right stroy tissue from this tumor that has choices." By Carla Game/1 spread to distant parts of the body. (See Axelrod p. 14) On March 21, the Senate confirmed (See Gene Therapy p. 13) the nomination of cardiologist Dr. Bernadine P. Healy, 46. as NTH's 13th di­ In This Issue rector. She is the fi rst woman to hold the In NIHAA Forn111 . Bernard D. Dm·is writes about position of NlH director, a post widely re­ :ea/ in the Ofjke ofScie111ijic l111egrity fl· 3 garded in the nation 's scientific commu­ Nell's from and about NIHAA members fl· 5 nity as the president's top biomedical re­ Science Research Updates p. 8 search appointment. Calvill 8. Baldll'in . .fr.. reports 011 NIH Newspapers reported several months budgets for 1991. 1992 p.11 ago that DHHS secretary Dr. Louis W. Calendar p. 13 Sullivan had chosen Healy for the job; Richard M. Krause desl'l'ibes syphilis President Bush officially announced his research. 1900-1 910 p. 18 intention to nominate her .Jan. 9. Human ge110111£• project meets its market fl· 20 "Her nomination is good news indeed, Editors loosen grip on 111etlical news p. 21 and bodes well for the future of the NlH," FAES ojfers .~radume school m NI/-/ p. 22 Cliildren's Inn h11rgeo11s injirst year p. 23 Dr. Julius Axelrod has, In 41 years at NIH, said Dr. Wi lliam Raub, who has served as seen va rious Institutes rise, pioneered in the NIH 's acting director since August 1989, A-Win.~ addition rises 0 11 east side of Bldg. JO p. 24 chemistry of the nervous system and In drug when Dr. James Wyngaarden resigned. Most·citcd women scie11tist.1· ha1·e NIH tics p. 25 studies, trained scientists, won the Nobel Healy, who served as an NHLBI staff Prize, and, lately, immersed himself in signal fellow here from 1972 to 1974. would re­ NIH Norcs p. 26 transduction research. NIHAA Happenings p. 31 (See Healy p. 2) N I H A A U P D A T E

H ealy (co111i1111edfro111 p. I) Stetten Museum Acquires cum 10 IH from Ohio's Cleveland Van Slyke Apparatus Clinic Foundation. where she hm; served Update as chainnan of 1he Research lns1iw1e ln April the DeWin S1enen. Jr. Mu­ since 1985. Recen1ly. she has served on seum of Medical Research will place an several NIH advisory groups including The NII/AA Update l\'l'il'omes /euers am/ m' "'S original Yan Slyke manometric apparatus 1he 1988 panel that debated 1he use of fe­ from rrad1·rs. IVe "·ish 1101 nnly w hring alumni in the lobby area of rhe Claude Pepper news abom NI1-1 . /mt alsn 10 sen·e as a means/or ral tissue in federal biomedical research. Building conference ce111er (Bldg. 3 1. 61h reporting i11forma1io11 abom a/w1111i--their con· Dr. Harvey Klein. chief of 1he Clini­ /'ems. i11for111mi1111 011 recent appoi11111u•11ts. floor). The exhibit will include a brochure cal Cemer 's transfusion medicine clepa11­ lionors. books p11/Jlisliedand Oilier tlerelopme11ts that traces the histo1y of this ins1rumen1. ofinterest llJ tllt'ir col/eag11es. lfyo11 lu11•1• m•ws mem and former Healy associaie, also Named after the famed chemist (l/Jom yourselfor a/mm (l{/ier (l/1111111i. or com· mt'llts 011 (Ind sugg1•s1io11sfor the NIJ/1\A Update. praised 1hc new director. He was a first­ Donald Dexter Yan Slyke. this instru­ year resident w i1h 1he Osler M edical Ser­ pleast' drop a 1Wll' to the editor. \Ve resen·e the ment. developed in the 1920's. is one of rig/it w edit materials. vice at Johns Hopkins when Healy in­ the first devices 1hat success fully i111e­ terned there 1970 to 197 1. gra1ed modem chemist!)' with 1he prac­ K lein sa id whal he remembers most tice of medicine. As a clinical and re­ Editor's Note about Healy was her dedica1ion to her search rool. it was distinctive in i1s versa­ pa1ie111s. "She was extremely conscien­ The NII/AA Update. is tire 11e..·sft'ller ofthe NIH tility. simplicity, and accuracy a'i a quan­ 1ious." he said. recalling that Osler in­ A11111111i Associmio11. Tlze NIHM office is at 91 01 titative instrument. Old Ceorgetnl\'11 Rd.. Bethesda. MD 208/.1. (301) 1ems were required 10 comple1e one of Until the advent 530·0567. the mos1 difficult internships in 1he coun­ ofelectronic. auto­ t!)'. EdiJor: Harriet R. Greenwald mated analyzers. I . "They were supposed to be immedi­ which emerged in NIHAA Newsletter F.ditorial Adl'isory Committee !.. ately available. li1erally all the lime:· he 1he 1960's. the Yan Richard McMt11111s. Clraimw11 said. " She was a grea1favorite among her Slyke manometric Bobbi P. Be1111e11 pa1ie111s and frequen1l y came in to care device was found in ,,, .(i ; . I LindaJ. Brown for 1hem on her rare lime off... almost every cl ini­ I : . Sheldon G. Cohen As NIH direc1or. Healy, a 1970 f'l.'ler c.i. C(llul/iffe cal laboratol)'. Sub­ Mic/i(le/ M. Go11esma11 graduate of Harvard M edica l School. sequently. however, ~I ~ llarriet R. Gree11ll'ald joins three former classmates already es­ most of 1hem were Vicmria l/11rde11 tablished at NIH- Dr. Michael destroyed. The in­ Joe R. lie/ti .I: llan·e.1•K/£'in Gouesman. chief of NCI·s Laboratory of strument in this ex­ I JL ~ Robert C. M(lrti11 Cell Biology: Dr. Herber! M orse. chief of hibit was donated Almer ln11is No1ki11s 1 lnis A. Sal:111a11 the Labora1ory of lmmunopaihology at to the Stetten Mu­ tr Swrm IV/wley NIAID: and Dr. Eric 011esen. chief of the seum by Dr. Rollin Ji • •I 1·· .- , ,_I 1' clinical parasitology section in NlAID's Hotchkiss. fonnerly .~ l-m' J . . NII/AA Newsletter Board ofContributing Editors Laborarory ofClinical lnves1iga1ion. of the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller University). Giorgio Bernardi Gonesman said: " I am delighted that II. Franklin 8111111 Dr. Healy will be re1uming 10 NIH. NIH To mark the exhibit"s opening. Dr. Bemar

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NIHAAFarum biliries between two offices; their very broad mandates: and the zeal of their Zeal in the Office of present admi nistration. On the maner of structure: while it Scientific Integrity was obviously necessary to srrengtllen the mechanisms at lhe NTH for dealing with By Dr. Bernard D. Davis fraud. the existence of two offices, for a Since administrators naturally wish to function that could well be performed by protect their institutions from embarrass­ one. wastes both money and time. More­ ment, it is not surprising rhat they have over, the more elaborate the offices, and often been reluctant to respond to aUega­ the machinery that they require in re­ Lions of fraud in research. We are now search institutions. Ille grearer rhe expen­ paying a price, a5 congressional investi­ diture. Indeed, since rhe initial congres­ gations have led to exposure of a substan­ sional inquiry into fraud was based on the tial number of cases of fraud- more than legislators' obligation to prevent waste of mosr scienrisrs would have expected. The taxpayers· money. it would be interesting increase might only reflect bener detec­ to compare the cosr of the present exten­ Dr. Bernard D. Davis tion-though it would not be surprising if sive machinery and acrivities witll the Lhe frequency had also risen, since stan­ savings. those generally accepted." The Public dards of in1egri1y have declined con­ In addirion, if mechanisms for dealing Affairs Board of FASEB vigorously op­ spicuously in our culture (including the with fraud have the goal of improving the posed the change, on tJ1e ground thar rhe highest levels in our government). Never­ research enterprise, they will not be effec­ term misconduc1 , and even more rhe con­ theless. Lhe recognition ofeven a dozen rive if they are simply imposed as a polic­ cept of generally accepred practice. are or two cases of fraud , among the 24,000 ing action: they must have the coopera­ too ope n-ended in this contexr. Blll we granlS supponed by Lhe NIH. does not se­ tion of rhe concerned scientific commu­ lost. Somehow, tJ1e old-fashioned rerm riously undern1ine confidence that the niry. The HHS office, lacking the broad ·'dishonesry .. never got inro Ille act As great majority of scientists have extreme connections of tJ1e NIH with rhat commu­ George Orwell has taught us, language is concern for scienti fic integrity, on which nity. seems unlikely to be helpful in imponant in politics-and ..misconduct"' !heir whole en1erprise depends. achieving this goal. has 1urned out to be an invitation to an While this confidence seems 10 be A final comment on the structure of ever-expanding scope ofgovernment in­ generally shared by scientists, some leg­ the offices: subordinating the OSI 10 1he volvemenl. islators have evidently been convinced of OSIR makes Ille position of its director The resulting mandate charges the a more serious crisis in science. ln re­ less effecrive and less attractive. More­ new offices not only with monitoring and sponse to their criticism tJ1e Depanment over. this decision funher diminishes the conducting investigations of misconduct: ofHeallh and Human Services estab­ waning aurhority of1.he direcror of NIH­ they should also ..promore high standards li shed two new offices: the Office of Sci­ an unfortunate rrend in recent years of laboratory and clinical investigations entific Integrity (OSI) in the NIH. and a whose negative impacr on the artractive­ in science rhrough a prevention and edu­ supervisory Office of Scientific Integrity ness of that office. and on the status of the cation program." l11is phrase is fraught Review (OSIR) in the department. l11e institution. is widely recognized. with possibilities for encouraging the latter office no1 only sets policy but also More imponant than the structure of government to mix problems of miscon­ makes the final decision on the investi­ the new offices is the second problem, duct with problems of quality in the con­ gated cases. their broad mandate. The groundwork duct of research. And even though the Since these new offices may signifi­ was laid early in Ille discussions of fraud, government may enter this area with the cantly affecr the future style of research when the NIH insisted, on debatable legal wish 10 be a beloved teacher in a noble and the relations between scientists and grounds, that the 1em1 "fraud " must be re­ cause, its structure inevitably makes its the NIH, they deserve close scrutiny. I placed by "misconducr." Moreover. mis hand heavy. shall discuss three aspects of the prob­ term was defined to include not only fal­ This is rhe hean of the problem. The lem: rhe effecrs of dividing the responsi­ sification. fabrication, and plagiarism, but government already has strong and ap­ also "practices that deviate seriously from propriate leverage over quality tll rouoh (See flltegrity p. 4)

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Int.egrity (continued from p. 3) American Society of Microbiology last Though the NIH enjoys a respected the granting mechanism. In addition, it May, he suggested that the definition of and even affectionate relationship wi th can legitimately investigate and punish misconduct should be broadened to in­ the scientific community, it has not al­ fraud. But it is another matter for the c lude s loppiness, because cutting comers ways been courageous in defending prin­ government to become involved in pur­ is just a'i irresponsible as cheating. More­ ciples against political pressures. In an suing less weighty (and more wide­ over, a subsequent PHS document (8/1/ earlier era of red-baiting it refused (un­ spread) faults of scientists such as care­ 90). describing the policies and proce­ like some other government agencies) to lessness, bad judgment, and improper as­ dures of the new offices, provided a fur­ award grants to such distinguished scien­ signment ofcredit. The need to discour­ ther innovation: in addition to their own ti sts as Linus Pauling and Elvin Kabat, age such behavior and to reward high personnel they will require each PHS because they were accused (witho ut trial) standards is important, and it is a con­ agency, and each fund-granting compo­ of political misconduct. To be sure. that stant challenge-without expectation of nent, to designate a Misconduct Policy shameful action of the NIH does not pro­ perfect success-to the scientific com­ Officer. Since the OSI should have no dif­ vide a strong analogy for the OSI and munity, including teachers, referees, edi­ ficulty in receiving informati on about OSIR, since it was based on phantoms. tors, department chairs, deans, appoint­ grantees of any branch of the NIH, one while these offices are addressing real ment committees, and granting commit­ must wonder whether the additional problems. Nevertheless, their overreac­ tees. Moreover, we must concede that re­ branch officers are needed as conduits for tion to political pressure is s imilar~and cent public attention has been useful in such information or are also expected to it threate ns the welfare ofscience on a raising consciousness ofour need to do initiate searches for misconduct. much broader scale. better. I conclude that the new offices have Nevertheless, because these problems become grotesque in their evident aim of Dr. Davis is professor emeriws of are inevitably fuzzy and permeate re­ purifying science root and branch, with­ bacteria/ physiology at flt1n'ard Medical search it seems extremely doubtful that out recognition that the cure could do School. they can benefit from rigid governmental more iiarm than the disease. This threat to regulations. In our legal system the po­ science would seem to merit thorough re­ lice require a warrant before they can en­ evaluation of the offices. Nevertheless, ter: and without it their presence is no the scientific community has not reacted R&W Trip to Hawaii more appropriate in the laboratory than vigorously. However, a recent lawsuit by in the bedroom-even when tax money a defendant against the OSI has drawn at­ A special trip amUlged by the Recre­ supports the inhabitants. tention to the problem in a way that ation & Welfare Association of NIH to My third concern is that lhe broad should promote further discussion. The Hawaii is available to members ofthe mandate of these offices is now being judge scathingly criticized the process by NIH Alumni Association. The tour pursued with excessive zeal, rather than which the new offices established major leaves Dec. 5 from Dulles Airport. The with restraint. This was originally only a new policies and procedures. without 9-day trip includes tours of Hono1ulu, a Ll1eoretical possibility, but it is now an public review (Science 251 :508. 1.991 ). Polynesian luau, a city punchbowl tour, actuality. NIH training grants already re­ This judgment will presumably result visits to Pearl Harbor and Maui, and a qui.re institutions to provide formal in publication of proposed policies in the dinner show. courses in research ethics; and while it is Federal Register, inviting public com­ Enjoy the beauty of Hawaii and relax. clearly desirable for preceptors to set ex­ ment. But this contribution of the law. Whether your pleasure is shopping. amples and to engage in discussions that with its traditional emphasis on proce­ swimming, or relaxing in the sun, you expose their trainees to the canons of dure. will not solve the problem unless are sure to have a wonderful time. Your ethical scientific behavior, obligatory the substantive issues elicit comments professio nal tour guide will be there to courses may simply bore students ofsci­ from scientists on a large scale-whether assist you. The total price of this trip in­ ence, much like required courses in in response to that publ ication or through cluding airfare, hotels, 8 meals and insur­ Marxism in some other countries. other connections. The main issue is, of ance waiver is $1,679. For further infor­ An even larger expansion ofgovern­ course, the need to balance pursuit of mation. contact Kelly McManus or ment intervention is envisaged by the re­ fraud with the preservation ofan atmo­ Randy Schools in the R&W office. (301) 496-6061. cently appointed director of OSI, Jules sphere that will continue to encourage Hallum: at the annual meeting ofthe creativity and boldness in research.

