The Role of Mucus and Silk As Attachment and Sorption Sites in Streams

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Role of Mucus and Silk As Attachment and Sorption Sites in Streams The Role of Mucus and Silk as Attachment and Sorption Sites in Streams Submitted by Chris Brereton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College London 1998 ProQuest Number: U642856 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642856 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis is an examination of the characteristics of mucus and silk within freshwaters. The source of mucus was snail pedal mucus from Lymnaea peregra and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, the source of silk was first instar silk threads of Simuliidae spp. Each chapter examines a different aspect, or role, of such materials within the habitat of snails and blackfly. In particular, the interactions of suspended particles, pollutants, sediments and biofilms are examined in relation to snail trail mucus (STM) and blackfly silk. The search for a particle type, suitable as a marker for STM is detailed. This was used to characterise STM, including the examination of the duration of STM integrity, the effect of water flow upon STM, the effect of disturbance and bacteria (airborne, waterborne and those included within the mucus trail). The advantage that different substrates offer in maintaining STM presence, as well as the physical dispersal of STM are aspects that are also examined. A comparison is made between the STM of two species of freshwater snail. The examination of the interactions of a range of pesticides to mucus and silk finds sorption to a degree previously unmeasured for any other natural substance. This presents many implications in terms of the bio-accumulation of pollutants within the freshwater ecosystem. The effect that STM has upon benthic sediment stability was found to be immeasurable. In looking at the role o f STM in the development of biofilm, it is found that STM can accelerate the accumulation of particulate matter as well as acting as a "seed-bed" for specific types of bacteria. This study provides evidence that organic materials, produced by freshwater macroinvertebrates are an understudied resource that have considerable impact on biological and chemical processes. They exist in considerable quantities and present a large surface area within the freshwater environment. In so doing, they act as a trap or sink for a wide variety of particulate material. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my three supervisors Dr.P.D.Armitage, Dr.W.A.House and Dr.R.S.Wotton for initiating this project and for each providing an invaluable source of information, advice and enthusiasm. In addition, I would also like to thank Dr.G.P.Irons for his patience and instruction regarding the operation of various software packages, as well as the commissioning of a computer. Mr.D.Orr and Mr.I.S.Farr provided a great deal of time in demonstrating the operation of various pieces of equipment, and Miss.F.M.Buchanan provided invaluable advice in the execution of those techniques described in Chapter 6. Mr.R.Clarke exhibited a great deal of patience in suggesting appropriate statistical tests. Dr.G.EImes kindly loaned his scanning electron microscope for which I am indebted to him, as I am to Mr.D.Hornby for his remote instruction regarding operation. I am also indebted to Miss F.M.Buchanan for performing the microbiological identifications, used in Table 6.1. I am also thankful to Dr.D.T. Chaloner for his ceaseless willingness to debate the finer points of experimental design and failure. Grateful thanks are also extended to those who have kindly offered their time to proof­ read this manuscript during its various stages o f completion, notably my three supervisors, and also Miss.F.M.Buchanan, Dr.S.Brown, Dr.M.Ladle, Miss C.Cannan, Dr.G.P.Irons and Mr. M. Bowes. I am grateful to the River Laboratory at East Stoke, at which I spent three years carrying out this work, for the provision of a friendly working environment as well as finest purpose built facilities imaginable for work o f this nature. A special acknowledgement is extended to Miss.F.M.Buchanan, without whose support and encouragement, this thesis would never have reached