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FILTRATIONFILTRATION CE326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Iowa State University Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Tim Ellis, Associate Professor March 10, 2006 DefinitionsDefinitions ¾ Filtration: A process for separating suspended and c olloidal impurities from water by passage through a porous medium, usually a bed of sand. Most particles removed in filtration are much smaller than the pore size between the sand grains, and therefore, adequate particle destabilization (coagulation) is extremely important. PerformancePerformance ¾ The influent t urbidity ranges from 1 - 10 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) with a typical value of 3 NTU. Effluent turbidity is about 0.3 NTU. MediaMedia ¾ Medium SG ¾ sand 2.65 ¾ anthracite 1.45 - 1.73 ¾ garnet 3.6 - 4.2 HistoryHistory ¾ Slow s and filters were introduced in 1804: ¾ sand diameter 0.2 mm ¾ depth 1 m ¾ loading rate 3 - 8 m3/d·m2 SlowSlow SandSand FiltersFilters ¾ S chmutzdecke - gelatinous matrix of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae. ¾ As a Schmutzdecke ages, more algae tend to develop, and larger aquatic organisms may be present including some bryozoa, snails and annelid worms. http://water.shinshu-u.ac.jp/e_ssf/e_ssf_link/usa_story/12Someyafilteralgae.jpg ¾ Rapid sand filters were introduced about 1890: ¾ effective size 0.35 - 0.55 mm ¾ uniformity coef. 1.3 - 1.7 ¾ depth 0.3 - 0.75 m ¾ loading rate 120 - 240 m3/d·m2 ¾ Dual m edia filters introduced about 1940: ¾ Depth: ¾ anthracite (coal) 0.45 m ¾ sand 0.3 m ¾ loading rate 300 m3/d·m2 Water Towers, 1951-1970, Water District No. 54 Located on the north side of the Des Moines Field House, near the current skateboard park Hollywood screen and TV personality Stanton, Iowa Virginia Christine, "Mrs. Olson" of coffee - 96 feet tall. commercial fame, was one of Stanton's famous daughters. At the time of our - holds 2,400,000 cups of centennial in 1970, Virginia came home to coffee (150,000 gals.) be our parade marshal. During the celebration she served coffee to the - completed in time for public. Stanton's water tower was Homecoming 2000. converted to a giant Swedish coffeepot the following year. Atlanta, Illinois Helm, California Adair, Iowa Markle, Indiana Ironwood, Michigan .

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Control of Nuisance Chironomid Midge Swarms from a Slow Sand Filter A
109 © IWA Publishing 2003 Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA | 52.2 | 2003 Control of nuisance chironomid midge swarms from a slow sand filter A. J. Peters, P. D. Armitage, S. J. Everett and W. A. House ABSTRACT The pyrethroid insecticide permethrin was evaluated for controlling the emergence of chironomid P. D. Armitage (corresponding author) S. J. Everett midges from slow sand filter beds. The hydrodynamics of the slow sand filter were studied using a W. A. House chemical tracer, and mesocosm experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of permethrin Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council, on the filter bed micro-fauna community. A single treatment dose of 96 g/l permethrin was applied Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester, to a slow sand filter. Permethrin rapidly dispersed in the water and accumulated in the surface layer Dorset, DT2 8ZD, (the ‘schmutzdecke’) of the filter, attaining mean maximum average concentrations of 8.3 g/l in United Kingdom water and 2.3 g/g in the schmutzdecke after 1 and 6 h, respectively. Concentrations then rapidly Tel: 01305 213500 Fax: 01305 213600 decreased to below detection limits after 7 days in water and 48 h in the schmutzdecke. After 28 A. J. Peters days the filter bed was drained and core samples were retrieved for analysis of permethrin. Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Ferry Reach, Permethrin was not detected in the out-flowing water at any time or in any of the filter bed core St. George’s GEO1 Bermuda samples. These data suggest that all the permethrin was adsorbed and/or degraded in the water column and schmutzdecke.