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News From and About department of microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. He NIHAA Members is still conducting an active research pro­ gram on host defenses during viral infec­ Onie H. (Powers) Adams, who tion and on antiviral agents including in­ worked at the NCI from 1963 to 1967 as a terferon. He reports that within the medi­ chemist in the Cancer Chemotherapy Na­ cal school there are several former tional Services Center (CCNSC), writes NIH'ers including Louese McKerlie, that just before her retirement she was who retired from NIH in 1975, and left also "at the National Library of Medicine the department of microbiology in indexing journals for Index Medicus and Galveston in 1985, but is still working in the MEDLARS program." She is now the laboratory there. Dr. Brad Thompson, living in Newtonvillc. Mass. Her hus­ formerly with NCl's Lnborutory of Bio­ band died in January 1989. chemistry, section of biochemistry and gene expression, has been in the depart­ Calvin Baldwin. former NIH associ­ ment of biochemistry in Galveston since ate director for administration and cur­ Three former NIH'ers (fromI) Dr. Nafees 1984. Dr. Bellur Prabhakar, who left Ahmad, Dr. Bahige M. Baroudy, and Dr. Glrish rent NlHAA secretary-treasurer, has NIDR's Laboratory of Oral Medicine in J. Kotwal are pictured In the P·3 blosafety been appointed to the Bethany Beach. August 1990. became an associate profes­ facility at the James N. Gamble Institute of Del.. town council. He and his wife, sor in the department of microbiology. Medical Research. Betty, have a summer home in Bethany. They celebrated their 40th wedding anni­ Dr. Bahige Baroudy, who was at versary in March in Bermuda, where NCl's Laboratory of Molecular Dr. Clarenc.e H. Brown Ill, who was they attended an Elderhostel program at Oncology from 1982 to 1983, then in the a clinical associate in the Medicine the Bermuda Biological Station. The pro­ Laboratory ofBiology of Viruses from Branch, NCl, from 1968 to 1970, has been gram was an historic and ecological sur­ 1978 to 1982, and then in the Laboratory named the medical director for Florida's vey of Bermuda and its oceanic environs. of lnfecrious Diseases from 1983 until Orlando Cancer Center. The center They enthusiastically recommend 1985, is currently director of molecular opened in January through a program Elderhostel programs to other NIHAA virology at the James N. Gamble Insti ­ linking the University of Texas M.D. members. tute of Medical Research in Cincinnati. Anderson Cancer Center and the Orlando He is continuing his research on hepatitis Regional Medical Center. He is a hema­ Dr. Samuel Baron was at NIAID virus, particularly the hepatitis C virus. tologist and oncologist who has been in from 1955 to 1975, when he retired from He loves Cincinnati, says the air is private practice in Orlando since 1975. the Commissioned Corp, USPHS, and cleaner than in Bethesda, and notes that He wi II coordinate the multi-specialty became professor and chairman of the the parking is easy and there arc now di­ services of about 30 Orlando area physi­ rect flights to Europe. He is still playing cians who will staff the freestanding am­ the violin and enjoys the Cincinnati Sym­ bulatory cancer center. phony Orchestra. He has been joined at Gamble by two other former NIH scien­ Dr. Peter E. Dans, a research associ­ tists: Ors. Girish Kotwal and Nafees ate at NlAID from 1964 to 1967, writes Ahmad, both of whom left NlALD in that he is now associate professor of 1990. medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and has directed, since 1983, Dr. R.H. Belmaker reports that he the required first-year course on ethics was "a clinical associate at NIMH , 1972­ and medical care. He is also on 74. I am now chainnan of psychiatry, Maryland's Board of Physician Quality Ben Gurion University School of Medi­ Assurance, which licenses and disci­ cine, Beersheva, lsrael. My main research interest is manic-depressive illness and (See Members p. 6) the biochemical mechanism of action of lithium treatment." 5 N I H A A U P D A T E

Members (co111i1111edfro111p.5) versity. I continue to work in Dr. Ronald B. Herberman, at NCI Maryland's Board of Physician Quality neuroimaging research and pathophysi­ from 1966 to 1985, is director of the Pitts­ Assurance, which licenses and disciplines ological studies of Alzheimer's disease burgh Cancer Institute and professor of physicians and other health care profes­ and brain aging. My wife, Dr. Elisabeth medicine and pathology at the University sionals. His wife, Colene, who worked at Koss. who was a neuropsychologist in the of Pittsburgh. He has been named a NIAID from 1960 until 1966. is now brain aging and dementia section at NIA member of the Pennsylvania Cancer teaching French in the Baltimore Counry and a research advi or for the World Control. Prevention. and Research Advi­ Public Schools. Health Organization's Special Programs sory Board. which is pan of the Cancer and Research on Aging (affiliated with Control Program of the state's health de­ Dr. .John L. Decker, who recently re­ NIA) is now a research neuropsychologist partment. It facilitates statewide cancer tired as director of the Clinical Center, in the Alzheimer Center." control efforts. and helps set policy for was honored when the John L. Decker the state· s cancer appropriations. M.D. Bioethics Resource Center at the Dr. Christian Gillin left NIMH in CC was officially dedicated on Jan. 11 in 1982 to become a professor of psychiatry Dr. Alfred Ketcham, who in his recognition of his support of the Bioeth­ at the University of California. San Diego 1957-1974 tenure at IH was chief of the ics Program. The Bioethics Resource (UCSD). He has continued his research Crs Surgery Branch and clinical direc­ Center will include a library of 300 non­ on sleep, sleep disorders and the psychop­ tor of NCI. has been elected president of circulating volumes, an online computer hannacology of sleep. In 1987. he helped network with the Kennedy Institute of found a new journal of neuropsycho­ Ethics at Georgetown University, a re­ pharmacology. While at NfH he was a print file, a full and complete line of au­ commissioned officer in the PHS and re­ diovisuals, and it wi ll be coordinated mained in the Naval Reserve in Califor­ with the NJ H Library for li terature search nia. He was called to acti ve duty during services. the recent connict and is now serving as a captain at the Naval Hospital in Charles­ Dr. Tom Folks, who was formerly in ton, S. C. in clinical psychiatry. His wife. the Laboratory of lmmunoregulation, Dr. Fran Gillin. left NIAID's Laboratory NI AID, left in October 1988 to go to the of Parasitic Diseases in 1982 to take a po­ Centers For Disease Control in Atlanta as sition as adjunct professor in the depa11­ chief of the RetTovirus Diseases Branch ment of pathology at UCSD medical in the Division of Viral and Rickensial school's division of infectious diseases. Diseases. The research in his laboratory Her research continues to center around concerns the epidemiology. immunology the inteslinal mucosa! parasites such as and virology of HTLY -1 and HIV. He giardia. still coll aborates with colleagues in the Society of Surgical Oncology. Since NIAID. He repo11 s that one of the biggest Dr. .Joe R. Held, director of DRS leaving NCI , Ketcham has been chief of changes in moving from NIH to direct his from 1972 to 1984. and now vice president surgical oncology at the University of own laboratory has involved the increase for primate operations at Charles River Miami and the Sylvester professor of in administrative responsibilities that take Laboratories in Arlington, Ya.. received oncology. him away from actual bench work. the James A. McCallam Awa rd for out­ standing contributions in international Dr. Marilyn J. Koering, who was at Dr. Robert P. Friendland writes: veterinary medicine from the Association NICHD in the Pregnancy Research "In May 1990. I left the NIA where I was of Military Surgeons of the United States. Branch from 1978 until 1984. is currently deputy clinical director and chief of the This award, which honors Brigadier Gen­ professor in the department of anatomy at brain aging and dementia secti on. My eral James A. McCa llam. a forn1er chi ef George Washington University School of new position in Cleveland is clinical di­ of the U.S. Army Veterinary Corps who Medicine and Health Sciences. She re­ rector of the Alzheimer Center of the served in both world wars. honored Held cently had an exhibit of her photographs. Uni versity Hospitals of Cleveland and for his outstanding accomplishments in entitled ··once Invisible" at the Marvin associate professor of neurology. radiol­ the field of medicine and health. Center's Colonnade Gallery. George ogy. and psychiatry in the school of medicine at Case Western Reserve Uni­ 6 S P R N G 1 9 9 1

Dr. Howard A. Minners, who was at Dr. Paul J. Schmidt, who was chief NIH from 1966 to 1980 (on detail to WHO of the blood bank department (now lrans­ from 1977 to 1980) writes. "In 1966 I fusion medicine department) at the Clini­ joined the international research pro­ cal Center from 1954 to 1974, has been grams of the NIH for II years with in­ since 1975 head of transfusion medicine creasing responsibilities. Subsequently, l at Southwest Florida Blood Bank in served for 3 years beginning in 1977 as Tampa. In a recent article in Florida head of the World Health Organization·s Business (March 1990) he was inter­ research office in Geneva. Switzerl and. r viewed about his transfusion medicine returned in July 1980 to become deputy academic center, which has been estab­ director of the Public Health Service's lished to train health care professionals Office of International Health. In January about the proper use of blood transfusion 1981 I became science advisor to the Administrator. Agency for International Development.··

Dr. Paul D. Parkman, who was on campus from 1963 un til his retiremenc in 1990 as director of the Food and Drug Koerlng's photograph shows amagnified Administration's Center for Biologics sweat gland pore in the palm of ahand. EvaluaLion and Research, delivered the Washington University. The stunning invited remarks at the Syracuse Health photographs were done over the past 17 Science Center graduati on awards cer­ years using a scanning electron micro­ emony in May 1990. He is a 1957 grad u­ scope. Koering said the "more I looked at ate of the medical school. them. the more fascinating they became.,. and realized that she was seeing an, in Dr. J. Palmer Saunders, who was di­ rector of the Division of Research Re­ addition to science. therapy: "This blood bank. and blood sou rces and Centers, NCI. from 1956 to banking in general, is unrecognizable 1974, has been named dean emeritus of Dr. Ronald Levy, a clinical associate compared to 1975. For years, transfusion the Graduate School of Biomedical Sci­ at NCI from 1970 to 1972 and curren tl y medicine was a suppo11 activity. We ences at the UniversiLy of Texas Medical profossor of medicine at Stanford Uni­ gave blood to keep patients alive while Branch at Galveston. The appointment versity, shared Switzerland·s Dr. Josef someone was doing something much was effective upon his retirement from Steiner Cancer Foundation prize. The more dramatic to them. But now transfu­ the UTMB faculty in November 1990. He 1989 prize was given "for outstanding sion medicine is recognized as a tl1erapy has been a professor of pharmacology contributions to cancer research.,. The in itself." foundation stipulates that the prize and toxicology since 1974 and was gradu­ ate school dean from 1974 to 1987. In ad­ money must be used for cancer research. Dr. lloris TabakofT, until recently dition to his administrative and research scientific director, NlAAA Intramural work he has been active in the commu­ Or. Frank L. Meyskens, Jr., who Research Program, has taken a position ni ty. He is a past president of the was at NCI from 1974 to 1977, is now di­ as professor and chairmim of the depart­ Galveston unit of the American Cancer rector of the University of Cali forn ia at ment of pharmacology at the University Society, treasurer of Lhe University Area Irvine Clinical Cancer Center and chief of Colorado School of Medicine. He Association. trustee of the William of hematology/oncology at the UCI writes. "The graduate school program in Temple Foundation. and president of the Medical Center. He recently received the depanment has been funded continu­ Galveston Symphony Orchestra. He also NCl's Year 2000 Award, which recog­ ously since 1967 by NIH. making it one plays trumpet in the Texas Volunteer nizes individuals who have contributed of the oldest programs receiving continu­ Band. significantly toward the national cancer ous support for graduate training in the program. country."

