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Guidelines to Planning Sustainable Water Projects and Selecting Appropriate Technologies Water & Sanitation Rotarian Action Group Final - 03/15/2019

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Guidelines to Planning Sustainable Water Projects and Selecting Appropriate Technologies Water & Sanitation Rotarian Action Group Final - 03/15/2019 Guidelines to Planning Sustainable Water Projects and Selecting Appropriate Technologies Water & Sanitation Rotarian Action Group Final - 03/15/2019 This document was developed by the Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group. This Rotarian Action Group operates in accordance with Rotary International policy, but is not an agency of, or controlled by, Rotary International or The Rotary Foundation. This document is for informational purposes only. Neither the Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group, nor Rotary International nor The Rotary Foundation endorses any particular technology, methodology or company. Any reliance upon any advice, opinion, statement, or other information displayed in this document is at your sole risk. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 A Guide to Selecting a Sustainable WASH Project System ....................................................................... 5 Planning For Sustainability ........................................................................................................................ 5 Doing More With The Same Resources .................................................................................................... 6 Using This E-Learning Document for Planning & Building Sustainable Projects ....................................... 6 SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES ........................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Are We Running Out Of Water?................................................................................................................ 8 What Is Surface Water? ............................................................................................................................ 9 What Is The Seasonal Yield Of Water In A Region?................................................................................. 10 How Can the Impacts of Droughts be Reduced? .................................................................................... 10 What is Conjunctive Use and Who Can this Practice Reduce Drought Impacts ..................................... 11 What Is Meant By The Total Sustainable Yield? ...................................................................................... 12 What Are The Water Quality Considerations For Surface Water Supplies? ........................................... 13 How Does The Distance To The Supply Source Impact The Use Of Surface Water Supplies? ................ 15 How Is Storage Capacity Determined For Surface Supplies? .................................................................. 16 Can Rainwater Be Collected For Drinking? ............................................................................................. 18 How Is Water Storage Capacity Determined? ........................................................................................ 19 How Do You Determine The Water Storage Needs For A Family Of A Small Community? .................... 19 What Are The Water Treatment Processes Available For Surface Water Supplies? .............................. 20 How Are Surface Water Supplies Evaluated And Monitored? ................................................................ 21 DEVELOPING SURFACE WATER PROJECTS .................................................................................................. 23 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 23 What Constitutes A Surface Water Project? ........................................................................................... 23 What Are The Initial Design Considerations? ......................................................................................... 23 What Are The Design Options? ............................................................................................................... 24 How Is Surface Water Distributed? ......................................................................................................... 25 What Are Typical Water Treatment Systems For Surface Water? .......................................................... 25 How Much Do Surface Water Development Projects Cost? ................................................................... 26 Checklist for Using Surface Water Sources ............................................................................................. 27 GROUND WATER ......................................................................................................................................... 28 Why Is Ground Water Selected As The Source Of Water Supply? .......................................................... 28 How Is Ground Water Found? ................................................................................................................ 28 How Is A Water Well Drilled? .................................................................................................................. 28 How Is The Quantity Of Water Available In The Aquifer Determined? .................................................. 30 How Is The Quality Of Ground Water Determined? ............................................................................... 30 How are Water Well Sources Secured? .................................................................................................. 30 How is Ground Water brought to the Surface? ...................................................................................... 30 DEVELOPING GROUND WATER PROJECTS .................................................................................................. 33 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 33 What Are The Design Considerations For A Ground Water Project? ...................................................... 33 What Are The Design Options For A Ground Water Project? ................................................................. 34 What Are The Cost Of Ground Water Projects? ..................................................................................... 43 1 Checklist for Using Ground Water Sources ............................................................................................. 44 RAINWATER HARVESTING ........................................................................................................................... 47 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 47 What Is A Roof Catchment System? ....................................................................................................... 50 What Is A Ground Catchment System? ................................................................................................... 51 How Can Rainwater BE Stored In Reservoirs For Community Use? ....................................................... 53 What Are Rock Catchments? .................................................................................................................. 53 What Are Some Of The Sources Of Rainwater Contamination? ............................................................. 55 Checklist for Using Rainwater Harvesting ............................................................................................... 56 WATER QUALITY.......................................................................................................................................... 58 What Are Water Quality Standards? ...................................................................................................... 58 What Is The Difference Between A Standard And A Guideline? ............................................................. 58 What Water Is Being Treated For? .......................................................................................................... 59 Microbial ............................................................................................................................................. 60 Chemical .............................................................................................................................................. 67 Chemicals of Concern in Developing Countries ...................................................................................... 70 Checklist for Considering Water Quality ................................................................................................. 73 OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................................................. 74 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 74 BIO-SAND FILTERS ....................................................................................................................................... 79 What Is A Biosand Filter? ........................................................................................................................ 79 What Are The Components Of A Biosand Filter? ...................................................................................
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