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Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in Purifying Well Water
J Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 2, No. 1, Dec 2013 ISSN: 2350-7020 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v2i1.402 Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in Purifying Well Water Timoteo B. Bagundol 1, Anthony L. Awa 2, Marie Rosellynn C. Enguito 2 1College of Engineering and Technology, Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines 2Natural Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines Corresponding email: [email protected] Abstract Slow sand filter can be effective for water purification. The formation of “schmutzdecke ” on the surface of the sand bed can vary the efficiency of slow sand filter. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of slow sand filter in purifying well water using Labo River sand as the filter medium. Bacteriological analysis and turbidity tests were done on water samples from deep and shallow well before and after filtration at 0.30 m, 0.60 m and 0.90 m filter depths and at 200 L/hr.m 2, 300 L/hr.m 2 and 400 L/hr.m 2 flow-through rates. Percent removal of E. coli varied and efficiency was generally high at different depths and flow- through rates. However, E. coli removal in different filter depths and flow- through rates was not significant (p<0.05). Percent efficiency in reducing turbidity varied. Efficiency was increasing at increasing depths and flow-through rates. There was a significant difference on the efficiency to reduce turbidity among different sand filter depths (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference on the efficiency to reduce turbidity among the three flow-through rates.
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Water Supply II
LECTURE NOTES Degree Program For Environmental Health Science Students Water Supply II Negesse Dibissa Worku Tefera Hawassa University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education December 2006 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2006 by Negesse Dibissa, Worku Tefera All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. PREFACE The principal risk associated with community water supply is from waterborne diseases related to fecal, toxic chemical and mineral substance contamination as a result of natural, human and animal activities.
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Management of the Schmutzdecke Layer of a Slow Sand Filter
Management of the Schmutzdecke Layer of a Slow Sand Filter Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Livingston, Peter Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 05:14:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293439 MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHMUTZDECKE LAYER OF A SLOW SAND FILTER By Peter Arthur Livingston _____________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2013 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Peter Arthur Livingston entitled Management of the Schmutzdecke Layer of a Slow Sand Filter and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ____________________________________ Date: April 19, 2013 Donald C. Slack, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Date: April 19, 2013 Gene Giacomelli, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Date: April 19, 2013 Joel Cuello, Ph.D. Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
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Investigating the Mechanisms of Arsenic Removal by Microbial
1st Prize, 2010 and 2011: Physical Sciences and Engineering USC Undergraduate Symposium for Scholarly and Creative Work Investigating the Mechanisms of Arsenic Removal by Microbial Layer in a Bio-sand Filter used for Drinking Water Purification in Developing Countries Undergraduate Student Researchers: Charlotte Chan, Hannah Gray, Avril Pitter, Kirsten Rice, Kristen Sharer, and Lillian Ware Faculty Advisor: Professor Massoud Pirbazari Research Scientist Supervisor: Dr. Varadarajan Ravindran Doctoral Student Advisor: Lewis Hsu Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California Financial Support Was Provided by the Provost Undergraduate Research Associates Program and Viterbi Undergraduate Merit Research Scholar Program Health effects of pathogenic Health effects of arsenic contamination bacteria include: include: • Cancer: skin, lung, bladder, liver, and kidney • Typhoid fever • Cardiovascular disease Paratyphoid fever • • Peripheral vascular disease • Salmanellosis • Developmental effects • Bacillary dysentery • Neurologic & neurobehavioral effects • Cholera • Diabetes Mellitus • Gastroenteritis • Hearing loss • Acute respiratory illness • Portal fibrosis of the liver Lung fibrosis • Pulmonary illness • • Anemia Bio-Sand Filter – Phase 1 Influent • Objective for Phase 1 included testing the effectiveness of : • The bio-sand filter in removing pathogenic microorganisms (E- coli) • The iron-oxide coated sand column in removing arsenic • The bio-sand filter consists
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Applying Bio-Slow Sand Filtration for Water Treatment
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 28, No. 4 (2019), 2243-2251 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/89544 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2019-01-02 Original Research Applying Bio-Slow Sand Filtration for Water Treatment Laisheng Liu1*, Yicheng Fu1, Qingyong Wei2, Qiaomei Liu2, Leixiang Wu1, Jiapeng Wu1, Weijie Huo1 1State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of River Basin Water Cycle, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China 2River Engineering Management Department of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China Received: 11 February 2018 Accepted: 26 March 2018 Abstract Due to the shortage of water resources in China, the state has implemented a series of rainwater harvesting projects. The safety of water quality cannot be guaranteed due to the lack of an effective construction, running, and management system. Slow filters are low-maintenance systems that do not require special equipment. In order to improve the performance of SSF in terms of the removal of bacteria and solid granules, e.g., the microorganisms attached to the surface of a single grain of the filtering material under a scanning electron microscope (50×) have been studied. Based on the improvements of conventional slow sand filtration (SSF), the bio-slow sand filtration method has effectively mitigated and helps to remove bacteria and other microbiological contaminants, as well as heavy metals, ammonia, nitrogen, organic material, and turbidity of the harvested rainwater. The removal efficiency of bio- slow sand filtration was approximately 20-30% on particulate organic carbon, above 95% on ammonia- nitrogen, and better than 96%, 95%, 95%, 80%, 70%, and 60% on Cu2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Pb2+, respectively.