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Science Research cient to control pressure in 44 percent of CELLS TRANSPLANTED INTO the eyes, compared to 30 percent of the THYMUS OF RATS TRICK IMMUNE Updates eyes treated with the antiglaucoma drug SYSTEM INTO TOLERATING THEM timolol alone. The percentage of laser­ AND ANOTHER GRAFT LASER THERAPY EVALUATED AS treated eyes that could be controlled with FIRST·LINE GLAUCOMA laser alone or laser with timolol was 70 Transplantation of foreign pancreatic TREATMENT percent. When eyes in either treatment islets into the thymus may provide an av­ group required stronger eyedrops. pres­ enue for protecting the donor cells from Preliminary evidence from an NEI sure was controlled in 89 percent of immune rejection. according to research clinical trial suggests that argon laser those having prior laser tream1ent and in by NIDDK grantees. Transplantation of therapy may be a safe and effective alter­ 66 percent of those who received only insulin-producing islet cells is one ap­ native to eyedrops as a first trearment for medication. proach to long-term correction of insulin­ patients with newly diagnosed open­ Glaucoma is the second leading cause dependent diabetes, but rejection of the angle glaucoma. However, because of blindness among all Americans and transplanted islets has been a stubborn open-angle glaucoma is a chronic disease the leading cause of blindness among obstacle to success. Drs. Ali Naji. Clyde with a variable rate of progression, the Black Americans. Approximately 4.600 Barker and associates at the Uni versity of patients will continue to be followed up people become blind from glaucoma Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, recently to 3 additionaJ years to further assess the each year. transplanted islets from donor rats of one value of both treatments. ln open-angle strain into thymus glands of a different glaucoma, the most common form of the HUMAN NEURONS GROW IN strain of rat. When the transplant was ac­ disease. minute changes within the eye CONTINUOUS CULTURE FOR FIRST companied by an injection of anti-lym­ gradually interfere with the flow of fluids TIME phocyte serum that temporarily reduced that nourish the ti ssues in the front of the T cell concen1ration in the recipient rats, eye. If these fluids fail to drain properly, Scientists supported in part by NINDS the transplanted islets survived indefi­ the resulting increased pressure inside the have established the first cell line from nitely without further immunosuppres­ eye can evenrually damage the optic human brain cells to survive in continu­ sion. revealing the thymus as a new im­ nerve. ous culture. Ors. Gabriele V. Ronnett, munologically privileged site for trans­ Most eye specialists begin glaucoma Solomon H. Snyder, and colleagues at the plantation. at least in rats. (Previously the treatment with eyedrops, either 10 im­ Johns Hopkins University School of only demonstrated immunologically prove fluid drainage or to slow fluid for­ Medicine obtained cells following surgery privileged sites were brain and testicle.) mation. Medications, however, must be on an 18-month-old girl to remove brain Even more striking, a second transplant, used daily, can produce annoying and ti ssue as a treatment for intractable sei­ to a site outside the thymus. of islets sometimes serious side effects, and zures. The seizures were a result of unilat­ from the same donor strain aJso survived sometimes fail to control intraocular eral megalencephaly. a disorder in which in these rats without immunosuppression. pressure. Alternatives include surgery to immature brain cells grow and spread ab­ Until now. the first transplant to an im­ create a tiny hole in the coat of the eye or normally. munologically privileged site was usually laser treatment to do the same thing or to The cells grown in culture were neu­ rejected when a second transplant from stretch open holes in the drainage tissue. rons. and they expressed neurotransmit­ the same donor was made to a non-privi­ The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT) was ters typical of 1he cerebral cortex. Accord­ leged site in the animal. designed to evaluate the relative efficacy ing to the authors, who reported their The research suggests that transplant of medical and laser treatment. All 27 1 achievement this spring, the na1ure of the surgeons may be able to use the function patients received both types of treatment. disease may have made 1he affected cells of the thymus in ·'conditioning" maturing one type in each eye. If the initial laser uniquely sui1ed to surviving and growing T cells to tolemte ti ssue transplanted into surgery failed to control ocular pressure. in culture. The availability of cell lines the thymus as "self' and not foreign. If eyedrops were administered according to pennits a wide variety of s1udies of cell this approach works in tests in larger ani­ a stepped sequence. After 2 years of function and growth: a human brain cell mals. it may prove useful in transplanta­ followup, laser treatment alone was suffi­ line furnishes an important tool for neuro­ tion of other types of cells, as well as or­ logic research and possibly an avenue for gans. studies aimed at brain tissue tmnspltmtatfon.

8 S P R N G 1 9 9 1

DIABETES ANTIGEN IS people at ri sk for IDDM and aid in djs­ PHYSICALLY DEMANDING JOBS NEUROTRANSMITTER· covering how and why the autoimmune HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON SYNTHESIZING ENZYME process in IDDM occurs. Interrupting the PREGNANCY OUTCOME autoimmune attack on GABA may also A protein known to be an antigenic provide an avenue for prevention of Long hours of stressful, physically target for the destructive autoimmw1e IDDM. For the diabetes communjry an demanding work by pregnant women do process in insulin-dependent diabetes added dividend of the 64K antigen's new not appear tO be a risk factor for miscar­ (IDDM) has been found to be a key brain identity is the already intensive research riage, ectopic pregnancy, premature enzyme, according to NlDDK-supported effort under way on GABA and GAD. birth, low birth weight, or stillbirtJ1, ac­ scientists. cording to a large-scale controlled study ·IDDM results from autoimmune de­ GENES FOR KEY IMMUNE SYSTEM by NICHD researchers. struction of the insulin-producing pancre­ ENIYME IDENTIFIED NlCHD's Drs. Mark Klebanoff, atic islet cells. Among the biochemical Patricia Shiono and George Rhoads com­ hallmarks of IDDM are autoantibodies to NlGMS grantees have isolated two pared pregnancy outcomes of two groups pancreas-associated antigens, including genes responsible for producing of women: medical residents and the the so-called 64K protein. The autoim­ recombinase. a putative enzyme that clips wives of their male counterparts. Out of mune destruction begins well before and joins DNA segments in developing 4,412 women medkal residents studied symptoms appear, so autoantibodies lymphocytes to yield the enormous vari­ and 4,236 residents' wives, 989 residents characteristic of the disease can be de­ ety of antibodies and antigen-binding re­ and 1,239 residents' wives completed tected in individuals who are at risk for ceptors on T cells (thymus-derived lym­ their first pregnancy during residency diabetes but have no symptoms. Au­ phocytes). and gave birth to a single live infant. toantibodies to the 64K antigen, for ex­ Dr. David Baltimore, now of While the female residents reported ample, have been detected in people at Rockefeller University in New York City, working about twice tl1e number of hours risk for IDDM years before the onset of and his colleagues at the Whitehead Insti­ of the employed wives of male residents, clinical disease, and, for these reasons, tute for Biomedical Research in Cam­ there were no differences in the fre­ the antibodies are an important marker of bridge, Massachusetts, discovered the quency of adverse outcomes of the preg­ impending IDDM. two genes, which they named recombina­ nancies, except in the group of women Drs. Steinunn Baekkeskov of the Uni­ tion activating genes, or RAG- I and residents who reported working more versity of California, San Francisco. and RAG-2. The enzyme product of these than 100 hours per week, especially dur­ Pietro De Camilli of Yale University and genes-posrulated but not yet isolated­ ing the third trimester. These women had colleagues noted that JDDM is common stimulates the efficient recombination of an increased risk of preterm delivery (be­ in people with stiff man syndrome three kinds of DNA segments-V (vari­ fore 37 weeks gestation). (S MS), a rare but serious neurologic dis­ able), D (diversity), and J (joining}-that, Previous, smaller studies have associ­ ease. Like IDDM, SMS is an autoim­ along with the C (constant) segments, are ated long hours of physically demanding mune disease. Most SMS patients have necessary to produce a functioning anti­ work with adverse pregnancy outcomes autoantibodies to glutamic acid decar­ body or a T-cell receptor protein. The but have failed to account for the fact boxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthe­ many possible combinations of these seg­ that many women in physically demand­ sizes the important neurotransmitter ments provide the diversity necessary for ing jobs are also poorly educated and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). the immune system to respond to the in­ paid. The NICHD study eliminated so­ Both the pancreatic islet cells and central credible number of organisms and other cioeconomic status as a confounding fac­ nervous system neurons express GAD. proteins thar we encounter during life. tor by su1veying only women of similar These researchers found that almost all Identification of the recombination ac­ economic and educational status. The SMS patients also have islet cell auto­ tivating genes is a very important Step to­ study suggests that among healthy antibodies. The scien ti sts used immuno­ ward understanding the fundamental women who are well educated and who logic methods to show that the 64K anti­ mechanisms of the immune system. This have access to good prenatal care, hard gen was in fact GAD. work sliould also contribute to the under­ work in and of itself does not compro­ Positive identification of the 64K anti­ standing of inherited types of immune de­ mise the chances that a woman will bear gen should both help in the development ficiencies, as well as some lymphomas a healthy child. of techniques for early identification of and leukemias. (See Updates p. 10)

9 N I H A A U P 0 A T E

Updates (comi1111edfrom p. 9) TISSUE COMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN Beginning 2 to 3 months after birth. the MAY CAUSE FORM OF ARTHRITIS descendants of the transgenic rats sponta­ TRANSGENIC MICE CREATED FDR neously developed almost all of the SCREENING DRUGS TO REVERSE The HLA-827 tiss ue antigen. a protein symptoms of the spondyloarthropalhies. MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF long known 10 be a genetic marker for a including innammation and destructive CANCERCEUS group of anhritic diseases called changes of the spine. large joints. bowel, spondyloanhropathies. may be a major skin and other organs. Principal investi­ A new line of gene1icall y engineered cause of these disorders according to the gators in this work were Dr. Joel D. mice can drastica ll y reduce 1he number creators of a newly developed Lransgenic Taurog at the Harold C. Simmons Arthri ­ of mice and the time needed for screen­ animal model. ti s Research Center at the University of ing new drugs to overcome cancer resis­ Every person's cells bear a character­ Texas South western Medical School in tance l'O chemotherapy. istic set of HLA antigens or markers. Dallas, and Dr. Robert E. Hammer in the NCI scientists Ira Pastan. Michael which play a crucial role in the geneti c Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Gottesman and Lheir coworkers produced control and function of the immune sys­ Southwestern. a strain of mice in 1989 tha1 carries the tem. In work supported by NIAMS and Future studies in which Lhese human mullidrug resistance (MOR) NCRR. researchers used transgenic tech­ transgenic rats will be bred and raised in gene. TI1e gene is present in all the ani­ nology to produce two strains of inbred a germfree setting may help investigators mals' cells. but it is expressed only in the rats that carry the human genes for the determine if an infectious agent is neces­ bone marrow. Expression of the gene HLA-827 tissue antigen. To develop sary to work with HLA-827 in causing protects the bone marrow from the ef­ their animal model, the researchers in­ disease. as other studies have suggested. fects of cancer chemotherapy. permitting serted two human genes that code for the normal numbers of white blood cells to HLA marker into fertilized rnt eggs. This mcuerio/ was compiled by Char­ be manufac tured even when the animals Some of the fertilized eggs developed loue Armstrong. Office ofComn11111ica­ are treated with toxic drugs. The gene into rats with functional human genes. 1io11s. OD. confers resistance 10 a number of drugs used to treal cancer, including doxorubi­ cin. vinblasline. and taxol. These researchers have now shown 1ha1 the transgenic mice can be used 10 Lesl agents tha1 can reverse MOR-caused resistance. The MOR gene produces a Lransponer pro1ein that pumps toxic drugs out of cell s, according 10 the re­ searchers. An import ant goal of cancer research is Lo develop safe and effecti ve reversing agents 1hm overcome multidrug resistance by competing with toxic drugs for the MOR transponer. This allows the toxic drugs 10 remain wiLhin and destroy the cells. Current methods of testing new re­ versing agents require large numbers of animals (typically 100) and many weeks. Testing with the new mice requires only Lhree to five animals and several days. making it possible to rapidly and less ex­ pensively lest large numbers of candidate NCI researchers Ors. Mlchael Gottesman (I) and Ira Pastan produced In 1989 a new line of drugs. genellcally engineered mice that scientist say could help combat some chemotherapy-resistant cancers.

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Modest Increases The fol lowing are hi gh lights of the giving precise estimates of the 1992-95 1mtjor provisions of the conference report cost of implementing the plan. Characterize Budgets for (House Report I01-908) that address - In add ition, there was a $29.9 mil­ only the major differences between the lion reducrion for NIH 's share of a $50 1991 , 1992 House and Senate: million reduction in the amount appropri­ By Calvin B. Baldwin . .Ir. -The conference agreement provides ated to HHS for salaries and expenses, $8,306.648,000 for NTH after rhe 2.41 resulting in a 1991 net appropriation of percent reduction, a loss of$205, 134,0CX>. $8,276.739,000 for NIH. The 1991 NIH Budget This is, however, a 9 percent, or $730.3 - Provision is made for a discretion­ million, increase over the comparable FY ary fund for the NTH director, both Despite the furor over the federal bud­ 1990 level, and a 5 percent, or $378.7 through a $20 million earmark in the Of­ get deficit and the Gramrn-Rudman­ million, increase over the FY 199 1 re­ fice of the Director account and a I per­ Hollings deficit reduction targets. NIH quest. Adjustments resulting from rhe re­ cent trm1sfer authority for the director. received e1 9.2 percent increase in its bud­ duction were directed to be spread uni­ -$15 million is provided for extra­ get for fiscal year 199 1, as well as au­ formly across mechanisms, including re­ mural construction grants. to be awarded thority (in separate legislation) for the search project grants. competitively. long sought-after Senior Biomedical Re­ -There is conference agreement that --Conference language gave specific search Service. This new service will al­ the "funds should be managed by the directions ro various NIH components as low the Public Health Service to create NlH consistent with the 4-year spending follows: up to 350 positions with salaries up to plan identified in the House and Senate NCI: $7 million for proton beam $138,900 to retain and attract biomedical reports accompanying the bill." ll is ex­ therapy program; urging that $250,000 scientists to its intramural laboratories. pected that there wi ll be no arbitrary be used to initiate a study on tamoxifen On Nov. 5, 1990. the president signed downward negotiations of research grants in the prevention of breast cancer. into law H.R. 5257 (P.L. 101-517) mak­ with the funds provided, and a report is NHLBI: $8 million for the National ing appropriations for the Departments of required within 30 days of enactment, (See Budget p. 12) Labor, Health and Human Services. Edu­ cation, and re.lated agencies. This final appropriation was made after five sepa­ rate resolulions had funded the federal The NIH Budget - FY 1991&FY 1992 government from Oct. I, 1990, unti I all FY 1991- Another good year for the NIH as Congress increases its budget 9.2 percent regular appropriations were signed. to $8.3 billion. The delay in enactment of regular ap­ FY 1992 - President Bush requests $8.8 billion, a 6 percent increase over 1991. propriations bills was linked to passage (Budget Au1hority in millions) of a budget reconciliation package, needed to satisfy the requirements of the 1989 1990 199 1 1992 Change Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act with pro­ Research Project Grants $4,034 $4, 180 $4,498 $4,893 +$395 vision for increased revenues and (Number) (20,681 ) (20,28 1) (21, 186) (2 1.818) (+632) changes in entitlement program expendi­ Intramural Research 789 860 925 988 +63 tures. Until the latter measure was agreed Research Training 256 286 306 315 +9 Centers 605 633 713 746 +33 to between the two houses of Congress R&D Contrac1s 543 568 6 15 646 +31 and the White House. the appropriation Research and Management bills were held up and there were threats and Support 303 343 37 1 427 +56 of sequester and furloughs across the Office of the Di rector 47 90 98 95 -3 government. For NIH, furloughs were Buildings & Facilities 38 61 169 104 -65 averted and for all government, seques­ All Other 530 555 582 561 -2 1 tration was not invoked. However, this bill did include a 2.4 percent across-the­ To1al, NIH $7, 145 $7,576 $8,277 $8,775 +$498 board reduction. AfDS (non-add) ($602) ($742) ($804) ($851) (+$46)