fruition. Finally I would like to thank EPSRC, who made this project possible. Table of Contents Page No. Title Page Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables 12 List of Plates 14 List of Abbreviations 15 Chapter 1 General Introduction 16 1.1 Introduction 16 1.2 The "re-cycling" of sites of attachment 17 1.3 Organisms chosen for use in this study 18 1.4 Review o f materials used: silk and STM 20 1.5 Characterisation of STM 22 1.6 Mucus and silk as sites o f attachment to DOM 23 1.7 Mucus as a potential agent of sediment consolidation 25 1.8 Sediment consolidation in aquatic environments 26 1.9 Consolidating properties of polysaccharide 27 1.10 Examination of estuarine consolidation 28 1.11 STM as a site of biofilm development 29 1.12 Formation of biofilm 31 1.13 Note on sorption 32 1.14 The progression o f study within this thesis 32 Chapter 2 Selection of a marker particle suitable for the observation of snail trail mucus 34 2.1 Introduction 34 2 . 1.1 Previous uses of marker particles in freshwater biology 34 2.1.2 Particle types available 35 2.1.3 Experimental objective 37 2.2 Materials and methods 37 2.2.1 Experimental protocol 37 2.2.2 Particles used in this trial 39 2.3 Results and discussion 42 2.3.1 Efficacy of particle types 42 2.3.2 Subjective approaches in the selection of an appropriate marker particle 50 2.3.3 Objective approaches in the selection o f an appropriate marker particle 51 2.4 Conclusion 52 Chapter 3 The physical behaviour of snail trail mucus 53 3.1 A background to the properties and functions of mucus 53 3.1.1 Experimental Objectives 56 3.2 Materials and Methods 56 3.2.1 Experimental protocols 60 3.2.2 Methods of counting and comparison by statistical analysis 62 3.3 Results and Discussion 65 3.3.1 W ithin treatment analysis - the uniform ity of 6 replicate response 65 3.3.2 Comparison of the snail trail mucus of two freshwater species 70 3.3.3 For how long does snail trail mucus remain sticky? 86 3.3.4 The effect of water speed upon snail mucus trail integrity 89 3.3.5 The effect o f sampling and snail action as disturbance events 91 3.3.6 The effects of ageing, water depth and airborne bacteria upon snail trail mucus longevity 97 3.3.7 The distribution mechanism of snail trail mucus and the effect upon it of waterborne consumers of mucus 100 3.3.8 Snail gut bacteria and mucus trails 102 3.3.9 Waterborne bacteria as consumers of snail trail mucus 103 3.3.10 The protection offered by surface relief in freshwater systems 106 3.3.11 Identified properties of the mucus trails of each species 107 3.4 Conclusions 109 Chapter 4 The affinity of pesticides to mucus and silk 110 4.1 Introduction 110 4.1.1 Parameters used to describe pesticide affinity for materials 110 4.1.2 Research developments into the role of pesticides in the environment: examining appropriate materials 111 4.1.3 Materials that have been overlooked by conventional techniques 113 4.1.4 Pesticide affinity for organic material produced by invertebrates 118 4.1.5 The aims of this study 118 4.2 Materials and Methods 119 7 4.2.1 Experimental Protocols - Mucus I 19 4.2.2 Estimation of mucus mass 121 4.2.3 Sample sizes - Mucus 121 4.2.4 Experimental Protocols - Silk 122 4.2.5 Sample'Sizes - Silk 124 4.2.6 Extraction and analysis of the pesticides 125 4.3 Results and discussion 126 4.3.1 Comparison with previously published pesticide affinity constants for various sediments and soils 139 4.3.2 Mucus sorption 141 4.3.3 The water content of mucus 142 4.3.4 Silk sorption 142 4.3.5 Individual pesticide sorption 143 4.3.6 Are certain pesticides sorbed to a greater extent than others? 144 4.3.7 Experimental constraints 145 4.3.8 Mucus and silk as water purifiers 146 4.3.9 Placing blackfly silk and snail mucus in the context of other materials studied 148 4.3.10 The importance of accounting for pesticide affinity to biological material 149 4.4 Conclusions 152 Chapter 5 Sediment stability 154 5.1 Introduction 154 5.1.1 The role of macroinvertebrates in sediment stabilisation and disturbance 155 5.1.2 Experimental objectives 156 5.2 Materials and Methods 157 5.2.1 Experimental Protocols 159 5.2.2 Equipment design 163 5.2.3 Calibration of light meter 163 5.2.4 Calibration of speed o f water in jars at each paddle setting 163 5.2.5 Sampling 164 5.2.6 Data manipulation 164 5.3 Results and Discussion 165 5.3.1 Water speed generated by paddle speed 165 5.3.2 Light meter readings at each paddle speed 165 5.3.3 Experimental improvements and suggestions 177 5.4 Conclusions 181 Chapter 6 Biofilm growth and the role of snail mucus 182 6.1 Introduction 182 6.1.1 The potential advantage offered by snail mucus to biofilm development 182 6.1.2 Experimental objectives 183 6.2 Materials and methods 184 6.2.1 Experimental protocols - SEM 186 6.2.2 Experimental protocols - M icrobiological analysis 186 6.2.3 M icrobial identification 188 6.3 Results and Discussion 191 6.3.1 Analysis
