Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes Further Developments and Applications

Edited By

Nobutada Nakamoto, Nigel Graham, M. Robin Collins and Rolf Gimbel Contents

Preface xi

Conference programme advisory panel xiii

Part i General Overview

1 Slow Sand Filtration: Recent Research and Application Perspectives 3 N.J.D. Graham and M. R. Collins 2 A Review of Biologically-Based Drinking Water Treatment Processes for Organic Micropollutant Removal 17 R. S. Summers, K. Shimabuku and T. L. Zearley 3 Overview on the Current Condition of Slow Sand Filtration and its Challenges in Japan 25 S. Yamamura

4 The Centenary Slow Sand Filtration in Nagoya City - A 100 Year Trend of Water Quality 35 K. Mori

5 The Centenary Slow Sand Filtration in Nagoya City - The Reconstruction of the Slow Sand Filters 45 A. Okuyama 6 Value of Adenosine Tri-Phosphate and Total Cell Count for the Assessment of General Microbial Water Quality after Sand Filtration 51 A. Magic-Knezev, L. Zandvliet, W.A. Oorthuizen and E.J. van derMark 7 Evaluation of Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions Removal Due to Biodegradation 59 E. Vasyukova, R. Proft and W. UN vi Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes

8 Comparison between Different Filter Systems as a Post Treatment after Tertiary Ozonation 67 M. Stapf, U. Miehe, B. Wiedemann and M. Jekel

Part II Slow Sand Filtration - Process Behaviour

9 Food Chain is the Key in Ecological Purification System: New Concept and New Name of Slow Sand Filter 77 N. Nakamoto 10 A Study of Protistan Movement Speed and Filtration Rate in Slow Sand Filter as an Ecological Purification System 85 N. Iwase and N. Nakamoto 11 Analysis of Bacterial Community Structures in Slow Sand Filtration Bed on Different Region and Soil Depth by PCR-DGGE Method 91 K. Seike, M. Eguch and K. Ueno 12 Gut Bacterial Floras of Aquatic Invertebrates Inhabiting Slow Sand Filter Beds 97 J. Takeuchi, Y. Zhao and R. Tanaka 13 The Functioning of Biological Slow Sand Filtration in Relation to the Presence and the Role of Annelids in the Schmutzdecke 103 G. H. Wubbels, J.H. Bruins, M. Bosman and D. vd Woerdt

14 The Inhibitory Effect of Tubificid on Head Loss in Slow Sand Filtration 111 H. Sugino, S. Nakamasu, T. Komatsu and S. Takano 15 Schmutzdecke Development and Treated Water Quality 121 T. Sugimoto 16 The Silicon Circulation Hypothesis based on Slow Sand Filtration/Ecological Purification System 131 S. Inoue and Y. Mochizuki

17 Effect of Sudden Changes of Slow Sand Filtration Rate on Number of Bacteria and Particles in Effluent 135 W.A. Oorthuizen, A. Magic-Knezev and F. Cui

Part III Slow Sand Filtration - Treatment Performance

18 Slow Sand Filtration Process Model for Removal of Microorganisms 141 J.F. Schijven, H.J.J, van den Berg, M. Colin, Y. Dullemont, W.A.M. Hijnen, A. Magic-Knezev, W. Oorthuizen and G. Wubbels 19 Removal of Anti-lnflamatory Compounds by Ecological Filtration 147 CM. Erba, E.P. Tangerino, W.D. Isique andLC Campos 20 Removal of Bromophenols by Slow Sand Filtration 153 K. Katayama-Hirayama, H. Suzuki, N. Toda, A. Tauch, A. Fujioka, T. Akitsu, H. Kaneko and K. Hirayama 21 The Iron and Manganese Removal Process: Its Microbial Habitats and Functions 161 K. Kaya and J. Takeuchi Contents vii

22 Biological Iron Removal from Community Water Source - Corriverton, Republic of Guyana 167 H. Nakazono, P. Thapa, A. Takechi and S. Barran 23 Case Studies of Slow Sand Filtration/Ecological Purification System in Small Scale Water Supply 175 K. Sanda and M. Seno

24 Water Supply of a Small Community with a Small Slow Sand Filtration/Ecological Purification System Unit 179 F. Kazaki

25 Refocus on Slow Sand Filter in Kakunda City and Marumori Town after Great East Japan Earthquake 183 M. Nanbu and K. Yamaki 26 Small Slow Sand Filter System for Rural Area in Bolivia 187 T. Horie, Y. Fukushima, G. Calicho and C. Takahatake