Full-time Equivalen ts 13,204 13,507 14,269 14.632 +363

11 N I H A A U P D A T E

Budget (cominuedfrom p. 11) Resources; $15 million for extramural lice Building, which received $58 mil­ Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) for construction; limitation on the I percent lion in FY 1991. HLA typing, wi th an emphasis on re­ transfer authority to no more than I per­ Specific research initiatives on which cruiting minori ty groups underrepre­ cent from any single appropri ati on. NIH will focus in FY 1992 include ex­ sented on the registry; $1. 1 million for Buildings/Facili ties: $35 million to pandi ng effons to map the human ge­ program administration of the NMDP; complete the Child Health/Neurosciences nome ($ 11 0 million), broadening the $3 million for an intramural bone mar­ Building (Bldg. 49) and $60 million for knowledge base on Alzheimer's disease row transplant unit at the NHLB I; the ex­ the next phase of the Consolidated Office ($209 million), and enhancing our under­ pectation that NHLBI will work with the Building. standing of and treatments for HI V/A IDS Navy Medical and Research Develop­ Office of the Secretary: Deleti on of ($85 1mill ion). ment Command on the laner. Senate language that would have fixed a The president's request for a 6 percent NIAID: Direction that pediatric AIDS 5-year tenn for the NfH di rector; new re­ increase in NI H's 1992 budget must be trials be funded at the levels provided in quirement for a Secretarial repon to Con­ viewed in light of his request for a 12 the House repon "less the proponionate gress, no later than Mar. 15. 1991. with a percent increase in government spending reduction in the overall appropriation for proposal for addressing the concerns re­ on research and development. The re­ the institu te agreed to in conference." garding recruitment for the position and quest for Lhe National Science Founda­ NJCHD: Funds included for second insul ating it from political influence. tion provides an 18 percent increase, and year of 5-year plan for research on sud­ the budget for the National Aeronaut ics den infant death syndrome, with expedi­ and Space Administration would grow tious implementation. The 1992 NIH Budget by 13.6 percent. The Ad Hoc Group for NIEHS: Additional $3 million for the Medical Research Funding, a coalition of National Toxicology Program, and The president has requested 150 organizations, issued a statement that $500,000 for academic awards for excel­ $8,775,000,000 for NIH in FY 1992, an the proposed NIH budget would "fall lence in environmental and occupational increase of 6 percent over FY 199 1. The substantiall y below the levels req ui red to medicine. request emphasizes support for research ex ploit the scientific opportun ities that NIA: Sufficient funds to expand the project grants by providi ng $4.9 billion, are currently apparent." an increase of 8.8 percent. The FY 1991 heallh and environment survey and en­ Baldwin was formerly NIH associate appropriations for NIH were accompa­ couragement to suppon research on director for admi11istratio11, 1980-86. Alzheimer's disease prevalence in spe­ nied by repons from the Congress that cial popul ations. focused on the need for NIH to provide NIDCD: Encouragement for suppon stable support for biomedical research. In of neurobiology as pan of the NIH cel­ FY 1992, NIH will support 21.818 re­ ebration of the Decade of the Brain. search project grants, an all-time high for The 2nd NIH Alumni Day sympo­ NLM: Expression of concern regard­ NTH. The Lraining budget will suppon sium sponsored by NHLBJ wi ll be held ing potential changes in the Paperwork 12,318 research trainees, an increase of Monday morning, Sept. 23, 1991. in Reduction Act that would have an ad­ 140 awards over FY 1991. Masur Aud itorium. We will have more verse impact on cost recovery and quality A second area of emphasis in FY details and infonnation in our next assurance efforts for the databases of the 1992 is the rehabilitation and renovation newsletter. National Li brary of Medicine. It was of NlH's research faci lities, for which stated that, should there be a change in $ I04 milJion is requested. TogeLher with the law, "strong consideration wi ll be funds appropriated in FY 1991. a total of given to legislative action to restore cur­ $273 million will be devoted to this ef­ rent policies." fort, which will fund crucial infrastruc­ The NIHAA would like to thank the OD: $20 mi llion for a director's re­ tu re improvements, the Clinical Center Roche Institute of Molecular Biology serve (in addition to the I percent trans­ moderni zation/safety progran1, rehabi li­ for its generous contribution toward fer authori ty); urging expansion of extra­ tati on of older laboratory buildings, and the publication of this issue of Update. mural suppon for supercomputing renovations to NIH animal facil ities. On­ through the National Center for Research going construction projects include the Child Health/ Neurosciences Building, which is scheduled for completion by early 1992, and a new Consolidated Of­ 12 S P R I N G 1 9 9 1

Gene Therapy (co111i1111edfrom p. I) helping scientists to better understand CALENDAR Since 1986, Rosenberg has been Lreat­ how these cells work in cancer therapy. Last September, another NIH group­ ing certain cancers wi1h TLLs that have MAY not been altered by gene insertion. About Drs. R. Michael Blaese and Kenneth W. half the patients with advanced mela­ Culver of NCI and gene therapy pioneer An exhibit on "A Decade of Historical noma show some improvement after Dr. W. French Anderson of NHLBl­ Acquisitions at the National Library of therapy wi1h unaltered TlLs. tr.insfused a severely immunodeficient 4­ Medicine. 1981- 1990" will be on display "We need LO improve TIL therapy, year-old girl with her own while blood in the front lobby of the NLM (Bldg. 38, and one way may be with !he addition of cells that had been altered in 1he labora­ 8600 Rockville Pike) from May I through genes thal can stimulate the production tory by addition of the human ADA gene. Aug. 30, 1991. The exhibit will highlight of anti1u111or loxins and 1hus enhance 1he The patient, who is doing very well so significant additions of the past IO years ability ofTILs to destroy tumor cells... far, has ADA deficiency, an extremely to the collections of the library's History Rosenberg said. rare, inherited disease that can result in death if untreated. of Medicine Division. It will include rare . TNF is a protein produced by the body books, manuscripts, prints, photographs, m 1he course of bacterial infections. Al­ audiovisuals and ephemera. For more in­ though initially recognized for iLS cancer­ formation call (30 I) 496-5405. killing ac1ivity in mice, TNF also regu­ lates inflammation and immunity by sig­ The R. E. Dyer Lecture will be Tues­ naling the body to repair injuries and day, May 7. 199 1, at 3 p.m. in Masur light infection. However, ifTNF is acti ve Audi1orium, Bldg. 10. The speaker will in the body for too long or at too high a be Dr. Max Cooper. concentration, it can cause shock and body wasting. The NIH Lecture wi ll be Thursday, At the tumor site. TNF appears to May 23, 1991, at 3 p.m. in Masur Audito­ work by cutting off the developing blood rium, Bldg. I0. The speaker will be Dr. supply in that region. By using TILs to Wen-Hwa Lee. target the rumor and carry the TNF rrene . 0 directly to the tumor site, the scientists hope to maximize the gene's benefit and NIHAA EVENTS also minimize the potential toxiciLy that fl*t ll could result ifTNF were distributed A "Mixer" sponsored by NIHAA at throughout the body. the AAP/ASCI/AFCR meetings. May 3­ Dr. Steven A. Rosenberg =-­ "This gene therapy approach to cancer 6, 199 1. Seaule, Washington, will be held is being investigated in the research set­ on Saturday, May 4, 1991, from 5 to Thjs trial, the first approved study us­ ting and is in an early stage of develop­ 7 p.m. in the Madrona Room, Seattle ing gene 1herapy to 1rea1 cancer. follows ment,'' Rosenberg said. "Ultimately, it Sheraton Hotel and Towers, 1400 Sixth two earlier federally sanctioned trials may be applied to a wide range of dis­ Ave. wi1h this new gene technology. eases. including cancers other than mela­ In a prel iminary trial reported in the noma." On Tuesday, May 2 1, 199 1, from 7 to Aug. 30. 1990. New £11r:lc111d Joumal of 9 p.m. 1he NIHAA will host a reception at Medicine, Rosenberg's team inserted the Embassy of Italy to honor the visiting gene-altered cells into paiients with ad­ Italian scientists at NIH. D etails will be vanced melanoma. but 1he gene had no If you did not receive issues of mailed to Washington area chapter mem­ therapeuric potential. The inserted gene NIHAA Update and would like a bers in mid-April. served only as a marker to identify Tl Ls copy, please notify the editor at 9 101 1hat could later be recovered from the Old Georgetown Rd., Berhesda, MD For more info1maLion about various patient 's blood or biopsied tissue, thus 208 14. lectures and events at NIH, you may call (301) 496-1766 and for NIHAA (301) 530-0567.

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Axelrod ( co111i1111ed j1·om p. I) few opportunities to do research and the lites of these analgesics were. Axelrod work was poorly paid. What liule work Axelrod was 33 when he began his re­ and Brodie found that the drugs were was done was supported by philanthro­ search career m1d 43 before he earned a metabolized 10 what is now known as ac­ pists. A person had to be wealthy and Ph.D. "Many (scientists) are over the hill etaminophen. They also observed that smart to do research. Few physicians did by then." he laughs. Though he retired in this metabolite did wonders for head­ research in their spare time:· 1984. he still works vinually every day. aches. Today. acetaminophen is known At this point, Axelrod still "had no and has published some 35 papers since popularly as Tylenol. " retiring.,. idea of a research ca reer:· One day. the " We didn·t deliberately look for a head of his laboratory- a retired profes­ " People think 1' m a sort of odd ity," new headache remedy." explains sor of pharmacology named George he admits. "I've had a very unconven­ Axelrod. "It just turned up in the course Wallace--<:ame to him wi1h problem: tional scientific career. I wouldn '1 rec­ a of our research. ommend it." certain nonaspirin analgesics were caus­ " I took to research immediately.'' he ing blood disorders in some people. The Born in New York City 78 years ago, recalls fondly. " I did it well and I loved professor advised that Axelrod see Dr. Axelrod remembers having been a vora­ it.'' Bernard Beryl Brodie. who was on the cious reader as a child. ··1 read a lot- I Axelrod continued working in faculty of NYU, about it. was intellectually interested in every­ Brodie's laboratory at Goldwater Memo­ " I met with Dr. Brodie one fateful cl ay thing, and eager to learn ... rial Hospital (a branch of NYU medical in February says Axelrod. ·This Axelrod·s first ambition was to be­ 1946," school) and spent 3 years studying the was my first introduction to research. I come a doctor. He attended the free C i1 y metabolism of analgesics and anticoagu­ found him to be a stimularing and inspir­ College of New York. graduating wi1h a lants. Realizing that he couldn '1 be pro­ ing person. He suggested that I j oin his B.S. in hiology and chemis1ry in IQ33. " I mo1ed in academia without a Ph.D., he lab to work on nonaspirin analgesics. couldn't get into medical school, though, began a j ob search. We found that these compounds. acetani­ probably because of my religion. A t that ··one day I saw an iteni in the New licle and phenacerin. fonned toxic me­ time. there were quotas for Jewish stu­ York Times that James Shannon, for­ tabolites.·· dents in medical schools." merly a professor at NYU medical Curious to find what the main metabo- The year Axelrod graduated from col­ lege, the country was in the depths of the Great Depression and jobs were scarce. To assure that he could ecun an income. Axelrod took lhe government's postal exam. " I almost joined the Post Office, but a lab assistant j ob was open at NYU medi­ cal school, paying $25 a month," he re­ calls. ·•1t was just pure luck tJiat I decidccl to take the laboratory position." After a few years in the lab. he ob­ ta ined a job testing newly discovered vi­ tamins in food at the Laboratory of In­ dustrial Hygiene in New York. " I was there for about I 0 years." he remembers. " I didn't do research. M y job was to modify existing me1hods for the analysis of vitamins to test in food products. The experience of developing and modifying methods proved useful in my subsequent research career:· He was "Mr." Julius Axelrod when this picture-of fractionating equipment used In determining Hardly anyone chose a research career the fate of caffeine and other drugs and biologicals In the body-appeared In the Sept. 21 , 1953, in those days. Axelrod said. "There were issue of the NIH Record.