Recommended publications
  • DOGAMI Short Paper 21, Lightweight Aggregate Industry in Oregon
    STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 702 Woodlark Bu1ld1ng Portl&nd 5, Oregon G M I SHORT PAPER No. 21 LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE INDUSTRY IN OREGON By Ralph S. Mason lo!in1ng Engineer . •. 1�51 State Oovorn1ng Board N1ol R. Allon, Ch�irman Grants Pass H. E. Hondryx , , , , , , • , ••Baker Wason L. Bingham •••••• • Portland F. w. Libbey Oireotor Pric-e 25 Cents POR&WORD The lightweight aggregate industry which has had auoh a phenoaenal growth since World War II 11 based on the desirabil ity and need of re­ ducing the weight of structure without sacrificing strength. Although there is plenty of rooa tor 1 aproveaent in praotice through better under­ standing or the probleaa involved and apec 1rically through greater care in preparation of aaterials , the industry undoubtedly is here to stay and haa aade only a start ln ita developaent. The Departaent hal had a working interest in the developaent of li ghtweight aggregates. Ita work hal been along both geological and engineering lineo in encouraging tho industry'o growth and it ie hoped that loae Departaental proJects now under way will be of further alsiet­ �ce. The author ot thie paper, Kr. Ralph s. Mason, has done field and laboratory work on ao a t or the aateriala now used as lightweight aggre­ gates or a• building atones. He has prepared Jointly with Kr. Noraan s. Wagner of the Departaent•• etaff several papers as progreae reports on the industry. The Oepartaent haa published a report on perlite in Oregon, and has file reports on deposita of other lightweight aateriala.
    [Show full text]
  • Firebaugh Canal Water District 1St Lift Canal Lining Project
    Environmental Assessment Firebaugh Canal Water District 1st Lift Canal Lining Project September 2011 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region Regional Office Sacramento, CA Mission Statements The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian Tribes and our commitment to island communities. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Table of Contents Section 1 Purpose and Need for Action ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose and Need ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Potential Resource Issues ............................................................................................ 5 1.4 Resources Not Analyzed in Detail ............................................................................. 6 Section 2 Alternatives Including Proposed Action .............................................................. 7 2.1 No Action Alternative ................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Proposed Action Alternative .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PLUMBING DICTIONARY Sixth Edition
    as to produce smooth threads. 2. An oil or oily preparation used as a cutting fluid espe cially a water-soluble oil (such as a mineral oil containing- a fatty oil) Cut Grooving (cut groov-ing) the process of machining away material, providing a groove into a pipe to allow for a mechani cal coupling to be installed.This process was invented by Victau - lic Corp. in 1925. Cut Grooving is designed for stanard weight- ceives or heavier wall thickness pipe. tetrafluoroethylene (tet-ra-- theseveral lower variouslyterminal, whichshaped re or decalescensecryolite (de-ca-les-cen- ming and flood consisting(cry-o-lite) of sodium-alumi earthfluo-ro-eth-yl-ene) by alternately dam a colorless, thegrooved vapors tools. from 4. anonpressure tool used by se) a decrease in temperaturea mineral nonflammable gas used in mak- metalworkers to shape material thatnum occurs fluoride. while Usedheating for soldermet- ing a stream. See STANK. or the pressure sterilizers, and - spannering heat resistantwrench and(span-ner acid re - conductsto a desired the form vapors. 