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Biofilm Formation by Mycobacterium Avium Ssp. Paratuberculosis In
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/336370; this version posted June 2, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 G. Aboagye a,*, M.T. Rowe b. 2 a Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 3 b Food Microbiology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast 4 BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 5 * Corresponding author. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health 6 Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. 7 Tel: +233202993078; Email: [email protected] 8 9 Title: Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in aqueous extract 10 of schmutzdecke for clarifying untreated water in water treatment operations 11 12 ABSTRACT 13 AIMS: To determine the effect of aqueous extract of schmutzdecke on adhesion and biofilm 14 formation by three isolates of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) under 15 laboratory conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strains of Mycobacterium avium ssp. 16 paratuberculosis in aqueous extract of schmutzdecke were subjected to adhesion tests on 17 two topologically different substrata i.e. aluminium and stainless steel coupons. Biofilm 18 formation was then monitored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plates. All the three strains 19 adhered onto both coupons, howbeit greatly on aluminium than stainless steel. In the PVC 20 plates, however, all strains developed biofilms which were observed by spectrophotometric 21 analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The environmental isolates of Map attained higher cell 22 proliferation in both filtered and unfiltered aqueous extracts of schmutzdecke (FAES and 23 UAES respectively) compared with the human isolate.
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The Role of Mucus and Silk As Attachment and Sorption Sites in Streams
The Role of Mucus and Silk as Attachment and Sorption Sites in Streams Submitted by Chris Brereton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College London 1998 ProQuest Number: U642856 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642856 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis is an examination of the characteristics of mucus and silk within freshwaters. The source of mucus was snail pedal mucus from Lymnaea peregra and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, the source of silk was first instar silk threads of Simuliidae spp. Each chapter examines a different aspect, or role, of such materials within the habitat of snails and blackfly. In particular, the interactions of suspended particles, pollutants, sediments and biofilms are examined in relation to snail trail mucus (STM) and blackfly silk. The search for a particle type, suitable as a marker for STM is detailed. This was used to characterise STM, including the examination of the duration of STM integrity, the effect of water flow upon STM, the effect of disturbance and bacteria (airborne, waterborne and those included within the mucus trail).
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Evaluating Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration Columns to Effectively Remove Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Evaluating Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration Columns to Effectively Remove Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hx0s0mv Author Phu, Nancy Publication Date 2016 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hx0s0mv#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Evaluating Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration Columns to Effectively Remove Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences by Nancy Phu June 2016 Thesis Committee: Dr. Laosheng Wu, Chairperson Dr. Jianying (Jay) Gan Dr. Lorence Oki The Thesis of Nancy Phu is approved: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to thank foremost members of the Wu Research Lab who have put in their time and effort in helping this project start and succeed. Thank you to Dr. Wu for your gracious support, commitment, and expertise in guiding me through this project. Thank you to Rebeca Lopez-Serna, for making your way here from Spain and teaching me the analytical background I would need to succeed in this project. I could not have done this without you with me in all the late nights in the laboratory and office. Thank you to Frederick Ernst, who has taught me the basics of retrofitting equipment and troubleshooted all the difficulties that came up in the field. Thank you Nydia Celis for sticking it through with me every step of the way and being a great friend.