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school, was appointed head of the Na­ when l applied for a raise to a GS-12." tern. especially neurotransmitters. tional Heart Institute," he said. "I wrote he says, recalling an incident that still "I did LSD research in che 1950's, to him and he gave me a position at the rankles him. 'They turned me down be­ and in 1960 described how cocaine and heart institute." cause I didn ·r have a Ph.D." antidepressant drugs work (by blocking Scientists were reluctant to come to Axelrod had earned a master's degree che uptake of catecholamines into NIH in those days. Axelrod remembers. from NYU in 1941. which satisfied the nerves),'' he said. "We were the first to " l.t was considered just another govern­ classroom requirements for the Ph.D. he get radioactive marijuana, and to show ment lab. It was not at all as prestigious now began to earn at George Washington that it went into fat cells and stayed there as it is today." University. ··1 took a year of courses to for a long rime." Axelrod credits Shannon, who be­ pass the qualifying exams," he said. The receptor for THC-marijuana's came the eighth NlH director, with trans­ "My thesis was on enzyme work that I active ingredient-was cloned in his cur­ form ing NIH to the high status that it en­ was doing at NIH." rent lab chief Dr. Michael Brownstein 's joys t0day. Once he took his Ph.D. in 1955, laboratory at NIMH. reporrs Axelrod. "Shannon persuaded Congress that Axelrod abandoned NHI for NIMH, Was he ever tempted to try any of the the way to treat and cure diseases is not where he spent the remainder of his ca­ drugs? ··1 think you'd be crazy to do it. to throw money at targeted research but reer. l've seen the bad things drugs can do." to understand basic fundamentals of how "I dido 't quite get whar I wanted at he says. ·'I get my kicks doing research." the body works. He also had a great ca­ NHL so I started a new career in neuro­ Several of his colleagues experimented pacity to attract very good people." science research,'' he states. simply. "I with LSD. 'They said it distorted their At Shannon's bidding, Axelrod joined don't know whether you can do this to­ perception of time and space," he said. NHI in 1950, where he was reunited, at day." " Tr was a little unpleasant." Axelrod's main research at NIMH was the GS-9 scientist level, with his mentor (See Nobelist p. 16) Brodi.e in the Laboratory of Chemical to study the chemistry of the nervous sys- Pharmacology. Located in Bldg. 3 on a campus that featured just a handful of buildings and about 100 employees, Axelrod found the atmosphere heady. "It was a remarkable place." he re­ members. "We were all young, and working in a very charged atmosphere. There were three future Nobel prize winners there-(Christian) Antinsen and (Arthur) Kornberg were the others-and we all bumped into each other. There were also two eventual Nll-l directors (Drs. Donald Fredrickson and James Wyngaarden) and many investigators who became distinguished scientists. "We were given a lot of freedom to do basic research. and the salary wasn't too bad. There was a critical mass of people,'' he reminisced. ·'We all knew each other and discussed each other's Axelrod {r) is surrounded by well-wishers including Dr. Roscoe Brady (I), Dr. Irwin Kopin (c) and work. Dr. Frederick Goodwin (r) when he learned of winning the 1970 Nobel Prize. Axelrod shared the "I was working fairl y independently. prize in 'physiology or medicine with Bernard Katz and Ulf Von Euler "for their discoveries and had published about 25 papers, in­ concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanisms for their cluding one on the discovery of a new storage, release and inactivation." class of enzymes that metabolized drugs,

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Nobelist (co 111i1111ed.from p. 15) my nose. I could never predict where I Ins6tute scholars are working or have With the Shannon era. NIH's growing might be 3 or 4 years down the road. At worked in Axelrod's lab on the third reputation began to attract more good NIH . I didn't have co explain or justify to floor of Bldg. 36. where he maintains a people. Axelrod observes. ·'The Vietnam any great extent whac 1 was going to do.'' study stout with journals. Two intramu­ war also allracted a lot of bright M.D.s. Which brings him to whac he sees ral research directors-Dr. Steven Paul at Administrators had been very farsighted hampering young scienti sts touay: N1MH and Dr. Lrwin Kopin at in getting the besc people-like Kety (Dr. "There is a tendency to do fashionable. NlNDS-are his students. Other promi­ Seymour. head of NIMH) and safe research, to not take chances. [f you nent academics. including Richard Frederickson (who became NIH's l lth take a chance and it doesn 't work. it Wunman at MIT and Solomon Snyder at director)-and giving investigators che would be extremely difficult to obtain an­ Johns Hopkins. are also Axelrod alumni. opportunity to select and carry out their other grant. People tend co take on prob­ Axelrod's lab chief nowadays hap­ own problems. We did great science. lems they know they can solve and do it pens to be a former trainee-Dr. Michael "There wac;n '1 the large bureaucracy just a little bit better than anyone else." Brownstein, whom Axelrod describes as there is now." he continues. 'There were In spice of this. biological science, he "a sympatheti c but tough guy-he has few regulations and restrictions on the admits. is growing at a tremendous pace. high standards." kinds of experiments you could do. As "The important science is done by TI1ough he quit bench work about IO the NT H grew. so did its bureaucratic in­ relatively few-maybe IO or 20 per­ years ago-··1 don't think I'm good frastrucrure. In spite of this. I think the cent--0f scientists," he said. "Many just enough with my hands to do it any­ quality (of intramural NIH research) is plod along, improving existi ng informa­ more"- Axelrod continues to lecture and really first rare. tion. If one judges by literanire citations, to exchange ideas with colleagues in his "NlH still attracts top people," only IO or 20 percent of the working sci­ field. He can be amusingly offhand Axelrod allows. ''but nor as many as it entists receive 80 to 90 percent of the ci­ about his cogitations with his friends: used to. The very bright ones today go to tations." ··we talk about problems ..we talk about top academic institutions. But most of ideas. Some work. some don ·1." the professors at those institutions are What continues to consume his still­ NlH-trained. ·• "My style of research was curious intellect, however. is the chemis­ Axelrod says he'd think twice today try of the brain. about embarking on a research career: just a mailer offollow ing my "My main interest is neurotransmit­ "I don't know if l'd want the hassle. But nose. I could never predict ters. the chemical signals of nerves. I love it so much that I would probably where I might be 3 or 4 years Neurocransminers carry a special mes­ take the chance. Many prospective sci­ sage to nerves and other cells. My col­ entist<; are prelly cocky when they come down the road. At NIH, I leagues and I are trying to find out how out of college. Even if the grant funding didn't have to e.1p/ain or the neurotransmitter message is con­ level is down around 12-15 percent. you justify to any great extent veyed to the cell so that it can be stimu­ th ink you're good enough to get it." lated to carry out a special function. Acknowledging that tenure ac NIH is what I was going to do." This general area of research is called tough to ger nowadays. Axelrod says it -Dr. J11li11s Are/rod signal transduction." was easy th ree decades ago. 'The corol­ For Axelrod, much of biomedicine. lary to that was that some dead wood ac­ including immunology. cardiology. and cumulated," he said. "We used to have the study of hormones and other what was known as the 'NTH shunt'­ chemosensory factors, involves transduc­ scientists would gain their reputation at Axelrod takes p

16 S P R N G 1 9 9 1

ing how cells can send and inrerpret sig­ -On lab politics: 'There are many But you forget about that ancl go onto nals." styles of management in NIH labs. Some the next thing. There is nothing as ex­ After 41 years here, Axelrod has a va­ are very hierarchical w1d some are al­ hilarating as an experiment that turns out riety of opinions on the current state of most anarchistic. I would describe our the way you hoped it would." NIH, which strikes him today as being lab as convivial. I like the style of free­ Though he admits to having bloomed "large. fragmented and very specialized. dom of interchange, and democratic late. Axelrod clearly believes in bloom­ It's hard to know who's doing what. decisionmaking. I think this freedom is ing long. "One can sti ll do good work in even in your own institute. Of course the reason that American science has the biological sciences at an advanced we're talking about a campus that is gone so far." age," he noted. more than 10 times larger than it was -On research careers: "The competi­ His last observation, delivered with a when I fi rst came." Other observations: tion today is fierce but still wonh the ef­ self-deprecating chuckle, is about luck's -On the genome project: "I think fon. There are a lot of disappointments role in a career that almost didn't happen: it's an important project. but I also think in research. Most of the time yo ur ideas "I coul d easil y have become a post office it's pretty boring. I don't know how get­ don't work the way you want them to. clerk." ting the sequence of the genome will ex­ cite the very best scientists. One worry is tliat it would take money away from 'An Unexpected Life in Research' small science. where most of the novel Successful scientists are generall y reader and read through several books a ideas and advances come from. But you recogni zed at a young age. They go to week-from Upton Sinclair, H.L. can't discount the possibi li ty that the ge­ the best schools on scholarships, receive Mencken, and Tolstoy to pulp novels nome project would help small science." their postdoctoral training fell owships at such as the Frank Merri well and Nick -On RO I (investigator-initialed) prestigious laboratories. and publish Carter series. grants: "They are the guts of science. early. None of this happened to me. After graduating from Seward Park Any time you diminish that, you dimin­ My parents emigrated at the begin­ High School. I attended New York ish the advance of science." ning of this century from Polish Galicia. University in the hope that it would -On winning a Nobel prize: "We all They mer and married in America. give me a better chance to get into dream of it, but I really didn't expect it. where they settled in the Lower Easr medical school. After a year my money Once you get a Nobel prize. you become Side of New York, then a Jewish ghetto. ran out, and I transferred to the tuition­ a sort of minor celebrity. It didn't My father, Isadore, was a basketmaker free City College of New York in 1930. change the way I did things at all. I who sold flower baskets to merchants City College was a proletarian Harvard, didn 'I even have an office when I won and grocers. I was born in 1912 in a ten­ which subsequently graduated seven the prize, only a desk in a lab." ement on East Houston Street in Man­ Nobel Laureates. I majored in biology -On fraud in science: " I think it's a hattan. and chemistry. but my best grades were minor problem. Misconduct generall y 1 attended PS 22. a school built be­ in history. philosophy, and literature. comes out in the wash eventually.'' fore the Civil War. Another student at Because I had to work afrer school, I -On retirement: "Unless you have a that school before my time was I.I. did most of my studying during the boring job. retirement is not a good Rabi, who later became a world-re­ subway trip to and from uptown City thing. One of the ways one can stay nowned physicist. After PS 22 I at­ College. Studying in a crowded. noisy young is to use your mind. My job is a tended Seward Park High School. I re­ New York subway gave me consider­ labor of love and I find sati sfaction do­ all y wanted to go to Stuyvesant, a hi gh able powers of concentration. When I ing it, even ut this age. I manage to keep school for bright students. but my graduated from City College, I applied up with new advances. I retain some of grades were not good enough. Seward to several medical schools but was not what I read, but not everything. I feel Park High School had many famous accepted by any.- Julius Axelrod very fortunate that NIH pennits me to graduates, mostly entertainers: Zero From ''An Unexpected Life in stay (he has a lab. two job slots and a Mos~e l. Walter Matthau, and Tony Research ... which Are/rod wrore for budget). I don't work as hard as I used Cunis. My real education was obtained publication in rhe Annual Review of to. I also have the freedom to consult for at the Hamilton Fish Park Li brary. a Phannacology and Toxicology. 1988. biotechnology companies. I don't have block from my home. I was a voracious 28: 1-23. to justi fy every little thing I do."

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tients would not develop the late, fatal safe, the doctrinaire. the predictable, and complications of syphilis, such as heart the fashionable. disease and paresis. Both the general public and the medi­ cal profession were extravaganc with Conclusion their praise for Paul Ehrlich and Salvarsan. Their enthusiasm was under­ For those working on AIDS today, standable, because syphilis, like AIDS there are lessons to be learned from this today, was no ordinary disease. There history of Ehrlich, Wassennann. and was the fear concerning the terrible, fatal Fleck and their work on syphilis. No one course of syphilis- paresis, tabes, heart person developed and perfected the disease. There was the additional an­ Wassem1ann reaction. Lt was the work guish stemming from the social disgrace. of Fleck's tenn, a Dr. Richard M. Krause a Denkkoffekriv. Syphilis was the disease of "bad blood.'' "thought collective" of scientists. Hence, anything that was new about cured through a system of controls... the Progress comes through their collective syphilis made the daily newspapers, just experienced eye or the serological touch efforts. No one person is going to solve as AIDS does today. is much more important than the protocol. the AIDS problem or even one aspect of As the evidence became more and It is possible to obtain a positive it. Even Ehrlich was a member of a more convincing that Salvarsan was an Wassennann reaction from a nornial De11kkoffek1iv. effective drug for the treatment of syphi­ blood sample and a negative one from a We will develop a more reliable diag­ lis, issues of supply and cost became syphilitic sample without any major tech­ nostic blood test for AIDS than we now matters of public controversy. By No­ nical errors ... and yet the optimum incer­ have. We will learn how to use it and in­ vember 1910. Hoechst was repeatedly mediate position between minimum terpret the results. In addition. I have no accused in the press of delaying the sup­ nonspecificity and maximum sensitivity doubt we will develop more effective ply of Salvarsan for profit motives, and was gradually established.'' drugs to treat AIDS, at least in its early Ehrlich himself was drawn into this harsh Doesn't that sound familiar in regard stages. This may mean tream1enr al the and bitter controversy. Today there is to AIDS serology-those twins, specific­ time of the initial asymptomatic infec­ similar controversy over the high cost of ity and sensitivity? tion. as detected by seroconversion, just AZT for the treatment of AIDS. By 1930. there were at least 8,000 as is done today with tuberculosis. published scientific papers on the Commenting on his success with ex­ Wassennann reaction, all of which were perimental chemotherapy, Ehrlich noted The Wassermann Reaction: A done before the NIH awarded research that his four big G 's played an important Diagnostic Blood Test for Syphilis grants! What an army of serologists that role: "Geduld, Geshick. Gluck, and last effort took, most of whom are unknown but not least, Geld." Patience, skill, luck, The Wassermann blood test to detect to us today. and money. Scientists who are confront­ syphilis was developed by a long and cir­ In his historical review of the ing the perplexing pathogenic processes cuitous route of trial and error, blind al­ Wassennann reaction. Fleck examined of AIDS and its complex natural history. leys, and mysterious serological proce­ the real nature of scientific discovery. He in an effort to devise methods of treat­ dures. It was a messy business. with gave fair warning to those who believe ment and prevention, should remember little of the elegance of Ehrlich's search that science is more scientific than it re­ Ehrlich's four G's. These four G's were for the magic bullets. The history of the ally is. Scientists and the public must be the currency that purchased the remark­ Wassennann reaction was told by fully aware of the unpredictable nature of able advances from ignorance to magic Ludwik Fleck, a Polish physician, micro­ our search for discovery. Fleck said "an bullets for the treatment of syphilis dur­ biologist, immunologist, and philosopher important discovery was made after many ing the decade of discovery. from 1900 of science, in a book entitled, Genesis errors and detours from false assumptions to 1910. Success in the fight against and Development of a Sciemijic Fact. and irreproducible initial experiments." AIDS will be bought with the same coin­ "The procedure is based on five linle­ We should remember the history of the age. known factors, whose mutual effects are Wassennann reaction when we write a Dr. Krause is Senior Scientific Advi­ adjusted by means of preliminary tests grant application and when we review a sor, Fogarty International Cemer. Na­ and whose mode of application is se- grant application. We must avoid the tional lnsrirwes ofH ealth.