5. a tooldirectly used al ingthrough copper a rangeand inalloys which when a mixed with phosphoric acid.- wrench)sistant plastics 1. one ofsuch various as teflon. tools to setthe theouter teeth air. of Sometimesaatmosphere circular or exhaust vent. See change in a structure occurs. Also used for soldering alumi forAbbr. tightening, T.F.E. or loosening,chiefly Brit.: orcalled band vapor, saw. steam,6. a tool used to degree of hazard (de-gree stench trap (stench trap) num bronze when mixed with nutsthermal and bolts.expansion 2. (water) straightenLOCAL VENT.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Mining Leats” British Mining No.37, NMRS, Pp.19-45
    BRITISH MINING No.37 BRITISH MINING No.37 MEMOIRS 1988 Bird, R.H. 1988 “Notes on Mining Leats” British Mining No.37, NMRS, pp.19-45 Published by the THE NORTHERN MINE RESEARCH SOCIETY SHEFFIELD U.K. © N.M.R.S. & The Author(s) 1988. ISSN 0309-2199 NOTES ON MINING LEATS R.H. Bird “.... the means of putting to work many mines that would otherwise remain unworked, or if worked, could not be worked with profitable results.” Absalom Francis. 1874. SYNOPSIS Watercourses supplying mining works have been in use for centuries but their complexity increased during the 19th century, particularly in mining districts which were remote from coal supplies used for steam engines but which had sufficient river systems (or streams) of a dependable nature. Their role in Britain’s mining areas is discussed, with examples from overseas locations. An attempt is made to outline their construction methods and costs. In an age when water power reigned supreme and, indeed, for some time thereafter, mills and manufacturing industries were dependant on a steady supply of water to drive that prime mover, the water wheel. Flour mills, fulling mills and the early ferrous metal industries were sited next to reliable river or stream courses and could thus utilise this water source with little difficulty. Sometimes, the configuration of the stream was inconveniently placed for the mill site and the miller was forced to construct a ditch, from a dam upstream of his mill, and by this, lead the water to his wheel. After driving the wheel, the water was returned to the stream directly or through another ditch, the tailrace.
    [Show full text]
  • Officer Report
    PLANNING APPLICATION REPORT Case Officer: Nicola Glanville Ward: North Tawton Ward Member: Cllr N Morgan Application No: 00365/2014 Agent/Applicant: Mr A Dowding Westcountry Rivers Trust Rain-Charm House Kyl Cober Parc Stoke Climsland Callington Cornwall PL17 8PH Site Address: The Barton, North Tawton, Devon, EX20 2BB Development: Works to reduce weir and associated works including removal of trees. © Crown copyright and database rights 2014 Ordnance Survey 100023302 Scale 1:2500 For internal reference only – no further copies to be made Reason item is being put before Committee: Cllr N Morgan: ‘I wish to take the above application to committee on the grounds that the alterations as proposed will alter the river levels so causing the levels in the leat to drop which would mean any proposal that came forward as part of the Wool Mill development for Hydro generation would not be able to take place.’ 17 Recommendation: Conditional consent Conditions: 1. Standard time limit 2. Strict compliance with the drawings numbered FE/264/6 and FE264/1. 3. All ecological measures shall be carried out in accordance with the details contained in Section 8 of the Ecological Appraisal (and as reflected in the 'Conservation and Biodiversity' section of 'North Tawton Weir Fish Easement' ref: CRF TRIP TAW 2) as already submitted with the planning application. Any changes to the ecological measures as a result of the pre-commencement protected species shall be immediately communicated to the LPA. 4. Prior to commencement full details of the proposed tree planting of 10 native whips (1.8-2.1m size), including species selection, location and planting methodology shall be submitted to and agreed in writing by the LPA.