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Visualisation of the Microbial Colonisation of a Slow Sand Filter Using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.11 No.2, Issue of April 15, 2008 © 2008 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile Received August 28, 2007 / Accepted December 6, 2007 DOI: 10.2225/vol11-issue2-fulltext-12 RESEARCH ARTICLE Visualisation of the microbial colonisation of a slow sand filter using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope Esther Devadhanam Joubert* Department of Environmental Sciences Skinner Street Campus University of South Africa P O Box 392, 0003 South Africa Tel: 27 012 352 4278 Fax: 27 012 352 4270 E-mail: [email protected] Balakrishna Pillay Department of Microbiology Westville Campus University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X 54001 Durban, 4000 South Africa Tel: 27 031 260 7404 Fax: 27 031 260 7809 E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: biofilm, microbial biodiversity, schmutzdecke. Abbreviations: ESEM: environmental scanning electron microscopy SEM: scanning electron microscopy SSF: slow sand filtration The removal of contaminants in slow sand filters occurs Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and mainly in the colmation layer or schmutzdecke - a required to sustain life. The production of adequate and safe biologically active layer consisting of algae, bacteria, drinking water is the most important factor contributing to a diatoms and zooplankton. A ripening period of 6 - 8 decrease in mortality and morbidity in developing countries weeks is required for this layer to form, during which (van Leeuwen, 2000). Finding a way to provide clean and time filter performance is sub-optimal. In the current safe drinking water in affected areas is therefore a study, an environmental scanning electron microscope necessary step in any effort to improve the quality of life of was used to visualise the ripening process of a pilot-scale people in underserved areas and to mitigate the devastating slow sand filter over a period of eight weeks.
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Guidelines to Planning Sustainable Water Projects and Selecting Appropriate Technologies Water & Sanitation Rotarian Action Group Final - 03/15/2019
Guidelines to Planning Sustainable Water Projects and Selecting Appropriate Technologies Water & Sanitation Rotarian Action Group Final - 03/15/2019 This document was developed by the Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group. This Rotarian Action Group operates in accordance with Rotary International policy, but is not an agency of, or controlled by, Rotary International or The Rotary Foundation. This document is for informational purposes only. Neither the Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group, nor Rotary International nor The Rotary Foundation endorses any particular technology, methodology or company. Any reliance upon any advice, opinion, statement, or other information displayed in this document is at your sole risk. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 A Guide to Selecting a Sustainable WASH Project System ....................................................................... 5 Planning For Sustainability ........................................................................................................................ 5 Doing More With The Same Resources .................................................................................................... 6 Using This E-Learning Document for Planning & Building Sustainable Projects ....................................... 6 SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES ..........................................................................................................................
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Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes Further Developments and Applications
Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes Further Developments and Applications Edited By Nobutada Nakamoto, Nigel Graham, M. Robin Collins and Rolf Gimbel Contents Preface xi Conference programme advisory panel xiii Part i General Overview 1 Slow Sand Filtration: Recent Research and Application Perspectives 3 N.J.D. Graham and M. R. Collins 2 A Review of Biologically-Based Drinking Water Treatment Processes for Organic Micropollutant Removal 17 R. S. Summers, K. Shimabuku and T. L. Zearley 3 Overview on the Current Condition of Slow Sand Filtration and its Challenges in Japan 25 S. Yamamura 4 The Centenary Slow Sand Filtration in Nagoya City - A 100 Year Trend of Water Quality 35 K. Mori 5 The Centenary Slow Sand Filtration in Nagoya City - The Reconstruction of the Slow Sand Filters 45 A. Okuyama 6 Value of Adenosine Tri-Phosphate and Total Cell Count for the Assessment of General Microbial Water Quality after Sand Filtration 51 A. Magic-Knezev, L. Zandvliet, W.A. Oorthuizen and E.J. van derMark 7 Evaluation of Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions Removal Due to Biodegradation 59 E. Vasyukova, R. Proft and W. UN vi Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes 8 Comparison between Different Filter Systems as a Post Treatment after Tertiary Ozonation 67 M. Stapf, U. Miehe, B. Wiedemann and M. Jekel Part II Slow Sand Filtration - Process Behaviour 9 Food Chain is the Key in Ecological Purification System: New Concept and New Name of Slow Sand Filter 77 N. Nakamoto 10 A Study of Protistan Movement Speed and Filtration Rate in Slow Sand Filter as an Ecological Purification System 85 N.
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