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Editors (conti1111edfrom p. 21) FAES Offers Graduate School at NIH NE.JM articles to those not previously an­ nounced in any other media) when the The Foundation for Advanced Educa­ to broaden their knowledge in speciaJry news is of urgent importance." tion in the Sciences (FAES) Graduate areas or to review and update. Reiman also said NE.JM will publish School was initiated in 1952 to provide Although initiated primarily for NIH work that has been previewed in a "clini­ continuing educational opportunities to staff as the students, the FAES Graduate cal alert" (put out by NIH information NIH scientists. In the 1990-91 school School is open to the public. Presently, offices to get the word to practitioners) or year, about 2.400 registnuions were re­ almost half the enrollment comes from abstracted on electronic bulletin boards. corded in 170 courses. Evening courses outside NIH (from other federal and mu­ are offered at college. graduate and post­ "I don ' I think there's a basic problem nicipal agencies, local universities and here," said Reiman. who was the lirst of graduate levels in many areas: biochemis­ from the community at large). The several speakers on the 18-person panel try, biology. biophysics, chemistry. com­ courses in continuing medical educati on to understate the problem. "The system munications. computer sciences. general are particularly valuable to practicing as it stands is good. but may need some sciences. genetics. immunology. manage­ physicians in the Washington area. be­ fine tuning." ment, mathematics. medicine, microbiol­ cause they are held in the evening. Echoing his reserve was NLM direc­ ogy. modem languages, pharmacology. Through its Graduate School. the FAES tor Dr. Donald A. B. Lindberg. who physics. physiology, psychiatry. psychol­ provides needed educational opportuni­ views the library as a logical choice for ogy. social sciences. statisti cs. toxicology. ties to scientists, physicians. nurses and speedy dissemination of research results. and virology as well as a few courses in students from NIH and the entire Wash­ "We're not in the business of produc­ the arts and humanities. A seri es of medi­ ington area. ing Holy Writ," he remarked. '·We're not cal subspecialty review courses and post­ The school is constantly in need of in­ claiming that (articles previewed in graduate medical courses are offered, all structors and organizers for existing or Medline) are all true. We do try hard. of which are approved for credit in Cat­ new courses. Such an acti~iry is ideal for however, to get it accurate, timely. and in egory I of the Physician· s Recognition the retired scientist or administrator. not a form people can use.'" Award of the American Medical Associa­ only as a way to remain involved but also tion. Panelists discussed six examples of as an opportunity to pass on one's wis­ trials where results were unusually con­ A majority of the school faculty comes dom and experience to new generations: sequential. In each instance, the parties in from the NTH staff: the large scientific there is even a modest remuneration for the process-researcher, editor, reporter population at NIH contains many investi­ the effort. If you are not familiar with the and patient (not to mention funding gators and administrators with a strong school , you can obtain a current catalog agency)-have agendas that may not be desire to reach. Advanced courses are by calling (30 I) 496-7976. in consonance with the others. presented by scientists with particular Anyone who has the appropriate 'There is no NIH policy for dissemi­ competence and experience in specialty background. and would like 10 participate nation of trial results as yet," said Dr. areas. in the teaching and/or organizing of ex­ John Ferguson. who heads NIH's Office Courses are approved by the Maryland isting courses or even in creating new of Medical Applications of Research. Higher Education Commission. and are ones, is invited to contact Lois which cosponsored the meeting. "This is generally accepted for degree credit by Kochanski at (301) 496-7976 or write 10 a first step ... universities throughout the world. Intro­ FAES. One Cloister Court. Bethesda. ductory and intennediate level courses MD 208 14- 1460. are of great value to technical personnel seeking to expand their capabilities and If your present address differs backgrounds, and are considered by the You will be soon receiving a dues from that shown 011 the address label, Office of Personnel Management for pro­ renewal notice from NlHAA. Please please send your new address to 9101 motion or reclassilication purposes. Many return it promptly. Dues are an impor­ Old Georgetown Rd., Bethesda, MD of tJ1e students already have an M.D. or tant source of our income and we need 20814. Ph.D. degree and take advanced courses your continued support.

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Children's Inn at NIH Burgeons in First Year van, arranging monthly tours of the inn, and taking residents to the grocery store. By Anne Barber KeUer was swamped with call s from potential volunteers even before the inn Since July 2, l 990, when the this month (January), we have been full." openecl. " In fact," she. says, " I received Children's Inn aL NCH opened, more than A significant strength of the so many I had to limit them to one shift a 475 patients and their families from 44 Children's Inn is its volunteer corps. week. states and 8 foreign countries have stayed There are currently 150 volunteers serv­ "The only trouble we had was getting in this NIH residence. The children have ing the inn. They range, according to people to come and stay over a weekend. come to the inn through refe1rnl from 10 Keller, from ages 16 to 70 yeai·s, and in­ Once we advertised the need, we re­ of the 13 NIH institutes. clude working people as well as the re­ ceived adequate weekend and holiday ''In addition to the heartwaiming sup­ tired. volunteer coverage." port we've received from the Clinical ''We have varying degrees of commit­ Volunteers make grocery trips with Center's medical team and the social ment from our volunteers- from people residents four rimes a week and they workers who are the source of referral who bake for parties to our weekend vol­ drive the inn's van during the weekend for our residents, we have been blessed unteer resident managers. We provide when the NIH shuttle doesn 'Lprovid e with help from the entire NlH commu­ staffing 7 days a week. for approximately service to the Clinical Center ai1d the nity. From groundskeeping to emergen­ 1,500 volunteer hours a month." Metro station. cies involving the police, transportation Except for the contract cleaning ser­ Tartler emphasizes, "The NIH com­ services, ti re, safety and maintenance vice, volunteers do everything that is re­ munity has responded very generously to services-all have taken extra care of the quired to keep house. They replenish our needs for volunteer help." Children 's Lnn, and we are most grate­ kitchen supplies, pick up the playroom, Keller says she get~ many calls from ful ," says Andrew Tarrier, executive di­ make sure fresh linens are placed in each people wanting to do. things for the inn. rector of the inn. li nen closet, till bird feeders. They also "For example, as early as last summer, "AU the hard work put into the design work at the welcome desk answering the NIH firemen came to me and offered and establishment o.f the inn has paid off. phones, accepting and orienting patients to do a holiday party for the children in Our fam ily-centered, self-help concept and their families, ordering the shuttle has been fully real.ized when you look at (See Inn p. 24) the excelJem use patients and their fami­ lies have made of this facility." When the inn first opened, there were four full-time staff members: Tarrier; Kate Higgins, resident manager; Pam Keller, director of volunteers; and Zulienne Wolfrey, administrative assis­ tant. Since then, the board has hired two additional staff members: Margo Bradford, day manager, and Jean Buergler, bookkeeper. Bradford, who shares the manageri al load with Higgins, says, "Our intake has steadily increased so that we have had to implement an administrative/medical pri­ ority system to decide who to admit. The inn can provide for up to 36 families, but when we are full, we have procedures to determine who stays and who doesn't, based on the child's health. Many nights In the lobby of the Children's Inn at NIH, children play in front of a dollhouse donated by William B. Edelblut Jr. of O'Donnell's Restaurant Inc. Volunteers Wendy and Joseph Allan restored the dollhouse to its original splendor.

23 N I H A A U P D A T E

bm (co mi1111ed from p. 23) A-Wing Addition Rises on East Side of Bldg. 10 December. We agreed, they did, and it was a big success." By Rich McMa1111s ·'The dream," says Tartler. " that the A major addition is currentJy being ued. "For a job of this size and intricacy. Children's Inn would become a national grafted atop the four existing floors of Lhat 's pretty fast." model has become more and more true. Bldg. I O's A wing; the $ 11 million fost­ The BI. 82. fi rs t and second floors of We continue to reap the benefits of na­ track project. due for completion in fall the existing A wing will remain un­ tional recognition because of the type of 1991. will add new NCI and Nl A ID labo­ changed. aside from some work to the service we provide here. Some of this ratories to the fight against A IDS. loading dock area. The roof of the cur­ may result from having been on the To­ The first of two construction phases­ ren1 A wing will become mechanical or day show twice. erection of the steel supcrstructure-be­ "interstitial" space. allowing for pipes "As we continue to meet the ongoing gan last March and will soon be com­ and ducts. The next three stories will needs," he says. "our ·wish list' continues pleted. Phase two has just begun and wi II align with existing floors in the adjacent to grow." result in slate-of-the-art laboratories B wing and will be worker-occupied. Tartlcr mentions the number one pri­ whose flexibility and space are unequaled The top floor will be en1irely devoted to ority-automatic doors for the two sets in the Clinical Center. mechanical space. of front doors and the residents' evening " It's prelly hard to Stan a construction The first usable floor of the addition access door. project four stori es up from the ground ... will be utilized for office space divided "Also, we would like to develop the said Donald A. Sebastian. the proj ec t of­ in thirds for NCI. NIAID and the assis­ exterior of the property to match the ficer for the Division of Engineering Ser­ tant ho pita! administrators from the CC. beauty of the interior. We would like a vices who is overseeing completion of The next twu lluurs-<.:umprising special playground, barbeque grills. pic­ the wing's first phase. " it's a very intri­ some I 1.000 square-feet each and in­ nic tables. a gazebo. park benches, cate. exacting rype of construction-we cluding 28 laboratories of single. double plantings. as well as wildlife feeding sta­ call it our Swiss watch. and triple modular configuration with tions. ''The whole project. from design of their necessary suppon-will be occu­ "These kids," he says, ··spend weeks the addition to finished construction, will pied by NCI and NLAID labs. and months inside institutions. so we take a little more than 2 years," he contin- These two floors can each accommo- would like to provide them with an op­ portunity to spend some time outside. We are in the planning stages now. and esti­ mate the cost to be around$ I 18,000." On Feb. 7. a board change at the inn took place. The original two boards-op­ erating and fund development- merged into one board of directors. The new board. consisting of 25 members, is re­ sponsible for establishing an endowment fund that will provide the inn with annual operating expenses. Tartlcr says NIH contributes laundry service. maintenance, utilities. and shuttle service, in addition to the land it has al­ ready given. However, funds for operat­ ing costs ure required to support the inn, hence the need for an endowment fund. "Outside generosity to the inn has The steel superstructure of the new AIDS Research Facility atop the Bldg. 10 A wing Is now been most gratifying," Tartler reports. complete. Two of the addition's floors will Include NCI and NIAID laboratories dedicated to research on human immunodeficiency virus.

24 S P R N G 1 9 9 1

date 33-35 single modules, each I l feet lymphotrophic retroviruses," published in 3, I07 citations to her credit. Besides cur­ wide. About one quarter of these will op­ the British journal Nature in 1985. rently serving as a DRG study section erate as biosafety level 3 (BL3) laborato­ ln addition to receiving NIH research member, she is an NIAID and NlGMS­ ries, needed for some retrovirus proce­ support, Wong-Staal has served as a peer supported investigator at the Robert dures. In these labs, workers must enter reviewer for DRG's AIDS and related re­ Wood Johnson Medical School, via an anteroom instead of directly from search-3 study section during the June UMDNJ. the corridor; in some cases, material exit­ 1989 round of initial review. Also, she is Dr. Ellen S. Vitett~ who helped dis­ ing the labs must traverse a pass-through a member of the NTH reviewers reserve, a cover immunotoxins and whose work sterilizer. The remaining modules will be centralized file of consultant reviewers has been cited 3,098 times, is an NCI biosafety level 2 (BL2) labs, which can available to all NIH chartered scientific MERIT award recipient. Her most-cited be entered directly from the corridor. and review committees to assist in the peer re­ paper, "Cell surface immunoglobulin II: can be easily converted to BL3 labs if the view of grant and cooperative agreement Isolation and characterization of immu­ need arises in the future. applications and contract proposals. noglobulin from mouse splenic lympho­ The third most-cited scientist is Dr. cytes," was published in the Journal of Philippa C. Marrack, an immunologist Experimental Medicine and is 19 years Most-Cited Women in who works in molecular biology at the old. A scientist at the University of Texas Science Have NIH Ties National Jewish Center for Immunology Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and Respiratory Medicine in Denver, she has also received grant support from By N. Sue Meadows whose work has been cited 6,462 times. NIAID and served as a reviewer for Eight of the I0 women recently iden­ She served as a member of DRG's DRG. tified by the Philadelphia-based Institute immunobiology study section from July Dr. Candace B. Pert is a former intra­ for Scientific Information (ISi) as the 1980 to June 1984, and has received re­ mural scientist with t~e National Institute most-cited women in science have re­ search grant support from NIAID. of Mental Health who in the 1970's ceived NIH research grantS and have Three of the I0 scientists, Ors. Mary helped identify natural pain killers pro­ served as reviewers for the NIH peer re­ Jane Osborn of the University of Con­ duced by the brain. Her work has been view system. Three of these scientists are necticut Health Center, Joan A. Steitz of cited 2,918 times. She has received grant supported by an NIH MERlT Award, Yale University. and Marilyn S. Kozak of support from NCI and NIGMS of NIH. which provides extended support to fos­ the University of Medicine and Dentistry, and NIDA of ADAMHA. She was a ter the continued research achievementS Newark, N.J.(UMDNJ), have provided memberofDRG's neurology B study of distinguished scientists. At least two expertise to DRG's molecular biology section from l 981 to 1984. have worked in the intramural labs on the study section in the initial review of grant Dr. Marilyn Gist Farquhar, a re­ NlHcampus. applications. Osborn, whose work was searcher at the University of California, According to the IS!, the list of the 10 cited 4,366 times, is currently a member San Diego, who studies cell biology and most frequently cited women in science of the DRG advisory committee. She has experimental pathology, was the ninth was compiled from the fi les of ISI's Sci­ also served on the National Advisory most-cited with 2,316 citations. She is an ence Ci1a1io11 !11dex through a computer General Medical Sciences Council and NIDDK supported MERIT award recipi­ study that counted how often each tl1e Board of Scientific Counselors of ent and also has received support from scientist's published work had been cited NHLBI. She has grant support from NCI and NIGMS. She has served on two in articles written by other scientistS. NIGMS and NIAID. DRG study sections: cellular biology and The scientist most cited was Dr. Steitz, a biochemist at Yale and a physiology from 1975 to 1979, and Flossie Wong-Staal, who is an NIAID Howard Hughes Medical Institute investi­ pathobiochemistry from 1986 to 1990. and NCI-supported researcher at the Uni­ gator, has 3,282 citations for her articles. The remaining two members of the lO versity of California, San Diego, and was She is an NlGMS-supported MERIT women of science, Drs. Julia Margaret previously at NIH as an intramural scien­ awardee and has received grant support Polak of Hammersmith Hospital and tist in NCI's Laboratory of Tumor Cell from NCI and NlAIDas well. From 1976 Sheila Sherlock of the Royal Free Hospi­ Biology. Her work was cited by other au­ to 1980 she served on the NIADDK tal, are researchers in London, England, thors 7,772 times from 1981to1988. Her Board of Scientific Counselors. and have not served on NlH peer review most-cited paper is "Human T- Kozak, who studies messenger RNA committees nor received NJH grant and eukaryotes (cells with nuclei), has support.