    [Show full text]
  • ETD Template
    Syn-eruptive incision of Koko Crater, Oahu, Hawaii by condensed steam and hot cohesive debris flows: a re-interpretation of the type locality of “surge-eroded U-shaped channels” by Jessica Keri Bluth B.S., State University of New York at Binghamton, 2001 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Pittsburgh 2004 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jessica Keri Bluth It was defended on June 25, 2004 and approved by Dr. Michael Ramsey Dr. Charles Jones Dr. Ian Skilling Committee Chairperson ii Syn-eruptive incision of Koko Crater, Oahu by condensed steam and hot cohesive debris flows: a re-interpretation of the type locality of “surge-eroded U-shaped channels” Jessica K. Bluth, M.S. Department of Geology and Planetary Science University of Pittsburgh, 2004 Phreatomagmatic fall, low-concentration PDC deposits and remobilized equivalents dominate the products of craters (tuff cones/rings) of Koko fissure, south-east Oahu. At Koko crater, Fisher (1977) described “U-shaped” channels, which he interpreted as due to erosion by low-concentration PDCs (surges), with minor modification by stream and debris flows. Similar channels on tuff cones and rings elsewhere in the world have been interpreted as “surge-eroded” by subsequent authors. However, no evidence for erosion by PDCs was observed during recent fieldwork, which suggested rather the following model. An important observation is that initial incision is always correlated with the emplacement of vesiculated ash layers (derived from Hanauma Bay), and is only very rarely associated with other facies.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Nuisance Chironomid Midge Swarms from a Slow Sand Filter A
    109 © IWA Publishing 2003 Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA | 52.2 | 2003 Control of nuisance chironomid midge swarms from a slow sand filter A. J. Peters, P. D. Armitage, S. J. Everett and W. A. House ABSTRACT The pyrethroid insecticide permethrin was evaluated for controlling the emergence of chironomid P. D. Armitage (corresponding author) S. J. Everett midges from slow sand filter beds. The hydrodynamics of the slow sand filter were studied using a W. A. House chemical tracer, and mesocosm experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of permethrin Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, on the filter bed micro-fauna community. A single treatment dose of 96 g/l permethrin was applied Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester, to a slow sand filter. Permethrin rapidly dispersed in the water and accumulated in the surface layer Dorset, DT2 8ZD, (the ‘schmutzdecke’) of the filter, attaining mean maximum average concentrations of 8.3 g/l in United Kingdom water and 2.3 g/g in the schmutzdecke after 1 and 6 h, respectively. Concentrations then rapidly Tel: 01305 213500 Fax: 01305 213600 decreased to below detection limits after 7 days in water and 48 h in the schmutzdecke. After 28 A. J. Peters days the filter bed was drained and core samples were retrieved for analysis of permethrin. Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Ferry Reach, Permethrin was not detected in the out-flowing water at any time or in any of the filter bed core St. George’s GEO1 Bermuda samples. These data suggest that all the permethrin was adsorbed and/or degraded in the water column and schmutzdecke.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in Purifying Well Water
    J Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 2, No. 1, Dec 2013 ISSN: 2350-7020 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v2i1.402 Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in Purifying Well Water Timoteo B. Bagundol 1, Anthony L. Awa 2, Marie Rosellynn C. Enguito 2 1College of Engineering and Technology, Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines 2Natural Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines Corresponding email: [email protected] Abstract Slow sand filter can be effective for water purification. The formation of “schmutzdecke ” on the surface of the sand bed can vary the efficiency of slow sand filter. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of slow sand filter in purifying well water using Labo River sand as the filter medium. Bacteriological analysis and turbidity tests were done on water samples from deep and shallow well before and after filtration at 0.30 m, 0.60 m and 0.90 m filter depths and at 200 L/hr.m 2, 300 L/hr.m 2 and 400 L/hr.m 2 flow-through rates. Percent removal of E. coli varied and efficiency was generally high at different depths and flow- through rates. However, E. coli removal in different filter depths and flow- through rates was not significant (p<0.05). Percent efficiency in reducing turbidity varied. Efficiency was increasing at increasing depths and flow-through rates. There was a significant difference on the efficiency to reduce turbidity among different sand filter depths (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference on the efficiency to reduce turbidity among the three flow-through rates.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Homer Stormwater and Meltwater