Part IV Slow Sand Filtration - Process Developments

27 Switching on Pesticide Degraders in Biological Filters used in Drinking Water Production 195 C.A. Rolph, B. Jefferson and R. Villa 28 Bioaugmentation Reduces Negative Effect of Estrogens on Coliform Removal in Slow Sand Filters 203 S.J. Haig, C. Quince, G. Collins, R.L Davies and C. Gauchotte-Lindsay 29 Reduction of Water Hardness with a Compact Slow Sand Filtration System 209 R. Miyahira, K. Yajima, J. Nakagawa and M. Koseki

30 Installing a DIY-based Home Slow Sand Filter - Is it Possible to Make It Without Speciality? 219 H. Hukuoka

31 Development of an Unmanned Operate System for a Slow Sand Filter/Ecological Purification System 225 T. Hirose

32 Process Optimization of Solar Energy Based Slow Sand Filtration 231 R. Chakrabarti, M. Jekel, P.K. Roy, M. Banik, G. Banerjee, S. Pal and A. Mazumdar 33 Performance of Ecological Purification System in Samoa 239 J. Tamasese, E. Fuimaono and S. Lautua 34 Household Bio-Purification Device 245 S. Jin 35 A Study to Further Reduce the Turbidity Level of Slow Sand Filtered Water in Tanigahara Water Purification Plant, Japan 251 /. Tateno, M. Sekiyama, N. Kobayashi and S. Arii 36 The Countermeasure against the Increase of Disinfection By-Products Concentration by Humic Substances at a Water Purification Plant Using a Slow Sand Filtration System 259 Y. Kado, K. Takao and K. Hashiwata viii Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes

37 On the Function of Upflow Roughing Filter for Slow Sand Filter - Pilot Experiment in Niigata, Japan 265 T. Arakawa, M. Seno and N. Nakamoto

38 Enhancement of the Efficiency of Upflow Slow Sand Filtration - Effect of Combined Application with a Fiber Filter Unit 273 T. Kato, I. Ozaki and A. Okada 39 Surface Water Treatment Plant Using Ecological Purification System in Bangladesh 277 M.M. Rahman and M.J.A. Zaman 40 Development of Ecological Purification Unit for Producing Drinking Water from Organically Polluted Raw Water (BOD~30mg/L) 285 K. Maruyama and Y. Hashiguchi 41 Slow Sand and Slow Biochar Filtration of Raw Wastewater 297 K. Kaetzl, M. Lubken, K. Alfes, S. Werner, B. Marschner and M. Wichern

Part V Biosand Filters

42 Global Review of the Adoption, Use and Performance of the Biosand Filter 309 T.K.K. Ngai, B. Coff, D. Baker and R. Lentz 43 Recent Advances in Household Biosand Filter Design 319 T.K.K. Ngai and D. L. Baker 44 Performance Optimisation of Household Biosand Filters 331 L. C. Campos and R. Outhwaite 45 Optimizing Intermittent Slow Sand Filters (Biosand) Construction for More Consistent Microbial Removals 339 K. Sawyer, C. Perron and M.R. Collins 46 Utilizing Structural Equation Modeling as an Evaluation Tool for Critical Parameters of the Biosand Filter in a Pilot Study in Para, Brazil 347 LE. Voth-Gaeddert, D.W. Divelbiss and D.B. Oerther 47 Household Filter to Remove Iron and Nitrate for Drinking Water 355 V. Asriningtyas, L. Villacreces and S.P. Saraswati 48 Long-Term Performance Evaluation of Biosand Filters Modified with Zero-Valent Iron 359 M. M. Ahammed, C. Solanki and A. T. Nair

Part VI Alternative Biofiltration - Process Behaviour

49 Mechanisms of DOC Removal from Secondary Effluents in a Lab Biofilter 369 N. Siebdrath, C. Schaefferand W. Uhl 50 Change of Water Treatment Efficiency in the Transition from Granular Activated Carbon to Biological Activated Carbon on an Advanced Water Purification Plant 375 H. Inoue, S. Kodama, M. Ishibashi and Y. Watanabe Contents ix