25 N I H A A U P D A T E

"La Sapienza:· in Rome. He also became the by Indiana Universi ty ... Dr. Fann Harding, NIH Notes for November 17th recipient of 1he "Presidential Award of assistant to the director of the Division of 1990- February 1991 the New York Academy of Sciences. Sup­ Blood Diseases and Resources. NHLB I. was ported by A. Cressy Morrison.'· for his "out­ awarded the American Association of Blood standing accomplishments in science and ser­ Banks Distingui shed Service Award in rec­ HONORS AND AWARDS vice in the cause of science" ... Stephen A. ognition of her leadership in ini1iating and es­ Ficca, director of NHLBl's Office of Admin­ iablishing the Transfusion Medicine Aca­ Dr. Robert M. Chanock. chief of NlAID's istrative Managcmem. received the Meritori­ demic Awards program and maintaining it as Laboratory of Infectious Diseases. was se­ ous Prcsidemial Rank Award '·for outstanding a major force in transfonning tran sfu~io n lected winner of the 1990 ICN International leadership and initiative which have made sig­ medicine ... Dr. David l. Houll. who heads Prize in Virology. The annual prize. an en­ nilicam contributions IO 1hc improved man­ tJ1e nuclear 111agne1ie resonance instrumenta­ graved crystal prism and $50.000 in cash. agement of the programs ai the National lnsti- tion group in the Biomedical Engineering honors his career and work during the last 35 1utes of Heallh" ... Dr. Robert C. Gallo, chief and Jnstnimentation Program. NCRR. is the years including discovery of several medi­ of Cl's Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology. first recipient of the Award for Achievements cally imponant viruses. research on infec­ recently shared the 1990 Karl Landsteiner Me­ in the Field of Magnetic Resonance for "his tious viruses especially in childhood dis­ morial Award with Dr. Luc Montagnier of the invention of rotating frame imaging and his eases. and work in vaccine development ... Pasteur Institute: the scie111i sLS were honored many innovations in MR probes. receivers. Or. Igor Dawid. chief of NICI-I D's Labora­ m 1he joint meeting of the American Associa­ magnets. and computa tional procedures tory of Molecular Genetics. received the Dis­ tion of Blood Banks and the lntemational So­ which have had widespread impact on the tinguished Presidential R;ink Award for his ciety of Blood Transfusion in Los Angeles. field" ... Or. Carl Kupfer, NEI director. re­ "pioneering research accomplishments in de­ Gallo also recently gave the fo llowing distin­ ceived the Distinguished Rank Award "for velopmental biology and molecular genetics guished lectures: the 19th Maxwell Finland sus1ained extraordinary accomplishment in leading to new approaches to the cure of Lec1ure at the annual meeting of the Infec­ planning. developing. and managing a na- gene disorders" ... Robert T. Dillon. assis­ tious Diseases Society of America held in At­ 1ionall y and intcmationally acclaimed vision tant director for policy and evaluation in the la111a: the Yuri Ovchinnikov Memorial Lec­ research progr.1111" ... L. Earl Laurence, Division of Personnel Management. OD. re­ ture at the Shcmyakin Institute of Bioorganic NIDDK executive officer, was honored with ceived the All Star Team Award from the Chemistry in Moscow: the She ll Lecture at the National Kidney Foundation's George M. federal section of the International Personnel Oxford University: and the Sir William Osler O'Brien Award in recognition of his long­ Management Association for his leadership time support of coordinaiing foundation pro­ in designing and implementing the new pay grams with NIDDK ... Dr. Donald A. B. program: and for his contributions to IH ef­ Lindberg, LM director. received the Meri­ fons to obtain legislative approval of a pay torious Presidential Rank Award "for insti- and personnel system for senior scienti sts ... 1U1ing at the ational Library of Medicine so­ Or. Cheng Dong of the Bi omedical Engi­ phisticated and successful infom1atio11 pro­ neering and lnstn1111entatio11 Progr.un, grams and servi ces responsive to the needs of NCRR. received the 1990 Melv ille Medal of the nat ion's health professionals in dealing the American Society of Mechanical Engi­ with biotechnology. AIDS. and other con­ neers as first author of the best original paper temporary issues in medicine" .....luli a presented for discussion :111d publication: Lobotsky, head of the reproductive biology "Passive Deformation Analysis of Human section of the Reproductive Sciencei. Branch. Leukocytes" ... Or. Charles H. Evans, chief Center for Population Research. 1 ICHD. re­ of the tumor biology secti on in NCrs Labo­ ceived two awards from organizations con­ nuory of Biology and u ea piain in PHS. wa$ ccmed wi th the reproducti;e sciences. She awa rded at the 9th annual meeting of the As­ was given a Lifetime Achievement Award at sociation of Militury Surgeons the Sir Henry the Endocrine Socic1y's 72nd annual mee1ing S. Welleome Medal mid Pri ze for his essay Ors. Robert C. Gallo (I) and Luc Montagnier (r) in Atlanta in recognition of"her ti reless ef­ on "Leukoregulin: A New Biotherapeu1ic received the AABB 1990 Karl Landsteiner fons in suppon of biomedical research. re­ Cytokine in the Search for More Effective lentless pursuit of excellence and unending Award, which was presented by AABB empathy for inves1iga1ors.'· She w:1s also - Antiviral Phannacologic Agents" ... Eve l~· n president Toby L. Simon. Farinas. supervisor of Oncology Pham1acy. presented with the Dis1inguished Service Clinical Center. won the l lospiial Phanm1cist Award from the Society for the Study of Re­ prod ucti on at its 23 rd annual meet ing in of the Yea r award for 1990 from the D.C. So­ Lecture at McGill University. He also deli v­ ciety of Hospital Pharmacists. Last year'i. Knoxv ille for her "inv;1luable contribution to ered the Luther Terry Lecture at the U.S. Pub­ the membership of 1he SSR and the fields of winner. Karim Otlis. is also a CC Pham1acy li c Health Service Professional Association reproductive biology and endocrinology as a empl oyee ... Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, IAID meeting in Anchorage ... Dr. Alfred G. director. received the First International whole" ... John 0. Mahoney, director of Gil man, an 1 IGMS grantee, recently re­ IH's Office of Admi nistration. received the Chiron Prize for Biomedical Re earch during ceived the 1990 Steven C. Seering Award for Meritorious Presidential Rank Award "for a ceremony in Rome. Italy. He also received his outstanding achievement in biomedical outstanding leadership and management ski ll the degree of doc1or of medicine and surgery. science. The SI0.000 award is given annu ally honoris causa. from the Univcrsita di Roma. (See NIH Notes p. 27) 26 S P R N G 1 9 9 1

NIH Notes (co111i1111edfrn111 p. 26) gram. received the Meritorious Presidential lice of Extramural Research. Office of the in restructuring NIH station support procure­ Rank Award "for outstanding leadership and Director. NIH. He is responsible for review­ ment opera tions, achieving significant cost signilicant accompli shment in the establish­ ing, evaluating and advising on current :111d sav ings, and developing unprecedented lev­ ment or a nati onal and international ex tramu­ proposed regulations, policies and proce­ els of regulatory compliance while mai11tain­ ral program of social and behavioral research dures used in management or NIH -ICD ex­ ing system responsiveness 10 research needs" at the National Institute on Aging" ... Dr. tramural research and development pro­ ... Dr. Malcolm A. Marlin, chief of Gustavo C. Roman, chief o(NLNDS' Neuro­ grams. with emphasis on use of cooperative NIAID's Laboratory of Molec ular Microbi­ epidemiology Branch. has been named co­ agreement :111d contract mechanism:. and peer ology. received a Meritorious Presidential editor of T//e Journal ofTropical and Geo­ review policies and procedures ... Dr. Rank Award "for excepti onal leadership and graphical Neurology. a quarterly peer-re­ Elie1.ar Dawidowicz, an associate professor sustai ned accomplishments in research on the viewed joumal newly created by the research of physiology at Tuft s Medical School, has retroviru s that causes AIDS and for impor­ group on tropical neurology of the World been appoi nted a program administrat or in wnt scientific studies relating to RNA and Federation of Neurology ... Dr. Marcel the Ce llular and Molecular Basis of Disease DNA viral genome structure of biological Salivc, an epidemiologist in NIA 's Epidemi­ Program. NIGMS. He will handle grants in functions which have advanced the use of re­ ology. Demography. and Biometry Program. the areas of membrane and lipid meiabolbm combinant DNA technology" ... Carolyn G. has received the Jay S. Drotman A ward from and membrane tran ~po rt ... Carl os M. McHale, chief of the NIAMS Scientific ln­ the American Public Health Association ... Delgado has joined the Di vision of Equal fom1a1ion and Data Systems Branch. was the Or. .J ames B. Snow, .Ir., NIDCD director. Opportunity as chief of the Equal Opportu­ recipient of the 1990 Harriet E. Worrell gave keynote addresses nt the American In­ nity Branch. In his new position. he works t0 Awurd from Drexel Un ive rsity for "a distin­ dian Research Symposiu m in Montana and fos ter and promote equal opportunit y prin­ guished career in medical research and infor­ the centennial address at the Alexander Gra­ ciples throughout NIH ... Marian Emr, most mation systems." The awurd is given annu­ ham Bell Association for the Deaf ... Or. recently NIA·s depu ty infom1ation ol'li cer. ally 10 outstanding alumni of the university ... Novera Herbert Spector, NINOS health sci­ has been appoi nted infom1111ion oflicer for Dr. Ralph F. Naunton, director of the Di vi­ entist administrator. recently received a medal the National Institute of Neurological Disor­ sion of Communicati ve and Neurosensory commemorating the IOOth anniversary of the ders and Stroke. She comes to INDS wi th Disorders. NIDCD, was the Carhart Memo­ Polish Physiology Society in recognition of 14 years of experi ence in medical writing. rial speaker at the 1990 annual meeting of the his contribution to basic research in physiol­ media re lations and public infom1mion at America n Auditory Society held in Seattle. ogy. especiall y on interactions among the ner­ NJM H and NIH ... Raymond Fleming has Before coming 10 NIH he was chain11an of vous. endocrine and immune systems ... Dr. been named information officer for DCRT. the department of otolaryngology at the Un i­ Allen Spiegel, NIDDK ncting scientific direc­ He comes from NINOS. where he was versity of Chicago ... Or. Wi ll iam F. Paul, tor. recently gave the 1990 Jacobaeus Lecture deputy infomiation officer ... Dr. Steven J. chief of the Laboratory of Immunology. in Oslo. orway. He spoke on the structure Hausman, deputy director of the NIAMS ex­ NIAID. was one of the 24 intemationally re­ and function ofG proteins. which act as inter­ tramural program. has been appointed nowned biomedical scientists who spoke re ­ mediaries in cell signaling. NIAMS' first deputy director ... Or. Ri chard cently at the Irvington Institute for Medical Havlik has been named associate director of' Research's 75th anniversary symposium APPOINTMENTS AND NIA's Epidemiology. Demography. and Bi­ ''Immunology in the 21st Century" in New PERSONNEL CHANGES ometry Program. He wi ll direct epidemiol­ York Ci ty. His theme was '·Lymphokines: ogy studies that look at agi ng processes and Molecular Mediators of the Immune Re­ identify differences between ··usual aging" sponse" ... Dr. Philip A. Pizzo, chief of Dr. J ames Anderson, fom1er head of the de­ and the onset of diseases ... Colleen NCrs Pediatrics Branch, was honored in the partment of molecular genetics at Crop Ge­ Henrichsen, chief of the DCRT Informa tion January issue of Washi11,~w11ia11 magazine as netics lntemational in Hanove r. Md .. has Ol'lice. has been appointed chief of the Clini­ a "Washingtonian of the Year." He shared been appointed a program :1dministrator in the cal Center Communications office ... Or. the honor with three congressional wives. Ge netics Program. NIGMS. He will handle Caroli ne Holloway, head of the biological Carmula Walgren. Debbie Dingell , and D. grants in the areas of physiology of gene con­ structure secti on of the Biomedical Research Chris Downey. who were the officers of the trol and RNA processing ... Dr. David Technology Program. NCRR, and executi ve Friends of the Children's Inn. a nonprofit or­ Benton has joined the Nat ional Center for secretary to the bi omedical research technol­ ganization that helped raise funds to build the Human Genome Research as assistant to the ogy review committee. has been named di­ inn ... Or. Eric Ravussin, an NIDDK scien­ director for scientific data management to rector of the Oflice of Science Policy. tist at the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical oversee the "infom1mics" program to develop CRR. Thil> newly organized ol'lice in­ Research Branch in Arizona. received the computer technologies able to meet the needs cludes both cx tramur;il ;md int ramura l re­ Andre Mayer Award for Olllstancl ing research or the genome project. He comes 10 NCl-IGR sponsibility for program phmn ing. analysis i11 obesity at the 6th l11terna1ional Congress from the West Coast technology company mid evaluation; legislation, and science on Obesity in Kobe. Japan. He came to lntelliGenetics, Inc .. where he managed the poli cy within the office of the direc tor of' Phoenix from Switzerland in 1984 to set up a DNA sequence database GenBank ... Or. NCRR ... Or. Joye F. J ones. chief of the ge­ respiratory chamber. the first in the United Carlos E. Caban, program director for can­ netics of growth and differentiation section States. 10 measure daily metabolic rates in re­ cer control research in the Division of Cancer of NIGMS Genetic:. Program si nce 1989, has lationship 10 body weight changes ... Dr. Prevention and Control. NCI. has been named been named deputy associate director for Matilda W. Ri ley, associate director of ex tramural programs poli cy officer in the Of- NIA 's Behavioral and Soci al Research Pro- (co mi1111ed 011 p. 28)