    Stormwater aaandand Meltwater Management aaandand Mitigation A Handbook for Homer, Alaska .. 2 Homer Stormwater and Meltwater Management and Mitigation A Handbook for Homer, Alaska 2007 City of Homer, Alaska Allegra Bukojemsky, RLA David Scheer, MArch This handbook was created by Allegra Bukojemsky and David Scheer, of DnA Design. The authors may be contracted for future modifications or edits. In no way is the use of the authors’ names condoned for the authorship of future texts without consent All figures and images are by the authors unless otherwise noted. Stormwater Manual i ii Homer Table of Contents Introduction page 1 Chapter 1: Stormwater - An overview page 3 Key Term Definitions Hydrologic cycle Watershed The Hydrograph Development Streams and Lakes Water quality Wetlands and Riparian Areas Plants & Soils Shore and Bluff Infrastructure and Maintenance Regulations – public influence over public effects Stormwater specifics in Homer Chapter 2: Site planning for stormwater management page 12 Site Design – Retain important site function Preserve wetlands and riparian areas Use established vegetation & soils Site Design – Strategies for an effective Site Plan Limit impervious surface area Limit connections between impervious surface Slow runoff and dissipate energy Design a sensitive grading plan Maintain connections beyond your property Site design – Cold climate considerations Freezing – winter conditions Snow Storage and Spring Melt considerations Site Design – Other considerations Siting of constructed stormwater management systems
    [Show full text]
  • Mormon Settlement of Snake River Fork Country, 1883-1893
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1950 Mormon Settlement of Snake River Fork Country, 1883-1893 Norman Earl Ricks Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Ricks, Norman Earl, "Mormon Settlement of Snake River Fork Country, 1883-1893" (1950). Theses and Dissertations. 5074. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5074 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. MORMON settlement OF SNAKE RIVER FORK COUNTRY 188318931883 1893 A TIMSISTHESIS SUBMITTED TO THE department OF HISTORY BRIGHAM YOUNG university in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree master of science by norman earl ricks 190igo1950 acknowledgeacknowledgmacknowledgments7eaeits this study has been done under the careful guidance of the history and political science department of brigham young university dr russell B swensen gave valuable aid in the mechanics sources and standards of historiography special help was rendered by dr brigham D madsen and dr richard D poll in research seminars professor william C carroarroarngarr contrib- uted timely advise on sentence structure and encouraged the political development the latter three as committee members
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply II
    LECTURE NOTES Degree Program For Environmental Health Science Students Water Supply II Negesse Dibissa Worku Tefera Hawassa University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education December 2006 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2006 by Negesse Dibissa, Worku Tefera All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. PREFACE The principal risk associated with community water supply is from waterborne diseases related to fecal, toxic chemical and mineral substance contamination as a result of natural, human and animal activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Princetown Audio Walk Transcript
    Transcript of Audio Walk for Princetown Peter Nash – Presenter Jackie Ridley, Sustainable Tourism Officer, Dartmoor National Park Authority Ella Briens, Ranger, Dartmoor National Park Authority Track 1 – Introduction, High Moorland Visitor Centre, Princetown (Grid reference SX 591 735) Hello and welcome to Dartmoor National Park and this audio walk encapsulating the ancient settlements, railways and quarries around Princetown. The town stands at 1400ft above sea level and is surrounded by beautiful open moorland, but is famous, or rather infamous for its prison. Still very much functioning today, and an institution rather dominating the town, we are going to be heading in the opposite direction to the prison, to take in some altogether older artefacts of mankind and nature on this beautiful area of Dartmoor National Park. As with all the Dartmoor National Park Authority audio walks, we’ve divided this audio tour into several sections, each one being a separate track for you to download onto your player, and that way you can simply switch off when you are walking, and then start playing the new track at the next point of interest and I’ll give you full directions when to do this in the audio itself. You’ll also find that the names of each track include the grid reference of where you should be, so that you can follow the tour using a standard Ordnance Survey map – in this case the Explorer OL28 for Dartmoor. Or you can download the accompanying map with this audio walk so that you can have a back-up to the instructions in the audio.
    [Show full text]