51 Autotrophic Growth Competition between Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Biological Activated Carbon Filter with Nitrification Potential 379 /. Kasuga, J. Niu, F. Kurisu, H. Furumai and T. Shigeeda 52 Influence of Preozonation on the Performance of Subsequent Bio-filter in Water Treatment under Low Temperature Condition: Biomass and Community Analysis 387 J. Yang, J. Ma, D. Song, Y. Shi and X. Zhai 53 Deterioration Mechanisms of Granular Activated Carbon in Fluidized-Bed Contactor with Biological and Physical Effects 397 Y. Kobayashi, M. Oya, Y. Tanaka, D. Nagashio and T. Hanamoto 54 Living-Filter: an In-Reservoir Biofiltration System for Phytoplankton Reduction at the Abstraction Point 405 A. T. Castro-Castellon, M. J. Chipps, J. M. R. Hughes and N. P. Hankins

Part VII Alternative Biofiltration - Treatment Performance

55 Removal of Easily and More Complex Biodegradable NOM by Full-Scale BAC Filters to Produce Biological Stable Drinking Water 413 W.AM. Hijnen, R. Schurer, B. Martijn, J.A. Bahlman, W. Hoogenboezem and P. W.J.J, van der Wielen

56 Renewal and Selection of Granular Activated Carbon in Advanced Drinking Water Purification in Tokyo 421 T. Iwamoto, T. Tasaki and T. Kanami 57 Biofilm Accumulation Characteristics of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Tap Water Produced by Biological Activated Carbon Process 429 S. Kasahara and M. Ishikawa 58 Manganese Removal in BAC Facilities without Ozonation in Water Purification Plants 433 T. Yahata, E. Kawase, E. Takahashi and M. Yoshii 59 Use of Water Sensitive Urban Design Systems for Biofiltration of Urban Stormwater: Laboratory Biodegradation Batch Studies 441 K. Zhang, X. Tian, D. Page, A. Deletic and D. McCarthy

Part VIII Alternative Biofiltration - Process Developments

60 Applicability of Spherical Coconut Shell Activated Carbon to Biological Activated Carbon for Advanced Drinking Water Treatment 453 A. Okada, K. Takahashi, T. Okawa and K. Satoh

61 Development of Biological Roughing Filter as an Alternative to Coagulation-Sedimentation Process 465 7. Okamoto, K. Ogura, Y. Kobayashi, M. Oya, D. Nagashio and T. Hanamoto X Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes

62 The Environmentally-friendly Effects of Biotreatments in Osaka Water Supply Authority 473 7. Hoson and Y. Takeda

63 Biofilm Development in Upflow Gravel Filters in Layers with a Fabric Cover 481 L.D. Sanchez, E.A. Dominguez, N. Munoz, J.T. VisscherandL.C. Rietveld 64 Up-flow Biological Contact Filter for Advanced Water Treatment System 491 N. Kurahashi, R. Sato, S. Kumano, M. Fujimoto and Y. Ishimaru 65 pH Conditioning using Limestone with Upflow Gravel Filters 503 A. Araya, J. Valverde and LD. Sanchez 66 Upward Biological Contact Filtration (U-BCF) in Vietnam 507 M. Yayama 67 Biofiltration of Pig Manure: Behavior of Nitrogen Compounds 515 P. Lessard, G. Aubry, Y. Gilbert, Y. LeBihan and G. Buelna 68 Exploring Sand and Bentonite-Enhanced Sand as Filter Media for Nitrate Removal 525 R. Malini and M.R. Sudhakar

Part IX River Bank Filtration and Groundwater Recharge

69 Reduction of the Formation Potentials of Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids (HAAs) in Reclained Water by Soil Aquifer Treatment 535 S. Rahmawati, X. Wang, S. Phattarapattamawong, R. Suzuki, S. Echigo, Y. Takabe and S. Itoh

70 Removals of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Reclaimed Water during Soil Aquifer Treatment with Different Soil Types, Hydraulic Retention, and Saturated Condition 543 K. He, T. Yonetani, Y. Takabe, S. Rahmawati, S. Echigo and S. Itoh 71 Behavior of Trace Organic Contaminants in Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) Process for Reuse of Secondary Sewage Effluent 553 F. Nishimura, N. Kurita, Y. Takabe, T. Mizuno, T. Hidaka and S. Ito

Author Index 563

Keyword Index 567