27 N I H A A U P D A T E

NIH Notes (co111i11 11edfrom p. 27) nurse and finished her career at the CC as a DEATHS program activities. NJGMS ... Dr. Lewis L. pa1ient ap~eresis supervisor. She plans to pur­ Judd, director of NIMH si nce 1988, has re­ sue other 111terests such as volunteer work in cently returned to University of California her church and community and to travel with Geraldine "Gerri" Brammer, died Oct. 17. San Diego School of Medicine as chairma~ her husband ... Dr. Michael M. Frank chier She was an EKG technician in CC since 1978 of rhe depar1men1o f psychiatry. During of NIAID's Laboratory of Clinical Jn v~sliga­ and worked at NLH for the past 17 years ... Judd's tenure at NlMH, national research ini­ tion. retired Dec. I to become professor and Clara Chesney Crouch, IOI , died Jan. 16 in tiatives were implemented in three key areas: chairman, department of pediatrics at Duke Silver Spring. She worked at NIH from 1946 schi zophrenia. neu roscience, and child and Universi ty Medical Center. His research in­ until 1957 as a clerk ... Dr. Joseph W. adolescent mental disorders. A founh terests. broadly described. involved the rela­ Cullen. 53. fo m1er deputy director of the Di­ projec t. a research plan to improve the care tionship between immune mechanisms in host vision of Cancer Prevention and Control. of individua ls with persistent and severe defense a~d immune damage in 1he develop­ NC I. died of ri brain tumor Nov. 24 at St. mental disorders. is in the final stages of de­ ment of disease. His pursuits in this area led Luke's Hospital in San Francisco. He had velopment. Dr. Alan I. Leshner, NfMH him to examine how these processes interre­ left NIH in July 1989 to become director of deputy director, will serve as acring dirccror la~ e wi1h immune complexes and. ultimately. the AMC Cancer Research Center in Denver. of the institute while a search for a new di­ w11h complement activation. Also notable in During his NCI career, he directed the rector is conducted ... Dr. Dennis E. Fm~k 's NIAID career was his nbi lity to rec­ institute 's program to eliminate cigarenc Leszczynski, a se nior research scientist and ognize ralem among those who applied for smoking. which gave major impetus to fed­ executive director of the Harlan E. Moore positions in his lab and. in addi tion. to nunure eral anti-smoking effons ... Le"i Dargan, a Hean Research Foundation, a private not-for­ the development of his staff members. His computer program analyst in the Division of prolit corporation affi liated wi th the Univer­ former staff fell ows now head major aca­ Computer Research and Technology, died si ty of fllinois. has joined the Division of Re­ demic medical units in infectious diseases. Dec. 29. He had served the division's Com­ search Grants as an executi ve secretary in the hematology, allergy/immunology. rheu­ puter Cemer Branch for more than 21 years. Reforral and Review Branch ... Dr. G. Iris ~ato l ogy. demrntology and pu lmonary rnedi ­ He bega~ his career at DCRT as a compu1er Obrams ha~ been appointed chief of the Ex­ c111e ... Dr. Preston A. LiltJcton. Jr., NIDR operator m 1969. After being promoted to tramural Programs Branch in the Epidemiol­ deputy director and PHS deputy chief dental compu11:~ progrnmmer in the program sup­ ogy and Biostatistics Program, Division of officer. retired on Sept. 17 to become execu­ pon secuon, he worked closely with NIH ac­ Cancer Etiology, NCI ... Christine Wisdom tive director of the American Association of counting systems to set up computer pro­ has been named NIGMS deputy executive ~ental Schools ... Dr. Paul O' Brien, acting grams thai would run Lhroughout the night. officer. She has worked at NIH for the past director, NE I Intramural Research Programs He was active in his community and his 14 years. Most recently. she was on a 20- and ch.ief. section of cell biology, Laboratory chu rch ... Roberta Pierce Davis, 69, an ex­ month detail from the Division of Legislati ve of Ret111al Cell and Molecular Biology, re- ecutive secretary for 20 years at NfH. died of Analysis to the Labor/HHS/Education sub­ tired Sept. I. his 30th anniversary with NIH. cancer Jan. 24 at a hospital in Hanover, Pa. committee of the House of Representatives and hi s 20th with NEI. He plans to keep in. In 1981s he retired from the National Institute comminee on appropriations ... Dr. Rose­ t~uch wi.th the scientific community through of Anhritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin mary Yancik, a medical sociologist with a l11s new Job at a private company that helps Diseases ... Dr. Kenneth Fitch, a health sci­ longstanding interest in aging. has joined the researchers prepare grant applications ... Ira entist administrator in the Division of Re­ National Institute on Aging as assistant direc­ "Robbie" Robinson, supply clerk in Lhe search Grants. passed away on Dec. 4 of can­ tor for liaison and applied research on aging. Management Services Branch. NIAID. has cer. He was executive secretary in the spe­ Her research inrerests have focused on the ar­ retired after 34 years at NIH. In 1957 he be­ cial review section of DRG's Referral and eas of cancer and aging. She was in the Of­ gan his career at NTH in the Clinical Center Review Branch. Hi s NIH career began in fice of Extramural Research, OD. before housekeeping unit. Five years later he trans­ 1981 where he became an expcn consultant joining NlA. She also held sever.ii positions ferred to NlAID. He is looking forward to with NC I. In 1987 he became an employee at NCI. including assistant direc1or for cen- ~-pending more time with his family and also of NlAID, later transferring to NHLBI, and ters and community oncology, Division of plans to do some fi shing ... Dr. Jesse Roth in 1989, he joined DRG ... James U. Genies Canc~r Preventi on and Comrol. She joined scientific director for NIDDK's Division of 78, a retired employee at NIH, died ofhenn' NIH 1111978. In her new job she will help de­ Intramural Research since 1981. retired in disease Jan. 14 at his home ... Frank G. velop collaborative programs to investigate December 1990. His 27 years at NLH have Hickerson, 65. a retired NLH architect. died how cancer and oLher diseases affect the been marked by semin al work on hormones Dec. I at his home after a hean a11aek. He older population. and their receptors. He has had an imponant worked at NTH for 25 years before retiring ... role i11 lu:lpi11g yuung inv1:.stigaiors around the Mary Clifford "Maureen" Hornish. 60. RETIREMENTS world. ex panding endocrine research to cen- who had worked as a psychiarric nurse at 1he ters in Europe. Israel and Japan as well as in Na1ional Institute of Mental Health, died of the United States. He has moved to the Johns cancer Nov. 14 in Bedford. Mass .... Dr. Regina Dowling retired from the depanment David Lackman, 79. a research scientist in of 1ransfus ion medicine at tl1e Clinical Cen­ Hopk ins School of Medicine. where he is pro­ fessor of medicine and gerontology. serology and virology at Rocky Mountain ter. She had worked al NIH for 27 years. Laboratory. NIAID. in Hamilton. Mont., died She first came to NIH in 1963 as a part-time Nov. 3 in Helena after a long illness with cancer. He worked at 1he RML from 1941 un-

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iii his retiremem in 1966. Since 1977 he had been a volumeer legislative lobbyist for the Recent Books of Interest Montana Health Association ... Dr. Patricia McGovern, 54, a researcher who specialized To NIHAA Members in kidney and liver ailments, died of kidney and hean ailments Jan. 16 at Suburban Hospi­ Dr. Victoria A. Harden, Rocky Mo1m­ tal. She was a medical researcher who tai11 Sported Fever: Histo1y ofa Twenti­ worked at home; she also worked for physi­ cians in private practice and at NlH ... eth-Cent111y Disease. Baltimore: Johns Charles Bogart Myers, 70, a retired man­ Hopkins University Press. 1990. agement analyst with NIH, died of conges­ Prepared for the National Iostirute of tive heart failure Nov. 18 at his home. He Allergy and Infectious Diseases, this came to NIH in 1961 ro work in the Office of book traces the history of research on the Director and later as management analy­ sis officer at NlAID. He retired in 1978 ... Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) Dr. Louis J. Olivier, known for his early from the late 19th century, when it was schistosomiasis research at NlAID, died in first identified as a distinct disease, to the Chapel Hill, N.C., on Nov. 16. In 1946, after present. Research on RMSF represents complering service in the Am1y's malaria one of Nlffs oldest continuous investiga­ survey unit, he joined the PHS, where he headed the host-parasite relations section of tions and one of the earliest federal-state the lab that was later to evolve into NlAJD's cooperative research efforts. Harden is Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. Following the Director, NIH Historical Office and Rep. Silvio 0. Conte, (R·Mass.), 69, died Feb. 8 his retirement in 1966, he continued in the at the Clinical Center of extensive bleeding in DeWitt Stetten. Jr. Museum of Medical parasitology field working for 5 years as re­ Research and is the author of !11venti11g gional advisor on parasitic diseases for 1hc the brain stemming from the progression of Pan American Health Organization. He then prostate cancer, for which he underwent the NIH: Federal Biomedical Research spent 2 years in Geneva as a consultant to the surgery in 1987. Conte was the senior Policy.1887-1937, also published by World Health Organization ... Robert J . Republican on the House appropriations Johns Hopkins. Schultheisz, a systems analyst in the Office committee and was beginning his 17th term in of Computer and Communications Sys1ems, Congress. Throughout his long legislative NLM, died Nov. 28 following surgery for career he was a strong, effective supporter of Stephen P. Strickland, The StoJ)' ofthe cancer. He had worked at NLM since 1970, medical resea rch. The new Child Health and and for the federal government for more than NIH Grants Programs. Lanham. Md., Neurosciences Facility, Bldg. 49, for which he 30 years. At NLM, he was initially em­ and London: University Press of worked fo r more than a decade to fund, has ployed in Specialized Information Services America, 1989. been named in his honor. At the ground­ developing databases in toxicology. Most re­ Well known as the author of Politics, cently he had been part of the Development breaking ceremony Branch of OCCS working on the MEDLARS on Oct. 4, 1988, Science, and Dread Disease, Stephen Ill and the TESS (Technical Services Sys­ (pictured above) Strickland has surveyed in this book the tem) projects ... Dr. Irvi ng " Ozzie" Simos, he called it "the emergence of federal support for bio­ 68, a psychologist who retired from the Divi­ proudest medical research after World War JI as sion of Research Grants in 1987, died Dec. 9 achievement embodied in the grants program of the of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He had a in all my distinguished and well-respected career at NIH. The book is based on oral histories years in with participants who shaped the pro­ NIH that spanned 30 years. He held posi­ office." tions that included executive secretary of the gram and conveys well the flavor of this small grants section at NIMH, and depury period of NIH expansion. chief of the Referral and Review Branch, Right Conte DRG. After his retirement from NIH, he hugs Clinical pursued hi~ hobby of violin playing and vol­ Center patient unteered as a counselor ... J a ne Stafford, 91, Brianne a science writer and retired assistant director Schwantes of of information at NIH, died of cardiac arres1 Milwauk~e at Jan. II at Menno-Haven nursing home in the Chambersburg. Pa. She came to Washington in 1928 as a science and medical writer and joined the staff at NIH in 1956. She retired in 1971.

29 N I H A A U P D A T E

NIH Retrospectives fessional infomiation material relating to and answer session with employees ... A cancer research and control ... Dr. Luther dedication ceremony was held at the L. Terry, 49, Assistant Director of the Fog

..x~~ecord.,_ ,_____ •

A Joint Committee on Cancer l.nfor­ mation has been establi shed by the Na­ tional Cancer Institute and the Cancer Control Branch. Bureau of State Ser­ vices. to coordinate the planning. produc­ tion, and distribution of public and pro- This photograph is from the prints and photographs collection at the National Library of Medicine. The curator, Lucinda Keister, would like to know if anyone recognizes the participants and event. Please send details to Update.

30 S P R N G 1 9 9 1

Attention NIHAA wants to hear from its members. Please type or print your note for a future issue and mail it to:

Harriet R. Greenwald, Editor NIHAA Update 9101 Old Georg etown Rd. Bethesda, MD 20814

Name

Home address Home phone

News. Include dates/position at NIH 111d photo If posslble.

Suggestions lor newsletter

What is Happening with the NIH Alumni Association?

In March, the board of directors ington area chapter of Nll-IAA. lnvita­ specilics in the next newsletter. elected officers for 199 1-92. They are lions will be sent in April. As part of Research Festival '9 1. president, Dr. Joe R. Held: vice presi­ International and local domestic chap­ Nl-ILBI will sponsor an NIH symposium dent. Dr. John F. Shenm1n: and secre­ ters are being established. Dr. James A. Monday. Sept. 23, to honor a distin­ tary-treasurer. Calvin B. Baldwin Jr. Pittman Jr., Dean. University of Alabama guished alumnus. More infonuation and The association has two events sched­ School of Medicine, is heading our lirst a description of the program and other uled for May. The lirst is a reception at local chapter. On Apr. 5. Dr. J. Edward related activities will appear in the sum­ the AAP/ASCl/AFCR meeting on Satur­ Rall. NTH deputy director for intramural mer newsletter. day. May 4, from 5 to 7 p.m. in the Mad­ research. will be the guest speaker at the Reaction to Updme continues to be rona Seattle Sheraton Hotel and Towers. first m«?eting. We will have pictures and complimentary. but we would like to Please attend if you arc at the meeting. coverage in our next Updare. Letters have hear more from our members. We invite The second event is a reception to honor been sent to more than 20 foreign coun­ you to send the above clip-out fonu with the visiting scienti sts at NIH from Italy. tries asking fonuer NIH 'ers about estab­ your news. Please include comments and which will be on Tuesday. May 21. at 7 lishing chapters. The response so far has suggestions both for the associarion and p.m. 11 will be sponsored by the Wash- been en thusiastic. We will have more for 1he newslc1ter.

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